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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>State legislature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_(1919–1920,_1923–1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_(1919–1920,_1923–1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governor (1919–1920, 1923–1928)</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Voter realignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_realignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_life_and_later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_life_and_later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Business life and later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_life_and_later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Popular culture and commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_gubernatorial_elections,_1918–1926" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_gubernatorial_elections,_1918–1926"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_gubernatorial_elections,_1918–1926-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_presidential_election,_1928" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_presidential_election,_1928"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States presidential election, 1928</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_presidential_election,_1928-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="آل سميث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آل سميث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ال اسمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ال اسمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" title="Alfred E. Smith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ال اسمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ال اسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="앨 스미스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨 스미스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Smith" title="Alfred Smith – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Smith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%27" title="אל סמית' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל סמית'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Emmanuel_Smith" title="Alfredus Emmanuel Smith – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Emmanuel Smith" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9_(%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E%E7%9F%A5%E4%BA%8B)" title="アル・スミス (ニューヨーク州知事) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アル・スミス (ニューヨーク州知事)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Emanuel_Smith" title="Alfred Emanuel Smith – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Emanuel Smith" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Смит, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смит, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Альфред Сміт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Сміт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Al Smith" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔·史密斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔·史密斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q430714#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alfred E. Smith" redirects here. For his great-grandson, the stockbroker and philanthropist, see <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_IV" title="Alfred E. Smith IV">Alfred E. Smith IV</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Al Smith (disambiguation)">Al Smith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Al Smith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredSmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AlfredSmith.jpg/220px-AlfredSmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AlfredSmith.jpg/330px-AlfredSmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AlfredSmith.jpg/440px-AlfredSmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Smith <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">42nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1923 – December 31, 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">George R. Lunn</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Seymour Lowman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Edwin Corning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1919 – December 31, 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Harry C. Walker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Whitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Whitman">Charles S. Whitman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nathan L. Miller</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1917 – December 31, 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Dowling" title="Frank L. Dowling">Frank L. Dowling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Moran" title="Robert L. Moran">Robert L. Moran</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Sheriff%27s_Office#New_York_County" title="New York City Sheriff's Office">Sheriff of New York County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1916 – December 31, 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Samuel_Grifenhagen" title="Max Samuel Grifenhagen">Max Samuel Grifenhagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Knott" title="David H. Knott">David H. Knott</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County</a>'s 2nd district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1904 – December 31, 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Bourke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Hamill" title="Peter J. Hamill">Peter J. Hamill</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Emanuel Smith</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1873-12-30</span>)</span>December 30, 1873<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 4, 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-10-04)</span> (aged 70)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Calvary Cemetery (Queens)">Calvary Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Catherine Dunn</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 6, 1900">1900</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 4, 1944">1944</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#34AAE0; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Al_Smith_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Al_Smith_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;">This article is part of a series about<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Governor of New York</b> </p> <ul><li>Elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1918_New_York_state_election" title="1918 New York state election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_New_York_state_election" title="1920 New York state election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_New_York_state_election" title="1922 New York state election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_New_York_state_election" title="1924 New York state election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_New_York_state_election" title="1926 New York state election">1926</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_State_Park_Commission" title="Long Island State Park Commission">Long Island State Park Commission</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928 presidential campaign</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> <p>Other campaigns for president: </p> <ul><li><b>1920</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>1924</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1932_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1932 presidential campaign">1932</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Member of the<br /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire#Consequences_and_legacy" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire<br />investigative commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution#1915_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">1915 constitutional convention</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/40px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/60px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/80px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2660" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al_Smith_series" title="Template:Al Smith series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al_Smith_series" title="Template talk:Al Smith series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al_Smith_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al Smith series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Emanuel Smith</b> (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was the 42nd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a>, serving from 1919 to 1920 and again from 1923 to 1928. He was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>, losing to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. </p><p>The son of an <a href="/wiki/Irish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-American">Irish-American</a> mother and a <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>–veteran <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian-American</a> father, true surname Ferraro, Smith was raised on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>. He resided in that neighborhood for his entire life. Although Smith remained personally untarnished by corruption, he—like many other New York Democrats—was linked to the notorious <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> that controlled New York City politics during his era.<sup id="cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith served in the New York State Assembly from 1904 to 1915 and held the position of Speaker of the Assembly in 1913. Smith also served as sheriff of New York County from 1916 to 1917. He was first elected governor of New York in 1918, lost his 1920 bid for re-election, and was elected governor again in 1922, 1924, and 1926. Smith was the foremost urban leader of the <a href="/wiki/Efficiency_movement" title="Efficiency movement">efficiency movement</a> in the United States and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as the New York governor in the 1920s. </p><p>Smith was the first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> to be nominated for president of the United States by a major party. His 1928 presidential candidacy mobilized both Catholic and anti-Catholic voters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Protestants (including <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptists</a>) feared his candidacy, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope</a> in Rome would dictate his policies. Smith was also a committed "wet" (i.e., an opponent of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>); as New York governor, he had repealed the state's prohibition law. As a "wet", Smith attracted voters who wanted beer, wine, and liquor and did not like dealing with criminal bootleggers, along with voters who were outraged that new criminal gangs had taken over the streets in most large and medium-sized cities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incumbent Republican Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> was aided by <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">national prosperity</a>, the absence of American involvement in war, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholic bigotry</a>, and he <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">defeated Smith in a landslide in 1928</a>. </p><p>Smith then entered business in New York City, and became involved in the construction and promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>. He sought the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, his former ally and successor as governor of New York. During the Roosevelt presidency, Smith became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg/150px-St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg/225px-St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg/300px-St_James_School_-_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Al Smith attended St. James school through the eighth grade, his only formal education.</figcaption></figure> <p>Smith was born at 174 South Street and raised in the Fourth Ward on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in 1873; he resided there for his entire life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Catherine (née Mulvihill), was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were immigrants from <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a>, Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, baptised Joseph Alfred Smith in 1839, was the son of Emanuel Smith, an Italian <i>marinaro</i> (sailor).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The elder Alfred Smith (Anglicized name for Alfredo Emanuele Ferraro) was the son of Italian and German<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immigrants. He served with the <a href="/wiki/11th_New_York_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th New York Infantry">11th New York Fire Zouaves</a> in the opening months of the Civil War. </p><p>Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>; New York City matured and completed major infrastructure projects. The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> was being constructed nearby. "The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together", Smith would later recall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His four grandparents were of ethnic <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-Josephsons,_1969_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephsons,_1969-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Smith identified more with the Irish-American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s. </p><p>His father Alfred owned a small trucking firm, but died when Smith was 13. Aged 14, Smith had to drop out of <a href="/wiki/St._James_Elementary_School_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James Elementary School (New York City)">St. James parochial school</a> to help support the family, and worked at a fish market for seven years. Prior to dropping out of school, he served as an altar boy, and was strongly influenced by the Catholic priests he worked with.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never attended high school or college, and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton Fish Market</a>, where he worked for $12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the amateur theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth oratorical style that characterized his political career. On May 6, 1900, Al Smith married Catherine Ann Dunn, with whom he had five children.<sup id="cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-C.F._Murphy_and_A.E._Smith_LCCN2014701930_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Murphy">Charles F. Murphy</a> and Smith in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>In his political career, Smith built on his working-class beginnings, identifying himself with immigrants and campaigning as a man of the people. Although indebted to the <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> (and particularly to its boss, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Murphy" title="Charles Francis Murphy">"Silent" Charlie Murphy</a>), he remained untarnished by corruption and worked for the passage of progressive legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-far226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-far226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during his early unofficial jobs with Tammany Hall that he gained renown as an orator.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's first political job was in 1895, as an investigator in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors as appointed by Tammany Hall. </p><p>During his time as the Governor of New York, Smith became known as a progressive; <a href="/wiki/David_Farber_(historian)" title="David Farber (historian)">David Farber</a> wrote that "Smith became a strong and effective advocate of worker safety laws and championed, then and for years after, legislation aimed at giving workers more rights and protections against economic exploitation." He staunchly supported labor unions and pressed for protective legislation for the workers, stressing the need to expand the rights of working women in particular. A “New Era Progressive”, Smith advocated local governnment funded facilities and services such as hospitals, parks and schools in poor and working-class areas. Speaking of the role of the state in 1927, Smith said: "The State is a living force. It must have the ability to clothe itself with human understanding of the daily, living needs of those whom it is created to serve."<sup id="cite_ref-far226_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-far226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Smith envisioned a progressive vision based on state and local intervention, and decentralizing power to specific locales and communities. He was ambivalent with regard to federal economic intervention, which eventually led him to oppose the New Deal legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Farber_2013_228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farber_2013_228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislature">State legislature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State legislature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlSmithDesk1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AlSmithDesk1913.jpg/260px-AlSmithDesk1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AlSmithDesk1913.jpg/390px-AlSmithDesk1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/AlSmithDesk1913.jpg/520px-AlSmithDesk1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Smith at his desk in the New York Assembly in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Smith was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1904, and was repeatedly elected to office, serving through 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being approached by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>, an activist to improve labor practices, Smith sought to improve the conditions of factory workers. </p><p>Smith served as vice chairman of the state commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</a>. Meeting the families of the deceased Triangle factory workers left a strong impression on him. Together with Perkins and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a>, Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission, chaired by State Senator Robert F. Wagner, held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. Starting with the issue of fire safety, they studied broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York State, and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City's Fire</a> Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions resulted in risk of a fire like that at the Triangle Factory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State Commission's reports led to the modernization of the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">William Sulzer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, the Democrats obtained a majority of seats in the State Assembly, and Smith became Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. The following year, following the loss of the majority, he became the Minority Leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority after the next election, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker</a> for the 1913 session. He became Minority Leader again in 1914 and 1915. In November 1915, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_New_York_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of New York County, New York">Sheriff of New York County, New York</a>. By now he was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive movement</a> in New York City and state. His campaign manager and top aide was <a href="/wiki/Belle_Moskowitz" title="Belle Moskowitz">Belle Moskowitz</a>, a daughter of Jewish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_(1919–1920,_1923–1928)"><span id="Governor_.281919.E2.80.931920.2C_1923.E2.80.931928.29"></span>Governor (1919–1920, 1923–1928)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor (1919–1920, 1923–1928)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Smith,_governor_of_New_York_(portrait_by_Douglas_Volk).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png/220px-Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png/330px-Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png/440px-Al_Smith%2C_governor_of_New_York_%28portrait_by_Douglas_Volk%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>Gubernatorial portrait of Al Smith by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Volk" title="Douglas Volk">Douglas Volk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of <a href="/wiki/New_York_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County, New York">New York County</a> beginning in 1916, Smith was elected governor of New York in 1918 with the help of Tammany Boss <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Murphy">Charles F. Murphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Farley">James A. Farley</a>, who brought Smith the upstate vote.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Smith gave the famous speech "A man as low and mean as I can picture",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making a drastic break with publisher <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>. Hearst, known for his notoriously sensationalist and largely left-wing position in the state Democratic Party, was the leader of its populist wing in the city. He had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration, and had attacked Smith for starving children by not reducing the cost of milk.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith lost his bid for re-election in the <a href="/wiki/1920_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1920 New York gubernatorial election">1920 New York gubernatorial election</a>, but was again elected governor in <a href="/wiki/1922_New_York_state_election" title="1922 New York state election">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1924_New_York_state_election" title="1924 New York state election">1924</a> and <a href="/wiki/1926_New_York_state_election" title="1926 New York state election">1926</a>, with Farley managing his campaign. In his 1922 re-election, he embraced his position as an anti-prohibitionist. Smith offered alcohol to guests at the Executive Mansion in Albany, and repealed the state's <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> enforcement statute, the Mullan-Gage law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As governor, Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. Smith's young assistant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a> built the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service, later gaining appointment as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_New_York" title="Secretary of State of New York">Secretary of State of New York</a>. During Smith's time in office, New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions and children and women's labor with the help of <a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>, soon to be President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Labor Secretary</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg/330px-TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/TIMEMagazine13Jul1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover, July 13, 1925</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1924_presidential_election">1924 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1924 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1924_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1924 presidential campaign">Smith unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination</a> for president, advancing the cause of civil liberty by decrying <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> and racial violence. Roosevelt delivered the nominating speech for Smith at the <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 Democratic National Convention</a> in which he saluted Smith as "the Happy Warrior of the political battlefield."<sup id="cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith represented the urban, east coast wing of the party as an anti-prohibition "wet" candidate, while his main rival for the nomination, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s son-in-law <a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>, stood for the more rural tradition and prohibition "dry" candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was hopelessly split between the two. An increasingly chaotic convention balloted 100 times before both men accepted that neither would be able to win the required two-thirds of the votes, and so each withdrew. On the 103rd ballot, the exhausted party nominated the little-known candidate <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, a former congressman and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">United States Ambassador to Great Britain</a> who had been a dark horse presidential candidate in 1920. Davis lost the election by a landslide to the Republican <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, who won in part because of the prosperous times. </p><p>Undeterred, Smith returned to fight a determined campaign for the party's nomination in 1928. He was aided by the endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Philip_La_Follette" title="Philip La Follette">Philip La Follette</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son of 1924 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, who died in 1925 seven months after receiving 16.62 percent of the popular vote—the fifth-highest proportion for any <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">third-party presidential candidate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1928_presidential_election">1928 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1928 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign</a></div> <p>Reporter Frederick William Wile made the oft-repeated observation that Smith was defeated by "the three P's: Prohibition, Prejudice and Prosperity".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party was still benefiting from an economic boom, as well as a failure to reapportion Congress and the electoral college following the 1920 census,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had registered a 15 percent increase in the urban population. The party was biased toward small-town and rural areas. Its presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who headed the Census of 1920, did little to alter this state of affairs. </p><p>Historians agree that prosperity, along with widespread anti-Catholic sentiment against Smith, made Hoover's election inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated Smith by a landslide in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a>, carrying five Southern states via crossover voting by conservative white Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg/220px-Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg/330px-Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg/440px-Goodcitizennovember1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon suggesting the Pope was the force behind Al Smith. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Citizen" title="The Good Citizen">The Good Citizen</a></i>, November 1926. Publisher: <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Fire Church">Pillar of Fire Church</a>, New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fact that Smith was Catholic and the descendant of Catholic immigrants was instrumental in his loss of the election of 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Burner_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical hostilities between Protestants and Catholics had been carried by national groups to the United States by immigrants, and centuries of Protestant domination allowed myths and superstitions about Catholicism to flourish. Long-established Protestants had viewed the waves of Catholic immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> since the mid-19th century with suspicion. In addition, many Protestants carried old fears related to extravagant claims of one religion against the other which dated back to the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a>. They feared that Smith would answer to the Pope rather than the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. </p><p> Scott Farris notes that the anti-Catholicism of the American society was the sole reason behind Smith's defeat, as even contemporary Prohibition activists would admit that their main problem with the Democratic candidate was his faith and not any political view. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_Sr." title="Bob Jones Sr.">Bob Jones Sr.</a>, a prominent Protestant pastor in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, said:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I'll tell you, brother, that the big issue we've got to face ain't the liquor question. I'd rather see a saloon on every corner of the South than see the foreigners elect Al Smith president.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>A Methodist newspaper in Georgia called Catholicism "a degenerate type of Christianity," while Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship and prohibit reading the Bible. Charles Hillman Fountain, a Protestant writer, insisted that Catholics should be barred from holding any office. Farris states that "More disturbing than the ridiculous and the dangerous was the respectable anti-Catholicism", as contemporary newspapers and Protestant churches tried to mask their anti-Catholicism as genuine concern. Protestant activists insisted that Catholicism represents an alien culture and medieval mentality, claiming that Catholicism is incompatible with American democracy and institutions. </p><p>Catholics were portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> despite being more left-wing than mainstream American Protestant congregations at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>, a renowned newspaper editor, warned that Catholicism would erode the moral standards of America, saying that "the whole Puritan civilization which has built a sturdy, orderly nation is threatened by Smith." While <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> avoided raising the issue of Catholicism on the campaign trail, he defended the Protestant actions in a private letter: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>White rural conservatives in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> also believed that Smith's close association with <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, the Democratic machine in Manhattan, showed that he tolerated corruption in government, while they overlooked their own brands of it. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, the enforcement of which was widely considered problematic. Smith personally favored the relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws because they had given rise to more criminality. The Democratic Party split North and South on the issue, with the more rural South continuing to favor Prohibition. During the campaign, Smith tried to duck the issue with non-committal statements.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was an articulate proponent of good government and efficiency, as was Hoover. Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which in 1920 and 1924 had been split between the parties; he attracted millions of Catholics, generally ethnic whites, to the polls for the first time, especially women, who were first allowed to vote in 1920. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural North as well as in Southern cities and suburbs. Smith did retain the loyalty of the Deep South, thanks in part to the appeal of his running mate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Joseph Robinson</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, but lost five states of the Rim South to Hoover. Smith carried the popular vote in each of America's ten most populous cities, an indication of the rising power of the urban areas and their new demographics. </p><p>Smith was not a very good campaigner. His campaign theme song, "<a href="/wiki/The_Sidewalks_of_New_York" title="The Sidewalks of New York">The Sidewalks of New York</a>", had little appeal among rural Americans, who also found his 'city' accent slightly foreign when heard on radio. Smith narrowly lost his home state; New York's electors were biased in favor of rural upstate and largely Protestant districts. However, in 1928 his fellow Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt (a Protestant of Dutch old-line stock) was elected to replace him as governor of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farley left Smith's camp to run Roosevelt's successful campaign for governor in 1928, and then Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voter_realignment">Voter realignment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Voter realignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/180px-Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/270px-Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/360px-Al_Smith_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="3857" /></a><figcaption>Al Smith giving a speech</figcaption></figure> <p>Some political scientists believe that the 1928 election started a voter realignment that helped develop Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One political scientist said, "...not until 1928, with the nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Lichtman" title="Allan Lichtman">Allan Lichtman</a>'s quantitative analysis suggests that the 1928 results were based largely on religion and are not a useful barometer of the voting patterns of the New Deal era.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lichtman notes that the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, which radically realigned states' voting patterns. States that had never voted Republican after Reconstruction such as Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia voted for Hoover, while Smith carried Massachusetts and Rhode Island—states that had never voted Democratic before save for 1912. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet the 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christopher M. Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the last century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline, although many states had legislatures and congressional delegations biased toward rural areas because of lack of redistricting after censuses. Smith was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists. </p><p>The 1928 election initiated a complete voter realignment of African-Americans, who overwhelmingly supported the Republican Party prior to 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover sought "Southern Strategy" for the election, and sided with the segregationist <a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">lily-white</a> Republicans at the expense of the pro-civil rights <a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">black and tans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent African Americans were removed from positions of leadership in the Republican Party and replaced with lily-white Republicans in order to appeal to the segregationist South, and Hoover's spokesmen in the South spoke of his commitment to white supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allan Lichtman wrote that Hoover "sought a permanent reorganization of southern Republicanism under the leadership of white racists."<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was taken to exploit the unpopularity of Smith in the South, as Hoover and his cabinet were "convinced that white Southern votes were more essential to a Hoover win than black ones".<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover assured Southern voters that he "had no intention of appointing colored men" and pledged that he had "no intention—party platform notwithstanding—of foisting off an anti-lynch law on the white South";<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time, Hoover heavily emphasized "his rural-Protestant roots" and appealed to the white voters' anti-urban and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> sentiments, while also portraying Smith as a pro-civil rights candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Phylon" title="Phylon">Phylon</a></i>, apart from the Catholics' perceived allegiance to the Pope over the United States, American anti-Catholicism was also racially motivated, as Southern Protestants "strongly opposed the church's liberal policies—particularly its uncompromising position against social and political segregation."<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al Smith was supportive of racial equality and appointed African Americans to the New York City school system and civil service commission.<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major black newspapers throughout the United States such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">The Chicago Defender</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Journal_and_Guide" title="New Journal and Guide">Norfolk Journal and Guide</a></i> endorsed Smith for president,<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> supported Smith, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_White_(NAACP)" title="Walter White (NAACP)">Walter Francis White</a> writing that "Governor Smith is by far the best man available for the Presidency" and arguing that Smith's "nomination and election would be the greatest blow at bigotry that has ever been struck."<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith attracted the attention of disheartened African-American voters, as he was unpopular in the South, faced prejudice as a Roman Catholic, and had a reputation of a "spokesman for ethnic minorities in Northern cities".<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Smith's candidacy, coupled with Hoover's Southern concession, initiated abandonment of loyalty to the Republicans and embrace of the Democratic Party by African-American voters. Samuel O'Dell wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Phylon" title="Phylon">Phylon</a></i> that 1928 black voters "bolted to the Democratic party in unprecedented numbers."<sup id="cite_ref-dell_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was also known as an economic progressive, and championed progressive reforms such as a shorter workweek, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> laws, as well as health and workplace safety reforms. Many of his reforms later inspired the New Deal, even though Smith himself came to oppose the New Deal legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter_2006_34_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter_2006_34-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hallmark of Smith's progressivism was his support for and extensive ties to New York labor unions; Smith believed that workers need to be protected from economic exploitation, and became known for legislation that expanded the power of labor unions, enhanced safety regulations, and provided essential services such as healthcare and education to impoverished neighbourhoods and working-class communities.<sup id="cite_ref-far226_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-far226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Smith said little about his economic progressivism on the 1928 campaign trail, as the public was largely supportive of the conservative economic vision that the incumbent Republican administration pursued, crediting it with the economic prosperity at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Roosevelt_and_the_New_Deal">Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg/180px-Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg/270px-Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg/360px-Governor_Roosevelt_and_Al_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Franklin D. Roosevelt (left) and Smith (right) in Albany, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's governorship. They became rivals in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1932">1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> after Smith decided to <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_presidential_campaign,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Smith presidential campaign, 1932">run for the nomination</a> against Roosevelt, the presumed favorite. At the convention, Smith's animosity toward Roosevelt was so great that he put aside longstanding rivalries to work with McAdoo and Hearst to block Roosevelt's nomination for several ballots. That coalition fell apart when Smith refused to work on finding a compromise candidate; instead, he maneuvered to become the nominee. After losing the nomination, Smith eventually campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932, giving a particularly important speech on behalf of the Democratic nominee at Boston on October 27 in which he "pulled out all the stops".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies, which he deemed a betrayal of good-government progressive ideals and ran counter to the goal of close cooperation with business. Smith joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a>, an organization founded by <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">conservative Democrats</a> who disapproved of Roosevelt's New Deal measures and tried to rally public opinion against the New Deal. The League published pamphlets and sponsored radio programs, arguing that the New Deal was destroying personal liberty; however, the League failed to gain support in the 1934 or 1936 elections and rapidly declined in influence. It was officially dissolved in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican presidential nominees <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">the 1936 election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> in <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">the 1940 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Jonathan Alter</a>, the reasons for Smith's opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal were principally personal rather than ideological. Roosevelt wronged Smith in 1931 by opposing the proposal for an unequivocal stand for repeal of Prohibition postulated by Smith and his Northern progressive wing of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, many of Smith's proposals and policies from his time as governor of New York were expanded and turned into federal legislation within the New Deal, leading Smith to believe that Roosevelt stole his ideas and was taking credit for them at his expense.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter_2006_34_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter_2006_34-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking of Roosevelt in 1932, Smith proclaimed: "Frank Roosevelt just threw me out of a window."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith later abandoned his criticism of the New Deal once Roosevelt arranged for the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> to rent space in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>, which eased Smith's financial problems. Shortly before his death in 1944, Smith changed his view of Roosevelt completely, speaking to a reporter: "He [Roosevelt] was the kindest man who ever lived, but don't get in his way."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although personal resentment was one factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Christopher Finan (2003) argues that Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics—suggesting that Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance, and individualism. Historian David Farber argues that while Smith was always a "firm believer in the use of government to right wrongs", his vision was ultimately based on decentralizing power to the states and local communities, which would have pursued public ownership and economic interventionism on local and regional level. Smith was also far less supportive of direct federal intervention, on which "he was ambivalent, even uncertain."<sup id="cite_ref-Farber_2013_228_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farber_2013_228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the break between the men, Smith and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> remained close. In 1936, while Smith was in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, making a vehement radio attack on the President, she invited him to stay at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. To avoid embarrassing the Roosevelts, he declined. Historian Robert Slayton observers that Smith and Roosevelt did not reconcile until a brief meeting in June 1941, and he also suggests that during the early 1940s the antipathy which Smith held toward his former ally had waned.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the death of Smith's wife Katie in May 1944, Roosevelt sent Smith a note of personal condolence. Smith's grandchildren later recalled that he was greatly touched by it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_life_and_later_years">Business life and later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Business life and later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg/150px-Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg/225px-Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg/300px-Babe_Ruth_Gov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Smith golfing with <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> great <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables, Florida</a>, in 1930.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the 1928 election, Smith became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>. Construction for the building symbolically began on March 17, 1930, <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a>, per Smith's instructions. Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon when the world's tallest skyscraper opened on May 1, 1931, which was <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>, an international labor celebration. Its construction had been completed in only 13 months, a record for such a large project. </p><p>As with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, which Smith had seen being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was both a vision and an achievement that had been constructed by combining the interests of all, rather than being divided by the interests of a few. Smith continued to promote the Empire State Building, which was derided as the "Empty State Building" due to a lack of tenants, in the years following its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Smith was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Medal" title="Laetare Medal">Laetare Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, considered the most prestigious award for <a href="/wiki/American_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Catholics">American Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg/220px-Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg/330px-Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg/440px-Al_Smith_and_Charles_Francis_Adams_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Al Smith (right) in December 1929 during his time as director of Empire State, Inc.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929 Smith was elected President of the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_State_College_of_Forestry" title="History of the New York State College of Forestry">New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowing his fondness for animals, in 1934 Robert Moses made Al Smith the Honorary Night Zookeeper of the newly renovated <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Zoo" title="Central Park Zoo">Central Park Zoo</a>. Though a ceremonial title, Smith was given keys to the zoo and often took guests to see the animals after hours.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was an early and vocal critic of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_boycott_of_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933">Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933</a> and addressed a mass-meeting at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> that March.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His speech was included in the 1934 anthology <i>Nazism: An Assault on Civilization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Smith took to the airwaves to denounce Nazi brutality in the wake of <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i>. His words were published in <i>The New York Times</i> article "Text of the Catholic Protest Broadcast" of November 17, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most New York City businessmen, Smith enthusiastically supported American military involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Although he was not asked by Roosevelt to play any role in the war effort, Smith was an active and vocal proponent of FDR's attempts to amend the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Act</a> in order to allow <a href="/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)" title="Cash and carry (World War II)">"Cash and Carry"</a> sales of war equipment to be made to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British</a>. Smith spoke on behalf of the policy in October 1939, to which FDR responded directly: "Very many thanks. You were grand."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 Smith was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Papal_Chamberlain_of_the_Sword_and_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape">Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape</a>, one of the highest honors which the Papacy bestowed on a layman. </p><p>Smith died at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Institute_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Institute Hospital">Rockefeller Institute Hospital</a> on October 4, 1944, of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>, at the age of 70. He had been broken-hearted over the death of his wife from <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> five months earlier, on May 4, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is interred at <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Calvary Cemetery (Queens)">Calvary Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg/220px-Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg/330px-Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg/440px-Governor_Al_Smith_Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The gravesite of Governor Smith at Calvary Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Al_Smith" title="Special:EditPage/Al Smith">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buildings and other landmarks named after Smith include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_Building" title="Alfred E. Smith Building">Alfred E. Smith Building</a>, a 1928 skyscraper in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>;</li> <li>Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> near his birthplace;</li> <li>Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the <a href="/wiki/Two_Bridges,_Manhattan" title="Two Bridges, Manhattan">Two Bridges</a> neighborhood in Manhattan near his birthplace;</li> <li>Governor Alfred E. Smith, a former front line and current reserve <a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">fireboat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> fleet;</li> <li>Governor Alfred E. Smith <a href="/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park" title="Sunken Meadow State Park">Sunken Meadow State Park</a>, a state park in the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">Town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York" title="Smithtown, New York">Smithtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>;</li> <li>Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan;</li> <li>PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>;</li> <li>PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_Career_and_Technical_Education_High_School" title="Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School">Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School</a> in the South Bronx;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_Memorial_Foundation_Dinner" title="Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner">Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner</a>, a fundraiser held for Catholic Charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail;</li> <li>Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a>;</li> <li>Smith Hall, a residence hall at <a href="/wiki/Farmingdale_State_College" title="Farmingdale State College">Farmingdale State College</a>; and</li> <li>Camp Smith, a State owned military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County and consists of 1,900 acres (7.7 km<sup>2</sup>).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:910px;max-width:910px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Landmarks named after Al Smith</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nymedicalcollege.jpg/150px-Nymedicalcollege.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nymedicalcollege.jpg/225px-Nymedicalcollege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nymedicalcollege.jpg/300px-Nymedicalcollege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1900" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Alfred E. Smith Memorial Building at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent%27s_Catholic_Medical_Centers" title="Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Centers">St. Vincent's Hospital Manhattan</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg/160px-PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg/240px-PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg/320px-PS_163_Al_Smith_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2613" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Alfred Smith School, PS 163</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg/210px-Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg/315px-Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg/420px-Alfred_E_Smith_HS_151_E151_St_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg/130px-Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg/195px-Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg/260px-Alfred_E._Smith_Building_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="4820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Alfred E. Smith Building in Albany, New York</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG/240px-Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG/360px-Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG/480px-Sunken_Meadow_State_Park-Beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Governor Alfred E. Smith Sunken Meadow State Park in Suffolk County</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture_and_commemorations">Popular culture and commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture and commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_E_Smith,_1944_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg/220px-Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg/330px-Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg/440px-Alfred_E_Smith%2C_1944_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>The US Government issued a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> honoring Albert E. Smith, issued in 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:He%27s_Our_Al_(1928_sheet_music).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf/page1-220px-He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf/page1-330px-He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf/page1-440px-He%27s_Our_Al_%281928_sheet_music%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music for <i>He's Our Al</i> (1928)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt were filmed by <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> in his DeForest <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> process during the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which ran from June 21 to July 9. This film is now in the Maurice Zouary collection at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Sinclair Lewis' 1928 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Coolidge" title="The Man Who Knew Coolidge">The Man Who Knew Coolidge</a></i>, Smith is cited as an example of the opportunities "in this new and increasingly practical America for any bright fellow today!" <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory" title="Southern Victory">Southern Victory</a></i> series, in which the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1862, Al Smith is elected President of the United States in 1936 on the Socialist Party ticket, defeating Democratic incumbent Herbert Hoover. As per the Richmond Agreement with Confederate President Jake Featherston, he allowed plebiscites to be held in the states of Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a> and Houston on re-admittance to the Confederacy; the rejection of readmittance in Sequoyah serves as a casus belli for the <a href="/wiki/Settling_Accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Settling Accounts">Second Great War</a> in North America (1941–1944). Smith serves until 1942, when he is killed in a bombing raid on the <a href="/wiki/Powel_House" title="Powel House">Powel House</a> in Philadelphia and is succeeded by his Vice President Charles W. La Follette (the fictional son of <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>).</li> <li>Smith was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bunce" title="Alan Bunce">Alan Bunce</a> in the 1960 film <i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello">Sunrise at Campobello</a></i>, and by <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Fitzgerald" title="Wilbur Fitzgerald">Wilbur Fitzgerald</a> in HBO's 2005 TV-movie <i><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)">Warm Springs</a></i>. Both of these movies focus on Franklin D. Roosevelt's struggle with polio.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>While still living, a dedication song entitled "<i>He's Our Al</i>" was written by A. Seymour Brown and Albert Von Tilzer and published in 1928</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="1918_election"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_gubernatorial_elections,_1918–1926"><span id="New_York_gubernatorial_elections.2C_1918.E2.80.931926"></span>New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 1918 General election results</b><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey"> <th>Governor candidate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">Running Mate</a> </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Popular Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Harry C. Walker</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,009,936</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>(47.37%)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Whitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Whitman">Charles S. Whitman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Edward Schoeneck</a> (Republican),<br />Mamie W. Colvin (Prohibition) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">995,094 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(46.68%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Wesley Ervin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">121,705 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(5.71%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olive_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive Johnson">Olive M. Johnson</a> </td> <td>August Gillhaus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,183 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.24%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="1920_election"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 1920 General election results</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey"> <th>Governor candidate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">Running Mate</a> </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Popular Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Jeremiah Wood</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,335,878</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>(46.58%)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a> </td> <td>George R. Fitts </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,261,812 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(44.00%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph D. Cannon">Joseph D. Cannon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Wallace_Hughan" title="Jessie Wallace Hughan">Jessie Wallace Hughan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">159,804 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(5.57%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Field_Malone" title="Dudley Field Malone">Dudley Field Malone</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">69,908 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(2.44%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>George F. Thompson </td> <td>Edward G. Deltrich </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">35,509 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(1.24%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>John P. Quinn </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,015 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.17%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/09/13/107001378.pdf">List of candidates</a>, (<a href="/wiki/.pdf" class="mw-redirect" title=".pdf">.pdf</a>) in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> of September 13, 1920</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="1922_election"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 1922 General election results</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey"> <th>Governor candidate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">Running Mate</a> </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Popular Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">George R. Lunn</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,397,670</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>(55.21%)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,011,725 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(39.97%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edward F. Cassidy </td> <td>Theresa B. Wiley </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor Party">Farmer-Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">109,119 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(4.31%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>George K. Hinds </td> <td>William C. Ramsdell </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,499 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.38%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeremiah D. Crowley </td> <td>John E. DeLee </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,499 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.38%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="1924_election"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 1924 General election results</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey"> <th>Governor candidate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">Running Mate</a> </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Popular Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">George R. Lunn</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,627,111</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>(49.96%)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt Jr.</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Seymour Lowman</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,518,552 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(46.63%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Mattoon Thomas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Solomon_(politician)" title="Charles Solomon (politician)">Charles Solomon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">99,854 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(3.07%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> </td> <td>Franklin P. Brill </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,395 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.20%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frank E. Passonno </td> <td>Milton Weinberger </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,931 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.15%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="1926_election"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 1926 General election results</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey"> <th>Governor candidate </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">Running Mate</a> </th> <th>Party </th> <th colspan="2">Popular Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Alfred E. Smith</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Edwin Corning</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,523,813</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>(52.13%)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Ogden L. Mills</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Seymour Lowman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,276,137 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(43.80%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Jacob Panken</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_Claessens" title="August Claessens">August Claessens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">83,481 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(2.87%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles E. Manierre </td> <td>Ella McCarthy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">21,285 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.73%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a> </td> <td>Franklin P. Brill </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,507 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.19%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeremiah D. Crowley </td> <td>John E. DeLee </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,553 </td> <td style="text-align:right">(0.12%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_presidential_election,_1928"><span id="United_States_presidential_election.2C_1928"></span>United States presidential election, 1928</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States presidential election, 1928"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td>California </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,427,123 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">444 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> Alfred E. Smith</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,015,464 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Joseph Taylor Robinson</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">267,478 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,551 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>48,396 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>36,807,012 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>531 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>531 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>266 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>266 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Source (Popular Vote):</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1928&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1928 Presidential Election Results"</a>. <i>Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1928+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1928%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>Source (Electoral Vote):</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1928#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1928%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Campaign Addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President 1928</i>. Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee, 1929.</li> <li><i>Progressive Democracy: Addresses & State Papers</i>. 1928.</li> <li><i>Up to Now: An Autobiography</i> (The Viking Press, 1929)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith_IV" title="Alfred E. Smith IV">Alfred E. Smith IV</a>, Smith's great-grandson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">List of covers of <i>Time</i> magazine (1920s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_presidential_campaign,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Smith presidential campaign, 1928">Al Smith presidential campaign, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_presidential_campaign,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Smith presidential campaign, 1932">Al Smith presidential campaign, 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The four higher proportions are <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> former President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> (21.54 percent), Southern Democrat and incumbent Vice-President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> (18.20 percent), "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Bull Moose</a>" former President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> (27.39 percent), and independent <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> (18.91 percent).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since the <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">disenfranchisement of blacks in the South</a> at the turn of the century, whites had dominated voting in that region.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Slayton_2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slayton_2001_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton 2001, ch 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal R. Pierce, <i>The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven States of the Deep South</i> (1974), pp 123–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Okrent, <i>Last Call</i>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacAdam1920" class="citation magazine cs1">MacAdam, George (January 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLYoVSHPLAgC&pg=PA237">"Governor Smith of New York"</a>. <i>The World's Work</i>. Vol. XXXIX, no. 3. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. p. 237<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work&rft.atitle=Governor+Smith+of+New+York&rft.volume=XXXIX&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1920-01&rft.aulast=MacAdam&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLYoVSHPLAgC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton2001" class="citation book cs1">Slayton, Robert A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOahalX-CxQC&pg=PA13"><i>Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3"><bdi>978-0-684-86302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Statesman%3A+The+Rise+and+Redemption+of+Al+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86302-3&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOahalX-CxQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkan2001" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Elliott Robert (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingitinameric00bark"><i>Making it in America: a sourcebook on eminent ethnic Americans</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingitinameric00bark/page/350">350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-098-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-098-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+it+in+America%3A+a+sourcebook+on+eminent+ethnic+Americans&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-098-7&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Elliott+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingitinameric00bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45?cc=1937366&wc=M99Q-NSQ:723368583">"New York State Census, 1855; pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-25847-12175-45"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+State+Census%2C+1855%3B+pal%3A%2FMM9.3.1%2FTH-1942-25847-12175-45&rft.pub=FamilySearch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fpal%3A%2FMM9.3.1%2FTH-1942-25847-12175-45%3Fcc%3D1937366%26wc%3DM99Q-NSQ%3A723368583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton (2001), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephsons,_1969-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephsons,_1969_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephsons 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burner-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burner_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurner" class="citation web cs1">Burner, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00608.html?a=1&n=al%20smith&d=10&ss=1&q=2">"Al Smith"</a>. American National Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Smith&rft.pub=American+National+Biography&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F06%2F06-00608.html%3Fa%3D1%26n%3Dal%2520smith%26d%3D10%26ss%3D1%26q%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-far226-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-far226_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-far226_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-far226_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Farber_(historian)" title="David Farber (historian)">Farber, David</a> (2013). <i>Everybody Ought to Be Rich: The Life and Times of John J. Raskob, Capitalist</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973457-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Ought+to+Be+Rich%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+John+J.+Raskob%2C+Capitalist&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973457-3&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Drehle_2003_204-210_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Drehle2003" class="citation book cs1">Von Drehle, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triangle00davi/page/204"><i>Triangle: The Fire That Changed America</i></a>. New York, NY: Grove Press New York. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triangle00davi/page/204">204–210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-4151-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-4151-X"><bdi>0-8021-4151-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triangle%3A+The+Fire+That+Changed+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=204-210&rft.pub=Grove+Press+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8021-4151-X&rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriangle00davi%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farber_2013_228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_2013_228_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_2013_228_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Farber_(historian)" title="David Farber (historian)">Farber, David</a> (2013). <i>Everybody Ought to Be Rich: The Life and Times of John J. Raskob, Capitalist</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973457-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Ought+to+Be+Rich%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+John+J.+Raskob%2C+Capitalist&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973457-3&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/the_labor_movement/index.html?story=/opinion/walsh/politics/2011/03/25/obama_al_smith_and_the_triangle_fire">"Obama, the Triangle Fire and the Real Father of the New Deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Obama%2C+the+Triangle+Fire+and+the+Real+Father+of+the+New+Deal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fthe_labor_movement%2Findex.html%3Fstory%3D%2Fopinion%2Fwalsh%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F03%2F25%2Fobama_al_smith_and_the_triangle_fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ferdinand Wagner" in <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1911/10/14/archives/factory-firetraps-found-by-hundreds-chief-kenlon-has-a-list-of.html">"Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds," October 14, 1911</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Greenwald, <i>The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York</i> (2005), 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18396085?story_id=18396085">Triangle Shirtwaist: The Birth of the New Deal</a>", March 19, 2011, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton, <i>Empire Statesman</i> (2001) pp 92–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin2015" class="citation web cs1">admin (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richardjgarfunkel.com/2015/03/17/saint-patrick-and-the-wearing-of-the-green/">"Saint Patrick and the Wearing of the Green | richardjgarfunkel.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Patrick+and+the+Wearing+of+the+Green+%7C+richardjgarfunkel.com&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardjgarfunkel.com%2F2015%2F03%2F17%2Fsaint-patrick-and-the-wearing-of-the-green%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur2000" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Brian (May 1, 2000). <i>The Penguin Book of 20th-Century Speeches</i>. Penguin (Non-Classics). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028500-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028500-8"><bdi>0-14-028500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Book+of+20th-Century+Speeches&rft.pub=Penguin+%28Non-Classics%29&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.isbn=0-14-028500-8&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcter2007" class="citation book cs1">Procter, Ben H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00benp/page/85"><i>William Randolph Hearst</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamrandolphh00benp/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532534-8"><bdi>978-0-19-532534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532534-8&rft.aulast=Procter&rft.aufirst=Ben+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamrandolphh00benp%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Michael (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drymanhattanproh00lern"><i>Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drymanhattanproh00lern/page/239">239–240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03057-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03057-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Manhattan%3A+Prohibition+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03057-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrymanhattanproh00lern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549669/Al-Smith">"Al Smitator h"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al+Smitator+h&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Academic+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F549669%2FAl-Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlad2013" class="citation book cs1">Glad, Paul W. (2013). <i>The History of Wisconsin – Volume V: War, a New Era, and Depression, 1914–1940</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870206320" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870206320"><bdi>978-0870206320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Volume+V%3A+War%2C+a+New+Era%2C+and+Depression%2C+1914%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0870206320&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">reprinted 1977, John A. Ryan, "Religion in the Election of 1928," <i>Current History</i>, December 1928; reprinted in Ryan, <i>Questions of the Day</i> (Ayer Publishing, 1977) p.91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrewitt2017" class="citation web cs1">Prewitt, Kenneth (July 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://items.ssrc.org/parameters/the-1920-census-broke-constitutional-norms-lets-not-repeat-that-in-2020/">"The 1920 Census Broke Constitutional Norms—Let's Not Repeat That in 2020"</a>. <i>Social Science Research Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Council&rft.atitle=The+1920+Census+Broke+Constitutional+Norms%E2%80%94Let%27s+Not+Repeat+That+in+2020&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.aulast=Prewitt&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitems.ssrc.org%2Fparameters%2Fthe-1920-census-broke-constitutional-norms-lets-not-repeat-that-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Leuchtenburg, <i>The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1958) pp. 225–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farris-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farris_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Farris, Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j1OBwAAQBAJ"><i>Almost President: The Men Who Lost The Race But Changed The Nation</i></a>. Ottawa: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762763788" title="Special:BookSources/9780762763788"><bdi>9780762763788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+President%3A+The+Men+Who+Lost+The+Race+But+Changed+The+Nation&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780762763788&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j1OBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtman (1979);Slayton 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton 2001; Lichtman (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Degler (1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence (1996) p 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtman (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopping2008" class="citation book cs1">Topping, Simon (2008). <i>Lincoln's Lost Legacy: The Republican Party and the African American Vote, 1928–1952</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. pp. 11, 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813032283" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813032283"><bdi>978-0813032283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Lost+Legacy%3A+The+Republican+Party+and+the+African+American+Vote%2C+1928%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=11%2C+14-16&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813032283&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dell-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dell_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dell1987" class="citation journal cs1">O'Dell, Samuel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/274997">"Blacks, the Democratic Party, and the Presidential Election of 1928: A Mild Rejoinder"</a>. <i>Phylon</i>. <b>48</b> (1). Clark Atlanta University: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274997">10.2307/274997</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274997">274997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=Blacks%2C+the+Democratic+Party%2C+and+the+Presidential+Election+of+1928%3A+A+Mild+Rejoinder&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Dell&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccarthy-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1978" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, G. Michael (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/274510">"Smith vs. Hoover: The Politics of Race in West Tennessee"</a>. <i>Phylon</i>. <b>39</b> (2). Clark Atlanta University: 154–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F274510">10.2307/274510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/274510">274510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phylon&rft.atitle=Smith+vs.+Hoover%3A+The+Politics+of+Race+in+West+Tennessee&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-168&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F274510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=G.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F274510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alter_2006_34-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alter_2006_34_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alter_2006_34_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Alter, Jonathan</a> (2006). <i>The defining moment: FDR's hundred days and the triumph of hope</i>. Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-4600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defining+moment%3A+FDR%27s+hundred+days+and+the+triumph+of+hope&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4600-2&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Farber_(historian)" title="David Farber (historian)">Farber, David</a> (2013). <i>Everybody Ought to Be Rich: The Life and Times of John J. Raskob, Capitalist</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973457-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973457-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Ought+to+Be+Rich%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+John+J.+Raskob%2C+Capitalist&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973457-3&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Joseph Huthmacher, <i>Massachusetts People and Politics: The Transition from Republican to Democratic Dominance and Its National Implications</i> (1973), p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Wolfskill. <i>The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940</i>. (Houghton Mifflin, 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan A. Schwarz, "Al Smith in the Thirties," <i>New York History</i> (1964): 316–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162631">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Alter, Jonathan</a> (2006). <i>The defining moment: FDR's hundred days and the triumph of hope</i>. Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-4600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defining+moment%3A+FDR%27s+hundred+days+and+the+triumph+of+hope&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4600-2&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Alter, Jonathan</a> (2006). <i>The defining moment: FDR's hundred days and the triumph of hope</i>. Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-4600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defining+moment%3A+FDR%27s+hundred+days+and+the+triumph+of+hope&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4600-2&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Alter, Jonathan</a> (2006). <i>The defining moment: FDR's hundred days and the triumph of hope</i>. Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4600-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-4600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+defining+moment%3A+FDR%27s+hundred+days+and+the+triumph+of+hope&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4600-2&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton, <i>Empire Statesman</i>, pp. 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton, <i>Empire Statesman</i>, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019094149/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/new-york/new-york-city/attractions.html">"NYT Travel: Empire State Building"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/new-york/new-york-city/attractions.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NYT+Travel%3A+Empire+State+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fguides%2Fnorth-america%2Funited-states%2Fnew-york%2Fnew-york-city%2Fattractions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Adam (August 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819192152/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1833243,00.html">"A Renters' Market in London"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1833243,00.html">the original</a> on August 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Renters%27+Market+in+London&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1833243%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1929">"Recipients"</a>. <i>The Laetare Medal</i>. University of Notre Dame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Laetare+Medal&rft.atitle=Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaetare.nd.edu%2Frecipients%2F%23info1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reznikoff, Charles, ed. 1957. <i>Louis Marshall: Champion of Liberty. Selected Papers and Addresses</i>. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, p. 1123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a></i>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/28/archives/35000-jam-streets-outside-the-garden-solid-lines-of-police-hard.html">"35,000 JAM STREETS OUTSIDE THE GARDEN; Solid Lines of Police Hard Pressed to Keep Overflow Crowds From Hall. AREA BARRED TO TRAFFIC Mulrooney Takes Command to Avoid Roughness – 3,000 at Columbus Circle Meeting. 35,000 IN STREETS OUTSIDE GARDEN"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, March 28, 1933. Accessed June 7, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre van Paasen and James Waterman Wise, eds., <i>Nazism: An Assault on Civilization</i> (New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1934), pp. 306–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Kennedy, <i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743827" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743827">9780199743827</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton, <i>Empire Statesman</i>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slayton, <i>Empire Statesman</i>, pp. 391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1230.html">"Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70; 4 Times Governor—End Comes After a Sudden Relapse Following Earlier Turn for the Better—Ran For President in '28—His Rise From Newsboy and Fishmonger Had No Exact Parallel in U.S. History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. October 4, 1944. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alfred+E.+Smith+Dies+Here+at+70%3B+4+Times+Governor%E2%80%94End+Comes+After+a+Sudden+Relapse+Following+Earlier+Turn+for+the+Better%E2%80%94Ran+For+President+in+%2728%E2%80%94His+Rise+From+Newsboy+and+Fishmonger+Had+No+Exact+Parallel+in+U.S.+History&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1944-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217010256/http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/2006_smith.htm">"U.S. Department of Labor – Labor Hall of Fame – Alfred E. Smith"</a>. dol.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/2006_smith.htm">the original</a> on February 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+Labor+%E2%80%93+Labor+Hall+of+Fame+%E2%80%93+Alfred+E.+Smith&rft.pub=dol.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Foasam%2Fprograms%2Flaborhall%2F2006_smith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2015" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Edwin M. (June 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7vwCQAAQBAJ&q=maurice+zouary+collection+roosevelt&pg=PA16"><i>The First Hollywood Sound Shorts, 1926–1931</i></a>. McFarland. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476606842" title="Special:BookSources/9781476606842"><bdi>9781476606842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Hollywood+Sound+Shorts%2C+1926%E2%80%931931&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft.isbn=9781476606842&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7vwCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaurice%2Bzouary%2Bcollection%2Broosevelt%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1928" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Sinclair (1928). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewcoolid0000lewi"><i>The Man who Knew Coolidge: Being the Soul of Lowell Schmaltz, Constructive and Nordic Citizen</i></a></span>. Harcourt, Brace. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewcoolid0000lewi/page/269">269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+who+Knew+Coolidge%3A+Being+the+Soul+of+Lowell+Schmaltz%2C+Constructive+and+Nordic+Citizen&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sinclair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhoknewcoolid0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1960" class="citation news cs1">Crowther, Bosley (September 29, 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/29/archives/review-1-no-title-sunrise-at-campobello-opens-at-the-palace.html">"Review 1 – No Title:' Sunrise at Campobello' Opens at the Palace"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review+1+%E2%80%93+No+Title%3A%27+Sunrise+at+Campobello%27+Opens+at+the+Palace&rft.date=1960-09-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Bosley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F09%2F29%2Farchives%2Freview-1-no-title-sunrise-at-campobello-opens-at-the-palace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/31/97057956.pdf">"Election result"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 31 December 1918</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>BAUMAN, MARK K. “Prohibition and Politics: Warren Candler and Al Smith’s 1928 Campaign.” The Mississippi Quarterly 31, no. 1 (1977): 109–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26474327">http://www.jstor.org/stable/26474327</a>.</li> <li>Bornet, Vaughn Davis. <i>Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97604804">online edition</a></li> <li>Chiles, Robert. "School Reform As Progressive Statecraft: Education Policy In New York Under Governor Alfred E. Smith, 1919–1928." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 15.4 (2016): 379–398.</li> <li>Chiles, Robert. "Working-Class Conservationism in New York: Governor Alfred E. Smith and 'The Property of the People of the State'" <i>Environmental History</i> (2013) 18#1 pp: 157–183.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100831140">Chiles, Robert. 2018. <i>The Revolution of '28: Al Smith, American Progressivism, and the Coming of the New Deal</i>. Cornell University Press.</a></li> <li>Colburn, David R. "Governor Alfred E. Smith and the Red Scare, 1919–20," <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, vol. 88, no. 3 (Sept. 1973), pp. 423–444. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148992">In JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Craig, Douglas B. <i>After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920–1934</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10806989">online edition</a> see Chap. 6 "The Problem of Al Smith" and Chap. 8 "'Wall Street Likes Al Smith': The Election of 1928"</li> <li>Curtis, Finbarr. “The Fundamental Faith of Every True American: Secularity and Institutional Loyalty in Al Smith’s 1928 Presidential Campaign.” The Journal of Religion 91, no. 4 (2011): 519–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/660925">https://doi.org/10.1086/660925</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegler1964" class="citation journal cs1">Degler, Carl N. (1964). "American Political Parties and the Rise of the City: An Interpretation". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1917933">10.2307/1917933</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917933">1917933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=American+Political+Parties+and+the+Rise+of+the+City%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1917933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1917933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Degler&rft.aufirst=Carl+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldot1983" class="citation book cs1">Eldot, Paula (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governoralfredes0000eldo"><i>Governor Alfred E. Smith: The Politician as Reformer</i></a></span>. Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4855-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4855-5"><bdi>0-8240-4855-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governor+Alfred+E.+Smith%3A+The+Politician+as+Reformer&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8240-4855-5&rft.aulast=Eldot&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernoralfredes0000eldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinan2003" class="citation book cs1">Finan, Christopher M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredesmithhapp00fina"><i>Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior</i></a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3033-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3033-0"><bdi>0-8090-3033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+E.+Smith%3A+The+Happy+Warrior&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8090-3033-0&rft.aulast=Finan&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredesmithhapp00fina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Garrett, Charles. (1961). <i>The La Guardia Years: Machine and Reform Politics in New York City</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandlin1958" class="citation book cs1">Handlin, Oscar (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alsmithhisameric00hand"><i>Al Smith and His America</i></a></span>. Little, Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Smith+and+His+America&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Handlin&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falsmithhisameric00hand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostetler1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hostetler, Michael J. (1998). "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign". <i>Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b>: 12–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463379809370081">10.1080/01463379809370081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gov.+Al+Smith+Confronts+the+Catholic+Question%3A+The+Rhetorical+Legacy+of+the+1928+Campaign&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=12-24&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01463379809370081&rft.aulast=Hostetler&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson1969" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Matthew and Hannah (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alsmithheroofcit00jose"><i>Al Smith: Hero of the Cities</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Smith%3A+Hero+of+the+Cities&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Matthew+and+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falsmithheroofcit00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1996" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David G. (1996). <i>The Collapse of the Democratic Presidential Majority: Realignment, Dealignment, and Electoral Change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-8984-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-8984-4"><bdi>0-8133-8984-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Democratic+Presidential+Majority%3A+Realignment%2C+Dealignment%2C+and+Electoral+Change+from+Franklin+Roosevelt+to+Bill+Clinton&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8133-8984-4&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman1979" class="citation book cs1">Lichtman, Allan J. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prejudiceoldpoli0000lich"><i>Prejudice and the old politics: The Presidential election of 1928</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1358-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1358-3"><bdi>0-8078-1358-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4492475">4492475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prejudice+and+the+old+politics%3A+The+Presidential+election+of+1928&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4492475&rft.isbn=0-8078-1358-3&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Allan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprejudiceoldpoli0000lich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lichtman, Allan (1976). "Critical Election Theory and the Reality of American Presidential Politics, 1916–40". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>81</b> (2): 317–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1851173">10.2307/1851173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1851173">1851173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Critical+Election+Theory+and+the+Reality+of+American+Presidential+Politics%2C+1916%E2%80%9340&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-351&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1851173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1851173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Madaras, Lawrence H. “THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR. VERSUS AL SMITH: THE NEW YORK GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION OF 1924.” New York History 47, no. 4 (1966): 372–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23162551">http://www.jstor.org/stable/23162551</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1980" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Paul A. (1980). "Deja Vu; Or, Back to the Drawing Board with Alfred E. Smith". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 272–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2701129">10.2307/2701129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701129">2701129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146565621">146565621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Deja+Vu%3B+Or%2C+Back+to+the+Drawing+Board+with+Alfred+E.+Smith&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-276&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146565621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2701129&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span>; review of Lichtman</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1956" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Edmund A. (1956). <i>A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475746">475746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catholic+Runs+for+President%3A+The+Campaign+of+1928&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475746&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94966769">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1983" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Donn C. (1983). <i>The World beyond the Hudson: Alfred E. Smith and National Politics, 1918–1928</i>. New York: Garland. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5658-2"><bdi>978-0-8240-5658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+beyond+the+Hudson%3A+Alfred+E.+Smith+and+National+Politics%2C+1918%E2%80%931928&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5658-2&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Donn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1984" class="citation journal cs1">Neal, Donn C. (1984). "What If Al Smith Had Been Elected?". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 242–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What+If+Al+Smith+Had+Been+Elected%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-248&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Donn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1987" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Elisabeth Israels (1987). <i>Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504426-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504426-6"><bdi>0-19-504426-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belle+Moskowitz%3A+Feminine+Politics+and+the+Exercise+of+Power+in+the+Age+of+Alfred+E.+Smith&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-504426-6&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Israels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Smith to Talk Oct. 23". <i>New York Times</i>. 1940. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smith+to+Talk+Oct.+23.&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Smith Says Roosevelt Aroused Spirit of Class Hatred in Nation". <i>New York Times</i>. 1940. pp. 1, 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smith+Says+Roosevelt+Aroused+Spirit+of+Class+Hatred+in+Nation.&rft.pages=1%2C+18&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rulli, Daniel F. "Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards," <i>Teaching History: A Journal of Methods</i>, Vol. 31#1 pp 42+ (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5014694766">online version</a> with lesson plans for class</li> <li>Schwarz, Jordan A. "Al Smith in the Thirties." <i>New York History</i> (1964): 316–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23162631">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton2001" class="citation book cs1">Slayton, Robert A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/480"><i>Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith</i></a>. Free Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/480">480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3"><bdi>978-0-684-86302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Statesman%3A+The+Rise+and+Redemption+of+Al+Smith&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86302-3&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempirestatesmanr00robe%2Fpage%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span>, the standard scholarly biography</li> <li>Stonecash, Jeffrey M., et al. "Politics, Alfred Smith, and Increasing the Power of the New York Governor's Office." <i>New York History</i> (2004): 149–179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183295">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Sweeney, James R. "Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928." <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> 90 (October 1982): 403–31.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Smith,_Alfred_Emanuel" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smith, Alfred Emanuel">Al Smith</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Smith%2C%20Alfred%20E.">Works by Alfred E. Smith</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1230.html">"Alfred E. Smith Dies Here at 70; 4 Times Governor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 4, 1944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alfred+E.+Smith+Dies+Here+at+70%3B+4+Times+Governor&rft.date=1944-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=10772">"Happy Warrior Playground"</a>. <i>New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+City+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Happy+Warrior+Playground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fsub_your_park%2Fhistorical_signs%2Fhs_historical_sign.php%3Fid%3D10772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=6453">"Governor Alfred E. Smith Park"</a>. <i>New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+City+Department+of+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Governor+Alfred+E.+Smith+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fsub_your_park%2Fhistorical_signs%2Fhs_historical_sign.php%3Fid%3D6453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/smith-al.htm">"Al Smith"</a>. <i>Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+National+Historic+Site&rft.atitle=Al+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Felro%2Fglossary%2Fsmith-al.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Kevin C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevincmurphy.com/alsmith.htm">"Lost Warrior: Al Smith and the Fall of Tammany"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+Warrior%3A+Al+Smith+and+the+Fall+of+Tammany&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevincmurphy.com%2Falsmith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl+Smith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1933-11-13_Al_Smith_Hails_End_of_Dry_Law">"Al Smith Hails End of Dry Law, 1933/11/13 (1933)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?164139-1/empire-statesman"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Robert Slayton on <i>Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith</i>, May 13, 2001.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?301273-1/al-smith-presidential-contender">"Al Smith, Presidential Contender"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcnycatablog.org/2013/07/30/alfred-e-smith-papers-1886-1945/">Finding aid for the Alfred E. Smith Papers at the Museum of the City of New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031232112/https://mcnycatablog.org/2013/07/30/alfred-e-smith-papers-1886-1945/">Archived</a> October 31, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcnyblog.org/2013/10/01/alfred-e-smith-the-peoples-politician/">Alfred E. Smith – The People's Politician?</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcnyblog.org/">Museum of the City of New York Collections blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016682">Newspaper clippings about Al Smith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Bourke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph P. Bourke (page does not exist)">Joseph P. Bourke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County</a>'s 2nd district </b><br />1904–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Hamill" title="Peter J. Hamill">Peter J. Hamill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Albert_Merritt" title="Edwin Albert Merritt">Edwin Albert Merritt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Majority Leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> </b><br />1912 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Young" title="Frank L. Young">Frank L. Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minority Leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> </b><br />1912 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Hinman" title="Harold J. Hinman">Harold J. Hinman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Hinman" title="Harold J. Hinman">Harold J. Hinman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minority Leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> </b><br />1914–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Callahan" title="Joseph M. Callahan">Joseph M. Callahan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Albert_Merritt" title="Edwin Albert Merritt">Edwin Albert Merritt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York Assembly</a> </b><br />1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">Thaddeus C. Sweet</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Frank Dowling</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">New York City Board of Aldermen</a> </b><br />1917–1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Moran" title="Robert L. Moran">Robert L. Moran</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Whitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Whitman">Charles S. Whitman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1919–1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1923–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury_(judge)" title="Samuel Seabury (judge)">Samuel Seabury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1918_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 New York gubernatorial election">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1920 New York gubernatorial election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_New_York_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 New York gubernatorial election">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1924_New_York_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 New York gubernatorial election">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/1926_New_York_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 New York gubernatorial election">1926</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston" title="Peter R. Livingston">P. Livingston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Template:Speakers of the New York State Assembly"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Template talk:Speakers of the New York State Assembly"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers of the New York State Assembly"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the New York State Assembly">Speakers of the New York State Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Livingston" title="Walter Livingston">W. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evert_Bancker_(speaker)" title="Evert Bancker (speaker)">Bancker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hathorn" title="John Hathorn">Hathorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gelston" title="David Gelston">Gelston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansing_Jr." title="John Lansing Jr.">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Varick" title="Richard Varick">Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansing_Jr." title="John Lansing Jr.">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(speaker)" title="Gulian Verplanck (speaker)">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(New_York_politician)" title="John Watts (New York politician)">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(speaker)" title="Gulian Verplanck (speaker)">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirck_Ten_Broeck" title="Dirck Ten Broeck">Ten Broeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Storm" title="Thomas Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCord" title="Andrew McCord">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wilkin" title="James W. Wilkin">Wilkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_(speaker)" title="William Ross (speaker)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_R._Van_Rensselaer" title="Jacob R. Van Rensselaer">Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Emott" title="James Emott">Emott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Young_(New_York_politician)" title="Samuel Young (New York politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cruger" title="Daniel Cruger">Cruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Woods_(New_York_politician)" title="David Woods (New York politician)">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sharpe" title="Peter Sharpe">P. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Romaine" title="Samuel B. Romaine">Romaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston" title="Peter R. Livingston">P. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodell" title="Richard Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Crolius" title="Clarkson Crolius">Crolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Young_(New_York_politician)" title="Samuel Young (New York politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(speaker)" title="Peter Robinson (speaker)">P. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Davis_(New_York_politician)" title="George R. Davis (New York politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Livingston" title="Charles L. Livingston">C. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baker_(New_York_politician)" title="William Baker (New York politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Humphrey" title="Charles Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston_(speaker)" title="Edward Livingston (speaker)">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">G. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Porter_Jr." title="Peter B. Porter Jr.">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_S._Chatfield" title="Levi S. Chatfield">Chatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Davis_(New_York_politician)" title="George R. Davis (New York politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Litchfield" title="Elisha Litchfield">Litchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Crain" title="William C. Crain">Crain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Hasbrouck" title="William C. Hasbrouck">Hasbrouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_K._Hadley" title="Amos K. Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_S._Elderkin" title="Noble S. Elderkin">Elderkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Pruyn</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferral_C._Dininny" title="Ferral C. Dininny">Dininny</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Varnum_Jr." title="Joseph B. Varnum Jr.">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_C._Heartt" title="Jonas C. Heartt">Heartt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Ludlow" title="William H. Ludlow">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Pruyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Robinson" title="Orville Robinson">O Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_C._Callicot" title="Theophilus C. Callicot">Callicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tremain" title="Lyman Tremain">Tremain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_L._Pitts" title="Edmund L. Pitts">Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hitchman" title="William Hitchman">Hitchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_G._Younglove" title="Truman G. Younglove">Younglove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hitchman" title="William Hitchman">Hitchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(speaker)" title="Henry Smith (speaker)">H Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McGuire" title="Jeremiah McGuire">McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Sloan" title="George B. Sloan">Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">G. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Patterson" title="Charles E. Patterson">C. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Chapin" title="Alfred C. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Sheard" title="Titus Sheard">Sheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Z._Erwin" title="George Z. Erwin">Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Cole" title="Fremont Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Bush" title="Robert P. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Malby" title="George R. Malby">Malby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II" title="Hamilton Fish II">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._E._O%27Grady" title="James M. E. O'Grady">O'Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Nixon" title="S. Frederick Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Frisbie" title="Daniel D. Frisbie">Frisbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Albert_Merritt" title="Edwin Albert Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Edmund_Machold" title="H. Edmund Machold">Machold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._McGinnies" title="Joseph A. McGinnies">McGinnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Steingut" title="Irwin Steingut">I. Steingut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_D._Heck" title="Oswald D. Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Carlino" title="Joseph F. Carlino">Carlino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Travia" title="Anthony J. Travia">Travia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_M._Weinstein" title="Moses M. Weinstein">Weinstein</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_B._Duryea_Jr." title="Perry B. Duryea Jr.">Duryea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Steingut" title="Stanley Steingut">S. Steingut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fink" title="Stanley Fink">Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Miller" title="Mel Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Tallon" title="James R. Tallon">Tallon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Weprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Silver" title="Sheldon Silver">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morelle" title="Joseph Morelle">Morelle</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heastie" title="Carl Heastie">Heastie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_New_York_City_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NYCCouncilSpeakers" title="Template:NYCCouncilSpeakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NYCCouncilSpeakers" title="Template talk:NYCCouncilSpeakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYCCouncilSpeakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYCCouncilSpeakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_New_York_City_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">Speakers of the New York City Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents of the Board of Aldermen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randolph_Guggenheimer_(New_York_City_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randolph Guggenheimer (New York City politician) (page does not exist)">Guggenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V._Fornes" title="Charles V. Fornes">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_F._McGowan_(New_York_City_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick F. McGowan (New York City politician) (page does not exist)">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Purroy_Mitchel" title="John Purroy Mitchel">Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardolph_L._Kline" title="Ardolph L. Kline">Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McAneny" title="George McAneny">George McAneny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Dowling" title="Frank L. Dowling">Dowling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Moran" title="Robert L. Moran">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hulbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Collins" title="William T. Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._McKee" title="Joseph V. McKee">McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_J._Mahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis J. Mahon (page does not exist)">Mahon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_S._Deutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard S. Deutsch (page does not exist)">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_J._Sullivan_(New_York_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy J. Sullivan (New York politician) (page does not exist)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Brunner" title="William F. Brunner">Brunner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As President of the City Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newbold_Morris" title="Newbold Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_R._Impellitteri" title="Vincent R. Impellitteri">Impellitteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_T._Sharkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph T. Sharkey (page does not exist)">Sharkey</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Halley" title="Rudolph Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Stark" title="Abe Stark">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Screvane" title="Paul R. Screvane">Screvane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._O%27Connor" title="Frank D. O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_X._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis X. Smith (page does not exist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Garelik" title="Sanford Garelik">Garelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Dwyer" title="Paul O'Dwyer">O'Dwyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Bellamy" title="Carol Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stein" title="Andrew Stein">Stein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Public_Advocate" title="New York City Public Advocate">Public Advocate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Mark Green (New York politician)">Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As Speaker of the City Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallone_Sr." title="Peter Vallone Sr.">Vallone</a> (1986–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifford_Miller" title="Gifford Miller">Miller</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Quinn" title="Christine Quinn">Quinn</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Mark-Viverito" title="Melissa Mark-Viverito">Mark-Viverito</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Johnson_(politician)" title="Corey Johnson (politician)">Johnson</a> (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Adams_(politician)" title="Adrienne Adams (politician)">Adams</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" title="Template:New York State Democratic Committee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" title="Template talk:New York State Democratic Committee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York State Democratic Committee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York State Democratic Committee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Fowler_(New_York_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Fowler (New York politician) (page does not exist)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_J._Bingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph J. Bingham (page does not exist)">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Richmond" title="Dean Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Magone" title="Daniel Magone">Magone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Purcell_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Purcell (editor) (page does not exist)">Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Faulkner" title="Lester B. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. O'Brien (page does not exist)">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._B._Walker" title="Charles C. B. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_W._Hinckley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James W. Hinckley (page does not exist)">Hinckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Danforth" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord_Meyer_(New_York_politician)" title="Cord Meyer (New York politician)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William._J._Conners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William. J. Conners (page does not exist)">Conners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_A._Huppuch" title="Winfield A. Huppuch">Huppuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Palmer" title="George M. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Church_Osborn" title="William Church Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_S._Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin S. Harris (page does not exist)">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_A._Kellogg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph A. Kellogg (page does not exist)">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_W._Farley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William W. Farley (page does not exist)">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_E._Fitzpatrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul E. Fitzpatrick (page does not exist)">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Lynch" title="Walter A. Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Balch" title="Richard H. Balch">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_H._Prendergast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael H. Prendergast (page does not exist)">Prendergrast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._McKeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. McKeon (page does not exist)">McKeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Burns_(New_York_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Burns (New York politician)">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Crangle" title="Joseph F. Crangle">Crangle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_J._Cunningham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick J. Cunningham (page does not exist)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_J._Baranello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic J. Baranello (page does not exist)">Baranello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Hennessy" title="William C. Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_J._Kirwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence J. Kirwan (page does not exist)">Kirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Marino (page does not exist)">Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Gordon_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Gordon (politician) (page does not exist)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_H._Hope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith H. Hope (page does not exist)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_D._Farrell_Jr." title="Herman D. Farrell Jr.">Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_F._O%27Neill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June F. O'Neill (page does not exist)">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_S._Jacobs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay S. Jacobs (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_L._T._Wright" title="Keith L. T. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_R._Fitts" class="mw-redirect" title="George R. Fitts">Fitts</a> (1920)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a> (1922, 1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning 1st</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a> (1928, 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a>/<a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a> (1932, 1934, 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bennett_Jr." title="John J. Bennett Jr.">Bennett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">Mead</a>/<a href="/wiki/Erastus_Corning_2nd" title="Erastus Corning 2nd">Corning 2nd</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Lynch" title="Walter A. Lynch">Lynch</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Balch" title="Richard H. Balch">Balch</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a> (1956, 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morgenthau" title="Robert Morgenthau">Morgenthau</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_J._Burns_(New_York_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Burns (New York politician)">Burns</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._O%27Connor" title="Frank D. O'Connor">O'Connor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Samuels" title="Howard J. Samuels">Samuels</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basil_Paterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Paterson">Paterson</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a> (1986, 1990, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallone_Sr." title="Peter Vallone Sr.">Vallone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sandra_Frankel" title="Sandra Frankel">Frankel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Carl_McCall" title="H. Carl McCall">McCall</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mehiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Mehiel">Mehiel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a> (2014, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">← 1916</a>) <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">→ 1924</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Cameron Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Jeter C. Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sutherland" title="Howard Sutherland">Howard Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I._Edwards" title="Edward I. Edwards">Edward I. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Owen" title="Robert L. Owen">Robert L. Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Max_S._Hayes" title="Max S. Hayes">Max S. Hayes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(Texas)" title="American Party (Texas)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hough_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hough (politician) (page does not exist)">William J. Hough</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4C915F;"><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Single Tax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colvin_Macauley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)">Robert Colvin Macauley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Barnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Barnum (page does not exist)">Richard C. Barnum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1920 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1920 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1920)_1924_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1928)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1924 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1920)_1924_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1928)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">← 1920</a>) <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">→ 1928</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">Convention</a> · <a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> · <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1924_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1924 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herman_P._Faris" title="Herman P. Faris">Herman P. Faris</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Marie_C._Brehm" title="Marie C. Brehm">Marie C. Brehm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Nations" title="Gilbert Nations">Gilbert Nations</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hiram_Randall" title="Charles Hiram Randall">Charles Hiram Randall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1924 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1924 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1924 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">← 1924</a>) <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">→ 1932</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Frank B. Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William F. Varney</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank T. Johns</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1928 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">← 1928</a>) <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">→ 1936</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Murray" title="William H. Murray">William H. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1932_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1932 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Blaine" title="John J. Blaine">John J. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">Joseph I. France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">James W. Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Upshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Upshaw">William David Upshaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Renshaw_Cox" title="James Renshaw Cox">James Renshaw Cox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_Harvey" title="William Hope Harvey">William Hope Harvey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1932 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1932 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109704643">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50466729">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5148/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM9Y4K4j764VGbc3DQbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118797654">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016436">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb104173655">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb104173655">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35505226">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071292128">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90591769">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/179002">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296237705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05246256?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/101927">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/977549">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118797654">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081855745">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581623">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6427mg4">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q81c92">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&oldid=1259569750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Smith&oldid=1259569750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Al_Smith" title="Category:Al Smith">Al Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1873_births" title="Category:1873 births">1873 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_deaths" title="Category:1944 deaths">1944 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:American people of German descent">American people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Italian_descent" title="Category:American people of Italian descent">American people of Italian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Calvary_Cemetery_(Queens)" title="Category:Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)">Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Businesspeople from New York City">Businesspeople from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Catholics from New York (state)">Catholics from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees">Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_governors_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Democratic Party governors of New York (state)">Democratic Party governors of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_members_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Category:Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly">Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Empire_State_Building" title="Category:Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laetare_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Laetare Medal recipients">Laetare Medal recipients</a></li><li><a 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