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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional interpretation and variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_interpretation_and_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tannaitic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tannaitic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tannaitic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tannaitic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_by_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_by_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jewish by birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_by_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patrilineal_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrilineal_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Patrilineal descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrilineal_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converts_to_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converts_to_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Converts to Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converts_to_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_who_have_practiced_another_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_who_have_practiced_another_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jews who have practiced another religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_who_have_practiced_another_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biblical perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halakhic_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halakhic_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Halakhic perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halakhic_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karaite_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaite_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Karaite Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaite_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reform Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ethnic definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_European_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_European_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Historical European definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_European_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Half-Jewish"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Half-Jewish""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>"Half-Jewish"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Half-Jewish"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_non-religious_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_non-religious_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other non-religious definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_non-religious_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_structure_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_structure_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legal structure in Israel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_structure_in_Israel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal structure in Israel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_structure_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Judaism test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_of_Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Law of Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_laws_governing_marriage_and_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_laws_governing_marriage_and_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Israeli laws governing marriage and divorce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_laws_governing_marriage_and_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_definition_of_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_definition_of_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Israeli definition of nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_definition_of_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Outside Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sociology_and_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology_and_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sociology and anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology_and_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>The Inquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Secular philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Antisemitic definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israelite_identity_loss_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israelite_identity_loss_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Israelite identity loss claims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Israelite_identity_loss_claims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Israelite identity loss claims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Israelite_identity_loss_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cochin_Jews_(Indian_Jews)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cochin_Jews_(Indian_Jews)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cochin Jews (Indian Jews)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cochin_Jews_(Indian_Jews)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bene_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bene_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bene Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bene_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Beta Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bnei_Menashe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bnei_Menashe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Bnei Menashe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bnei_Menashe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kaifeng_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kaifeng_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>The Kaifeng Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kaifeng_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lemba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lemba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>The Lemba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lemba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Mexico's_Crypto-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Mexico's_Crypto-Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>New Mexico's Crypto-Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Mexico's_Crypto-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Who is a Jew?</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%9F" title="من هو اليهودي؟ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="من هو اليهودي؟" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui_%C3%A9s_jueu%3F" title="Qui és jueu? – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qui és jueu?" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kdo_je_%C5%BEid%3F" title="Kdo je žid? – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kdo je žid?" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wer_ist_Jude%3F" title="Wer ist Jude? – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wer ist Jude?" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F" title="چه کسی یهودی است؟ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چه کسی یهودی است؟" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui_est_juif_%3F" title="Qui est juif ? – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qui est juif ?" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%9E%D5%BE_%D5%A7_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Ո՞վ է հրեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ո՞վ է հրեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siapa_itu_orang_Yahudi%3F" title="Siapa itu orang Yahudi? – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siapa itu orang Yahudi?" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_%C3%A8_ebreo%3F" title="Chi è ebreo? – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chi è ebreo?" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="מיהו יהודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיהו יהודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_zsid%C3%B3%3F" title="Ki zsidó? – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ki zsidó?" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siapakah_seorang_Yahudi%3F" title="Siapakah seorang Yahudi? 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– Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quem é judeu?" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew? – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Who is a Jew?" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tko_je_Jevrej%3F" title="Tko je Jevrej? – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tko je Jevrej?" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_bir_Yahudi%27dir%3F" title="Kim bir Yahudi'dir? 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Who is a Jew?</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מיהו יהודי</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mihu yehudi</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈmi(h)u<span class="wrap"> </span>je(h)uˈdi]</a></span>), is a basic question about <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> and considerations of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">self-identification</a>. The question pertains to ideas about <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> personhood, which have <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">ethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_genealogy" title="Jewish genealogy">genealogical</a>, and personal dimensions. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> follow Jewish law (<a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>), deeming people to be Jewish if their <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">mothers</a> are Jewish or if they underwent a halakhic <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism#Halakhic_considerations" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> accept both <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> descent as well as conversion. <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> predominantly follows patrilineal descent as well as conversion. </p><p>Jewish identity is also commonly defined through <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">ethnicity</a>. Opinion polls have suggested that the majority of modern Jews see being Jewish as predominantly a matter of ancestry and culture, rather than religion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is controversy over Jewish identification in Israel, as it affects citizenship and personal status issues like marriage. Israel's <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> grants citizenship to those with a Jewish parent or grandparent, even if not religious. But the rabbinical courts use halakhic rules for marriage, requiring Orthodox conversions for those without a Jewish mother. This creates conflicts between different branches of Judaism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> defined Jews based on their ancestry and persecuted them on a <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial basis</a>. Antisemites have also defined Jews for discriminatory goals. Jews themselves have varying self-definitions, ranging from religious observance to secular ethnic identity. There is no consensus, but common themes emphasize ancestry, culture, and community belonging, even for secular Jews and converts to other religions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_is_a_Jew?"><span id="What_is_a_Jew.3F"></span>What is a Jew?</h2></div> <p>The term "Jew" lends itself to several definitions beyond simply denoting one who practices <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. The historical <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, who promulgated Judaism, were not simply a heterogenous assemblage united by a common ideology; they constituted an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> from whom a majority of modern Jews directly descend.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheindlin1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheindlin1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Incorporated2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incorporated2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MD2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, an ethnic form of Jewish identity exists alongside the religious form, and the concepts of Jewish ethnicity, nationhood, and religion are strongly interrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lederhendler2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lederhendler2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yee2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion</a> allows for one who has no prior connection to the historical Jewish population to become a Jew. </p><p>In essence, the word "Jew" can be defined as a conglomerate of several different, albeit closely related, ideas: </p> <ul><li>A Jew is one who practices the Jewish religion, Judaism. This includes both converts and those who have been members of the Jewish religion since birth.</li> <li>A Jew is one who is a direct descendant of the ancient Israelite ethnic group, and therefore is a member of the Jewish <i>people</i>. This includes those who may not be observantly religious, or may be irreligious altogether, and claim an overtly cultural connection,<sup id="cite_ref-KrauszTulea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrauszTulea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pew_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some scholars limit the definition to descendants of Israelites who practice Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Jew is one who, regardless of current religious identity, is directly descended from a Jewish ancestor. Traditionally, this has only applied to <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> ancestry, although some Jewish groups also recognize Jewishness by way of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal descent</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_interpretation_and_variations">Traditional interpretation and variations</h2></div> <p>The definition of who is a Jew varies according to whether it is being considered by Jews on the basis of religious law and tradition or self-identification, or by non-Jews for other reasons, sometimes for prejudicial purposes. Because Jewish identity can include characteristics of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a religion,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or peoplehood, the definition depends on either traditional or newer interpretations of Jewish law and custom.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel's <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> stipulates that a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a> is someone with a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Jewish mother</a> or someone who has <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a> and is not a member of another religion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Chief_Rabbinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Chief Rabbinate">Israeli Chief Rabbinate</a> requires documents proving the Jewishness of one’s mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and great-great-grandmother when applying for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth">Office of the Chief Rabbi</a> (OCR) has underlined the basic principle that a child is not recognised by the OCR and other bodies as Jewish unless their mother is Jewish, or they underwent a conversion recognized by the body.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the simplest definition used by most Jews for self-identification, a person is a Jew by birth or becomes one through religious conversion. However, there are differences in interpretations when it comes to non-<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish denominations</a> in the application of this definition, including </p> <ul><li>Should a person with only a Jewish father be considered Jewish?</li> <li>Which conversion processes should be considered valid?</li> <li>Can one remain a Jew after converting to another religion?</li> <li>How does being unaware of having Jewish parents affect one's Jewish status?</li> <li>How is Jewish identity determined in different countries throughout the Jewish Diaspora?</li> <li>How is the claim to Israeli citizenship adjudicated in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws of Israel</a>?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tannaitic_Judaism">Tannaitic Judaism</h2></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the first written source for <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined matrilineally. </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, in the Bible, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (<i>kilayim</i>). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a> may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, <a href="/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_est" title="Mater semper certa est">offspring would follow the mother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Judaism">Contemporary Judaism</h2></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a> agree that a person may be a Jew either by birth or through conversion. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>,</i> a Jew by birth must be born to a Jewish mother. <i>Halakha</i> states that the acceptance of the principles and practices of Judaism does not make a person a Jew. However, those born Jewish do not lose that status because they cease to be observant Jews, even if they adopt the practices of another religion. </p><p>Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, as movements which reject the concept of <i>halakha</i>, often accept a child as Jewish when only the father is Jewish, provided that the child chooses to identify as Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As conversion processes differ, those performed by more liberal denominations are not accepted by more orthodox denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_by_birth">Jewish by birth</h3></div> <p>According to <i>halakha</i>, to determine a person's Jewish status (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yuhasin</i></span>) one needs to consider the status of both parents. If both parents are Jewish, their child will also be considered Jewish, and the child takes the standing of the father (e.g., as a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a>). If either parent is subject to an halakhic breaking status (e.g., is a <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a>) then the child is also subject to that status. If one of the parents is not Jewish, the rule is that the child takes the standing of the mother (<a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Kiddushin</a> 68b, <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, EH 4:19).<sup id="cite_ref-AsktheRabbi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsktheRabbi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling is derived from various sources including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0507.htm#1">Deuteronomy 7:1–5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0324.htm#10">Leviticus 24:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a10.htm#2">Ezra 10:2–3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AsktheRabbi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsktheRabbi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, if the mother is Jewish, so is her child, and if she is not Jewish, neither is her child considered Jewish. In <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> the child of a non-Jewish mother can be considered Jewish only by a process of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The child is also freed from any special status to which the father may have been subject (e.g., being a <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a>) under Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> branches of Judaism maintain that the halakhic rules (i.e. matrilineal descent) are valid and binding. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(United_Kingdom)" title="Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)">Liberal Judaism</a> do not accept the halakhic rules as binding, and most branches accept a child of one Jewish parent, whether father or mother, as Jewish if the parents raise the child as a Jew and foster a Jewish identity in the child, noting that "in the Bible the line always followed the father, including the cases of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, who married into non-Israelite priestly families."<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (However, according to the oral tradition of Orthodox Judaism, the spouses of both Joseph and Moses converted to Judaism prior to marrying them.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2019)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Reform movement's standard states that "for those beyond childhood claiming Jewish identity, other public acts or declarations may be added or substituted after consultation with their rabbi".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of patrilineal descent point to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0148.htm#15">Genesis 48:15–20</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0510.htm#15">Deuteronomy 10:15</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">patrilineal descent</a>, though "bilineal" would be more accurate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patrilineal_descent">Patrilineal descent</h4></div> <p>In 1983, the Reform Central Conference of American Rabbis passed the Resolution on Patrilineal Descent, declaring that "the child of one Jewish parent is under the presumption of Jewish descent. This presumption of the status of the offspring of any mixed marriage is to be established through appropriate and timely public and formal acts of identification with the Jewish faith and people ... Depending on circumstances, mitzvot leading toward a positive and exclusive Jewish identity will include entry into the covenant, acquisition of a Hebrew name, Torah study, Bar/Bat Mitzvah, and Kabbalat Torah (Confirmation). For those beyond childhood claiming Jewish identity, other public acts or declarations may be added or substituted after consultation with their rabbi."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabbi Mark Washofsky summarizes the 1983 CCAR resolution and subsequent interpretations in Reform responsa literature as follows: </p> <ul><li>"The resolution is advisory rather than halachic in the traditional sense. It does not establish a new definition of Jewish identity, for its preamble states expressly that it means to be operative only for Reform Jews in North America, not for all Jews everywhere."</li> <li>"Jewish descent may be from either parent ...The Reform Movement presumes the child of <i>one</i> Jewish parent, either mother or father, as Jewish. In fact, the 1983 resolution is in one significant respect more stringent than the traditional definition of Jewish status. The child of a Jewish mother and gentile father, whom halachah regards as clearly Jewish, enjoys but a <i>presumption</i> of Jewish status that must be "established" by "appropriate and timely public and formal acts of identification."</li> <li>"Biology remains a crucial factor. In the determination of Jewish identity ... the child of <i>two gentile</i> parents is, as before, definitely a non-Jew and must undergo a formal conversion in order to become a Jew."</li> <li>"Both descent and behavior are crucial in determining Jewish status under the resolution. The Jewish status of a child of an intermarriage cannot be determined "automatically" either by biology or behavior. Both elements—descent from one Jewish parent <i>and</i> the performance of mitzvot that lead to a "positive and exclusive Jewish identity—must be present, and they must be present during childhood."</li> <li>"The resolution applies only to children raised exclusively as Jews ... A child raised simultaneously in Judaism and another religious tradition does not develop a "positive and exclusive" Jewish identity; therefore the presumption of Jewish status is disproved, and the resolution does not apply to that child. He or she will require conversion prior to celebrating becoming bar or bat mitzvah in the synagogue."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent who has made affirmative acts of Jewish identity was a departure from the traditional position requiring formal <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a> for children without a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal descent">Jewish mother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The CCAR's 1983 resolution has had a mixed reception in Reform Jewish communities outside the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Movement_for_Progressive_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism">Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism</a> has rejected patrilineal descent and requires formal conversion for anyone not born of a Jewish mother.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent, on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line, basing this idea "on the fact that, in the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel#Origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Israel">tribes</a> are given male names and that biblical characters are always referenced by their fathers' names.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divergence of views has become an issue because Orthodox and Conservative communities do not recognize a person as Jewish if only their father is Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judaism101-who-is-a-jew-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the person to be accepted as Jewish by an Orthodox or Conservative community (for example, on an occasion of their bar or bat mitzvah or marriage), they require a formal conversion (in accordance with halakhic standards). Orthodox Judaism has a predominant position in Israel. Although Orthodox and Conservative Judaism do not recognize Jewishness through patrilineal descent, "it should also be noted, however, that in the case of a child born to a Jewish father but to a non-Jewish mother, most Orthodox rabbis will relax the stringent demands normally made of would-be converts",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Rabbinical Assembly of the Conservative movement "agreed that 'sincere Jews by choice' should be warmly welcomed into the community". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Converts_to_Judaism">Converts to Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></div> <p>All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, with most subgroups having a specific process for accepting converts. Not all conversions are recognised by all varieties of Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, the laws of conversion are based on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">the classical sources of Jewish law</a>, especially discussions in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, and the law as codified in the <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corpus of traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a> (halakha) is regarded as authoritative by the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-Alon_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-SAJE_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAJE-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional halakhic requirements for conversion are instruction in the commandments, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> (if male), and immersion in <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">an acceptable body of water</a> before valid witnesses, and acceptance of the commandments before a <a href="/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">rabbinical court</a>. If a male is already circumcised, a drop of blood is drawn from the penis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">authorities</a> require that conversions be performed in accord with traditional Jewish law and recognise only those conversions in which a convert accepts and undertakes to observe Jewish law as interpreted by Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>. Because rabbis in the other movements do not require that converts make this commitment, Orthodox authorities do not generally accept as valid conversions performed outside the Orthodox community.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative authorities likewise require that conversions be conducted according to traditional Jewish law. Conducting a conversion absent the traditional requirements of immersion in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual bath</a> and circumcision for males is a violation of a Standard of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> and grounds for expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative authorities generally recognize any conversion done in accord with the requirements of Jewish law, even if done outside the Conservative movement. Accordingly, Conservative rabbis may accept the validity of some conversions from other non-Orthodox movements.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a> states that "people considering conversion are expected to study Jewish theology, rituals, history, culture and customs, and to begin incorporating Jewish practices into their lives. The length and format of the course of study will vary from rabbi to rabbi and community to community, though most now require a course in basic Judaism and individual study with a rabbi, as well as attendance at services and participation in home practice and synagogue life."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a> recommends that three rabbis be present for the conversion ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rabbinical Court of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Movement_for_Progressive_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism">Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism</a> requires an average of a year of study to become conversant in Jewish life and tradition. Following this, converts are required to immerse in a ritual bath, be circumcised if male, and accept the commandments before the rabbinical court.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although an infant conversion might be accepted in some circumstances (such as in the case of adopted children or children whose parents convert), children who convert would typically be asked if they want to remain Jewish after reaching religious adulthood – which is 12 years of age for a girl and 13 for a boy, as required by Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> does not accept the oral legal traditions of Rabbinic Judaism. It has different requirements for conversion and refrained from accepting any converts until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally non-proselytizing, on August 1, 2007, the Karaites reportedly converted their first new members in 500 years. At a ceremony in their Northern California synagogue, ten adults and four minors swore fealty to Judaism after completing a year of study. This conversion came 15 years after the Karaite Council of Sages reversed its centuries-old ban on accepting converts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jewish communities</a> do not normally carry out conversions, particularly where the conversion is suspected of being for the sake of marriage. Nor do they accept such converts from other communities, or the children of mixed marriages or marriages involving such converts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_who_have_practiced_another_religion">Jews who have practiced another religion</h3></div> <p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> considers individuals born of Jewish mothers to be Jewish, even if they convert to or are raised in another religion. <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> views Jews who convert to or are raised in another religion as non-Jews. For example "... anyone who claims that Jesus is their <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">savior</a> is no longer a Jew ..." [Contemporary American Reform Responsa, #68].<sup id="cite_ref-faqs_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faqs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, a Jew who has been declared to be a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מין</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Minuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuth">min</a></i></span>) or Christian (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נוצרי</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(title)" title="Nazarene (title)">notzri</a></i></span>, meaning "Nazarene") may have had a <i><a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">cherem</a></i> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>) placed on him or her; but the practice of communal and religious exclusion does not affect their status of Jewish birth.<sup id="cite_ref-leavesoffaith_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavesoffaith-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaism also views as Jewish those who involuntarily convert from Judaism to another religion (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">anusim</a>,</i> אנוסים, meaning "forced ones"), and their matrilineal descendants are likewise considered to be Jewish. </p><p>Judaism has a category for those who are Jewish but who do not practice or who do not accept the tenets of Judaism, whether or not they have converted to another religion. The traditional view regarding these individuals, known as <a href="/wiki/Meshumad" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshumad">Meshumadim</a> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">משומדים</span>), is that they are Jewish; however, there is much debate in the rabbinic literature regarding their status vis-a-vis the application of Jewish law and their participation in Jewish ritual,<sup id="cite_ref-leavesoffaith_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavesoffaith-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not to their status as Jews. </p><p>A Jew who leaves Judaism is free to return to the religion at any time. In general, no formal ceremony or declaration is required to return to Jewish practices. All <a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">movements of Judaism</a> welcome the return to Judaism of those who have left, or been raised in another religion. When returning to Judaism, these individuals would be expected to abandon their previous practices and adopt Jewish customs. </p><p>The same rules in principle apply to the matrilineal descendants of such persons, though some rabbinical authorities may require stricter proof of Jewish descent than others. Whether such persons are required to undergo a full formal conversion depends on the community and their individual circumstances. For example, a male who has had a <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a>, who has a general understanding of Judaism, but who has been raised in a secular home might not be required to undergo ritual conversion. However, a male who has not had a brit milah, a male or female who has converted to or been brought up in another religion, or an individual raised in a completely secular home without any Jewish education, in most communities, may be required to undergo a full ritual conversion. For full participation in the community (for example, to marry with the participation of a rabbi), they may be required to display sincerity, such as a declaration of commitment to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of the issues involved is the case of converts to Judaism who cease to practice Judaism (whether or not they still regard themselves as Jewish), do not accept or follow halakha, or now adhere to another religion. Technically, such a person remains Jewish, like all Jews, provided that the original conversion is valid. However, in some recent cases, <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">rabbinical authorities</a>, as well as the current <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbinate</a>, have taken the view that a given convert's lapse from Orthodox Jewish observance is evidence that he or she cannot, even at the time of the conversion, have had the full intention to observe the commandments and that the conversion must therefore have been invalid. </p><p>A valid Jewish court of sufficient stature has the ability to revoke a person's or a group's status as Jews. This was done for the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Ten_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Ten Tribes">lost Ten Tribes</a> of Israel<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_definitions">Religious definitions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_perspective">Biblical perspective</h3></div> <p>The ethnonym of "Jew", or "Judean", is an English translation of the Greek ethnonym "<a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a>" in classical and biblical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEtD_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEtD-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From c.100 BCE during the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>, "Ioudaioi" referred to:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>For clarity, we may recall that the three main earlier meanings were:</dd> <dd>(1) one of the descendants of the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a>, i.e. (if in the male line) a member of the tribe of Judah;</dd> <dd>(2) a native of <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>, a "Judaean";</dd> <dd>(3) a "Jew", i.e. a member of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>'s chosen people, entitled to participate in those religious ceremonies to which only such members were admitted.</dd> <dd>Now appears the new, fourth meaning:</dd> <dd>(4) a member of the Judaeo-<a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Idumaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumaean">Idumaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ituraean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ituraean">Ituraean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Galilean" title="Galilean">Galilean</a> alliance.</dd></dl> <p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J.D. Cohen</a> argued that "Judean" should include believers in the Judean god and allies of the Judean state.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Troy W. Martin argued that biblical Jewishness was <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">not dependent on ancestry</a> but instead, based on adherence to 'covenantal circumcision' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9–14&version=nrsv">Genesis 17:9–14</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halakhic_perspective">Halakhic perspective</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">Matrilineality in Judaism</a></div> <p>According to the traditional Rabbinic view, which is maintained by all branches of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>, and some branches of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">halakha</a></i> can define who is or is not a Jew when a question of Jewish identity, lineage, or parentage arises about any person seeking to define themselves or claim that they are Jewish. </p><p>As a result, mere <i>belief</i> in the principles of Judaism does <i>not</i> make one a Jew. Similarly, non-adherence by a Jew to the <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">613 Mitzvot</a>, or even formal conversion to another religion, does not make one lose one's Jewish status. Thus, the immediate descendants of all female Jews (even <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostates</a>) are still considered to be Jews, as are those of all their female descendants. Even those descendants who are not aware they are Jews or practice a religion other than Judaism, are defined by this perspective as Jews, as long as they come from an unbroken female line of descent. As a corollary, the children of a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother are not considered to be Jews by Halakha unless they formally convert according to Halakha, even if raised fully observant in the Mitzvot.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those not born to a Jewish mother may become accepted as Jews by the Orthodox and Conservative communities through a formal process of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a> in order to become "righteous converts" (<i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Gerei Tzedek</i></span></i>—<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גרי צדק</span>). In addition, Halakha requires that the new convert commit himself to the observance of its tenets; this is called <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Kabbalat Ol Mitzvot</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קבלת עול מצוות</span>), "Acceptance of the Yoke of the Commandments". <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Kabbalat mitzvot</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קבלת מצוות</span>) is used by <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> in accordance with reform responsa and Halakhah.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> accept a similar set of rules regarding Jewish status based on classical rabbinic Judaism, including both matrilineal descent and requirements that conversions be performed by Orthodox rabbis and that converts promise to strictly observe elements of traditional Judaism such as <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a>. However, their application of these rules have been different, and the difference has been increasing in recent years. Modern Orthodox authorities have been more inclined to rule in favor of Jewish status and to accept non-Orthodox Jews' word in doubtful cases involving people claiming to be Jews, while Haredi authorities have in recent years tended to presume non-Jewish status and require more stringent rules and standards of evidence in order for Jewish status to be proven, and have tended to distrust the evidence of Jews who are not personally Orthodox. Haredi rabbis have tended to look at a convert's current personal observance and to regard deficiencies or lack of Orthodoxy in current observance as evidence that the convert never intended to validly convert. In addition, the contemporary situation is further complicated by the fact that some Haredi rabbis no longer regard some Modern Orthodox rabbis as reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forward_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forward-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karaite_Judaism">Karaite Judaism</h3></div> <p>Karaite Judaism relies on the Tanakh to indicate that Jewishness is passed down through the paternal line, not the maternal line as is maintained by Orthodox Judaism (though a minority holds that both parents need to be Jewish). Karaite Jews are eligible for <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>. The eligibility of converts to Judaism through the Karaite movement to make Aliyah under the Law of Return has not yet been addressed in Israeli courts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several verses in the Bible mentioning about laws of family inheritance depending on the paternal lineage of the tribe:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> 36 :7–8</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_Judaism">Reform Judaism</h3></div> <p>Reform Judaism recognizes a child as being Jewish if either parent is Jewish and the child is being raised Jewish. Voices within the Reform movement say that the law, which changed to matriarchal around 2,000 years ago (originally in the Torah the offspring was determined by patriarchal descent) and was based on the tragic circumstances the Jewish people were facing, was once helpful but is no longer relevant. </p><p>Modern Progressive Jewish denominations have a conversion process based on their <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Platform" title="Columbus Platform">principles</a>. In the US, an official Reform resolution in 1893 abolished circumcision as a requirement for converts,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reform does not require converts to have <i>tevilah,</i> ritual immersion. A "prospective convert declares, orally and in writing, in the presence of a rabbi and no less than two lay leaders of the congregation and community, acceptance of the Jewish religion and the intention to live in accordance with its <i>mitzvot</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversies">Controversies</h4></div> <p>The controversy in determining "who is a Jew" concerns four basic issues: </p><p>One issue arises because North American <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> and UK <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Judaism (UK)">Liberal</a> movements have changed some of the halakhic requirements for Jewish identity in two ways: </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Children born of just one Jewish parent – regardless of whether the father or mother is Jewish – can claim a Jewish identity. A child of only one Jewish parent who does not claim this identity has, in the eyes of the Reform movement, forfeited his/her Jewish identity. By contrast, the halakhic view is that any child born to a Jewish mother is Jewish, whether or not he/she is raised Jewish, or even whether the mother considers herself Jewish. As an example, the children of <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> (who was raised Catholic and was unaware of her Jewish heritage) would all be Jewish according to halakha, since their mother's traceable female ancestors were all Jewish and all three of her children were female. However, this is not the belief of progressive Judaism, which views Jews who convert to or are raised in another religion as non-Jews.</li><li>The requirement of <i><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a></i> has been relaxed, as has the requirement of ritual immersion. (While the Conservative movement permits conversion without circumcision in some cases, most Orthodox Jews do not)</li></ol></div> <p>Secondly, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> asserts that non-Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> are not qualified to form a <i><a href="/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">beit din</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to non-Orthodox conversions generally being unaccepted in Orthodox communities. Since <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> maintains the traditional standards for conversion – in which the commitment to observe halakha is required – non-Orthodox conversions are generally not accepted in Orthodox communities because the non-Orthodox movements perform conversions in which the new convert does not undertake to observe halakha as understood by Orthodox Judaism. </p><p>A third controversy concerns persons (whether born Jews or converts to Judaism) who have converted to another religion. The traditional view is such persons remain Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> regards such people as apostates,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states regarding <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jews">Messianic Jews</a>: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Messianic Jews' claim that they are Jews, but we must asked  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] ourselves whether we identify them as Jews. We can not do so as they consider Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah who has fulfilled the Messianic promises. In this way, they have clearly placed themselves within Christianity. They may be somewhat different from other Christians as they follow various Jewish rites and ceremonials, but that does not make them Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, such people do not count as Jewish for the purposes of the Israeli citizenship laws. </p><p>A fourth controversy stems from the manner in which the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> has been handling marriage and conversion decisions in recent years. Conversions and marriages within Israel are legally controlled by the Orthodox Israeli Chief Rabbinate; therefore, a person not proven to be a Jew to the Rabbinate's satisfaction is not legally permitted to marry a Jew in Israel today. Although the Rabbinate has always refused to accept non-Orthodox conversions, until recent years it was more willing to accept the Jewish parentage of applicants based on personal testimony, and the validity of conversions based on the testimony of Orthodox Rabbis. However, in recent years the rabbinate, whose rabbis historically had a more <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> orientation, has increasingly been filled by the more stringent <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> camp. It has increasingly been inclined to presume that applicants are not Jewish until proven otherwise, and require more stringent standards of proof than in the past. It has implemented a policy of refusing to accept the testimony of non-Orthodox Jews in matters of Jewish status, on grounds that such testimony is not reliable. It also has been increasingly skeptical of the reliability of Orthodox rabbis ordained by institutions not subject to its accreditation, particularly in matters of conversion. Accordingly, non-Orthodox Jews born to Jewish parents, and some Jews converted by Orthodox rabbis, have been increasingly unable to prove their Jewishness to the Rabbinate's satisfaction, because they are unable to find an Orthodox rabbi who is both acceptable to the Rabbinate, and familiar with and willing to vouch for the Jewishness of their maternal lineage or the validity of their conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forward_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forward-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been several attempts to convene representatives of the three major movements to formulate a practical solution to this issue. To date, these have failed, though all parties concede the importance of the issue is greater than any sense of rivalry among them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_definitions">Ethnic definitions</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ethnic_and_cultural_perspectives"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Special:EditPage/Who is a Jew?">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22">"Who is a Jew?"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Who+is+a+Jew%3F%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic</a> Jew</i> is a term generally used to describe a person of Jewish parentage and background who does not necessarily actively practice Judaism, but still identifies with Judaism or other Jews culturally or fraternally, or both. The term <i>ethnic Jew</i> does not specifically exclude practicing Jews, but they are usually simply referred to as "Jews" without the qualifying adjective "ethnic".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term can refer to people of diverse beliefs and backgrounds because <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> largely defines who is "Jewish". "Ethnic Jew" is sometimes used to distinguish non-practicing from practicing (religious) Jews. Other terms include <i>non-observant Jew</i>, <i>non-religious Jew</i>, <i>non-practicing Jew</i>, and <i>secular Jew</i>. </p><p>The term may also refer to Jews who do not practice the religion of Judaism. Typically, ethnic Jews are cognizant of their Jewish background and may feel strong cultural (even if not religious) ties to Jewish traditions and to the Jewish people or nation. Like people of any other ethnicity, non-religious ethnic <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jews often assimilate</a> into a surrounding non-Jewish culture, but, especially in areas where there is a strong local Jewish culture, they may remain largely part of that culture instead. </p><p>"Ethnic Jews" include <a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">atheists</a>, agnostics, non-denominational <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deists</a>, Jews with only casual connections to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Jewish denominations</a> or converts to other religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, or Islam. Religious Jews of all denominations sometimes engage in outreach to non-religious Jews. In the case of some <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> denominations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>), this outreach extends to actively proselytizing more secular Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3></div> <p>The 2013 Pew Research study of American Jews found that 62% thought that being Jewish was mainly a matter of ancestry and culture, while 15% thought that it was mainly a matter of religion. Of those who stated themselves to be Jews by religion, 55% thought that being Jewish was mainly a matter of ancestry and culture, while two-thirds thought that it was not necessary to believe in God to be Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_European_definitions">Historical European definitions</h3></div> <p>During the Middle Ages there was no need to ask the question "who is a Jew?", because the difference between the Jewish and the non-Jewish community was clear to both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a person born to a Jewish family was Jewish, marriages between Jews and non-Jews were not allowed, and the only way to leave the Jewish identity was through not only leaving the religion, but also cutting all ties to the Jewish community, including family and friends. To Medieval Jews the most essential difference between them and others was not about faith but about the peoplehood, to which their religious community was tied into, and they called themselves "Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the emancipation for Jews in Europe became relevant,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ideology of nationalism started rising<sup id="cite_ref-denick2005_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denick2005-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in parts of Western Europe religion became more clearly separated from ethnicity,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the question of what kind of a group the Jews were - religious, cultural, racial, national or something else - became discussed more. Due to emancipation, Jews were expected to assimilate into European nations. Religious difference was tolerated better than ethnic,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jews were now sometimes defined just as a religious group, e.g. Jews in Germany were defined as Germans who practice "Mosaic faith".<sup id="cite_ref-denick2005_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denick2005-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews themselves were usually not happy with this definition.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, as seeking for equal civil rights and to prove that Jews can be a part of Western civilizations as well, some Central European Jews started highlighting their identity more as a religious group, with some rejecting ethnic definitions of Jewishness completely and some consciously getting rid of their "oriental" habits.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews however, especially in Eastern Europe, criticized Western Jews for losing their Jewishness.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, simultaneously, the concept of "Semitic race", which included the Jews, was coined. This also lead to pseudoscientific ideas of Jews being racially inferior to "Aryans".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the Holocaust caused some more Jews to avoid attaching ethnic or racial elements to being Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, "Jewish" was a nationality by law, as with other nationalities such as Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians and others,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Soviet Jews themselves had a strong sense of ethnic Jewishness ("<i>Yiddishkeit</i>") which would have separated them from surrounding ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were certain restrictions on their civil liberties in the early years of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA">DNA</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></div> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">genealogical DNA test</a> of ethnicity is a non-religious definition of 'who is a Jew?' as increasing numbers of persons discover their biological and cultural origins outside the traditional religious setting.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been controversy about the use of DNA tests in Israeli rabbinical courts as a test of Jewishness.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Half-Jewish""><span id=".22Half-Jewish.22"></span>"Half-Jewish"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">Zera Yisrael</a></div> <p>In the United States and Europe, because of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">intermarriage</a>, the population of "half-Jews" is beginning to rival that of Jews with two Jewish parents. Self-identified "half-Jews" consider the term a familial category, which reflects multiple heritages and possible Jewish cultural or spiritual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-klein_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar terms that have been used include: "part-Jewish" and "partial-Jews". The term "Gershom", "Gershomi" or "Beta Gershom" has also been seldom used as an alternative to "half-Jewish" and "part-Jewish" in connection with descendants of intermarriage, <a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gershom</a> being the biblical son of Moses and his <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianite</a> wife <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term typically has no religious meaning, as terms like <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> do, but rather describes ethnic Jewry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_non-religious_definitions">Other non-religious definitions</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a> defines a Jew as "someone who identifies with the history, culture and fate of the Jewish people". In their view it is, therefore, possible for a non-religious individual to adopt Judaism and join a Humanistic Jewish community, and for the Society for Humanistic Judaism to adopt the person wanting to be part of the Humanistic Jewish family.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Israeli author <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a> puts it, "a Jew is anyone who chooses or is compelled to share a common fate with other Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Auron2012_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auron2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oz summed up his position more succinctly in a monologue published in <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a></i>, saying "Who is a Jew? Everyone who is mad enough to call himself or herself a Jew is a Jew.".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a similar perspective it is possible for a person born and raised as a Jew to leave Judaism and no longer be a Jew: famous historical examples are <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_structure_in_Israel">Legal structure in Israel</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_(FL63291384).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg/250px-The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg/330px-The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg/500px-The_Knesset_held_a_special_session_to_decide_the_question_%27Who_is_a_Jew%27_%28FL63291384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>A special session of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> to decide the question 'Who is a Jew', 1983.</figcaption></figure> <p>Israeli constitutional documents have not defined "who is a Jew" although the decision whether someone is Jewish or not has important legal, social and financial ramifications. This lack of definition has given rise to legal controversy in Israel and there have been many court cases in Israel that have addressed the question.<sup id="cite_ref-Navot,_Suzi_p.189_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navot,_Suzi_p.189-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uzi_Rebhun_pp.296-297_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzi_Rebhun_pp.296-297-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_test">Judaism test</h3></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_is_a_Jew%3F&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, anyone who immigrated to Israel after 1990 and wishes to marry or divorce via the Jewish tradition within the state limits must go through a "Judaism test"<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at an Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Rabbinical court</a>. In this test, a person would need to prove their claim to be Jewish to an investigator beyond a reasonable doubt. They would need to present original documentation of their <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matriline</a> up to their great-grandmother (4 generations),<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a>, 7 generations back.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they should provide government documents with nationality/religion shown as Jewish (e.g., birth/death certificates, marriage documents, etc.). </p><p>In the case of people whose original documents have been lost or never existed, it may take considerable effort to prove they are Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court rulings are not final, and any clerk has the power to question them<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even 20 years later, changing one's citizenship status to "on hold", and putting them in jeopardy of deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two biggest communities affected by these documentation issues are: </p> <ul><li>Immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a> (FSU) – a study conducted between 2003 and 2005 showed that 83% of people from the FSU who started the Judaism test process successfully finished it. An estimated 10% left the process before completion. In a later study, in 2011, a 90% success rate was achieved in the FSU immigrant community.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews in the former Soviet Union took steps to hide their Jewishness. Besides post-Soviet copies of documents are suspected by the tribunal after widespread falsification, and the archived originals are difficult to access for genealogists.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Immigrants from the United States, where government documents generally do not show religion or Jewish ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_Return">Law of Return</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></div> <p>Following the birth of the modern State of Israel in 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> was enacted in 1950 to give any Jew the right to immigrate to Israel and become a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to an inability on the lawmakers to agree, the Law did not define who was a Jew, relying instead on the issue to resolve itself over time. As a result, the Law relied in form on the traditional halakhic definition. But, the absence of a definition of who is a Jew, for the purpose of the Law, has resulted in the divergent views of the various streams of Judaism competing for recognition. </p><p>Besides the generally accepted halakhic definition of who is a Jew, in 1970, the Law extended the categories of person who are entitled to immigration and citizenship to the children and grandchildren of Jews, regardless of their present religious affiliation, and their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, converts to Judaism whose conversion was performed outside the State of Israel, regardless of who performed it, are entitled to immigration under the Law. Once again, issues arose as to whether a conversion performed outside Israel was valid. The variation of the definition in the Law and the definition used by various branches of Judaism has resulted in practical difficulties for many people. </p><p>It has been estimated that between 1986 and 2006, about 200,000 non-Jews and even practicing Christians have entered Israel from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on the basis of being a child or grandchild of a Jew or by being married to a Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenblum_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenblum-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there is an exception in the case of a person who has formally converted to another religion. This is derived from the <i><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Rufeisen#Life" title="Oswald Rufeisen">Rufeisen</a> Case</i> in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-Navot,_Suzi_p.189_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navot,_Suzi_p.189-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the Supreme Court ruled that such a person, no matter what their halakhic position, is not entitled to immigration under the Law; they concluded that "no one can regard an apostate as belonging to the Jewish people".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current Israeli definitions specifically exclude Jews who have openly and knowingly converted to or were raised in a faith other than Judaism, including <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a>. This definition is not the same as that in traditional Jewish law; in some respects it is deliberately wider, so as to include those non-Jewish relatives of Jews who may have been perceived to be Jewish, and thus faced <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. </p><p>The Law of Return does not, of itself, define the Jewish status of a person; it only deals with those who have a right to immigration to Israel. </p><p>In the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbinate">Chief Rabbinate</a> originally objected to the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaite Jew">Karaite Jews</a> to Israel, and unsuccessfully tried to obstruct it. In 2007 Rabbi David Chayim Chelouche, the chief rabbi of Netanya, was quoted in the Jerusalem Post as saying: "A Karaite is a Jew. We accept them as Jews and every one of them who wishes to come back [to mainstream Judaism] we accept back. There was once a question about whether Karaites needed to undergo a token circumcision in order to switch to rabbinic Judaism, but the rabbinate agrees that today that is not necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_laws_governing_marriage_and_divorce">Israeli laws governing marriage and divorce</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Marriage in Israel</a></div> <p>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">divorce</a>, and burial, which are under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Interior Ministry</a>, the halakhic definition of who is a Jew is applied. When there is any doubt, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate generally determines the issue. </p><p>In terms of social relations, most secular Jews view their Jewish identity as a matter of culture, heritage, nationality, or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-who_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancestral aspects can be explained by the many Jews who <a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish atheist">view themselves as atheists</a> and are defined by matrilineal descent or a <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Cohen (Kohen)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>, which is connected by ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-cohenlevi_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohenlevi-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of "who is a Jew" is a question that is under debate.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Issues related to ancestral or ethnic Jews are dealt with by the Israeli Chief Rabbinate.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freund_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freund-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstandard_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstandard-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthodox halachic rules apply to converts who want to marry in Israel. Under these rules, a conversion to Judaism must strictly follow halachic standards to be recognised as valid. The rabbinate even scrutinizes Orthodox conversions, with some who have converted by orthodox authorities outside Israel not being permitted to marry in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-jstandard_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstandard-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meyers_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyers-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If one's ancestral line of Jewishness is in doubt, then a proper conversion would be required in order to be allowed to marry in the Orthodox community, or in Israel, where such rules govern all marriages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_definition_of_nationality">Israeli definition of nationality</h3></div> <p>The Jewish status of a person in Israel is considered a matter of "nationality". </p><p>In the registering of "nationality" on <a href="/wiki/Israeli_identity_card" title="Israeli identity card">Israeli identity cards</a>, which is administered by the Ministry of the Interior, a person had to meet the Halakhic definition to be registered as a "Jew". However, in a number of cases the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> has ordered the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Ministry of Interior</a> to register Reform and Conservative converts as Jews. The right of people who convert in the Diaspora under Reform or Conservative auspices to immigrate to Israel and claim citizenship as Jews is detailed in Israeli law.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently, Israeli identity cards had an indication of nationality, and the field was left empty for those who immigrated not solely on the basis of being Jewish (i.e. as a child, grandchild or spouse of a Jew only) to indicate that the person may not be a Jew. Many Israeli citizens who are not recognised by the Rabbinate as Jewish have been issued with Israeli identity cards that do not include their Hebrew calendar birth date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Israel">Outside Israel</h3></div> <p>In 2010 the Labour Court of South Africa addressed the question of who is a Jew for the purposes of the Employment Equity Act.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question has also arisen in the United Kingdom, where religious schools are allowed to select all or a proportion of their intake based upon religion. A 2009 ruling, <i><a href="/wiki/R(E)_v_Governing_Body_of_JFS" class="mw-redirect" title="R(E) v Governing Body of JFS">R(E) v Governing Body of JFS</a></i>, determined that the definition of Jewish religion based upon descent constituted discrimination on ethnic grounds, and therefore contravened racial discrimination laws. Also in the UK, under the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Trading_Act_1994" title="Sunday Trading Act 1994">Sunday Trading Act 1994</a> "a person of the Jewish religion" who observes the Jewish Sabbath can open their shops on Sundays. The Act defines "person of the Jewish religion" as someone who holds a certificate that they are Jewish from a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> secretary or the representative body of British Jewry, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Deputies">Board of Deputies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_definitions">Other definitions</h2></div> <p>There have been other attempts to determine Jewish identity beside the traditional Jewish approaches. These range from <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> population studies<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to controversial evolutionary perspectives including those espoused by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_B._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin B. MacDonald">Kevin B. MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Slezkine" title="Yuri Slezkine">Yuri Slezkine</a>. Historians, such as the late <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a>, have utilized <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> and geography to reconstruct the prehistoric origin of the Jewish people in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology_and_anthropology">Sociology and anthropology</h3></div> <p>As with any other ethnic identity, Jewish identity is, to some degree, a matter of either claiming that identity or being perceived by others (both inside and outside the ethnic group) as belonging to that group, or both. Returning again to the example of Madeleine Albright—during her Catholic childhood, her being in some sense Jewish was presumably irrelevant. It was only after she was nominated to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> that she, and the public, discovered her Jewish ancestry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ido_Abram" title="Ido Abram">Ido Abram</a> states that there are five aspects to contemporary Jewish identity: </p> <ol><li>Religion, culture, and tradition.</li> <li>The tie with Israel and Zionism.</li> <li>Dealings with antisemitism, including issues of persecution and survival.</li> <li>Personal history and life-experience.</li> <li>Relationship with non-Jewish culture and people.<sup id="cite_ref-abram_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abram-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voudouris1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voudouris1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The relative importance of these factors may vary enormously from place to place. For example, a typical Dutch Jew might describe their Jewish identity simply as "I was born Jewish," while a Jew in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, where levels of antisemitism are higher, might say, "I consider any form of denying as a proof of cowardice."<sup id="cite_ref-voudouris2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voudouris2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Inquisition">The Inquisition</h3></div> <p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisitions</a>, conversion to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> did not result in total termination of the person's Jewish status. Legally, the converts were no longer regarded as Jews and thus allowed to stay in the Iberian Peninsula. During the Inquisition in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, however, many Jews were forced to convert, but thereafter were regarded by many people, though not in a legal form, as <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>, distinguishing them as separate from the Old Christians of non-Jewish lineage. Since legal, political, religious and social pressure pushed many people to untrue conversions (public behaviour as Christians while retaining some Jewish beliefs and practices privately, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">crypto-Judaism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were still treated with suspicion, a stigma sometimes carried for several generations by their identifiable descendants. The <i><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a></i> ("Cleanliness of blood") required public officials or candidates for membership of many organizations to prove that they did not have Jewish or Muslim ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_philosophy">Secular philosophy</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, who was not Jewish, suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite_and_Jew" title="Anti-Semite and Jew">Anti-Semite and Jew</a></i> (1948) that Jewish identity "is neither national nor international, neither religious nor ethnic, nor political: it is a quasi-historical community." While Jews as individuals may be in danger from the antisemite who sees only "Jews" and not "people", Sartre argues that the Jewish experience of antisemitism preserves—even creates—the sense of Jewish community. In his most extreme statement of this view he wrote, "It is the anti-Semite who creates the Jew." Conversely, that sense of specific Jewish community may be threatened by the democrat who sees only "the person" and not "the Jew". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> repeatedly asserted a principle of claiming Jewish identity in the face of antisemitism. "If one is attacked as a Jew, one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world-citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man, or whatever"; "A man attacked as a Jew cannot defend himself as an Englishman or a Frenchman. The world can only conclude from this that he is simply not defending himself at all." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wade_Clark_Roof" title="Wade Clark Roof">Wade Clark Roof</a> (1976), a sociologist at the University of California at Santa Barbara, proposed that social sectors in <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern life</a>, in which traditional symbols and rituals are meaningful, provide an alternative approach for explaining the social basis of religion in a secular order, in doing so, he turned to the local community as a sphere in modern society that still persists "as a complex system of friendship and kinship networks, formal and informal associations, as well as symbolic attachments, very much rooted in family life and ongoing socialization processes".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitic_definitions">Antisemitic definitions</h3></div> <p>The question "who is a Jew?" is also sometimes of importance to non-Jews. Historically, it had exceptional significance when it was considered by anti-Jewish groups for the purpose of targeting Jews for <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution</a> or discrimination. The definition can have an impact on whether a person may have a certain job, live in certain locations, receive a <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a>, live or continue to live in specific countries, be <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">imprisoned</a>, or executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazism">Nazism</h4></div> <p>The question was of critical importance during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi party in Germany</a>, which persecuted the Jews and defined them for the government's purposes by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. In 2009, a United Kingdom court considered whether the question was a racial issue, in the case <i><a href="/wiki/R(E)_v_Governing_Body_of_JFS" class="mw-redirect" title="R(E) v Governing Body of JFS">R(E) v Governing Body of JFS</a></i> (2009).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> regime instituted laws which discriminated against Jews, declared a race by the Nazis, and thus needed a working definition of who is a Jew as to its law-defined race system. These definitions almost completely categorised persons through the religions followed by each individual's ancestors, according to membership registries. Thus, personal faith or individual observance, as well as the religious definitions of Judaism as given by the <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halacha</a>, were mostly ignored. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/250px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg/500px-Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Nazi guide to the Nuremberg laws</figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany itself, the <a href="/wiki/Ahnenpass" title="Ahnenpass">Ahnenpass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> classified people as being of the Jewish race if they were descended from three or four grandparents enrolled in Jewish congregations. A person with one or two grandparents enrolled in a Jewish congregation could be classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischling</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a crossbreed, of "mixed blood", even if they were not a member of a Jewish congregation at the time the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. The <a href="/wiki/Mischling_Test" title="Mischling Test">Mischling Test</a> was introduced in order to identify Europeans with Jewish blood, and these were classified as "Jews of the first or second degree". Only people with at least two grandparents of "German blood" could be German Reich citizens. Other Germans were dropped into a new second class group of citizens, the so-called "state subjects" (Staatsangehörige).<sup id="cite_ref-nurnberggesetz_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nurnberggesetz-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a person with grandparents of the same religious combination was enrolled as a member of a Jewish congregation in 1935, or later enrolled, they switched from the discriminatory class of Mischlinge into that of <a href="/wiki/Geltungsjude" title="Geltungsjude">Geltungsjude</a>, "Jew by legal validity" even if they did not meet the criterion of descent from three or four Jewish grandparents. In the eyes of the Nazi government, one could not become a non-Jew by seceding from one's Jewish congregation, becoming non-practicing, marrying outside the religion, or converting to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Thus any Mischling could move into the class of Geltungsjude by joining a Jewish congregation, but the Nuremberg Laws provided that the classification of any Geltungsjude would not change even she or he tried to evade harm by withdrawing from their Jewish congregation after 1935, considering such secessions as being of no effect. Similarly, after 1935, any Mischling with two Jewish grandparents (colloquially called a half-Jew) who married anybody classified as a Jew would drop into the Geltungsjude class. Mischlinge with one Jewish grandparent were usually forbidden from marrying anybody with any Jewish grandparents. </p><p>In 1935 the Nuremberg Laws forbade new marriages between people who were classified as Jews and people who belonged to other classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier contracted marriages between spouses of different classifications (so-called mixed marriages; Mischehe) provided the Jewish-classified spouse with uncertain protection from some discriminations and atrocities. </p><p>There were very few <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> in Europe during the Nazi era; most of them lived in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. Karaites were not considered Jewish for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> extermination policy;<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to SS Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger, writing on November 24, 1944, discrimination against the Karaites had been prohibited due to their proximity to the Crimean <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, to whom Berger views the Karaites as being related. Nazis still retained hostility towards the Karaites, on grounds of their religion; and there were a number of small scale massacres of Karaites. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">German-occupied France</a>, an ordinance defined a Jew as an individual who belonged to the Jewish religion or who had more than two Jewish grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisberg_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisberg-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy régime</a> in southern France defined a Jew as an individual with three Jewish grandparents or two grandparents if his/her spouse was Jewish. Richard Weisberg points out that this was a potentially broader classification than the one used in occupied France, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischling</a> could not be classified a Jew under the Nazi dictate, by her/his spouse's classification if the marriage was contracted before the imposition of antisemitic marriage laws there, but would be deemed one under the Vichy act if he/she had married a Jew, regardless when.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisberg_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisberg-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israelite_identity_loss_claims">Israelite identity loss claims</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></div> <p>There are various groups besides Jews which have claimed to be descended from the biblical <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. The question nowadays arises in relation to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>, with various groups seeking to migrate there. Some claims have been accepted, some are under consideration, while others have been rejected by Israel's rabbinate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cochin_Jews_(Indian_Jews)"><span id="Cochin_Jews_.28Indian_Jews.29"></span>Cochin Jews (Indian Jews)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></div> <p>Some sources say that the earliest Jews of <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, India, were those who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> during the times of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_account_of_King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical account of King Solomon">King Solomon</a> of Israel, and after the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> split into two. There is historical documentation of the Jews being in Cochin after the fall of the Second Temple, from around the first century CE. Later additions were smaller immigration of Sephardic Jews from Europe in the sixteenth century after the expulsion from Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking Jews who arrived in the late eighteenth century, at the beginning of the British colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the independence of India and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, most Cochin Jews emigrated to Israel in the mid-1950s. Some have gone on to North America or Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bene_Israel">Bene Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> in India claim to be descended from Jews who escaped persecution in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in the 2nd century BCE. The Bene Israel resemble the non-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> in appearance and customs, which indicates some intermarriage between Jews and Indians. The Bene Israel, however, maintained the practices of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">dietary laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">male circumcision</a> and observation of the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> as a day of rest. From the late eighteenth century, other Jewish communities instructed them in normative Judaism. </p><p>Initially, the Orthodox rabbinate in Israel said that the Bene Israel would have to undergo conversion in order to marry other Jews, as matrilineal descent could not be proven. In 1964 the Israeli Rabbinate declared that the Bene Israel are "full Jews in every respect". </p><p>The Bene Israel claim a lineage to the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a>, the Israelite priestly class, which claims descent from Aaron, the brother of Moses. In 2002, DNA testing revealed that the Bene Israel shared some genetic markers of the Kohanim. These are not exclusive to the Kohanim, but appear among them at a higher frequency. These are also shared with some non-Jewish Semitic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Bene Israel emigrated from India to Israel, where around 6,000 Jews of this group reside. About 5,000 remain in India. They maintain 65 synagogues in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_Israel">Beta Israel</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Falasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Falasha">Falasha</a> is a group formerly living in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> who have a tradition of descent from the lost tribe of <a href="/wiki/Dan_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan (biblical figure)">Dan</a>. They have a long history of practicing such Jewish traditions as kashrut, Sabbath and Passover, and had Jewish texts. In 1975, their claim of Jewishness was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> and the Israeli government. The government <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">assisted them in emigrating <i>en masse</i> to Israel</a> during the 1980s and 1990s as Jews under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>, when Ethiopia was undergoing a civil war. Some who claim to be Beta Israel still live in Ethiopia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bnei_Menashe">Bnei Menashe</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a> is a group in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> claiming to be descendants of the half-tribe of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Menasheh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribe of Menasheh">Menashe</a>. Members who have studied Hebrew and who observe the Sabbath and other Jewish laws in 2005 received the support of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of Israel">Chief Rabbi of Israel</a> to arrange formal conversion to Judaism. Some have converted and immigrated to Israel under the Law of Return. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kaifeng_Jews">The Kaifeng Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">History of the Jews in China</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin-speaking</a> group from <a href="/wiki/Henan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan Province">Henan Province</a>, China, experienced first contact with Europeans in 1605 via the religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>. Modern researchers believe these Jews were descended from Persian merchants who settled in China during the early <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. They prospered during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> as Confucian civil servants, soldiers, and merchants, but they quickly assimilated and lost much of their Jewish heritage. By the beginning of the 19th century, the last rabbi with knowledge of Hebrew died, leaving no successor. The community had become extinct religiously by the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> due to anti-foreign persecutions brought on by the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. There are a small number of Chinese people today who consider themselves to be descendants of these Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their isolation from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, the Jews of Kaifeng preserved Jewish traditions and customs for many centuries. In the 17th century, assimilation began to erode these traditions. The rate of intermarriage between Jews and other ethnic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> minorities in China, increased. The destruction of the synagogue in the 1860s led to the community's demise.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, J. L. Liebermann, the first Western Jew to visit Kaifeng in 1867, noted that "they still had a burial ground of their own". S. M. Perlmann, the Shanghai businessman and scholar, wrote in 1912 that "they bury their dead in coffins, but of a different shape than those of the Chinese are made, and do not attire the dead in secular clothes as the Chinese do, but in linen".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, there is only one scholar, Zhou Xu, who doubts the Kaifeng community's Jewishness and claims them to have been a western construct.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, 600–1,000 residents of Kaifeng trace their lineage to this community.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After contact with Jewish tourists, the Jews of Kaifeng have reconnected to mainstream Jewry. With the help of Jewish organizations, some members of the community have emigrated to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Chinese Jews from Kaifeng arrived in Israel as immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lemba">The Lemba</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews and Judaism in Africa">Jews and Judaism in Africa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a>, group of people from southern Africa, primarily <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, speak the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> spoken by their geographic neighbours and resemble them physically, but they have some religious practices and beliefs similar to those in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which they claim were transmitted by oral tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.<sup id="cite_ref-VanWarmelo_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanWarmelo-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpurdleJenkins_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpurdleJenkins-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent research argues that DNA evidence does not support claims for a specifically Jewish genetic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soodyall_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soodyall-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico's_Crypto-Jews"><span id="New_Mexico.27s_Crypto-Jews"></span>New Mexico's Crypto-Jews</h3></div> <p>A small <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispano</a> group of Sephardic Jews in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> may be one of the oldest groups of practicing Jews in North America, dating back to the early Spanish settlers of Jewish descent who had been forcibly converted to Catholicism as <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">Conversos</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a>, or both after 1492. Some families of Conversos began to settle in Mexico City in the 1530s and 1540s. Some converted back to Judaism; others maintained some Jewish beliefs and practices in secret. After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> came to the New World in 1571, the conversos were threatened with death if it was found they were practicing Judaism. </p><p>In 1598, the first expedition was made to New Mexico and included conversos.<sup id="cite_ref-wheelwright_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheelwright-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, other conversos fled to the northwestern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today the southwestern United States, to evade the scrutiny and threat of discovery in the more monitored settlements. Outwardly Catholic, these forced converts maintained Jewish practices and customs for generations in secret, hence their name, "<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a>". They have been the subject of recent academic study.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of New Mexico's Crypto-Jews have begun to return to normative Judaism in recent years, through study and ritual conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others feel enlarged by learning this part of their history but continue as practicing Catholics. </p><p>A genetic study of men in the early 2000s showed that many Hispanos of the North-American Southwest are descended from <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> (Sephardic Jews who were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism). Only Catholic Spanish were allowed to go to the New World with the exploration and colonial expeditions. Families first kept their secrets for protection and then out of habit. Michael Hammer, a research professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and an expert on Jewish genetics, said that fewer than 1% of non-Semites possessed the male-specific "<a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Aaron" title="Y-chromosomal Aaron">Cohanim marker</a>" or Cohen Modal Haplotype, which is prevalent among Jews claiming descent from hereditary priests. 30 of 78 Latinos tested in New Mexico (38.5%), were found to have Y-DNA with the Cohanim marker.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wider DNA testing of Hispanic populations has revealed between 10% and 15% of men living in New Mexico, south Texas and northern Mexico have a Y chromosome associated with the Middle East. Their history makes it most likely that they are Jewish rather than Arabic Muslims. </p><p>In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/BRCA_mutation" title="BRCA mutation">gene mutation</a> that is typically found only in <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> Jews, and is linked to a virulent form of breast cancer in women, was discovered in a cluster of Hispanic Catholic women in southern Colorado, many of whom trace their family's roots to northern New Mexico. It was conclusively shown to be related to Jewish ancestry, given the history of the people in the area, and many families reported knowledge of a high incidence of cancer. After testing and notification of families, researchers worked with the extended families on genetic counseling and to develop health strategies for monitoring, early detection and treatment, as they were faced with the higher risk associated with the gene.<sup id="cite_ref-wheelwright_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheelwright-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism" title="Interfaith marriage in Judaism">Interfaith marriage in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_adjacent" title="Jewish adjacent">Jewish adjacent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish peoplehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Venus,_Have_We_Got_a_Rabbi!" title="On Venus, Have We Got a Rabbi!">On Venus, Have We Got a Rabbi!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">Zera Yisrael</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Aaron" title="Y-chromosomal Aaron">Y-chromosomal Aaron</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws#Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws#Nazi Germany</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischlinge</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/16/a-closer-look-at-jewish-identity-in-israel-and-the-u-s/">"A closer look at Jewish identity in Israel and the U.S."</a> March 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+closer+look+at+Jewish+identity+in+Israel+and+the+U.S.&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F03%2F16%2Fa-closer-look-at-jewish-identity-in-israel-and-the-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Poll-Many-Israelis-see-Jewish-identity-as-being-self-defined-375551">"Poll: Many Israelis see Jewish identity as being self-defined – Israel News – Jerusalem Post"</a>. <i>www.jpost.com</i>. September 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpost.com&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Many+Israelis+see+Jewish+identity+as+being+self-defined+%E2%80%93+Israel+News+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FPoll-Many-Israelis-see-Jewish-identity-as-being-self-defined-375551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheindlin1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheindlin1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_P._Scheindlin1998" class="citation book cs1">Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&pg=PA1"><i>A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Jewish+People%3A+From+Legendary+Times+to+Modern+Statehood&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513941-9&rft.au=Raymond+P.+Scheindlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfsuicMmrE0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Incorporated2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Incorporated2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFacts_On_File,_Incorporated2009" class="citation book cs1">Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA337"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=337-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rft.au=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span>"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MD2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Ostrer_MD2012" class="citation book cs1">Harry Ostrer MD (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PT26"><i>Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997638-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997638-6"><bdi>978-0-19-997638-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+A+Genetic+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997638-6&rft.au=Harry+Ostrer+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRayZR3V1SFwC%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303358/Jew">Jew</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259033/Hebrew">Hebrew (People)</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lederhendler2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lederhendler2001_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEli_Lederhendler2001" class="citation book cs1">Eli Lederhendler (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&pg=PA101"><i>Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534896-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Contemporary+Jewry%3A+Volume+XVII%3A+Who+Owns+Judaism%3F+Public+Religion+and+Private+Faith+in+America+and+Israel&rft.pages=101-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534896-5&rft.au=Eli+Lederhendler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wvahJv83AgC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yee2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yee2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTet-Lim_N._Yee2005" class="citation book cs1">Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&pg=PA102"><i>Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44411-8"><bdi>978-1-139-44411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Gentiles+and+Ethnic+Reconciliation%3A+Paul%27s+Jewish+identity+and+Ephesians&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44411-8&rft.au=Tet-Lim+N.+Yee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4OwXhMOn5cC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> "This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KrauszTulea-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KrauszTulea_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErnest_KrauszGitta_Tulea1997" class="citation book cs1">Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90"><i>Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2689-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-2689-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Survival%3A+The+Identity+Problem+at+the+Close+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3B+%26%2391%3B...+International+Workshop+at+Bar-Ilan+University+on+the+18th+and+19th+of+March%2C+1997%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1&rft.au=Ernest+Krausz&rft.au=Gitta+Tulea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddnxv-Mlz0JIC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/">"A Portrait of Jewish Americans"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. October 1, 2013. <q>But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Jewish+Americans&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fjewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Daniel R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1287s34"><i>Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442648395" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442648395"><bdi>978-1442648395</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1287s34">10.3138/j.ctt1287s34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judeans+and+Jews%3A+Four+Faces+of+Dichotomy+in+Ancient+Jewish+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1287s34%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1442648395&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1287s34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4qhTL61nXEC&dq=jew+ethnic+mandla&pg=PA43">Ethnic minorities in English law</a>. Google Books. Retrieved 2010-12-23. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Litt1961" class="citation journal cs1">Edgar Litt (1961). "Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism". <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">328–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2573430">10.2307/2573430</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2573430">2573430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Jewish+Ethno-Religious+Involvement+and+Political+Liberalism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2573430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2573430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Edgar+Litt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021112918/http://www.icsresources.org/content/curricula/ReligiousOrEthnic.pdf">"Are Jews a Religious Group or an Ethnic Group?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institute for Curriculum Services</i>. 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Jason Aronson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461627999" title="Special:BookSources/9781461627999"><bdi>9781461627999</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Judaism&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1994-07-01&rft.isbn=9781461627999&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJlGeE9D2JIC%26q%3D%2522increase%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bnumber%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Rafael, Eliezer, <i>Jewish identities: fifty intellectuals answer <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben Gurion</a></i>, p.210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alon-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alon_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElon1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Elon" title="Menachem Elon">Elon, Menachem</a> (1994). <i>Jewish Law : History, Sources, Principles</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0387-5"><bdi>978-0-8276-0387-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Law+%3A+History%2C+Sources%2C+Principles&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0387-5&rft.aulast=Elon&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> as quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705164241/http://www.law.miami.edu/library/judaicguide.php">"Jewish Law Research Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami_School_of_Law" title="University of Miami School of Law">University of Miami School of Law</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.miami.edu/library/judaicguide.php">the original</a> on July 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Shulchan Aruch, completed in 1565, is probably the most important of the legal codes. For hundreds of years, it has been accepted as the final and authoritative codification of the laws found in the Talmud. (3 ELON at 1368–1422.) Even the work's title indicates its authority. Shulchan Aruch translates as "set table", thereby symbolically stating that the Jewish law has finally be set and settled in a clear code. (The authoritative code of Jewish law is the Shulchan Aruch along with glosses on the Shulchan Aruch added by Moshe Isserles (c. 1525–1572), also called Rama or Remu, that present legal opinions omitted by Karo, especially opinions specific to the Ashkenazic (German and Eastern European) Jewish customs. The glosses are called the "table cloth" to the "set table" of the Shulchan Aruch. The two together still form the definitive codification of Jewish law. 3 ELON at 1359–1365.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Law+Research+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+School+of+Law&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.miami.edu%2Flibrary%2Fjudaicguide.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAJE-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAJE_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchechterLouis_Ginzberg1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Schechter, Solomon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=107&letter=L#366">"Law, Codification of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">645–</span>647<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Only when authorities like Samuel b. David and Shabbethai b. Meïr, notwithstanding their scholarship and independence, accepted most of the decisions of the Shulḥan 'Aruk as authoritative, did the work become what it now is, the codex par excellence of rabbinical Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Codification+of&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E645-%3C%2Fspan%3E647&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft.au=Louis+Ginzberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D107%26letter%3DL%23366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Isaac. <i>A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice.</i> The Jewish Theological Seminary, 1979. p. 442-443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judaismconversion.org/">"Conversion to Judaism – Jewish Converting"</a>. judaismconversion.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Judaism+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Converting&rft.pub=judaismconversion.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judaismconversion.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/2011-2020/JewishIdentity6.2011.pdf">"Proving Jewish Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proving+Jewish+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2Fhalakhah%2Fteshuvot%2F2011-2020%2FJewishIdentity6.2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228082854/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20012004/16.pdf">"The Status of Non-Halakhic Conversions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20012004/16.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 28, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Status+of+Non-Halakhic+Conversions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fteshuvot%2Fdocs%2F20012004%2F16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628202448/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20012004/17.pdf">"Should the Kashrut of Conversions be Investigated?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20012004/17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 28, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+the+Kashrut+of+Conversions+be+Investigated%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fteshuvot%2Fdocs%2F20012004%2F17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112210602/http://www.templeisrael-ne.org/_kd/Items/actions.cfm?action=Show&item_id=1036&destination=ShowItem">"www.templeisrael-ne.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templeisrael-ne.org/_kd/Items/actions.cfm?action=Show&item_id=1036&destination=ShowItem">the original</a> on January 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.templeisrael-ne.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templeisrael-ne.org%2F_kd%2FItems%2Factions.cfm%3Faction%3DShow%26item_id%3D1036%26destination%3DShowItem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.ccarnet.org/glgerim7.html">"Guidelines for Rabbis Working with Prospective Gerim"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041142/http://data.ccarnet.org/glgerim7.html">Archived</a> July 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zemer, Moshe. <i>Evolving Halakha</i>. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1999. pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, George. <i>Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs and Rituals</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-03480-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-03480-4">0-671-03480-4</a>, pgs 229–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961018021028/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/02-03.html">"S.C.J. FAQ: Section 2.3. Who We Are: What is Conservative Judaism?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/02-03.html">the original</a> on October 18, 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.C.J.+FAQ%3A+Section+2.3.+Who+We+Are%3A+What+is+Conservative+Judaism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shamash.org%2Flists%2Fscj-faq%2FHTML%2Ffaq%2F02-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/103393.html">Karaites hold first conversion in 500 years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011151023/http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/103393.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. August 2, 2007, JTA Breaking News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although no scientific studies have been completed in regard to the Syrian-Jewish intermarriage rate, anecdotal evidence suggests that the Syrian community's current rate of intermarriage with non-Jews is between 2 and 3%. The National Jewish Population Survey study cited by Gordon and Horowitz <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Gordon_and_Richard_Horowitz" class="citation web cs1">Antony Gordon and Richard Horowitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/WillYourGrandchildrenBeJews.htm">"Will Your Grandchildren Be Jewish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Your+Grandchildren+Be+Jewish&rft.au=Antony+Gordon+and+Richard+Horowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simpletoremember.com%2Fvitals%2FWillYourGrandchildrenBeJews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span> gives intermarriage rates for Centrist and Hasidic Jews of 3% for those between the ages of 18–39 and 6% overall, as compared with 32% for Conservative Jews, 46% for Reform Jews and 49% for secular Jews. Gordon and Horowitz suggest that the main reason for the difference is the growing commitment to Jewish Day School education: "The combination of Jewish commitment and having experienced a complete K-12 Orthodox Jewish Day School education results in an intermarriage rate of not greater than 3%." This suggests that Jewish day schools, rather than the edict, are the decisive factor in discouraging intermarriage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faqs-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faqs_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/10-Reform/section-15.html">"Question 18.3.4: Reform's Position On...What is unacceptable practice?"</a>. FAQs.org. July 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+18.3.4%3A+Reform%27s+Position+On...What+is+unacceptable+practice%3F&rft.pub=FAQs.org&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Ffaqs%2Fjudaism%2FFAQ%2F10-Reform%2Fsection-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoll" class="citation web cs1">Voll, Fritz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcrelations.net/en/?item=961">"What about Christian Jews or Jewish Christians?"</a>. <i>Jewish-Christian Relations</i>. International Council of Christians and Jews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.atitle=What+about+Christian+Jews+or+Jewish+Christians%3F&rft.aulast=Voll&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcrelations.net%2Fen%2F%3Fitem%3D961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederow2003" class="citation web cs1">Federow, Stuart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628192736/http://www.whatjewsbelieve.org/explanation09.html">"Jews believe that "Jews for Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and "Hebrew Christians" are no longer Jews, even if they were once Jews"</a>. What Jews Believe.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatjewsbelieve.org/explanation09.html">the original</a> on June 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+believe+that+%22Jews+for+Jesus%2C%22+%22Messianic+Jews%2C%22+and+%22Hebrew+Christians%22+are+no+longer+Jews%2C+even+if+they+were+once+Jews&rft.pub=What+Jews+Believe.org&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Federow&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatjewsbelieve.org%2Fexplanation09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leavesoffaith-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leavesoffaith_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leavesoffaith_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichtenstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Lichtenstein, Aharon (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QshqTu9nGIC&q=Leaves+of+Faith:+Selected+Essays+of+Rabbi+Aharon+Lichtenstein&pg=PA369"><i>Leaves of Faith: Selected Essays of Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-668-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-668-4"><bdi>0-88125-668-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves+of+Faith%3A+Selected+Essays+of+Rabbi+Aharon+Lichtenstein&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004-03&rft.isbn=0-88125-668-4&rft.aulast=Lichtenstein&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QshqTu9nGIC%26q%3DLeaves%2Bof%2BFaith%3A%2BSelected%2BEssays%2Bof%2BRabbi%2BAharon%2BLichtenstein%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZelizer1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zelizer, Gerald L. (June 14, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19912000/zelizer_apostates.pdf">"The Return of Second Generation Apostates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>YD</i>. <b>268</b> (12). The Rabbinical Assembly: <span class="nowrap">146–</span>50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YD&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Second+Generation+Apostates&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1995-06-14&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2Fhalakhah%2Fteshuvot%2F19912000%2Fzelizer_apostates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud, Yebamoth 16b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirke De-Rabbi Elieze, chapter 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=259&letter=J">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEtD-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEtD_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Jew">"Jew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jew&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DJew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/series/series_display/item3937015/?site_locale=en_GB">Cambridge History of Judaism volume 3 page 210</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2001). <i>The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520226937" title="Special:BookSources/9780520226937"><bdi>9780520226937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Jewishness%3A+Boundaries%2C+Varieties%2C+Uncertainties&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780520226937&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Troy W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>122</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268093">10.2307/3268093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">3268093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+Circumcision+%28Genesis+17%3A9-14%29+and+the+Situational+Antitheses+in+Galatians+3%3A28&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Troy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221109/http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/a-to-z-of-reform-judaism/contemporary-issues/halachah.html">"Reform Judaism – Halachah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/a-to-z-of-reform-judaism/contemporary-issues/halachah.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reform+Judaism+%E2%80%93+Halachah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org.uk%2Fa-to-z-of-reform-judaism%2Fcontemporary-issues%2Fhalachah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angel, Marc, <i>Choosing to be Jewish: the Orthodox road to conversion</i>, pp.114–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jewish oral tradition adduces the law of matrilineal descent from Deuteronomy 7:3–4: “you shall not intermarry with them: you shall not give your daughter to his son, and you shall not take his daughter for your son. For he will turn away your son from following Me, and they will worship the gods of others…” By looking very closely and diacritically at the wording of the text, it says "...since he (the Canaanite father) will turn away your son (i.e. the child born to your Jewish daughter) from following me." Here, it is implied that God still reckons the child to be Jewish by calling him <i>your son</i> – even though such unions were forbidden. The text calls him <i>your son</i>, implying that he is still an Israelite because he was born from a Jewish mother. However, the opposite is not true. The Torah does not say, "...for she (the Canaanite mother) will turn away your son." In this case, the child would no longer be considered your son, but rather a gentile. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYom_Tov_Asevilli1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_Asevilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Tov Asevilli">Yom Tov Asevilli</a> (1985). <i>Chiddushei Ha-Ritva</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">726–</span>727. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878066707">878066707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiddushei+Ha-Ritva&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E726-%3C%2Fspan%3E727&rft.pub=Mossad+Harav+Kook&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878066707&rft.au=Yom+Tov+Asevilli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span>, s.v. Kiddushin 68b; cf. <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <i>Yevamot</i> 17a; <a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers Rabba">Numbers Rabba</a> 19:3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041142/http://data.ccarnet.org/glgerim7.html">"Guidelines for Rabbis Working with Prospective gerim"</a>. Central Conference of American Rabbis. September 6, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.ccarnet.org/glgerim7.html">the original</a> on July 21, 2011. <q>Prior to completing the process of <i>giur</i>, a rabbi should require that each prospective <i>ger/gioret</i> make commitments within each of the following areas. These commitments should be viewed as a demonstration of a dedication to <i>kabbalat mitzvot</i> within the context of the <i>brit</i> between God and the Jewish people and as a starting point for increased Jewish involvement by the prospective <i>ger/gioret</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Rabbis+Working+with+Prospective+gerim&rft.pub=Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.ccarnet.org%2Fglgerim7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Forward-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Forward_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Forward_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114201304/http://www.forward.com/articles/as-rabbinate-stiffens-rules-orthodox-rites-face-s/">"As Rabbinate Stiffens Rules, Orthodox Rites Face Scrutiny"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">Forward</a>. June 2, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/as-rabbinate-stiffens-rules-orthodox-rites-face-s/">the original</a> on January 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=As+Rabbinate+Stiffens+Rules%2C+Orthodox+Rites+Face+Scrutiny&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2Fas-rabbinate-stiffens-rules-orthodox-rites-face-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmemann1998" class="citation news cs1">Schmemann, Serge (February 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DA163CF933A25751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=">"Israel's Chief Rabbis Reject Call By Non-Orthodox on Conversion"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Chief+Rabbis+Reject+Call+By+Non-Orthodox+on+Conversion&rft.date=1998-02-10&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C01E4DA163CF933A25751C0A96E958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_do_you_prove_you're_a_Jew_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGersom_Gorenberg2008" class="citation news cs1">Gersom Gorenberg (March 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/magazine/02jewishness-t.html">"How do you prove you're a Jew?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+do+you+prove+you%27re+a+Jew%3F&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft.au=Gersom+Gorenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F02%2Fmagazine%2F02jewishness-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaron, Y., Joe Pessah, and Abraham Qanai. An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice, and Culture. N.p.: Qirqisani Center, 2003. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numbers 26 :53–55, Numbers 36 :7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, Michael "<i>Berit Mila</i> within the History of the Reform Movement" in Barth, Lewis (1990) <i>Berit Mila</i> in the Reform Context. New York: Berit Milah Board of reform Judaism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/reform_practices.html">"The Tenets of Reform Judaism"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tenets+of+Reform+Judaism&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Freform_practices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLessner,_Richard1982" class="citation news cs1">Lessner, Richard (1982). 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Retrieved March 16, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yabuda Savir, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr/vol17/iss1/9">The Definition of a Jew under Israel's Law of Return</a>, 17 Sw L.J. 123 (1963)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Freeman2007" class="citation news cs1">Joshua Freeman (May 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708657471&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"Laying down the (Oral) law"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Laying+down+the+%28Oral%29+law&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft.au=Joshua+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1178708657471%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Tracey R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/judaism.htm">"What Is Judaism?"</a>. Judaism 101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Judaism%3F&rft.pub=Judaism+101&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Tracey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fjudaism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohenlevi-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohenlevi_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cohen-levi.org">"The Tribe"</a>. The Cohen-Levi Family Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tribe&rft.pub=The+Cohen-Levi+Family+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cohen-levi.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weiner_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weiner, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html">"Who is a Jew?"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Amar%3A+Bnei+Menashe+are+Descendants+of+Ancient+Israelites&rft.date=2005-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D559669%26contrassID%3D1%26subContrassID%3D5%26sbSubContrassID%3D0%26listSrc%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freund-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freund_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreund2006" class="citation news cs1">Freund, Michael (October 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615040438/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193360806&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter">"Right On: A Miracle of Biblical Proportions"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Right+On%3A+A+Miracle+of+Biblical+Proportions&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1159193360806%26pagename%3DJPost%252FJPArticle%252FPrinter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstandard-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstandard_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstandard_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTigay2006" class="citation news cs1">Tigay, Chanan (May 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015041011/http://jstandard.com/articles/1101/1/Israel%92s-Chief-Rabbinate-rejects-some-diaspora-Orthodox-conversions">"Israel's Chief Rabbinate Rejects some Diaspora Orthodox Conversions"</a>. New Jersey Jewish Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstandard.com/articles/1101/1/Israel%92s-Chief-Rabbinate-rejects-some-diaspora-Orthodox-conversions">the original</a> on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Chief+Rabbinate+Rejects+some+Diaspora+Orthodox+Conversions&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft.aulast=Tigay&rft.aufirst=Chanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstandard.com%2Farticles%2F1101%2F1%2FIsrael%2592s-Chief-Rabbinate-rejects-some-diaspora-Orthodox-conversions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyers-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meyers_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1997" class="citation news cs1">Meyers, Nechemia (July 12, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/22872/are-israel-s-marriage-laws-archaic-and-irrelevant/">"Are Israel's Marriage Laws 'Archaic and Irrelevant'?"</a>. <i>Jewish News Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+v+Media+24+Ltd+%28C88%2F2007%29+%5B2010%5D+ZALC+218%3B+%282010%29+31+ILJ+2416+%28LC%29+%284+May+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saflii.org%2Fza%2Fcases%2FZALC%2F2010%2F218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salibi, Kamal S. (1988). Secrets of the Bible People. New York: Interlink Books. p. 75 sqq. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940793-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-940793-16-4">0-940793-16-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abram-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abram_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhm.nl/exhibitions.aspx?ID=110">"What does it mean to be Jewish"</a>, Jewish Historical Museum. Retrieved March 16, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voudouris1-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voudouris1_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Săvulescu Voudouris and Camil Fuchs, <i>Jewish identity after the Second World War</i>, Editura Hasefer, Bucharest, 1999, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-9235-73-5" title="Special:BookSources/973-9235-73-5">973-9235-73-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voudouris2-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voudouris2_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Săvulescu Voudouris and Camil Fuchs (1999), p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Goldstein, "Jews on the move: implications for Jewish identity'", in eds. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kalmar" title="Ivan Kalmar">Ivan Kalmar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Derek Penslar</a>, <i>Orientalism and The Jews</i>, pp. 4. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1995 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2747-1">0-7914-2747-1</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazi Germany's Nuremberg Laws sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyall2009" class="citation news cs1">Lyall, Sarah (November 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/world/europe/08britain.html">"Who Is a Jew? 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June 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jewish+school+admissions+unlawful&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F8118828.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>R(E) v Governing Body of JFS</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2009/626.html">[2009] EWCA Civ 626</a> (25 June 2009)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Mischling was called <i>Mischling of first degree</i>, or colloquially half-Jew, if they had two grandparents enrolled in a Jewish congregation, and <i>Mischling of second degree</i>, or colloquially quarter-Jew, respectively, if they had one grandparent enrolled in a Jewish congregation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nurnberggesetz-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nurnberggesetz_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Nuremberg_laws_Racial_Chart.jpg">Nazi guide to the Nuremberg laws</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Tsoffar2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Tsoffar (2006). <i>The Stains of Culture: An Ethno-Reading of Karaite Jewish Women</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stains+of+Culture%3A+An+Ethno-Reading+of+Karaite+Jewish+Women&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ruth+Tsoffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisberg-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisberg_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisberg_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel C. Kramer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/weisbergg.htm">"Review of <i>Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France</i> by Rishard H. 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Devora Publishing. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930143-89-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-930143-89-3"><bdi>1-930143-89-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DNA+and+Tradition+%E2%80%93+Hc%3A+The+Genetic+Link+to+the+Ancient+Hebrews&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Devora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-930143-89-3&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTofanelliTaglioliBertonciniFrancalacci2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tofanelli, Sergio; Taglioli, Luca; Bertoncini, Stefania; Francalacci, Paolo; <a href="/wiki/Klyosov" class="mw-redirect" title="Klyosov">Klyosov, Anatole</a>; Pagani, Luca (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229899">"Mitochondrial and y chromosome haplotype motifs as diagnostic markers of Jewish ancestry: A reconsideration"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>5</b>: 384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00384">10.3389/fgene.2014.00384</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229899">4229899</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25431579">25431579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+and+y+chromosome+haplotype+motifs+as+diagnostic+markers+of+Jewish+ancestry%3A+A+reconsideration&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=384&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4229899%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25431579&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2014.00384&rft.aulast=Tofanelli&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Taglioli%2C+Luca&rft.au=Bertoncini%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Francalacci%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Klyosov%2C+Anatole&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4229899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soodyall-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soodyall_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHimla_SoodyallJennifer_G._R_Kromberg2015" class="citation book cs1">Himla Soodyall; Jennifer G. 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Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-420195-8"><bdi>978-0-12-420195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Genetics+and+Genomics+and+Sociocultural+Beliefs+and+Practices+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=Genomics+and+Society%3A+Ethical%2C+Legal%2C+Cultural+and+Socioeconomic+Implications&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2FElsevier&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-12-420195-8&rft.au=Himla+Soodyall&rft.au=Jennifer+G.+R+Kromberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9icBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DCohen%2BModal%2BHaplotype%2BLemba%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheelwright-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wheelwright_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wheelwright_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Wheelwright2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jeff Wheelwright (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/san-luis-valley.html">"The 'Secret Jews' of San Luis Valley"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+%27Secret+Jews%27+of+San+Luis+Valley&rft.date=2008-10&rft.au=Jeff+Wheelwright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fsan-luis-valley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, David (December 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-dec-05-na-heritage5-story.html">"DNA Clears the Fog Over Latino Links to Judaism in New Mexico"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=DNA+Clears+the+Fog+Over+Latino+Links+to+Judaism+in+New+Mexico&rft.date=2004-12-05&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2004-dec-05-na-heritage5-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hordes, Stanley M. (2005). <i>To The End of The Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico,</i> Columbia University Press. pp. 376. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12937-4">978-0-231-12937-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomero2005" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (October 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/29/national/29religion.html">"Hispanics Uncovering Roots as Inquisition's 'Hidden' Jews"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hispanics+Uncovering+Roots+as+Inquisition%27s+%27Hidden%27+Jews&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F29%2Fnational%2F29religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKertzer1996" class="citation book cs1">Kertzer, Morris (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisjew00morr"><i>What is a Jew?</i></a></span>. New York: Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84298-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84298-X"><bdi>0-684-84298-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Jew%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-84298-X&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatisjew00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiedman2007" class="citation book cs1">Siedman, Lauren (2007). <i>What Makes Someone a Jew?</i>. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58023321-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58023321-7"><bdi>978-1-58023321-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Makes+Someone+a+Jew%3F&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Jewish+Lights+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58023321-7&rft.aulast=Siedman&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWho+is+a+Jew%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903201731/http://www.citycongregation.org/whoweare/ourbeliefs.html">Humanistic Judaism view on Who is a Jew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/practice/ask-rabbi/how-does-reform-judaism-define-who-jew">Reform view of who is a Jew</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html">Who is a Jew</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/orth-nonorth.htm">Orthodox and Non-Orthodox Judaism: How to Square the Circle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">JCPA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/israel/46.htm">The "Who Is a Jew?" Controversy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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