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class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Desert language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_del_Desierto_Occidental" title="Idioma del Desierto Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma del Desierto Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_bhasa" title="Western Desert bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Western Desert bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_do_Deserto_Ocidental" title="Língua do Deserto Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua do Deserto Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Western Desert</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Wati</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Desert areas of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert cultural bloc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7,400<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> (2006 census)<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Desert Nyungic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Western Desert</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka_dialect" title="Martu Wangka dialect">Martu Wangka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakarinya dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartujarra_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartujarra dialect">Kartujarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokatha_dialect" title="Kokatha dialect">Kokatha dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukatja_dialect_(Western_Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukatja dialect (Western Australia) (page does not exist)">Kukatja (A68)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwarra_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwarra dialect (page does not exist)">Kuwarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyjilyjarra_dialect" title="Manyjilyjarra dialect">Manyjilyjarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantjintjarra_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantjintjarra dialect (page does not exist)">Mantjintjarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka_dialect" title="Martu Wangka dialect">Martu Wangka dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakako_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakako dialect (page does not exist)">Nakako dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra_dialect" title="Ngaanyatjarra dialect">Ngaanyatjarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngalia_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngalia dialect (page does not exist)">Ngalia dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindiini_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindiini dialect (page does not exist)">Pindiini dialect</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangkatha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangkatha dialect (page does not exist)">Wangkatha dialect</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangkatja_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangkatja dialect (page does not exist)">Wangkatja dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putijarra_dialect" title="Putijarra dialect">Putijarra dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjupan_dialect" title="Tjupan dialect">Tjupan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangkajunga_dialect" title="Wangkajunga dialect">Wangkajunga dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulparija_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulparija dialect">Yulparija dialect</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert Sign Language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra Sign Language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ktd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ktd">ktd</a></code> – Kokata (Kukarta)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kux" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kux">kux</a></code> – Kukatja<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mpj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mpj">mpj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka_dialect" title="Martu Wangka dialect">Martu Wangka</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ntj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ntj">ntj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaanyatjarra language">Ngaanyatjarra</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pti" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pti">pti</a></code> – Pintiini (Wangkatja)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/piu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:piu">piu</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Pintupi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintupi language">Pintupi-Luritja</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pjt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pjt">pjt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tjp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tjp">tjp</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Tjupany_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjupany language">Tjupany</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kdd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kdd">kdd</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankunytjatjara language">Yankunytjatjara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wati1241">wati1241</a></code>  Wati</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A80">A80</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5886">Kukatja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> </th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2567">Pintiini</a><sup id="cite_ref-ELP2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELP2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wati_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Wati_languages.png/320px-Wati_languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Wati_languages.png/480px-Wati_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Wati_languages.png/640px-Wati_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Wati languages (green) among Pama–Nyungan (tan)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Western Desert language</b>, or <b>Wati</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect cluster">dialect cluster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan family</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Wati</i> tends to be used when considering the various varieties to be distinct languages, <i>Western Desert</i> when considering them dialects of a single language, or <i>Wati</i> as <a href="/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Warnman</a> plus the Western Desert cluster. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_list_of_communities">Location and list of communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and list of communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The speakers of the various dialects of the Western Desert Language traditionally lived across much of the desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Most <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert</a> people live in communities on or close to their traditional lands, although some now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgoorlie, Western Australia">Kalgoorlie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laverton,_Western_Australia" title="Laverton, Western Australia">Laverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Springs, Northern Territory">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Augusta, South Australia">Port Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meekatharra,_Western_Australia" title="Meekatharra, Western Australia">Meekatharra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halls_Creek,_Western_Australia" title="Halls Creek, Western Australia">Halls Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Crossing,_Western_Australia" title="Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia">Fitzroy Crossing</a>. </p><p>The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kintore,_Northern_Territory" title="Kintore, Northern Territory">Kintore, Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docker_River,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Docker River, Northern Territory">Docker River, Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernabella,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernabella, South Australia">Ernabella, South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amata, South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregon,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fregon, South Australia">Fregon, South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara, South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka, South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburton,_Western_Australia" title="Warburton, Western Australia">Warburton, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwirrkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwirrkurra">Kiwirrkurra, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgo,_Western_Australia" title="Balgo, Western Australia">Balgo, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aputula" title="Aputula">Aputula, Northern Territory</a> (also known as Finke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imanpa,_Northern_Territory" title="Imanpa, Northern Territory">Imanpa, Northern Territory</a> (also known as Mount Ebenezer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutitjulu" title="Mutitjulu">Mutitjulu, Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigalong_Community,_Western_Australia" title="Jigalong Community, Western Australia">Jigalong, Western Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_continuum">Dialect continuum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialect continuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></div> <p>The Western Desert Language consists of a network of closely related dialects; the names of some of these have become quite well known (such as <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</a>) and they are often referred to as "languages".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the whole group of dialects that constitutes the language does not have its own name it is usually referred to as the Western Desert Language. WDL speakers referring to the overall language use various terms including <i>wangka</i> ("language") or <i>wangka yuti</i> ("clear speech"). For native speakers, the language is mutually intelligible across its entire range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following are some of the named varieties of the Western Desert Language. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>The Language/Dialect</th> <th>The People</th> <th>Notes</th> <th>AIATSIS Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakarinya dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya people">Antakarinya people</a></td> <td></td> <td>C5: Antikirinya<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartujarra_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartujarra dialect">Kartujarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartujarra_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartujarra people">Kartujarra people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A51: Kartujarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokatha_dialect" title="Kokatha dialect">Kokatha dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokatha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokatha people">Kokatha people</a></td> <td></td> <td>C3: Kokatha<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two dialects of the Western Desert language have been named 'Kukatja'; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukatja_dialect_(Western_Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukatja dialect (Western Australia) (page does not exist)">Kukatja (A68)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Kukatja (C7)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kukatja_(Western_Australia)" title="Kukatja (Western Australia)">Kukatja (A68)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luritja" title="Luritja">Kukatja (C7)</a></td> <td>A68 is in the north of Western Australia near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gregory_(Western_Australia)" title="Lake Gregory (Western Australia)">Lake Gregory</a>, and C7 is west of <a href="/wiki/Haasts_Bluff,_Northern_Territory" title="Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory">Haasts Bluff</a> in central Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A68_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> A68 is one of the dialects that make up <a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka" class="mw-redirect" title="Martu Wangka">Martu Wangka</a> at Jigalong.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgman_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii">: iii </span></sup> <br /> C7 call themselves '<a href="/wiki/Luritja" title="Luritja">Luritja</a>' now.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A68: Kukatja & C7: Kukatja<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A68_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwarra_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwarra dialect (page does not exist)">Kuwarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koara" title="Koara">Kuwarra people</a></td> <td>There is little information regarding the language but the people are well attested.<sup id="cite_ref-GALC_Kuwarra_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALC_Kuwarra-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liberman_1980_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberman_1980-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A16: Kuwarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luritja" title="Luritja">Luritja people</a></td> <td>The Kukatja (C7) call themselves 'Luritja' now.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7.1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A7.1: Luritja<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7.1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manyjilyjarra_dialect" title="Manyjilyjarra dialect">Manyjilyjarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manyjilyjarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyjilyjarra">Manyjilyjarra people</a></td> <td>One of the dialects that make up <a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka" class="mw-redirect" title="Martu Wangka">Martu Wangka</a> at Jigalong.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgman_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii">: iii </span></sup></td> <td>A51.1: Manyjilyjarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A51.1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A51.1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantjintjarra_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantjintjarra dialect (page does not exist)">Mantjintjarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mantjintjarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantjintjarra">Mantjintjarra people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A33: Mantjintjarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A33_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A33-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martu_Wangka_dialect" title="Martu Wangka dialect">Martu Wangka dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martu_people" title="Martu people">Martu people</a></td> <td>Martu Wangka refers to either a dialect found at and around <a href="/wiki/Jigalong_Community,_Western_Australia" title="Jigalong Community, Western Australia">Jigalong, Western Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgman_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii">: iii </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or many different dialect groups in the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sandy desert">Great Sandy</a> deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A86: Martu Wangka<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakako_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakako dialect (page does not exist)">Nakako dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nakako" title="Nakako">Nakako people</a></td> <td>Little is known of the people and their language<sup id="cite_ref-MLT_Nakako_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLT_Nakako-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A32: Nakako<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra_dialect" title="Ngaanyatjarra dialect">Ngaanyatjarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A38:Ngaanyatjarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A38_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaatjatjarra">Ngaatjatjarra people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A43: Ngaatjatjarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A43_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A43-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngalia_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngalia dialect (page does not exist)">Ngalia dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)"> Ngalia people</a></td> <td></td> <td>C2: Ngalia<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindiini_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindiini dialect (page does not exist)">Pindiini</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangkatha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangkatha dialect (page does not exist)">Wangkatha</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangkatja_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangkatja dialect (page does not exist)">Wangkatja</a> dialect</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pindiini" title="Pindiini">Pindiini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wangkatha" title="Wangkatha">Wangkatha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wangkatja" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangkatja">Wangkatja</a> people</td> <td>These three dialects & people have been hardly distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A102_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A102-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A102: Pindiini, A12: Wangkatha & A103: Wangkatja<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A102_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A102-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A103_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pintupi" title="Pintupi">Pintupi people</a></td> <td>Pintupi and Luritja are two similar but overlapping dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C7.1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>C10: Pintupi<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara people</a></td> <td></td> <td>C6: Pitjantjatjara<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Putijarra_dialect" title="Putijarra dialect">Putijarra dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putijarra" title="Putijarra">Putijarra people</a></td> <td>One of the dialects which make up Martu Wangka at Jigalong<sup id="cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgman_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii">: iii </span></sup></td> <td>A54: Putijarra<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A54_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A54-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tjupan_dialect" title="Tjupan dialect">Tjupan dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjupan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjupan people (page does not exist)">Tjupan people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A31: Tjupan<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_Tjupan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_Tjupan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wangkajunga_dialect" title="Wangkajunga dialect">Wangkajunga dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangkajunga_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangkajunga people (page does not exist)">Wangkajunga people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A87: Wangkajunga<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A87_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A87-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara people</a></td> <td></td> <td>C4: Yankunytjatjara<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_C4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_C4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yulparija_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulparija dialect">Yulparija dialect</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulparija_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulparija people (page does not exist)">Yulparija people</a></td> <td></td> <td>A67: Yulparija<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_A67_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS_A67-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Desert Language has thousands of speakers, making it one of the strongest indigenous Australian languages. The language is still being transmitted to children and has substantial amounts of literature, particularly in the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara dialects in South Australia where there was formerly a long-running bilingual program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following tables of the WDL sound system, symbols in <span class="nowrap">⟨angle brackets⟩</span> give a typical practical orthography used by many WDL communities. Further details of orthographies in use in different areas are given below. Phonetic values in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> are shown in [square brackets].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ii⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Western Desert Language has the common (for Australia) three-vowel system with a length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rt⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rn⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ly⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rl⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As shown in the chart, the WDL distinguishes five positions of articulation, and has oral and nasal occlusives at each position. The stops have no <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">voice</a> distinction but display voiced and unvoiced <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a>; stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word, and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. There are no <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonants</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the dialects of the WDL have very similar phonologies there are several different orthographies in use, resulting from the preferences of the different early researchers as well as the fact that the WDL region extends into three states (Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory), with each having its own history of language research and educational policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_language">Sign language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a></div> <p>Most of the peoples of central Australia have (or at one point had) <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">signed forms</a> of their languages. Among the Western Desert peoples, sign language has been reported specifically for Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ngaatjatjarra (Ngada),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Manjiljarra. Signed Kardutjara and Yurira Watjalku are known to have been well-developed, though it is not clear from records that signed Ngada and Manjiljarra were.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A80">A80</a> Western Desert at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELP2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELP2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2567">Endangered Languages Project data for Pintiini</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pitjantjatjara.htm">"Pitjantjatjara language, alphabet and pronunciation"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Pitjantjatjara+language%2C+alphabet+and+pronunciation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fpitjantjatjara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C5">C5</a> Antakarinya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A51_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A51">A51</a> Kartujarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C3">C3</a> Kokatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C7">C7</a> Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A68-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A68_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A68_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A68">A68</a> Kukatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgman_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgman_2005_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgmanMarshHansenBooth2005" class="citation book cs1">Burgman, Albert; Marsh, James; Hansen, Ken; Booth, Joshua (2005). <i>Martu Wangka Dictionary and Topical Finderlist 2005 Draft</i>. South Hedland, Western Australia: WANGKA MAYA Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875946152" title="Special:BookSources/1875946152"><bdi>1875946152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martu+Wangka+Dictionary+and+Topical+Finderlist+2005+Draft&rft.place=South+Hedland%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pub=WANGKA+MAYA+Pilbara+Aboriginal+Language+Centre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1875946152&rft.aulast=Burgman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Marsh%2C+James&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Ken&rft.au=Booth%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GALC_Kuwarra-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GALC_Kuwarra_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wangka.com.au/kuwarra-4/">"Kuwarra"</a>. <i>Goldfields Aboriginal Language Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goldfields+Aboriginal+Language+Centre&rft.atitle=Kuwarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwangka.com.au%2Fkuwarra-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberman_1980-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liberman_1980_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Liberman, Kenneth (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/481223">"The Decline of the Kuwarra People of Australia's Western Desert: A Case Study of Legally Secured Domination"</a>. <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 119–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F481223">10.2307/481223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/481223">481223</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Kuwarra+People+of+Australia%27s+Western+Desert%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Legally+Secured+Domination&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-133&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0014-1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F481223%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F481223&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F481223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A16-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A16_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A16">A16</a> Kuwarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C7.1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C7.1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C7.1">C7.1</a> Luritja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C10_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C10">C10</a> Pintupi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A51.1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A51.1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A51.1">A51.1</a> Manyjilyjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A33-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A33_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A33">A33</a> Mantjintjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A86-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A86_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A86">A86</a> Martu Wangka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLT_Nakako-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLT_Nakako_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/nakako/">"Nakako"</a>. <i>Mobile Language Team</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobile+Language+Team&rft.atitle=Nakako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmobilelanguageteam.com.au%2Flanguages%2Fnakako%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A32-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A32_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A32">A32</a> Nakako at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A38-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A38_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A38">A38</a> Ngaanyatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A43-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A43_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A43">A43</a> Ngaatjatjarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C2">C2</a> Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A102-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A102_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A102_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A102">A102</a> Pindiini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A12_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A12_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A12">A12</a> Wangkatha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A103-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A103_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A103_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A103">A103</a> Wangkatja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C6">C6</a> Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A54-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A54_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A54">A54</a> Putijarra at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_Tjupan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_Tjupan_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A31">A31</a> Tjupan at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A87-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A87_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A87">A87</a> Wangkajunga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_C4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_C4_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C4">C4</a> Yankunytjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS_A67-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_A67_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/A67">A67</a> Yulparija at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Wick R. (1978). <i>A report on the sign language of the Western Desert (Australia).</i> Reprinted in <i>Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia.</i> New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 435–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.P. Mountford (1938) "Gesture language of the Ngada tribe of the Warburton Ranges, Western Australia", <i>Oceania</i> 9: 152–155. Reprinted in <i>Aboriginal sign languages of the Americas and Australia.</i> New York: Plenum Press, 1978, vol. 2, pp. 393–396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendon, A. (1988) <i>Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Goddard, C. 1985. <i>A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara</i>. Alice Springs: IAD.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2001" class="citation cs2">Rose, David (2001), <i>The Western Desert Code: an Australian cryptogrammar</i>, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085883-437-5" title="Special:BookSources/085883-437-5"><bdi>085883-437-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Desert+Code%3A+an+Australian+cryptogrammar&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=085883-437-5&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Desert+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/AborigPages/LANG/WA/4_6.htm">'Western Desert' section of <i>Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal Languages South of the Kimberley</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827124740/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/AborigPages/LANG/WA/4_6.htm">Archived</a> 2009-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template talk:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of South Australia">Aboriginal peoples of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakirinja_people" title="Antakirinja people">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_people" title="Arabana people">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_people" title="Barngarla people">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bodaruwitj" title="Bodaruwitj">Bodaruwitj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_people" title="Bungandidj people">Bungandidj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhirari" title="Dhirari">Dhirari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari" title="Diyari">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, (including the <a href="/wiki/Mulbarapa" title="Mulbarapa">Mulbarapa</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karangura" title="Karangura">Karangura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malyangapa" title="Malyangapa">Malyangapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mardidjali" title="Mardidjali">Mardidjali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meintangk_people" title="Meintangk people">Meintangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirning" title="Mirning">Mirning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nauo_people" title="Nauo people">Nauo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngayawang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngayawang">Ngayawang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)">Ngalia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngameni" title="Ngameni">Ngameni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngangaruku" title="Ngangaruku">Ngangaruku</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaralda" title="Ngaralda">Ngaralda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarkat" title="Ngarkat">Ngarkat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngawadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawadj">Ngawadj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngintait" title="Ngintait">Ngintait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngurunta" title="Ngurunta">Ngurunta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nukunu" title="Nukunu">Nukunu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilatapa" title="Pilatapa">Pilatapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_people" title="Tanganekald people">Tanganekald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thangkaali" title="Thangkaali">Thangkaali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wailpi" title="Wailpi">Wailpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkanguru" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkanguru">Wongkanguru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_people" title="Yandruwandha people">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yardliyawara" title="Yardliyawara">Yardliyawara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarluyandi" title="Yarluyandi">Yarluyandi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yawarrawarrka" title="Yawarrawarrka">Yawarrawarrka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirawirung" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirawirung">Yirawirung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">APY Lands</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amaṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iltur" title="Iltur">Iltur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indulkana" title="Indulkana">Indulkana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaltjiti" title="Kaltjiti">Kaltjiti</a> (Fregon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanpi" title="Kanpi">Kaṉpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Makiri,_South_Australia" title="Makiri, South Australia">Makiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mimili,_South_Australia" title="Mimili, South Australia">Mimili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mintabie,_South_Australia" title="Mintabie, South Australia">Mintabie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyapari" title="Nyapari">Nyapaṟi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia" title="Pukatja, South Australia">Pukatja</a> (Ernabella)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umuwa,_South_Australia" title="Umuwa, South Australia">Umuwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yunyarinyi" title="Yunyarinyi">Yunyarinyi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Akenta">Akenta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_South_Australia" title="Davenport, South Australia">Davenport</a> (Umeewarra)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Community_Council" title="Gerard Community Council">Gerard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba" title="Koonibba">Koonibba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manunka" title="Manunka">Manunka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepabunna,_South_Australia" title="Nepabunna, South Australia">Nepabunna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Oak Valley, South Australia">Oak Valley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia" title="Point Pearce, South Australia">Point Pearce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raukkan,_South_Australia" title="Raukkan, South Australia">Raukkan</a> (Point McLeay)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia" title="Swan Reach, South Australia">Swan Reach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yalata,_South_Australia" title="Yalata, South Australia">Yalata</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colebrook_Home" title="Colebrook Home">Colebrook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killalpaninna_Mission" title="Killalpaninna Mission">Killalpaninna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ooldea,_South_Australia" title="Ooldea, South Australia">Ooldea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Abdulla" title="Ian Abdulla">Ian Abdulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josie_Agius" title="Josie Agius">Josie Agius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Baker_(Australian_artist)" title="Jimmy Baker (Australian artist)">Jimmy Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maringka_Baker" title="Maringka Baker">Maringka Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poltpalingada_Booboorowie" title="Poltpalingada Booboorowie">Poltpalingada Booboorowie</a> (Tom Walker)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Bray" title="Richie Bray">Richie Bray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Burgoyne" title="Iris Burgoyne">Iris Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne" title="Peter Burgoyne">Peter Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne" title="Shaun Burgoyne">Shaun Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Burton" title="Hector Burton">Hector Burton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Buzzacott" title="Kevin Buzzacott">Kevin Buzzacott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cooper_(footballer)" title="Malcolm Cooper (footballer)">Malcolm Cooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vince_Copley" title="Vince Copley">Vince Copley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyakul_Dawson" title="Nyakul Dawson">Nyakul Dawson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Nannas" title="Deadly Nannas">Deadly Nannas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Goldsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Goldsmith">Stevie Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Ngintja_Goodwin" title="Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin">Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Graham" title="Cecil Graham">Cecil Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Graham_(footballer,_born_1958)" title="Colin Graham (footballer, born 1958)">Colin Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_(footballer)" title="Michael Graham (footballer)">Michael Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hammond" title="Ruby Hammond">Ruby Hammond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hunter" title="Ruby Hunter">Ruby Hunter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjungkara_Ken" title="Tjungkara Ken">Tjungkara Ken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kudnarto" title="Kudnarto">Kudnarto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natascha_McNamara" title="Natascha McNamara">Natascha McNamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Muffler" title="Betty Muffler">Betty Muffler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Loughlin" title="Michael O'Loughlin">Michael O'Loughlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya Rigney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Rings" title="Frances Rings">Frances Rings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nura_Rupert" title="Nura Rupert">Nura Rupert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauto_Sansbury" title="Tauto Sansbury">Tauto Sansbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Yaritja_Stevens" title="Eileen Yaritja Stevens">Eileen Yaritja Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Moogy Sumner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faith_Thomas" title="Faith Thomas">Faith Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Unaipon" title="James Unaipon">James Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen" title="Gavin Wanganeen">Gavin Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wanganeen" title="Natasha Wanganeen">Natasha Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Wikilyiri" title="Ginger Wikilyiri">Ginger Wikilyiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norah_Wilson" title="Norah Wilson">Norah Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Wingard" title="Chad Wingard">Chad Wingard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjayanka_Woods" title="Tjayanka Woods">Tjayanka Woods</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Legal_Rights_Movement" title="Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement">Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Schools" title="Anangu Schools">Aṉangu schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Football_Club" title="Koonibba Football Club">Koonibba Football Club</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kupa_Piti_Kungka_Tjuta" title="Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta">Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga_Court" title="Nunga Court">Nunga Court</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of Aboriginal schools in South Australia">List of Aboriginal schools</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion</a> and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkaroo" title="Arkaroo">Arkaroo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">'Dreamtime'</a> (<i>muda</i>, <i>mura-mura</i>, <i>tjukurrpa</i>, etc.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngi%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%AFaka" title="Ngiṉṯaka">Ngiṉṯaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wati-kutjara" title="Wati-kutjara">Wati-kutjara</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Watarru Indigenous Protected Area">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Willoughby_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area">Mount Willoughby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-managed protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Price_Conservation_Park" title="Elliot Price Conservation Park">Elliot Price Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park" title="Gawler Ranges National Park">Gawler Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park"> Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanku-Breakaways_Conservation_Park" title="Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park">Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park" title="Lake Gairdner National Park">Lake Gairdner National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ikara%E2%80%93Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park">Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve" title="Innamincka Regional Reserve">Innamincka Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park" title="Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park">Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mamungari_Conservation_Park" title="Mamungari Conservation Park">Mamungari Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaut_Ngaut_Conservation_Park" title="Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park">Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area" title="Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area">Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve" title="Nullarbor Regional Reserve">Nullarbor Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pureba_Conservation_Park" title="Pureba Conservation Park">Pureba Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve" title="Strzelecki Regional Reserve">Strzelecki Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park" title="Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park">Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park">Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park" title="Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park">Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witjira_National_Park" title="Witjira National Park">Witjira National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park" title="Yumbarra Conservation Park">Yumbarra Conservation Park</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini (Yarluyandi)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangkangurru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Desert language</a> (dialects: <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli (Malyangapa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu" title="Aṉangu">Aṉangu (Western Desert language)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga (Aboriginal English)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1988" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Lands_Trust_Act_1966" title="Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966">Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981">Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">Laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_establishing_the_Province_of_South_Australia" title="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia">Letters Patent</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_native_title_claims_in_South_Australia" title="List of native title claims in South Australia">List of native title claims in South Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Friends%27_Association" title="Aborigines' Friends' Association">Aborigines' Friends' Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission" title="McClelland Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre"><i>Maria</i> massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Native School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1913)" title="Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913)">Royal Commission on the Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_House" title="St Francis House">St Francis House</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Federal Parliamentary inquiry</a>))</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">By state or territory</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Desert</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu Matha</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Djambarrpuyngu</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (5 families)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>? (3 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>? (5-6 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> (4 families?)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol_language" title="Gurindji Kriol language">Gurindji Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Indigenous Sign Language</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pama–Nyungan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Template:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Template talk:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pama–Nyungan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Paman_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adithinngithigh_language" title="Adithinngithigh language">Adithinngithigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjingith_language" title="Andjingith language">Andjingith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguthimri_language" title="Anguthimri language">Anguthimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arritinngithigh_language" title="Arritinngithigh language">Arritinngithigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awngthim_language" title="Awngthim language">Awngthim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthigh_language" title="Luthigh language">Luthigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbiywom_language" title="Mbiywom language">Mbiywom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndrangith_language" title="Ndrangith language">Ndrangith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngkoth_language" title="Ngkoth language">Ngkoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayabadhu_language" title="Ayabadhu language">Ayabadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara_language" title="Kugu Nganhcara language">Kugu-Muminh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanha_language" title="Pakanha language">Pakanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Me%27nh_language" title="Wik-Me'nh language">Wik-Me'nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik-Mungkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Ngathan_language" title="Wik-Ngathan language">Wik-Ngathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Ompom_language" title="Wik Ompom language">Wik-Ompom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Lamalamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Lamalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrobolam_language" title="Morrobolam language">Morrobolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Yalanjic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Point_language" title="Barrow Point language">Barrow Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Gugu Yalandyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koko-Bera_language" title="Koko-Bera language">Koko-Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Dhaw_language" title="Gugu Dhaw language">Kok Thawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a> <ul><li>Ogh-Undjan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Yak_language" title="Kuuk Yak language">Kuuk Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir-Yoront_language" title="Yir-Yoront language">Yir-Yoront</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Norman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdjar_language" title="Gurdjar language">Kurtjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gkuthaarn_language" title="Gkuthaarn language">Kuthant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Thaypan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alungul_language" title="Alungul language">Alungul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkula_language" title="Angkula language">Angkula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_Tharrnggala_language" title="Aghu Tharrnggala language">Aghu Tharrnggala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikarranggal_language" title="Ikarranggal language">Ikarranggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalaka_language" title="Tagalaka language">Takalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Thaypan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wamin_language" title="Wamin language">Agwamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbara-Yanga_language" title="Mbara-Yanga language">Mbara-Yanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walangama_language" title="Walangama language">Walangama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djabugay_language" title="Djabugay language">Djabugay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukatj_language" title="Kukatj language">Gugadj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kok-Nar_language" title="Kok-Nar language">Kok Narr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbariman-Gudhinma_language" title="Mbariman-Gudhinma language">Mbariman-Gudhinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Eastern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulguru_language" title="Wulguru language">Wulguru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_language" title="Bidjara language">Bidjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darumbal_language" title="Darumbal language">Darumbal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barunggam_language" title="Barunggam language">Barunggam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulua_language" title="Tulua language">Dappil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_language" title="Gubbi Gubbi language">Gabi-Gabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taribelang_language" title="Taribelang language">Gureng Gureng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakka_Wakka_language" title="Wakka Wakka language">Wakawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulli_Wulli_language" title="Wulli Wulli language">Wuliwuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guwar_language" title="Guwar language">Guwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janday_language" title="Janday language">Janday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunukul_language" title="Nunukul language">Nunukul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Turrbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumbainggar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbainggar language">Kumbainggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaygir_language" title="Yaygir language">Yaygir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkinjung_language" title="Darkinjung language">Darkinjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharug_language" title="Dharug language">Dharug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal_language" title="Ngunnawal language">Ngunnawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharawal_languages" title="Tharawal languages">Tharawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worimi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worimi language">Wormi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunaikurnai_language" title="Gunaikurnai language">Gunaikurnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_language" title="Pallanganmiddang language">Pallanganmiddang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Bandjalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yabula-Yabula_language" title="Yabula-Yabula language">Yabula-Yabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yotayota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kulinic_languages" title="Kulinic languages">Kulinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gulidjan_language" title="Gulidjan language">Kolakngat</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Bunurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjawurrung_language" title="Djadjawurrung language">Dja Dja Wurrung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Ledji-Ledji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhi_Madhi_language" title="Madhi Madhi language">Madhi-Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Wadi_language" title="Wadi Wadi language">Wadi-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadawurrung_language" title="Wadawurrung language">Wathaurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemba_Wemba_language" title="Wemba Wemba language">Wemba Wemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drual_languages" title="Drual languages">Drual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language" title="Dhauwurd Wurrung language">Dhauwurd Wurrung</a> <ul><li>Kuurn Kopan Noot</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaran_language" title="Yaran language">Yaran</a> (Bindjali)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kureinji_language" title="Kureinji language">Keramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Ngayawung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Yaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitha_Yitha_language" title="Yitha Yitha language">Yitha-Yitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Kuyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauo_language" title="Nauo language">Nauo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunu_language" title="Nukunu language">Nukunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirniny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirning_language" title="Mirning language">Mirning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadjunmaya_language" title="Ngadjunmaya language">Ngadjunmaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaagu_language" title="Galaagu language">Galaagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natingero_language" title="Natingero language">Natingero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Nyungar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Western_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kartu_languages" title="Kartu languages">Kartu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badimaya_language" title="Badimaya language">Badimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgana_language" title="Malgana language">Malgana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaagurda_language" title="Thaagurda language">Thaagurda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nhanhagardi_language" title="Nhanhagardi language">Nhanhagardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyara_languages" title="Kanyara languages">Kanyara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burduna_language" title="Burduna language">Burduna</a>–Baiyungu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalanyji_language" title="Thalanyji language">Thalanyji</a>–Pinikura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantharta_language" title="Mantharta language">Mantharta</a> <ul><li>Tharrgari</li> <li>Warriyangka</li> <li>Thiin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwarli_dialect" title="Jiwarli dialect">Jiwarli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurruru_language" title="Jurruru language">Jurruru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrama_language" title="Kurrama language">Kurrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarluma_language" title="Ngarluma language">Ngarluma-Kariyarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhuwala_language" title="Nhuwala language">Nhuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamal_language" title="Nyamal language">Nyamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiyaparli_language" title="Nyiyaparli language">Nyiyaparli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yindjibarndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinhawangka_language" title="Yinhawangka language">Yinhawangka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garadjari_language" title="Garadjari language">Karajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarla_language" title="Mangarla language">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Northern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumbin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Warluwaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagaya_language" title="Wagaya language">Wagaya</a> <ul><li>Bularnu</li> <li>Yindjilandji</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwarra_language" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kulan_language" title="Mayi-Kulan language">Mayi-Kulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna_language" title="Mayi-Kutuna language">Mayi-Kutuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawun_language" title="Ngawun language">Ngawun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngardi_language" title="Ngardi language">Ngardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Wanman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertame_language" title="Pertame language">Pertame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithaka_language" title="Mithaka language">Mithaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini</a> <ul><li>Yarluyandi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngura_languages" title="Ngura languages">Ngura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanggamala_language" title="Wanggamala language">Wanggamala</a> <ul><li>Wangka-Yutjurru</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River</a> <ul><li>Bundhamara</li> <li>new Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Baagandji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalali_language" title="Kalali language">Bulloo River</a> <ul><li>old Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yardli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Other_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Djaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritharrngu_language" title="Ritharrngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Macro-Pama–Nyungan?" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan?</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurr-Goni_language" title="Gurr-Goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mangarrayi-Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warndarrang_language" title="Warndarrang language">Warndarrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_dialect" title="Kunwinjku dialect">Kunwinjku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbarlang_language" title="Gunbarlang language">Kunbarlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Minkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Gangalidda (Yukulta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrwa_language" title="Garrwa language">Garrwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&oldid=1257632511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_language&oldid=1257632511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Desert_language" title="Category:Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a></li><li><a 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