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id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern robots </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_robots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern robots subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mobile robot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_robots_(manipulating)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_robots_(manipulating)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Industrial robots (manipulating) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_robots_(manipulating)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Service robot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_(interactive)_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_(interactive)_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Educational (interactive) robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_(interactive)_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modular_robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modular_robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Modular robot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modular_robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Collaborative robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robots_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robots_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Robots in society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Robots_in_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Robots in society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Robots_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomy_and_ethical_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy_and_ethical_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Autonomy and ethical questions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy_and_ethical_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Military robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Relationship to unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Contemporary uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General-purpose_autonomous_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General-purpose_autonomous_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 General-purpose autonomous robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-purpose_autonomous_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factory_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factory_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Factory robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factory_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Car_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Car production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Packaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_guided_vehicles_(AGVs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_guided_vehicles_(AGVs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_guided_vehicles_(AGVs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_AGV-style_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_AGV-style_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4.1 Early AGV-style robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_AGV-style_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim_AGV_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_AGV_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4.2 Interim AGV technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_AGV_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligent_AGVs_(i-AGVs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligent_AGVs_(i-AGVs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4.3 Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligent_AGVs_(i-AGVs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dirty,_dangerous,_dull,_or_inaccessible_tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dirty,_dangerous,_dull,_or_inaccessible_tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull, or inaccessible tasks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dirty,_dangerous,_dull,_or_inaccessible_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Space probes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telerobots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telerobots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Telerobots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telerobots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_fruit_harvesting_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_fruit_harvesting_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Automated fruit harvesting machines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_fruit_harvesting_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Domestic robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_robots_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_robots_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Military robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_robots_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Mining robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.1 Home automation for the elderly and disabled </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.2 Pharmacies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Research robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bionic_and_biomimetic_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bionic_and_biomimetic_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.1 Bionic and biomimetic robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bionic_and_biomimetic_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanorobots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanorobots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.2 Nanorobots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanorobots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconfigurable_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconfigurable_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.3 Reconfigurable robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconfigurable_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotic,_mobile_laboratory_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotic,_mobile_laboratory_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.4 Robotic, mobile laboratory operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotic,_mobile_laboratory_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft-bodied_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft-bodied_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.5 Soft-bodied robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft-bodied_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swarm_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swarm_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.6 Swarm robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swarm_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haptic_interface_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haptic_interface_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.7 Haptic interface robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haptic_interface_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_art_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Contemporary art and sculpture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_art_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robots_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robots_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Robots in popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Robots_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Robots in popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Robots_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robot_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robot_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Robot competitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robot_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sex robots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_depicted_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_depicted_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Problems depicted in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_depicted_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_robotics_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_robotics_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Specific robotics concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_robotics_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotics_methods_and_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotics_methods_and_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Robotics methods and categories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotics_methods_and_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_robots_and_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_robots_and_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Specific robots and devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_robots_and_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Other related articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robot</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboter" title="Roboter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roboter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%89%A6%E1%89%B5" title="ሮቦት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮቦት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searu%C3%BEr%C3%A6l" title="Searuþræl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Searuþræl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="روبوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9F" title="ৰবট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰবট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B3" title="Robó – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robó" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="روبات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9F" title="রোবট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোবট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Робат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Робат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Робат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robota" title="Robota – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Robota" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="འཕྲུལ་ཆས་མི་སྣ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཕྲུལ་ཆས་མི་སྣ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboter" title="Roboter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roboter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84" title="Ρομπότ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομπότ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roboto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ربات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ربات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="機械人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="機械人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B4%87" title="로봇 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로봇" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99ago" title="Saƙago – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saƙago" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BF" title="Ռոբոտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբոտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="रोबोट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोबोट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roboto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThununu" title="IsiThununu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiThununu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lmenni" title="Vélmenni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vélmenni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98" title="רובוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5" title="ಯಂತ್ರಮಾನವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಂತ್ರಮಾನವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რობოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboti" title="Roboti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roboti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robo" title="Robo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Robo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94" title="ໂຣບົດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຣບົດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotum" title="Robotum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robotum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots" title="Robots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Robots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotas" title="Robotas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robotas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_(automatiz%C3%A1l%C3%A1s)" title="Robot (automatizálás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robot (automatizálás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="റോബോട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബോട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सांगकाम्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सांगकाम्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რობოტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობოტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စက်ရုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်ရုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="रोबोट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोबोट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ロボット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロボット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B2t" title="Robòt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robòt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F" title="ਰੋਬੋਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਬੋਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9" title="روبوٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روبوٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BC" title="روباټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روباټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruobot" title="Ruobot – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruobot" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboter" title="Roboter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roboter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%C3%B4" title="Robô – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robô" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandron" title="Yandron – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Yandron" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antapunqu" title="Antapunqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antapunqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱨᱚᱵᱚᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱵᱚᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9" title="روبوٹ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="روبوٹ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboti" title="Roboti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roboti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BD" title="روبوٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روبوٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AA" title="ڕۆبۆت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبۆت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotti" title="Robotti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robotti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="தானியங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானியங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="మరమనిషి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరమనిషి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="หุ่นยนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นยนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%B4%E1%8F%AB" title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Робот – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Робот" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9" title="روبوٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روبوٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="روبوت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روبوت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunz_Rok" title="Vunz Rok – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vunz Rok" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="機器人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="機器人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="机器人 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about mechanical robots. For software agents, see <a href="/wiki/Bot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bot (disambiguation)">Bot</a>. For other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Robot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robot (disambiguation)">Robot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/220px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/330px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/440px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ASIMO" title="ASIMO">ASIMO</a> (2000) at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">Expo 2005</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg/220px-FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg/330px-FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg/440px-FANUC_6-axis_welding_robots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot_welding" title="Robot welding">welding robots</a> used in a factory are a type of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robot</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Bio-inspired_Big_Dog_quadruped_robot_is_being_developed_as_a_mule_that_can_traverse_difficult_terrain.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupedal</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">military robot</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics#Cheetah" title="Boston Dynamics">Cheetah</a>, an evolution of <a href="/wiki/BigDog" title="BigDog">BigDog</a> (pictured), was clocked as the world's fastest legged robot in 2012, beating the record set by an <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</a> robot in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-r07f-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> A robot is a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a>—especially one <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programmable</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the <a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">control</a> may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">human form</a>, but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics. Robots can be <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous</a> or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>'s Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (<a href="/wiki/ASIMO" title="ASIMO">ASIMO</a>) and <a href="/wiki/TOSY" title="TOSY">TOSY</a>'s TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (<a href="/wiki/TOPIO" title="TOPIO">TOPIO</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery" title="Robot-assisted surgery">medical operating robots</a>, patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed <a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">swarm robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAV_drones" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV drones">UAV drones</a> such as <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">General Atomics MQ-1 Predator</a>, and even microscopic <a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">nano robots</a>. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">thought</a> of its own. <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_things" title="Autonomous things">Autonomous things</a> are expected to proliferate in the future, with home robotics and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">autonomous car</a> as some of the main drivers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots,<a href="#cite_note-OED-4">[4]</a> as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">information processing</a> is <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing process">manufacturing processes</a>, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of <a href="/wiki/Bio-inspired_robotics" title="Bio-inspired robotics">bio-inspired robotics</a>. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: <a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">soft robotics</a>. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilization">ancient civilization</a>, there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a> resembling humans and other animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">animatronics</a>, designed primarily as entertainment. As mechanical techniques developed through the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial age">Industrial age</a>, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless <a href="/wiki/Remote-control" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote-control">remote-control</a>. The term comes from a Slavic root, robot-, with meanings associated with labor. The word "robot" was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech-language</a> play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a> (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti – Rossum's Universal Robots) by <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>, though it was Karel's brother <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C4%8Capek" title="Josef Čapek">Josef Čapek</a> who was the word's true inventor.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-KapekWebsite-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[7]</a> Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by <a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a> in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as <a href="/wiki/Computer_Numerical_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Numerical Control">Computer Numerical Control</a> (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by <a href="/wiki/John_T._Parsons" title="John T. Parsons">John T. Parsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Stulen" title="Frank L. Stulen">Frank L. Stulen</a>. The first commercial, digital and <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">programmable</a> robot was built by <a href="/wiki/George_Devol" title="George Devol">George Devol</a> in 1954 and was named the <a href="/wiki/Unimate" title="Unimate">Unimate</a>. It was sold to <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from <a href="/wiki/Die_casting" title="Die casting">die casting</a> machines at the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Fisher_Guide_Plant_(New_Jersey)" title="Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)">Inland Fisher Guide Plant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="West Trenton, New Jersey">West Trenton</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Ewing_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Ewing Township, New Jersey">Ewing Township, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Robots have replaced humans<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea. There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a> as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions.<a href="#cite_note-ABCau-2014-05-10">[10]</a> The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in the future. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg/220px-ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg/330px-ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/ICub_sciencefestival_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ICub" title="ICub">iCub</a> is physically anthropomorphic; it looks like a human.</figcaption></figure> The word robot can refer to both physical robots and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agents</a>, but the latter are usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among experts, and the public, that robots tend to possess some or all of the following abilities and functions: accept electronic programming, process data or <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">physical perceptions</a> electronically, operate autonomously to some degree, move around, operate physical parts of itself or physical processes, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Related to the concept of a robot is the field of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>, which studies entities whose nature is more comparable to <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living things</a> than to machines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History of robots</a></div> The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RoboticHistory1-15">[15]</a> attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the artificial birds of <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Ban" title="Lu Ban">Lu Ban</a>,<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-17">[17]</a> a "speaking" automaton by <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a>, a washstand automaton by <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a>, and a human automaton described in the <a href="/wiki/Lie_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie Zi">Lie Zi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_beginnings">Early beginnings</h3></div> Many ancient mythologies, and most modern religions include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a> to the Romans), the clay <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golems</a> of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and <a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a>, the mythical statue of <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a> that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> include <a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a>, a man of bronze who guarded the island from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures."<a href="#cite_note-robot-evolution-19">[19]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the 4th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a> of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> (10–70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg/220px-Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg/330px-Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg/440px-Al-Jazari_-_A_Musical_Toy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Al-Jazari – a musical toy</figcaption></figure> The 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddha's relics were protected by mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta), from the kingdom of Roma visaya (Rome); until they were disarmed by King <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In ancient China, the 3rd-century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata, involving a much earlier encounter between Chinese emperor <a href="/wiki/King_Mu_of_Zhou" title="King Mu of Zhou">King Mu of Zhou</a> and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs.<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-14">[14]</a> There are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi and other texts, which attributes the 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> and his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Lu_Ban" title="Lu Ban">Lu Ban</a> with the invention of artificial wooden birds (ma yuan) that could successfully fly.<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_(1959)_(20481431946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg/170px-Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg/255px-Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg/340px-Bulletin_-_United_States_National_Museum_%281959%29_%2820481431946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>'s astronomical clock tower showing the mechanical figurines which chimed the hours</figcaption></figure> In 1066, the Chinese inventor <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a> in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25">[25]</a> His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (<a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a>) that bumped into little <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levers</a> that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.<a href="#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samarangana_Sutradhara" title="Samarangana Sutradhara">Samarangana Sutradhara</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> treatise by <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (<a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a>), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 13th century <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim scientists">Muslim scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari" title="Ismail al-Jazari">Ismail al-Jazari</a> created several automated devices. He built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> He also invented the earliest known automatic gates, which were driven by hydropower,<a href="#cite_note-Turner-30">[30]</a> created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hill2-31">[31]</a> One of al-Jazari's <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid automata</a> was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Al-Jazari invented a hand washing <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automaton</a> incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>. It features a female <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid automaton</a> standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin.<a href="#cite_note-robot-evolution-19">[19]</a> Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:<blockquote>Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.<a href="#cite_note-robot-evolution-19">[19]</a>: 9 </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo-Robot3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leonardo-Robot3.jpg/170px-Leonardo-Robot3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leonardo-Robot3.jpg/255px-Leonardo-Robot3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leonardo-Robot3.jpg/340px-Leonardo-Robot3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" title="Leonardo's robot">Leonardo's robot</a> with inner workings. Possibly constructed by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> around 1495.<a href="#cite_note-nih-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 14th century, the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> featured an automata angel.<a href="#cite_note-Truitt_2015_p._136-34">[34]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Italy, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452–1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" title="Leonardo's robot">Leonardo's robot</a>, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a>. It is not known whether he attempted to build it. According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> In Japan, complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries, with many described in the 18th century Karakuri zui (Illustrated Machinery, 1796). One such automaton was the <a href="/wiki/Karakuri_ningy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakuri ningyō">karakuri ningyō</a>, a mechanized <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Different variations of the karakuri existed: the Butai karakuri, which were used in theatre, the Zashiki karakuri, which were small and used in homes, and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>. In France, between 1738 and 1739, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson" title="Jacques de Vaucanson">Jacques de Vaucanson</a> exhibited several life-sized automatons: a flute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> About 30 years later in Switzerland the clockmaker <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jaquet-Droz" title="Pierre Jaquet-Droz">Pierre Jaquet-Droz</a> made several complex mechanical figures that could write and play music. Several of these devices still exist and work.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote-controlled_systems">Remote-controlled systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/220px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/330px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg/440px-Brennan_torpedo_launching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brennan_torpedo" title="Brennan torpedo">Brennan torpedo</a>, one of the earliest 'guided missiles'</figcaption></figure> Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Louis_Lay" title="John Louis Lay">John Louis Lay</a> (electric wire guided), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_von_Scheliha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor von Scheliha (page does not exist)">Victor von Scheliha</a> (electric wire guided).<a href="#cite_note-EdwynGray-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brennan_torpedo" title="Brennan torpedo">Brennan torpedo</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brennan" title="Louis Brennan">Louis Brennan</a> in 1877, was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first practical <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missile</a>".<a href="#cite_note-gray-40">[40]</a> In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by "Hertzian" (radio) waves<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and in 1898 <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> publicly demonstrated a wireless-controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> that he hoped to sell to the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1903, the Spanish engineer <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Leonardo Torres Quevedo</a> demonstrated a radio control system called <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Torres_Quevedo#Radio_control:_the_Telekino" title="Leonardo Torres Quevedo">Telekino</a> at the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Paris Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> which he wanted to use to control an <a href="/wiki/Astra-Torres_airship" title="Astra-Torres airship">airship</a> of his own design. He obtained several patents for the system in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Unlike previous 'on/off' techniques, Torres established a method for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation.<a href="#cite_note-Yuste2008-48">[48]</a> The Telekino remotely controlled a <a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">tricycle</a> in 1904, considered the first case of an <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">unmanned ground vehicle</a>, and an electric <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> with a crew in 1906, which was controlled at a distance over 2 km.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Low" title="Archibald Low">Archibald Low</a>, known as the "father of radio guidance systems" for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In 1917, he demonstrated a remote controlled aircraft to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_robots">Early robots</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018,_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13018%2C_Maschinenmensch_%22Robot%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>W. H. Richards with "George", 1932</figcaption></figure> In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots, <a href="/wiki/Eric_(robot)" title="Eric (robot)">Eric</a>, was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London, where it delivered a speech. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot's frame consisted of an aluminium <a href="/wiki/Body_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Body armour">body of armour</a> with eleven <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> and one motor powered by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Both Eric and his "brother" George toured the world.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> built Televox in 1926; it was a cardboard cutout connected to various devices which users could turn on and off. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as <a href="/wiki/Elektro" title="Elektro">Elektro</a> was debuted at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm <a href="/wiki/Record_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Record player">record player</a>), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body consisted of a steel gear, cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin. In 1928, Japan's first robot, <a href="/wiki/Gakutensoku" title="Gakutensoku">Gakutensoku</a>, was designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura. The German <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> was equipped with systems for automatic guidance and range control, flying on a predetermined course (which could include a 90-degree turn) and entering a terminal dive after a predetermined distance. It was reported as being a 'robot' in contemporary descriptions<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_autonomous_robots">Modern autonomous robots</h3></div> The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by <a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Burden_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Burden Neurological Institute">Burden Neurological Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England in 1948 and 1949. He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">brain cells</a> could give rise to very complex <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behaviors</a> – essentially that the secret of how the brain worked lay in how it was wired up. His first robots, named Elmer and Elsie, were constructed between 1948 and 1949 and were often described as tortoises due to their shape and slow rate of movement. The three-wheeled tortoise robots were capable of <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototaxis</a>, by which they could find their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power. Walter stressed the importance of using purely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analogue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:analogue">analogue</a> electronics to <a href="/wiki/Simulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulate">simulate</a> brain processes at a time when his contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> were all turning towards a view of mental processes in terms of <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a>. His work inspired subsequent generations of robotics researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Moravec" title="Hans Moravec">Hans Moravec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tilden" title="Mark Tilden">Mark Tilden</a>. Modern incarnations of Walter's turtles may be found in the form of <a href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gwonline-55">[55]</a> The first digitally operated and programmable robot was invented by <a href="/wiki/George_Devol" title="George Devol">George Devol</a> in 1954 and was ultimately called the <a href="/wiki/Unimate" title="Unimate">Unimate</a>. This ultimately laid the foundations of the modern robotics industry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Devol sold the first Unimate to <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a> to lift hot pieces of metal from a <a href="/wiki/Die_casting" title="Die casting">die casting</a> machine and stack them.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">palletizing robot</a> was introduced in 1963 by the Fuji Yusoki Kogyo Company.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1973, a robot with six electromechanically driven axes was patented<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> by <a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a> robotics in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assembly" title="Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly">programmable universal manipulation arm</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Scheinman" title="Victor Scheinman">Victor Scheinman</a> in 1976, and the design was sold to <a href="/wiki/Unimation" title="Unimation">Unimation</a>. Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_development_and_trends">Future development and trends</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVlhMGQgDkY">Atlas, The Next Generation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div> Various techniques have emerged to develop the science of robotics and robots. One method is <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">evolutionary robotics</a>, in which a number of differing robots are submitted to tests. Those which perform best are used as a model to create a subsequent "generation" of robots. Another method is <a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">developmental robotics</a>, which tracks changes and development within a single robot in the areas of problem-solving and other functions. Another new type of robot is just recently introduced which acts both as a smartphone and robot and is named RoboHon.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> As robots become more advanced, eventually there may be a standard computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> designed mainly for robots. <a href="/wiki/Robot_Operating_System" title="Robot Operating System">Robot Operating System</a> (ROS) is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> set of programs being developed at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a>, Germany, among others. ROS provides ways to program a <a href="/wiki/Robot_navigation" title="Robot navigation">robot's navigation</a> and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved. It also provides high-level commands for items like <a href="/wiki/Image_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Image recognition">image recognition</a> and even opening doors. When ROS boots up on a robot's computer, it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots' limbs. It would relay this data to higher-level algorithms. Microsoft is also developing a "Windows for robots" system with its Robotics Developer Studio, which has been available since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-ROS-64">[64]</a> Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025. Much technological research in Japan is led by Japanese government agencies, particularly the Trade Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Japan_report-65">[65]</a> Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people, even though they are well beyond the capabilities of robots available at the time of the prediction.<a href="#cite_note-A4-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-A5-67">[67]</a> As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robots would:<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> 1. Clean parts by removing <a href="/wiki/Molding_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Molding flash">molding flash</a> 2. Spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence 3. Pack things in boxes—for example, orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes 4. Make electrical <a href="/wiki/Cable_harness" title="Cable harness">cable harness</a> 5. Load trucks with boxes—a <a href="/wiki/Packing_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Packing problem">packing problem</a> 6. Handle soft goods, such as garments and shoes 7. Shear sheep 8. Be used as <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prostheses</a> 9. Cook fast food and work in other service industries 10. Work as a household robot. Generally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_functionalities_and_prototypes">New functionalities and prototypes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc." title="Caterpillar Inc.">Caterpillar Inc.</a> developed a dump truck which can drive itself without any human operator.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Many analysts believe that self-driving trucks may eventually revolutionize logistics.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> By 2014, Caterpillar had a self-driving dump truck which is expected to greatly change the process of mining. In 2015, these Caterpillar trucks were actively used in mining operations in Australia by the mining company <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Coal_Australia" title="Rio Tinto Coal Australia">Rio Tinto Coal Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Some analysts believe that within the next few decades, most trucks will be self-driving.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A literate or 'reading robot' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software. She can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words, learn about banks like Barclays, and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baxter_(robot)" title="Baxter (robot)">Baxter</a> is a new robot introduced in 2012 which learns by guidance. A worker could teach Baxter how to perform a task by moving its hands in the desired motion and having Baxter memorize them. Extra dials, buttons, and controls are available on Baxter's arm for more precision and features. Any regular worker could program Baxter and it only takes a matter of minutes, unlike usual industrial robots that take extensive programs and coding to be used. This means Baxter needs no programming to operate. No software engineers are needed. This also means Baxter can be taught to perform multiple, more complicated tasks. Sawyer was added in 2015 for smaller, more precise tasks.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Prototype cooking robots have been developed and could be programmed for autonomous, dynamic and adjustable preparation of discrete meals.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary of robotics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capek_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/220px-Capek_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/330px-Capek_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capek_play.jpg/440px-Capek_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>A scene from <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>'s 1920 play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R._(Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots)" class="mw-redirect" title="R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)">R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)</a>, showing three robots</figcaption></figure> The word robot was introduced to the public by the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> in his play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R._(Rossum%27s_Universal_Robots)" class="mw-redirect" title="R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)">R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)</a>, published in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-KapekWebsite-6">[6]</a> The play begins in a factory that uses a chemical substitute for protoplasm to manufacture living, simplified people called robots. The play does not focus in detail on the technology behind the creation of these living creatures, but in their appearance they prefigure modern ideas of <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a>, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. These mass-produced workers are depicted as efficient but emotionless, incapable of original thinking and indifferent to self-preservation. At issue is whether the robots are being <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploited</a> and the consequences of human dependence upon commodified labor (especially after a number of specially-formulated robots achieve self-awareness and incite robots all around the world to rise up against the humans). Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> in which he named his brother, the painter and writer <a href="/wiki/Josef_%C4%8Capek" title="Josef Čapek">Josef Čapek</a>, as its actual originator.<a href="#cite_note-KapekWebsite-6">[6]</a> In an article in the Czech journal <a href="/wiki/Lidov%C3%A9_noviny" title="Lidové noviny">Lidové noviny</a> in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ('workers', from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> labor). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti. The word robota means literally '<a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a>, serf labor', and figuratively 'drudgery, hard work' in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and also (more general) 'work, labor' in many <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and archaic Czech) as well as robot in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>. Traditionally the robota (Hungarian robot) was the work period a serf (corvée) had to give for his lord, typically six months of the year. The origin of the word is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> rabota 'servitude' ('work' in contemporary Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian), which in turn comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *orbh-. Robot is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the German Arbeit 'work'.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> English pronunciation of the word has evolved relatively quickly since its introduction. In the U.S. during the late 1930s to early 1940s it was pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊboʊt/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] By the late 1950s to early 1960s, some were pronouncing it <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊbət/</a>, while others used <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊbɒt/</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> By the 1970s, its current pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈroʊbɒt/</a> had become predominant. The word <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, used to describe this field of study,<a href="#cite_note-OED-4">[4]</a> was coined by the science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>. Asimov created the <a href="/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" title="Three Laws of Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a> which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fiction. (The three laws are pure fiction, and no technology yet created has the ability to understand or follow them, and in fact most robots serve military purposes, which run quite contrary to the first law and often the third law. "People think about Asimov's laws, but they were set up to point out how a simple ethical system doesn't work. If you read the short stories, every single one is about a failure, and they are totally impractical," said Dr. Joanna Bryson of the University of Bath.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_robots">Modern robots</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/220px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/330px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg/440px-Laproscopic_Surgery_Robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laparoscopic">laparoscopic</a> robotic surgery machine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_robot">Mobile robot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle</a></div> Mobile robots<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers.<a href="#cite_note-seegrid-86">[86]</a> AGVs are discussed later in this article. Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Mobile robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a> because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely encounter robots. However <a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">domestic robots</a> for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">military</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_robots_(manipulating)">Industrial robots (manipulating)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipulator_(device)" title="Manipulator (device)">Manipulator (device)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg/220px-Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg/330px-Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Automation_of_foundry_with_robot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A pick and place robot in a factory</figcaption></figure> Industrial robots usually consist of a <a href="/wiki/Jointed_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Jointed arm">jointed arm</a> (multi-linked manipulator) and an <a href="/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">end effector</a> that is attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a <a href="/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">gripper</a> assembly. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in <a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">ISO 8373</a>: "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This definition is used by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Robotics" title="International Federation of Robotics">International Federation of Robotics</a>, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The industrial robots in food and drink processing plants are used for tasks such as feeding machines, packaging, and palletizing, which have replaced many manual, physical tasks. The complexity of digital skills required by workers varies depending on the level of automation and the specific tasks involved.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_robot">Service robot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service robot</a></div> Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for production and distribution of goods. The term "service robot" is less well-defined. The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Robotics" title="International Federation of Robotics">International Federation of Robotics</a> has proposed a tentative definition, "A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to perform services useful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding manufacturing operations."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_(interactive)_robots">Educational (interactive) robots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational robotics</a></div> Robots are used as educational assistants to teachers. From the 1980s, robots such as <a href="/wiki/Turtle_(robot)" title="Turtle (robot)">turtles</a> were used in schools and programmed using the <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-gainesvillesun_turtle-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-observerreporter_games_learning-95">[95]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">robot kits</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mindstorms_NXT" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindstorms NXT">Lego Mindstorms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotis_Bioloid" title="Robotis Bioloid">BIOLOID</a>, OLLO from ROBOTIS, or BotBrain Educational Robots can help children to learn about mathematics, physics, programming, and electronics. Robotics have also been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students in the form of <a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">robot competitions</a> with the company <a href="/wiki/For_Inspiration_and_Recognition_of_Science_and_Technology" title="For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology">FIRST</a> (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology). The organization is the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition" title="FIRST Robotics Competition">FIRST Robotics Competition</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Tech_Challenge" title="FIRST Tech Challenge">FIRST Tech Challenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Lego_League_Challenge" title="FIRST Lego League Challenge">FIRST Lego League Challenge</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Lego_League_Explore" title="FIRST Lego League Explore">FIRST Lego League Explore</a> competitions. There have also been robots such as the teaching computer, Leachim (1974).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Leachim was an early example of speech synthesis using the <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis#Diphone_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Diphone synthesis</a> method. <a href="/wiki/2-XL" title="2-XL">2-XL</a> (1976) was a robot shaped game / teaching toy based on branching between audible tracks on an <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> player, both invented by <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Freeman" title="Michael J. Freeman">Michael J. Freeman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Later, the 8-track was upgraded to tape cassettes and then to digital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modular_robot">Modular robot</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot" title="Self-reconfiguring modular robot">Self-reconfiguring modular robot</a></div> Modular robots are a new breed of robots that are designed to increase the use of robots by modularizing their architecture.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The functionality and effectiveness of a modular robot is easier to increase compared to conventional robots. These robots are composed of a single type of identical, several different identical module types, or similarly shaped modules, which vary in size. Their architectural structure allows hyper-redundancy for modular robots, as they can be designed with more than 8 degrees of freedom (DOF). Creating the programming, <a href="/wiki/Inverse_kinematics" title="Inverse kinematics">inverse kinematics</a> and dynamics for modular robots is more complex than with traditional robots. Modular robots may be composed of L-shaped modules, cubic modules, and U and H-shaped modules. ANAT technology, an early modular robotic technology patented by Robotics Design Inc., allows the creation of modular robots from U- and H-shaped modules that connect in a chain, and are used to form heterogeneous and homogenous modular robot systems. These "ANAT robots" can be designed with "n" DOF as each module is a complete motorized robotic system that folds relatively to the modules connected before and after it in its chain, and therefore a single module allows one degree of freedom. The more modules that are connected to one another, the more degrees of freedom it will have. L-shaped modules can also be designed in a chain, and must become increasingly smaller as the size of the chain increases, as payloads attached to the end of the chain place a greater strain on modules that are further from the base. ANAT H-shaped modules do not suffer from this problem, as their design allows a modular robot to distribute pressure and impacts evenly amongst other attached modules, and therefore payload-carrying capacity does not decrease as the length of the arm increases. Modular robots can be manually or self-reconfigured to form a different robot, that may perform different applications. Because modular robots of the same architecture type are composed of modules that compose different modular robots, a snake-arm robot can combine with another to form a dual or quadra-arm robot, or can split into several mobile robots, and mobile robots can split into multiple smaller ones, or combine with others into a larger or different one. This allows a single modular robot the ability to be fully specialized in a single task, as well as the capacity to be specialized to perform multiple different tasks. Modular robotic technology is currently being applied in hybrid transportation,<a href="#cite_note-Modular_flying_car-99">[99]</a> industrial automation,<a href="#cite_note-Ep&T_Magazine-100">[100]</a> duct cleaning<a href="#cite_note-Plumbing_and_HVAC-101">[101]</a> and handling. Many research centres and universities have also studied this technology, and have developed prototypes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_robots">Collaborative robots</h3></div> A collaborative robot or <a href="/wiki/Cobot" title="Cobot">cobot</a> is a robot that can safely and effectively interact with human workers while performing simple industrial tasks. However, end-effectors and other environmental conditions may create hazards, and as such risk assessments should be done before using any industrial motion-control application.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The collaborative robots most widely used in industries today are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Robots" title="Universal Robots">Universal Robots</a> in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rethink_Robotics" title="Rethink Robotics">Rethink Robotics</a>—founded by <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, previously with <a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">iRobot</a>—introduced <a href="/wiki/Baxter_(robot)" title="Baxter (robot)">Baxter</a> in September 2012; as an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robot</a> designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers, and be programmable for performing simple tasks.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-2012-9-104">[104]</a> Baxters stop if they detect a human in the way of their robotic arms and have prominent off switches. Intended for sale to small businesses, they are promoted as the robotic analogue of the personal computer.<a href="#cite_note-NYT91812-105">[105]</a> As of May 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robot&action=edit">[update]</a>, 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters and they are being used commercially in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-ABCau-2014-05-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robots_in_society">Robots in society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TOPIO_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/220px-TOPIO_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/330px-TOPIO_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/TOPIO_3.jpg/440px-TOPIO_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TOPIO" title="TOPIO">TOPIO</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid robot</a>, played <a href="/wiki/Ping_pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping pong">ping pong</a> at Tokyo <a href="/wiki/International_Robot_Exhibition" title="International Robot Exhibition">International Robot Exhibition</a> (IREX) 2009.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> and 1% in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> making Japan the country with the highest number of robots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy_and_ethical_questions">Autonomy and ethical questions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roboethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roboethics">Roboethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actroid-DER_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Actroid-DER_01.jpg/220px-Actroid-DER_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Actroid-DER_01.jpg/330px-Actroid-DER_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Actroid-DER_01.jpg/440px-Actroid-DER_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a>, or robot designed to resemble a human, can appear comforting to some people and disturbing to others.<a href="#cite_note-uncanny-110">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> As robots have become more advanced and sophisticated, experts and academics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethics might govern robots' behavior,<a href="#cite_note-AAAI_ethics-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and whether robots might be able to claim any kind of social, cultural, ethical or legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> One scientific team has said that it was possible that a robot brain would exist by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Others predict robot intelligence breakthroughs by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Recent advances have made robotic behavior more sophisticated.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The social impact of intelligent robots is subject of a 2010 documentary film called <a href="/wiki/Plug_%26_Pray" title="Plug & Pray">Plug & Pray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> has suggested that a moment may come when computers and robots are smarter than humans. He calls this "<a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">the Singularity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_july09-118">[118]</a> He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous for humans.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This is discussed by a philosophy called <a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a>. In 2009, experts attended a conference hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a> (AAAI) to discuss whether computers and robots might be able to acquire any autonomy, and how much these abilities might pose a threat or hazard. They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence." They noted that self-awareness as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_july09-118">[118]</a> Various media sources and scientific groups have noted separate trends in differing areas which might together result in greater robotic functionalities and autonomy, and which pose some inherent concerns.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_robots">Military robots</h3></div> Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that, as <a href="/wiki/Military_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Military robots">military robots</a> become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively. However, other experts question this.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> One robot in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Energetically_Autonomous_Tactical_Robot" title="Energetically Autonomous Tactical Robot">EATR</a>, has generated public concerns<a href="#cite_note-FOX-128">[128]</a> over its fuel source, as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances.<a href="#cite_note-Wired-129">[129]</a> Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and vegetation<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> specifically selected by its sensors, which it can find on battlefields or other local environments, the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used.<a href="#cite_note-bpopp22-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_De_Landa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel De Landa">Manuel De Landa</a> has noted that "smart missiles" and autonomous bombs equipped with artificial perception can be considered robots, as they make some of their decisions autonomously. He believes this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing over important decisions to machines.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_unemployment">Relationship to unemployment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></div> For centuries, people have predicted that machines would make <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">workers obsolete and increase unemployment</a>, although the causes of unemployment are usually thought to be due to social policy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A recent example of human replacement involves Taiwanese technology company <a href="/wiki/Foxconn" title="Foxconn">Foxconn</a> who, in July 2011, announced a three-year plan to replace workers with more robots. At present the company uses ten thousand robots but will increase them to a million robots over a three-year period.<a href="#cite_note-XINFoxcon-136">[136]</a> Lawyers have speculated that an increased prevalence of robots in the workplace could lead to the need to improve redundancy laws.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Kevin J. Delaney said "Robots are taking human jobs. But Bill Gates believes that governments should tax companies' use of them, as a way to at least temporarily slow the spread of automation and to fund other types of employment."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Robot_tax" title="Robot tax">robot tax</a> would also help pay a guaranteed living wage to the displaced workers. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Development_Report" title="World Development Report">World Development Report</a> 2019 puts forth evidence showing that while automation displaces workers, technological innovation creates more new industries and jobs on balance.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_uses">Contemporary uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmUsingGuiaBot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/SmUsingGuiaBot.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A general-purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of robots">List of robots</a></div> At present, there are two main types of robots, based on their use: <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">general-purpose autonomous robots</a> and dedicated robots. Robots can be classified by their <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">specificity</a> of purpose. A robot might be designed to perform one particular task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. All robots by their nature can be re-programmed to behave differently, but some are limited by their physical form. For example, a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing, or acting as a fairground ride, while a pick-and-place robot can only populate printed circuit boards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General-purpose_autonomous_robots">General-purpose autonomous robots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></div> General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently. General-purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces, handle their own re-charging needs, interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks. Like computers, general-purpose robots can link with networks, software and accessories that increase their usefulness. They may recognize people or objects, talk, provide companionship, monitor environmental quality, respond to alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks. General-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on different roles at different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people in appearance; this type of robot is called a humanoid robot. Humanoid robots are still in a very limited stage, as no humanoid robot can, as of yet, actually navigate around a room that it has never been in.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Thus, humanoid robots are really quite limited, despite their intelligent behaviors in their well-known environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factory_robots">Factory robots</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Car_production">Car production</h4></div> Over the last three decades, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automobile factories</a> have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robots</a> working on fully automated production lines, with one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">glued</a>, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Packaging">Packaging</h4></div> Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods, for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into boxes, or for loading and unloading machining centers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronics">Electronics</h4></div> Mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-place robots, typically with <a href="/wiki/SCARA" title="SCARA">SCARA</a> manipulators, which remove tiny <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">electronic components</a> from strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automated_guided_vehicles_(AGVs)">Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADAM_Intelligent_AGV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/ADAM_Intelligent_AGV.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>An intelligent AGV drops-off goods without needing lines or beacons in the workspace.</figcaption></figure> Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision<a href="#cite_note-seegrid-86">[86]</a> or lasers, are used to transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses, container ports, or hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_AGV-style_robots">Early AGV-style robots</h5></div> Limited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to be performed the same way every time. Very little feedback or intelligence was required, and the robots needed only the most basic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exteroceptors" class="extiw" title="wikt:exteroceptors">exteroceptors</a> (sensors). The limitations of these AGVs are that their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter their paths if obstacles block them. If one AGV breaks down, it may stop the entire operation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interim_AGV_technologies">Interim AGV technologies</h5></div> Developed to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar code grids for scanning on the floor or ceiling. In most factories, triangulation systems tend to require moderate to high maintenance, such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes. Also, if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred, AGVs may become lost. Often such AGVs are designed to be used in human-free environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intelligent_AGVs_(i-AGVs)">Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs)</h5></div> Such as SmartLoader,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> SpeciMinder,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> ADAM,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Tug<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Eskorta,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and MT 400 with Motivity<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> are designed for people-friendly workspaces. They navigate by recognizing natural features. <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">3D scanners</a> or other means of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative <a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">errors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead-reckoning</a> calculations of the AGV's current position. Some AGVs can create maps of their environment using scanning lasers with <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">simultaneous localization and mapping</a> (SLAM) and use those maps to navigate in real time with other <a href="/wiki/Path_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Path planning">path planning</a> and obstacle avoidance algorithms. They are able to operate in complex environments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting <a href="/wiki/Photomask" title="Photomask">photomasks</a> in a semiconductor lab, specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses. For dynamic areas, such as warehouses full of pallets, AGVs require additional strategies using three-dimensional sensors such as <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_camera" title="Time-of-flight camera">time-of-flight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">stereovision</a> cameras. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dirty,_dangerous,_dull,_or_inaccessible_tasks">Dirty, dangerous, dull, or inaccessible tasks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dirty,_dangerous_and_demeaning" title="Dirty, dangerous and demeaning">Dirty, dangerous and demeaning</a></div> There are many jobs that humans would rather leave to robots. The job may be boring, such as <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">domestic cleaning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Line_marker_(sports)" title="Line marker (sports)">sports field line marking</a>, or dangerous, such as exploring inside a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Other jobs are physically inaccessible, such as exploring another <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> cleaning the inside of a long pipe, or performing <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laparoscopic">laparoscopic</a> surgery.<a href="#cite_note-daVinci-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_probes">Space probes</h4></div> Almost every unmanned <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> ever launched was a robot.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Some were launched in the 1960s with very limited abilities, but their ability to fly and land (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a>) is an indication of their status as a robot. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager probe">Voyager probes</a> and the Galileo probes, among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telerobots">Telerobots</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IED_detonator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/220px-IED_detonator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/330px-IED_detonator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/440px-IED_detonator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> technician prepares to use a telerobot to detonate a buried <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive device</a> near <a href="/wiki/Camp_Fallujah" title="Camp Fallujah">Camp Fallujah</a>, Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Teleoperated robots</a>, or telerobots, are devices <a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">remotely operated</a> from a distance by a human operator rather than following a predetermined sequence of movements, but which has semi-autonomous behaviour. They are used when a human cannot be present on site to perform a job because it is dangerous, far away, or inaccessible. The robot may be in another room or another country, or may be on a very different scale to the operator. For instance, a laparoscopic surgery robot allows the surgeon to work inside a human patient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgery, significantly shortening recovery time.<a href="#cite_note-daVinci-152">[152]</a> They can also be used to avoid exposing workers to the hazardous and tight spaces such as in <a href="/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct (HVAC)">duct</a> cleaning. When disabling a bomb, the operator sends a small robot to disable it. Several authors have been using a device called the Longpen to sign books remotely.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Teleoperated robot aircraft, like the Predator <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned Aerial Vehicle">Unmanned Aerial Vehicle</a>, are increasingly being used by the military. These pilotless drones can search terrain and fire on targets.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Hundreds of robots such as <a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">iRobot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Packbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Packbot">Packbot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller_TALON" title="Foster-Miller TALON">Foster-Miller TALON</a> are being used in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> to defuse roadside bombs or <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs) in an activity known as <a href="/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive ordnance disposal">explosive ordnance disposal</a> (EOD).<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automated_fruit_harvesting_machines">Automated fruit harvesting machines</h4></div> Robots are used to <a href="/wiki/Fruit_picking#automation" title="Fruit picking">automate picking fruit</a> on orchards at a cost lower than that of human pickers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_robots">Domestic robots</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roomba_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roomba_original.jpg/220px-Roomba_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roomba_original.jpg/330px-Roomba_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roomba_original.jpg/440px-Roomba_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a> domestic <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaner</a> robot does a single, menial job.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic robots">Domestic robots</a> are simple robots dedicated to a single task work in home use. They are used in simple but often disliked jobs, such as <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scooba_(brand)" title="Scooba (brand)">floor washing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">lawn mowing</a>. An example of a domestic robot is a <a href="/wiki/Roomba" title="Roomba">Roomba</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_robots_2">Military robots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military robot</a></div> Military robots include the <a href="/wiki/SWORDS_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="SWORDS robot">SWORDS robot</a> which is currently used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_air_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned combat air vehicle">Unmanned combat air vehicles</a> (UCAVs), which are an upgraded form of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a>, can do a wide variety of missions, including combat. UCAVs are being designed such as the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Mantis" title="BAE Systems Mantis">BAE Systems Mantis</a> which would have the ability to fly themselves, to pick their own course and target, and to make most decisions on their own.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">BAE Taranis</a> is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection.<a href="#cite_note-Sky_News-163">[163]</a> Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">AAAI</a> has studied this topic in depth<a href="#cite_note-AAAI_ethics-111">[111]</a> and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Some have suggested a need to build "<a href="/wiki/Friendly_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly AI">Friendly AI</a>", meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Several such measures reportedly already exist, with robot-heavy countries such as Japan and South Korea<a href="#cite_note-SKrobot-167">[167]</a> having begun to pass regulations requiring robots to be equipped with safety systems, and possibly sets of 'laws' akin to Asimov's <a href="/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" title="Three Laws of Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> An official report was issued in 2009 by the Japanese government's Robot Industry Policy Committee.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Chinese officials and researchers have issued a report suggesting a set of ethical rules, and a set of new legal guidelines referred to as "Robot Legal Studies."<a href="#cite_note-China_report-171">[171]</a> Some concern has been expressed over a possible occurrence of robots telling apparent falsehoods.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_robots">Mining robots</h3></div> Mining robots are designed to solve a number of problems currently facing the mining industry, including skills shortages, improving productivity from declining ore grades, and achieving environmental targets. Due to the hazardous nature of mining, in particular <a href="/wiki/Underground_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining">underground mining</a>, the prevalence of autonomous, semi-autonomous, and tele-operated robots has greatly increased in recent times. A number of vehicle manufacturers provide autonomous trains, trucks and <a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">loaders</a> that will load material, transport it on the mine site to its destination, and unload without requiring human intervention. One of the world's largest mining corporations, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, has recently expanded its autonomous truck fleet to the world's largest, consisting of 150 autonomous <a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a> trucks, operating in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> has announced the expansion of its autonomous drill fleet to the world's largest, 21 autonomous <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a> drills.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Drilling, <a href="/wiki/Longwall_mining" title="Longwall mining">longwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockbreaker" title="Rockbreaker">rockbreaking</a> machines are now also available as autonomous robots.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a> Rig Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a>, moving the rig into position using GPS, set up the drill rig and drill down to specified depths.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Transmin" title="Transmin">Transmin</a> Rocklogic system can automatically plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> These systems greatly enhance the safety and efficiency of mining operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> Robots in healthcare have two main functions. Those which assist an individual, such as a sufferer of a disease like Multiple Sclerosis, and those which aid in the overall systems such as pharmacies and hospitals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled">Home automation for the elderly and disabled</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability robot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FRIEND-III_klein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FRIEND-III_klein.png/220px-FRIEND-III_klein.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FRIEND-III_klein.png/330px-FRIEND-III_klein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FRIEND-III_klein.png/440px-FRIEND-III_klein.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The Care-Providing Robot FRIEND</figcaption></figure> Robots used in <a href="/wiki/Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled" title="Home automation for the elderly and disabled">home automation</a> have developed over time from simple basic robotic assistants, such as the <a href="/wiki/ST_Robotics#History" title="ST Robotics">Handy 1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CSUNCOD1-178">[178]</a> through to semi-autonomous robots, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Care-Providing_Robot_FRIEND&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Care-Providing Robot FRIEND (page does not exist)">FRIEND</a> which can assist the elderly and disabled with common tasks. The population is <a href="/wiki/Gerontotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerontotechnology">aging</a> in many countries, especially Japan, meaning that there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for, but relatively fewer young people to care for them.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Humans make the best carers, but where they are unavailable, robots are gradually being introduced.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> FRIEND is a semi-autonomous robot designed to support <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly</a> people in their daily life activities, like preparing and serving a meal. FRIEND make it possible for <a href="/wiki/Patients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">patients</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegic</a>, have muscle diseases or serious <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> (due to strokes etc.), to perform tasks without help from other people like therapists or nursing staff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharmacies">Pharmacies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_automation" title="Pharmacy automation">Pharmacy automation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Robot" title="Special:EditPage/Robot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Script Pro manufactures a robot designed to help pharmacies fill prescriptions that consist of oral solids or <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a> in pill form.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The pharmacist or <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">pharmacy technician</a> enters the prescription information into its information system. The system, upon determining whether or not the drug is in the robot, will send the information to the robot for filling. The robot has 3 different size vials to fill determined by the size of the pill. The robot technician, user, or pharmacist determines the needed size of the vial based on the tablet when the robot is stocked. Once the vial is filled it is brought up to a conveyor belt that delivers it to a holder that spins the vial and attaches the patient label. Afterwards it is set on another conveyor that delivers the patient's medication vial to a slot labeled with the patient's name on an LED read out. The pharmacist or technician then checks the contents of the vial to ensure it's the correct drug for the correct patient and then seals the vials and sends it out front to be picked up. McKesson's Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands of medications daily with little or no errors.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundreds of different kinds of medications and thousands of doses. The pharmacy saves many resources like staff members that are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry. It uses an <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> head coupled with a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> system to capture each dose and deliver it to either its stocked or dispensed location. The head moves along a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications. During this process it uses <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> technology to verify it's pulling the correct drug. It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor belt. Once the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks, the bin is then released and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_robots">Research robots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Robotics#Robotics_research" title="Robotics">Robotics research</a></div> While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labour or life saving jobs, many new types of robot are being developed in <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratories</a> around the world. Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robot, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bionic_and_biomimetic_robots">Bionic and biomimetic robots</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bionics" title="Bionics">Bionics</a></div>One approach to designing robots is to base them on animals. <a href="/wiki/BionicKangaroo" title="BionicKangaroo">BionicKangaroo</a> was designed and engineered by studying and applying the physiology and methods of locomotion of a kangaroo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanorobots">Nanorobots</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></div><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Emerging_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging technology">emerging technology</a> field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> (10−9 meters). Also known as "nanobots" or "nanites", they would be constructed from <a href="/wiki/Molecular_machine" title="Molecular machine">molecular machines</a>. So far, researchers have mostly produced only parts of these complex systems, such as bearings, sensors, and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_molecular_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic molecular motors">synthetic molecular motors</a>, but functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria, which could perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>), <a href="/wiki/Utility_fog" title="Utility fog">utility fog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> manufacturing, weaponry and cleaning.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which could reproduce, the earth would turn into "<a href="/wiki/Grey_goo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey goo">grey goo</a>", while others argue that this hypothetical outcome is nonsense.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconfigurable_robots">Reconfigurable robots</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot" title="Self-reconfiguring modular robot">Self-reconfiguring modular robot</a></div> A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can <a href="/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot" title="Self-reconfiguring modular robot">alter their physical form</a> to suit a particular task,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> like the fictional <a href="/wiki/T-1000" title="T-1000">T-1000</a>. Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however, and mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to their neighbours. Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become a reality.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robotic,_mobile_laboratory_operators">Robotic, mobile laboratory operators</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_robotics" title="Laboratory robotics">Laboratory robotics</a></div> In July 2020 scientists reported the development of a mobile robot chemist and demonstrate that it can assist in experimental searches. According to the scientists their strategy was <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_automation" title="Laboratory automation">automating</a> the researcher rather than the instruments – freeing up time for the human researchers to think creatively – and could identify photocatalyst mixtures for hydrogen production from water that were six times more active than initial formulations. The modular robot can operate laboratory instruments, work nearly around the clock, and autonomously make decisions on his next actions depending on experimental results.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft-bodied_robots">Soft-bodied robots</h4></div> Robots with <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> bodies and flexible actuators (<a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_artificial_muscles" title="Pneumatic artificial muscles">air muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroactive_polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroactive polymers">electroactive polymers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">ferrofluids</a>) look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons, and can have different behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Soft, flexible (and sometimes even squishy) robots are often designed to mimic the biomechanics of animals and other things found in nature, which is leading to new applications in medicine, care giving, search and rescue, food handling and manufacturing, and scientific exploration.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swarm_robots">Swarm robots</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></div>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies of insects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a>, researchers are modeling the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">swarms</a> of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the <a href="/wiki/Emergent_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent behavior">emergent behavior</a> of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganism</a>, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">swarm intelligence</a>. The largest swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm, the SRI/MobileRobots CentiBots project<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haptic_interface_robots">Haptic interface robots</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">Haptic technology</a></div> Robotics also has application in the design of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> interfaces. Specialized robots are in widespread use in the <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic</a> research community. These robots, called "haptic interfaces", allow touch-enabled user interaction with real and virtual environments. Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of "virtual" objects, which users can experience through their sense of <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">touch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_art_and_sculpture">Contemporary art and sculpture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robotic_art" title="Robotic art">Robotic art</a></div> Robots are used by contemporary artists to create works that include mechanical automation. There are many branches of robotic art, one of which is robotic installation art, a type of <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installation art</a> that is programmed to respond to viewer interactions, by means of computers, sensors and actuators. The future behavior of such installations can therefore be altered by input from either the artist or the participant, which differentiates these artworks from other types of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">kinetic art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_Palais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Grand Palais">Le Grand Palais</a> in Paris organized an exhibition "Artists & Robots", featuring artworks created by more than forty artists with the help of robots in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robots_in_popular_culture">Robots in popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobotsMODO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RobotsMODO.jpg/220px-RobotsMODO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RobotsMODO.jpg/330px-RobotsMODO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RobotsMODO.jpg/440px-RobotsMODO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Toy robots on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a> in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">List of fictional robots and androids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Droid_(Star_Wars)" title="Droid (Star Wars)">Droid (Star Wars)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robots_in_literature" title="Robots in literature">Robots in literature</a></div> Robotic characters, <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a> (artificial men/women) or <a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">gynoids</a> (artificial women), and <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborgs</a> (also "<a href="/wiki/Bionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bionic">bionic</a> men/women", or humans with significant mechanical enhancements) have become a staple of science fiction. The first reference in Western literature to mechanical servants appears in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>. In Book XVIII, <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, god of fire, creates new armor for the hero Achilles, assisted by robots.<a href="#cite_note-Iliad-202">[202]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/E._V._Rieu" title="E. V. Rieu">Rieu</a> translation, "Golden maidservants hastened to help their master. They looked like real women and could not only speak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods." The words "robot" or "android" are not used to describe them, but they are nevertheless mechanical devices human in appearance. "The first use of the word Robot was in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (written in 1920)". Writer Karel Čapek was born in Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic). Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1920–1992)<a href="#cite_note-FreedProlific-203">[203]</a> who published over five-hundred books.<a href="#cite_note-Oakes500-204">[204]</a> Asimov is probably best remembered for his science-fiction stories and especially those about robots, where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Asimov carefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given to lower the risk to humans, and arrived at his <a href="/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" title="Three Laws of Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a>: a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; a robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first passage in Asimov's short story "<a href="/wiki/Liar!_(short_story)" title="Liar! (short story)">Liar!</a>" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. Asimov was not initially aware of this; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mechanics, hydraulics, and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robot_competitions">Robot competitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Robot competition</a></div> Robots are used in a number of competitive events. <a href="/wiki/Robot_combat" title="Robot combat">Robot combat</a> competitions have been popularized by television shows such as <a href="/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)" title="Robot Wars (TV series)">Robot Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/BattleBots" title="BattleBots">BattleBots</a>, featuring mostly remotely controlled 'robots' that compete against each other directly using various weaponry, there are also amateur robot combat leagues active globally outside of the televised events. <a href="/wiki/Micromouse" title="Micromouse">Micromouse</a> events, in which autonomous robots compete to solve mazes or other obstacle courses are also held internationally. <a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Robot competitions</a> are also often used within educational settings to introduce the concept of robotics to children such as the <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition" title="FIRST Robotics Competition">FIRST Robotics Competition</a> in the US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_robots" title="Category:Films about robots">Category:Films about robots</a></div> Robots appear in many films. Most of the robots in cinema are fictional. Two of the most famous are <a href="/wiki/R2-D2" title="R2-D2">R2-D2</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-3PO" title="C-3PO">C-3PO</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> franchise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_robots">Sex robots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_robot" title="Sex robot">Sex robot</a></div> The concept of humanoid <a href="/wiki/Sex_robot" title="Sex robot">sex robots</a> has drawn public attention and elicited debate regarding their supposed benefits and potential effects on society. Opponents argue that the introduction of such devices would be socially harmful, and demeaning to women and children,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-sexrobots-209">[209]</a> while proponents cite their potential therapeutical benefits, particularly in aiding people with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_depicted_in_popular_culture">Problems depicted in popular culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png/220px-L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png/330px-L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png/440px-L%27uomo_meccanico_1.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Italian movie <a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Man" title="The Mechanical Man">The Mechanical Man</a> (1921), the first film to have shown a battle between robots</figcaption></figure> Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or android advancing beyond its creator. Other works with similar themes include <a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Man" title="The Mechanical Man">The Mechanical Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Terminator" title="The Terminator">The Terminator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runaway_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runaway (1984 film)">Runaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Replicator_(Stargate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replicator (Stargate)">Replicators in Stargate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cylon_(Battlestar_Galactica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylon (Battlestar Galactica)">Cylons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)" title="Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)">Battlestar Galactica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cybermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybermen">Cybermen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalek" title="Dalek">Daleks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enthiran" title="Enthiran">Enthiran</a> and <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a>. Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">2001: A Space Odyssey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Planet_(film)" title="Red Planet (film)">Red Planet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enthiran" title="Enthiran">Enthiran</a>. The 2017 game <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Zero_Dawn" title="Horizon Zero Dawn">Horizon Zero Dawn</a> explores themes of robotics in warfare, <a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">robot ethics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">AI control problem</a>, as well as the positive or negative impact such technologies could have on the environment. Another common theme is the reaction, sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">uncanny valley</a>", of unease and even revulsion at the sight of robots that mimic humans too closely.<a href="#cite_note-uncanny-110">[110]</a> More recently, fictional representations of artificially intelligent robots in films such as <a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" title="Ex Machina (film)">Ex Machina</a> and the 2016 TV adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Westworld_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westworld (TV Series)">Westworld</a> have engaged audience sympathy for the robots themselves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index of robotics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline of robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" title="William Grey Walter">William Grey Walter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_robotics_concepts">Specific robotics concepts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_sensor" title="Tactile sensor">Tactile sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake-up_robot_problem" title="Wake-up robot problem">Wake-up robot problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotics_methods_and_categories">Robotics methods and categories</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_robotics" title="Cognitive robotics">Cognitive robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic robotics">Epigenetic robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">Autonomous robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robot_control" title="Category:Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_robots_and_devices">Specific robots and devices</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIBO" title="AIBO">AIBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driverless_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Driverless car">Driverless car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_Robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Robotics">Friendly Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lely_Juno_family" title="Lely Juno family">Lely Juno family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_handling_robot" title="Liquid handling robot">Liquid handling robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro_(robot)" title="Paro (robot)">Paro (robot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBee" title="RoboBee">RoboBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roborior" title="Roborior">Roborior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_App_Store" title="Robot App Store">Robot App Store</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_articles">Other related articles</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote control vehicle">Remote control vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Award" title="Robot Award">Robot Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_economics" title="Robot economics">Robot economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotoid" title="Robotoid">Robotoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrot" title="Hybrot">Hybrot</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Arshani2021" class="citation web cs1">Al-Arshani, Sarah (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/researchers-working-on-worlds-first-living-robot-reproduce-itself-2021-11">"Researchers behind the world's first living robot have found a way to make it reproduce — by shaping it like Pac-Man"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~currie/roboadam.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Robotics&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.ucr.edu%2F~currie%2Froboadam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Noct. Att. L. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_2_54_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_2_54_17-1">b</a> Needham, Volume 2, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Levine_Gera2003" class="citation book cs1">Deborah Levine Gera (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5tKJvApybsC&q=hephaestus+handmaidens&pg=PA114">Ancient Greek Ideas on Speech, Language, and Civilization</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925616-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925616-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205062218/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5tKJvApybsC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=hephaestus+handmaidens">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Ideas+on+Speech%2C+Language%2C+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925616-7&rft.au=Deborah+Levine+Gera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5tKJvApybsC%26q%3Dhephaestus%2Bhandmaidens%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robot-evolution-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robot-evolution_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robot-evolution_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robot-evolution_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosheim1994" class="citation book cs1">Rosheim, Mark E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxtL54iiDPUC&pg=2">Robot evolution: the development of anthrobotics</a>. Wiley-IEEE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02622-0"><bdi>0-471-02622-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robot+evolution%3A+the+development+of+anthrobotics&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-471-02622-0&rft.aulast=Rosheim&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxtL54iiDPUC%26pg%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/tech/robots/newsid_3914000/3914569.stm">"Robots then and now"</a>. BBC. 22 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220114656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/tech/robots/newsid_3914000/3914569.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Robots+then+and+now&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fcbbcnews%2Fhi%2Ffind_out%2Fguides%2Ftech%2Frobots%2Fnewsid_3914000%2F3914569.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_J.J._and_E.F._Robertson" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Heron/">"Heron biography"</a>. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.atitle=Heron+biography&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.J.+and+E.F.+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHeron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">Strong, J.S.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC">Relics of the Buddha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 133–134, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11764-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11764-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+of+the+Buddha&rft.pages=133-134%2C+143&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11764-5&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KLAxmR8PZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments". Music Educators Journal. 54 (2): 45–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4321">0027-4321</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190524140">190524140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=1967-10&rft.issn=0027-4321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190524140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-early-clocks">"Early Clocks"</a>. A Walk Through Time. NIST Physics Laboratory. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Walk+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Early+Clocks&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Ftime-and-frequency-division%2Fpopular-links%2Fwalk-through-time%2Fwalk-through-time-early-clocks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSAJAutomata_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSAJAutomata_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526111-600-the-programmable-robot-of-ancient-greece/">"The programmable robot of ancient Greece"</a>. New Scientist: 32–35. 6 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+programmable+robot+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=32-35&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19526111-600-the-programmable-robot-of-ancient-greece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC&pg=PA68">History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyxOHOCVcVkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2003" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&q=automata&pg=PA222">The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings</a>. Penguin. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda%3A+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044824-5&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaZCwjtmzZYC%26q%3Dautomata%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1965" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGyrCfYs2AC&q=bhoja+automata&pg=PA164">Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05803-2"><bdi>978-0-521-05803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+4%2C+Physics+and+Physical+Technology+Part+2%2C+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05803-2&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSeGyrCfYs2AC%26q%3Dbhoja%2Bautomata%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Jazari">"Al-Jazarī | Arab inventor"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Al-Jazar%C4%AB+%7C+Arab+inventor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2Fal-Jazari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_R._Turner1997" class="citation book cs1">Howard R. Turner (1997). Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-78149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-78149-0"><bdi>0-292-78149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Medieval+Islam%3A+An+Illustrated+Introduction&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-292-78149-0&rft.au=Howard+R.+Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a> (May 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. pp. 64–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Engineering+in+the+Medieval+Near+East&rft.pages=64-69&rft.date=1991-05&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm#IX.%20Mechanical%20Engineering">"History of Sciences in the Islamic World"</a>. IX. Mechanical Engineering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm#IX.%20Mechanical%20Engineering">the original</a> on 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sciences+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=IX.+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.swipnet.se%2Fislam%2Farticles%2FHistoryofSciences.htm%23IX.%2520Mechanical%2520Engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2HcjanNWFM">Ancient Discoveries Islamic Science Part1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/v2HcjanNWFM">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Discoveries+Islamic+Science+Part1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dv2HcjanNWFM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nih-33"><a href="#cite_ref-nih_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, M. E. (December 2006). "The da Vinci robot". J. Endourol. 20 (12): 986–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fend.2006.20.986">10.1089/end.2006.20.986</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17206888">17206888</a>. <q>... the date of the design and possible construction of this robot was 1495 ... Beginning in the 1950s, investigators at the University of California began to ponder the significance of some of da Vinci's markings on what appeared to be technical drawings ... It is now known that da Vinci's robot would have had the outer appearance of a Germanic knight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Endourol.&rft.atitle=The+da+Vinci+robot&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=986-90&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fend.2006.20.986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17206888&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Truitt_2015_p._136-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Truitt_2015_p._136_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruitt2015" class="citation book cs1">Truitt, E.R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scd0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art</a>. The Middle Ages Series. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9140-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9140-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-9140-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Robots%3A+Mechanism%2C+Magic%2C+Nature%2C+and+Art&rft.series=The+Middle+Ages+Series&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9140-7&rft.aulast=Truitt&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dscd0CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924162924/http://www.leonardo3.net/leonardo/books%20I%20robot%20di%20Leonardo%20-%20Taddei%20Mario%20-%20english%20Leonardo%20robots%201.html">"Leonardo da Vinci's Robots"</a>. Leonardo3.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardo3.net/leonardo/books%20I%20robot%20di%20Leonardo%20-%20Taddei%20Mario%20-%20english%20Leonardo%20robots%201.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci%27s+Robots&rft.pub=Leonardo3.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leonardo3.net%2Fleonardo%2Fbooks%2520I%2520robot%2520di%2520Leonardo%2520-%2520Taddei%2520Mario%2520-%2520english%2520Leonardo%2520robots%25201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Law, Jane Marie (1997). Puppets of Nostalgia – The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Japanese Awaji Ningyo Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02894-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puppets+of+Nostalgia+%E2%80%93+The+Life%2C+Death+and+Rebirth+of+the+Japanese+Awaji+Ningyo+Tradition&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02894-1&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Jane+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Gabby (16 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/feb/16/extract.gabywood">"Living Dolls: A Magical History Of The Quest For Mechanical Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154456/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/feb/16/extract.gabywood">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Living+Dolls%3A+A+Magical+History+Of+The+Quest+For+Mechanical+Life&rft.date=2002-02-16&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gabby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fextract.gabywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.messynessychic.com/2018/02/21/the-boy-robot-of-1774/?__s=zht5pogfqikwkrfgcene">"The Boy Robot of 1774"</a>. 21 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boy+Robot+of+1774&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.messynessychic.com%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fthe-boy-robot-of-1774%2F%3F__s%3Dzht5pogfqikwkrfgcene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdwynGray-39"><a href="#cite_ref-EdwynGray_39-0">^</a> Edwyn Gray, Nineteenth-century torpedoes and their inventors, page 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-gray-40"><a href="#cite_ref-gray_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2004" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Edwyn (2004). Nineteenth-Century Torpedoes and Their Inventors. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-341-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Torpedoes+and+Their+Inventors&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-341-3&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Edwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifer2011" class="citation book cs1">Seifer, Marc (24 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzMR8x_rbPgC&q=torpedo">Life and Times of Nikola Tesla</a>. Citadel. p. 1893. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3556-2"><bdi>978-0-8065-3556-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205023226/https://books.google.com/books?id=DzMR8x_rbPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tesla+torpedo+controlled+wireless+conduction&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-669Uv3NO46-sQSysYGgDQ&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=torpedo&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Times+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.pages=1893&rft.pub=Citadel&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-3556-2&rft.aulast=Seifer&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzMR8x_rbPgC%26q%3Dtorpedo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiessner1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Miessner" title="Benjamin Miessner">Miessner, Benjamin Franklin</a> (1916). Radiodynamics: The Wireless Control of Torpedoes and Other Mechanisms. D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiodynamics%3A+The+Wireless+Control+of+Torpedoes+and+Other+Mechanisms&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Miessner&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US613809">US 613809</a>, Tesla, Nikola, "Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles", published 1898-11-08<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=613809&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+of+and+apparatus+for+controlling+mechanism+of+moving+vessels+or+vehicles&rft.inventor=Tesla&rft.pubdate=1898-11-08">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla">"Tesla – Master of Lightning"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928061709/http://www.pbs.org/tesla">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+%E2%80%93+Master+of+Lightning&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftesla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sarkar 2006, page 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Torres, Leonardo, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/001377220/publication/FR327218A?q=pn%3DFR327218A">FR327218A Système dit telekine pour commander à distance un mouvement mécanique.</a>", Espacenet, 10 December 1902. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Torres, Leonardo, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com//publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=190327073a&FT=D">GB190327073 (A) ― Means or Method for Directing Mechanical Movements at or from a Distance.</a>", Espacenet, 10 December 1903. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuste2008-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuste2008_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._P._Yuste2008" class="citation journal cs1">A. P. Yuste (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oa.upm.es/1968/">"Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a>. 96 (1): 186–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2007.909931">10.1109/JPROC.2007.909931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111010868">111010868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Early+Developments+of+Wireless+Remote+Control%3A+The+Telekino+of+Torres-Quevedo&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=186-190&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2007.909931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111010868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=A.+P.+Yuste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foa.upm.es%2F1968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Everett2015" class="citation book cs1">H. R. Everett (2015). Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 91–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02922-3"><bdi>978-0-262-02922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmanned+Systems+of+World+Wars+I+and+II&rft.pages=91-95&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02922-3&rft.au=H.+R.+Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reffell.org.uk/the-reffell-family-history-website/people/ah-reffell-eric-robot-1928-the-uks-first-robot/">"AH Reffell & Eric the Robot (1928) - the UK's Firs Robot"</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AH+Reffell+%26+Eric+the+Robot+%281928%29+-+the+UK%27s+Firs+Robot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reffell.org.uk%2Fthe-reffell-family-history-website%2Fpeople%2Fah-reffell-eric-robot-1928-the-uks-first-robot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberneticzoo.com/robots/1932-–-george-robot-–-capt-w-h-richards-british/">"1932 - George Robot - Capt. W.H. Richards (British)"</a>. cyberneticzoo.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cyberneticzoo.com&rft.atitle=1932+-+George+Robot+-+Capt.+W.H.+Richards+%28British%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberneticzoo.com%2Frobots%2F1932-%E2%80%93-george-robot-%E2%80%93-capt-w-h-richards-british%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115065601/http://www.freetimes.com/stories/13/35/robot-dreams-the-strange-tale-of-a-mans-quest-to-rebuild-his-mechanical-childhood-friend">"Robot Dreams: The Strange Tale Of A Man's Quest To Rebuild His Mechanical Childhood Friend"</a>. The Cleveland Free Times. 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Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Robot+With+a+Reassuring+Touch&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F18%2Fscience%2Fa-robot-with-a-delicate-touch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/ping-pong-playing-terminator">"A Ping-Pong-Playing Terminator"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comic+Potential%3A+Q%26A+with+Director+Stephen+Cole&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.cornell.edu%2Ftheatrearts%2FCTA%2FProgram%2520Notes%2Fcomic%2520potential.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedProlific-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FreedProlific_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2005" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Carl, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578067381">Conversations with Isaac Asimov</a> (1. ed.). Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-738-1"><bdi>978-1-57806-738-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 August 2011. <q>... quite possibly the most prolific</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Isaac+Asimov&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-738-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781578067381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakes500-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Oakes500_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2004" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwriters0000oake">American writers</a>. New York: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwriters0000oake/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5158-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-5158-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 August 2011. <q>most prolific authors asimov.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+writers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5158-8&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanwriters0000oake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> He wrote "over 460 books as well as thousands of articles and reviews", and was the "third most prolific writer of all time [and] one of the founding fathers of modern science fiction". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWbMiyS9v98C">Isaac Asimov: a life of the grand master of science fiction</a>. 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Isaac Asimov Home Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716233605/http://www.asimovonline.com/asimov_FAQ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isaac+Asimov+FAQ&rft.pub=Isaac+Asimov+Home+Page&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asimovonline.com%2Fasimov_FAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Michael (2005). Isaac Asimov: A Life of the Grand Master of Science Fiction. Carroll & Graf. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1518-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1518-3"><bdi>978-0-7867-1518-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Asimov%3A+A+Life+of+the+Grand+Master+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1518-3&rft.au=White%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-sexrobots-209"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-sexrobots_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34118482">"Intelligent machines: Call for a ban on robots designed as sex toys"</a>. BBC News. 15 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630212424/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34118482">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Intelligent+machines%3A+Call+for+a+ban+on+robots+designed+as+sex+toys&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-34118482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdollahiMollahosseiniLaneMahoor2017" class="citation conference cs1">Abdollahi, Hojjat; Mollahosseini, Ali; Lane, Josh T.; Mahoor, Mohammad H. (November 2017). A pilot study on using an intelligent life-like robot as a companion for elderly individuals with dementia and depression. 2017 IEEE-RAS 17th International Conference on Humanoid Robotics (Humanoids). pp. 541–546. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.02881">1712.02881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv171202881A">2017arXiv171202881A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fhumanoids.2017.8246925">10.1109/humanoids.2017.8246925</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-4678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-4678-6"><bdi>978-1-5386-4678-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1962455">1962455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+pilot+study+on+using+an+intelligent+life-like+robot+as+a+companion+for+elderly+individuals+with+dementia+and+depression&rft.pages=541-546&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1962455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv171202881A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1712.02881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fhumanoids.2017.8246925&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-4678-6&rft.aulast=Abdollahi&rft.aufirst=Hojjat&rft.au=Mollahosseini%2C+Ali&rft.au=Lane%2C+Josh+T.&rft.au=Mahoor%2C+Mohammad+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot" class="Z3988"> </li> 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articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Machines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Machines" title="Template:Machines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Machines" title="Template talk:Machines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Machines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Machines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Classical simple machines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_plane" title="Inclined plane">Inclined plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_(simple_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw (simple machine)">Screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">Wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">Wheel and axle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">Pendulum clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">Quartz clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Compressors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">Eductor-jet pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_ram" title="Hydraulic ram">Hydraulic ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompe" title="Trompe">Trompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/External_combustion_engine" title="External combustion engine">External combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutating_disc_engine" title="Nutating disc engine">Nutating disc engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaucellier%E2%80%93Lipkin_linkage" title="Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage">Peaucellier-Lipkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasiturbine" title="Quasiturbine">Quasiturbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Water turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind generator">Wind generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Aerofoil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">Propeller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">Vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">Vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">Wind tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weighing machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riveting_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Riveting machines">Riveting machines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Springs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring (device)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art, and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> 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title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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