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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History and taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phytochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavour_and_fragrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavour_and_fragrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Flavour and fragrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavour_and_fragrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Allergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuring_and_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuring_and_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Manuring and harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuring_and_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Domestic cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_resistance_and_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_resistance_and_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Disease resistance and protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_resistance_and_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culinary use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art,_literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art,_literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In art, literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art,_literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strawberry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D2%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B5%D1%8B%D2%B5%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ауҭраҵыҵындра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ауҭраҵыҵындра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="فراولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraga" title="Fraga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fraga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ষ্ট্ৰবেৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ষ্ট্ৰবেৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" title="Fragaria × ananassa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fragaria × ananassa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otehimin" title="Otehimin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otehimin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvapyt%C3%A3" title="Yvapytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvapytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F_%C3%A7iy%C9%99l%C9%99yi" title="Bağ çiyələyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bağ çiyələyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="স্ট্রবেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ট্রবেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrubiri" title="Satrubiri – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Satrubiri" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A1u-m%CC%82" title="Chháu-m̂ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chháu-m̂" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Ер еләге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер еләге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Суніцы садовыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суніцы садовыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Strawberry" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Градинска ягода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градинска ягода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲི་ཏ་ས་འཛིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲི་ཏ་ས་འཛིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagoda" title="Jagoda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jagoda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivi" title="Sivi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sivi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduixot" title="Maduixot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maduixot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_ananassa" title="Fragaria ananassa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Fragaria ananassa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahodn%C3%ADk_velkoplod%C3%BD" title="Jahodník velkoplodý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jahodník velkoplodý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraula" title="Fraula – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fraula" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havejordb%C3%A6r" title="Havejordbær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havejordbær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartenerdbeere" title="Gartenerdbeere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gartenerdbeere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dah_woozh" title="Dah woozh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dah woozh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrodna_s%C5%82ynica" title="Zagrodna słynica – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zagrodna słynica" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedmaasikas" title="Aedmaasikas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aedmaasikas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Φράουλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φράουλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" title="Fragaria × ananassa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fragaria × ananassa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frago" title="Frago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratze-marrubi" title="Baratze-marrubi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baratze-marrubi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="توت‌فرنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توت‌فرنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0ber" title="Jarðber – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarðber" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97ananassa" title="Fragaria ×ananassa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fragaria ×ananassa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorodo" title="Amorodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amorodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="સ્ટ્રોબેરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્ટ્રોબેરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%E1%B9%B3-Ph%C3%B4" title="Chhṳ-Phô – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhṳ-Phô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="딸기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="딸기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ելակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ելակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्ट्रॉबेरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्ट्रॉबेरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahrodna_truskalca" title="Zahrodna truskalca – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zahrodna truskalca" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrtna_jagoda" title="Vrtna jagoda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrtna jagoda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frago" title="Frago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroberi_kebun" title="Stroberi kebun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stroberi kebun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivgum_asia%C5%8Ba" title="Ivgum asiaŋa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ivgum asiaŋa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitrobheli" title="Isitrobheli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isitrobheli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" title="Fragaria × ananassa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fragaria × ananassa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%94" title="תות שדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תות שדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strob%C3%A8ri_kebon" title="Strobèri kebon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Strobèri kebon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಬೆರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಬೆರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B4%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%95%D8%B1" title="اِشٹابٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِشٹابٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92gardow%C3%B4_p%C3%B2tr%C3%B4wnica" title="Ògardowô pòtrôwnica – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ògardowô pòtrôwnica" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstroberi" title="Mstroberi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mstroberi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%80" title="Мӧр – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӧр" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ສະຕໍເບີຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຕໍເບີຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" title="Fragaria × ananassa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fragaria × ananassa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rza_zemene" title="Dārza zemene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārza zemene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C5%A1k%C4%97" title="Braškė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Braškė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewuuen_aerbel" title="Gewuuen aerbel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewuuen aerbel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiostra" title="Magiostra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magiostra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eper_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Eper (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eper (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Јагода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јагода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frezy" title="Frezy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frezy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗാർഡൻ സ്ട്രോബെറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാർഡൻ സ്ട്രോബെറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="स्ट्रॉबेरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्ट्रॉबेरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ციმუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ციმუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="فراوله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فراوله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="سرماق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سرماق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberi" title="Strawberi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Strawberi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroberi_kabun" title="Stroberi kabun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Stroberi kabun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81u-mu%C3%B2i" title="Chāu-muòi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chāu-muòi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morangano" title="Morangano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Morangano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Цэцэрлэгийн гүзээлзгэнэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэрлэгийн гүзээлзгэнэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="စတော်ဘယ်ရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတော်ဘယ်ရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbei" title="Aardbei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardbei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="भुँइ ऐँसेलु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भुँइ ऐँसेलु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="ब्यांपासि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्यांपासि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%82%B4" title="イチゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イチゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard-Eerdbei" title="Guard-Eerdbei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Guard-Eerdbei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagejordb%C3%A6r" title="Hagejordbær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hagejordbær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagejordb%C3%A6r" title="Hagejordbær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hagejordbær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goraa" title="Goraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Goraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਟਰਾਬਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟਰਾਬਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سٹرابیری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹرابیری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ځمکني توت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکني توت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ស្ត្រប៊ឺរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្ត្រប៊ឺរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B2la" title="Fròla – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fròla" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truskawka" title="Truskawka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Truskawka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morango" title="Morango – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morango" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Земляника ананасная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земляника ананасная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kamacal" title="kamacal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kamacal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तृणबदरफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तृणबदरफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱵᱮᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱴᱨᱚᱵᱮᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straeberry" title="Straeberry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Straeberry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luleshtrydhja" title="Luleshtrydhja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luleshtrydhja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strawberry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اسٽرا بيري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽرا بيري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="تووفەرەنگی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تووفەرەنگی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Јагода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јагода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutarhamansikka" title="Puutarhamansikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutarhamansikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordgubbe" title="Jordgubbe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordgubbe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presas" title="Presas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Presas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="செம்புற்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்புற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бакча каен җиләге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакча каен җиләге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="స్ట్రాబెర్రీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్ట్రాబెర్రీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="สตรอว์เบอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สตรอว์เบอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Тутфарангӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тутфарангӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e_%C3%A7ile%C4%9Fi" title="Bahçe çileği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bahçe çileği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dertudana" title="Ýertudana – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýertudana" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Полуниці садові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полуниці садові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="بۆلجۈرگەن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۆلجۈرگەن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godumh" title="Godumh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Godumh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0go%C5%82a" title="Fràgoła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fràgoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2u_t%C3%A2y" title="Dâu tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dâu tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraijhe" title="Fraijhe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fraijhe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freize" title="Freize – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Freize" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_ananassa" title="Fragaria ananassa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fragaria ananassa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%8E%93" title="草莓 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="草莓" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%95%A4%E6%A2%A8" title="士多啤梨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="士多啤梨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C5%A1k%C4%97" title="Braškė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Braškė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E8%8E%93" title="草莓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="草莓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵍⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Strawberry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Strawberry (disambiguation)">Strawberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Strawberry <i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_strawberry_(Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa)_single2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg/220px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg/330px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg/440px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_single2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Strawberry fruit </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Fragaria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria"><i>Fragaria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>F. <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> ananassa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Fragaria <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> ananassa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nicolas_Duchesne" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne">Duchesne</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>garden strawberry</b> (or simply <b>strawberry</b>; <i><b>Fragaria × ananassa</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmann_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a widely grown <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> plant cultivated worldwide for its <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></i>, the strawberries, is in the rose family, <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>. The fruit is appreciated for its aroma, bright red colour, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is eaten either fresh or in prepared foods such as <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>. Artificial strawberry flavourings and aromas are widely used in commercial products. Botanically, the strawberry is not a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>, but an <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate</a> <a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">accessory</a> fruit. Each apparent 'seed' on the outside of the strawberry is actually an <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a>, a botanical fruit with a seed inside it. </p><p>The garden strawberry was first bred in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France, in the 1750s via a cross of <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia strawberry">F. virginiana</a></i> from eastern North America and <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">F. chiloensis</a></i>, which was brought from Chile by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fr%C3%A9zier" title="Amédée-François Frézier">Amédée-François Frézier</a> in 1714. <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivars</a> of <i>F.</i> × <i>ananassa</i> have replaced the woodland strawberry <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">F. vesca</a></i> in commercial production. In 2023, world production of strawberries exceeded ten million tons, led by China with 40% of the total. </p><p>Strawberries have appeared in literature and art from Roman times; <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> wrote about the snake lurking beneath the strawberry, an image reinterpreted by later writers including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. Strawberries appear in Italian, Flemish, and German paintings, including <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i>. It has been understood to symbolise the ephemerality of earthly joys or the benefit that blessed souls get from religion, or to allegorise death and resurrection. By the late 20th century, its meaning had shifted: it symbolised female sexuality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_taxonomy">History and taxonomy</h3></div> <p>In Europe, until the 17th century cultivated plants were obtained by transplanting strawberries from the forests; the plants were <a href="/wiki/Asexual_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asexual propagation">propagated asexually</a> by pegging down the <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">runners</a>, allowing them to root, and then separating the new plants.<sup id="cite_ref-welsh1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welsh1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia strawberry">F. virginiana</a></i>, the Virginia strawberry, was brought to Europe from eastern North America; <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">F. chiloensis</a></i>, the Chilean strawberry, was brought from Chile by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fr%C3%A9zier" title="Amédée-François Frézier">Amédée-François Frézier</a> in 1714. At first introduction to Europe, the Chilean strawberry plants grew vigorously, but produced no fruit. French gardeners in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> in the 1750s noticed that the Chilean plants bore only female flowers. They planted the wild woodland strawberry <i>F. vesca</i> among the Chilean plants to provide pollen; the Chilean strawberry plants then bore abundant fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_Botgard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Botgard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1759, Philip Miller recorded the 'pine strawberry' (<i>F. ananassa</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea, England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_Botgard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Botgard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, France, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nicolas_Duchesne" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne">Antoine Nicolas Duchesne</a> found in 1766 that <i>F. ananassa</i> was a hybrid of the recently arrived <i>F. chiloensis</i> and <i>F. virginiana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmann_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1806, Michael Keens of <a href="/wiki/Isleworth" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a>, England selected the Keens Imperial cultivar from many hybrids,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> winning the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s Silver Cup.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_Botgard_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Botgard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the names 'pine' and 'ananassa' meant "pineapple", for the fruit's flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_1990_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern strawberries and both parent species are <a href="/wiki/Octoploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid">octoploid</a> (8N, meaning they have 8 sets of 7 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> sequence of the garden strawberry was published in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg/400px-Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg/600px-Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg/800px-Hybridisation_and_polyploidy_in_strawberries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Hybridisation and polyploidy in strawberries. Garden strawberries are <a href="/wiki/Octoploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid">octoploid</a> (8N), like both parents, the Virginia and Chilean strawberries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Further breeding in the following centuries produced varieties with a longer cropping season and more fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_Botgard_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA_Botgard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> of the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomists</a> used selective breeding to expand <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> diversity of the garden strawberry. Adoption of perpetual flowering hybrids not sensitive to changes in <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">photoperiod</a> gave higher yields and enabled production in California to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmann_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragaria vesca, a wild woodland strawberry, was cultivated until the 17th century."><img alt="Fragaria vesca, a wild woodland strawberry, was cultivated until the 17th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg/120px-Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg/180px-Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg/240px-Fragaria_vesca_LC0389.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Fragaria vesca</a></i>, a wild woodland strawberry, was cultivated until the 17th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne discovered that the cultivated strawberry ('Gariguette' pictured) was a hybrid of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana.[1]"><img alt="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne discovered that the cultivated strawberry ('Gariguette' pictured) was a hybrid of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG/120px-Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG/180px-Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG/240px-Strawberry_gariguette_DSC03063.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nicolas_Duchesne" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne">Antoine Nicolas Duchesne</a> discovered that the cultivated strawberry ('Gariguette' pictured) was a hybrid of <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">F. chiloensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia strawberry">F. virginiana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldmann_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the cultivated strawberry within the genus <i>Fragaria</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> family was determined by <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">chloroplast genomics</a> in 2021. The <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a> (number of sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>) is shown as "2N" etc. by each species.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Sun_Liu_2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Sun_Liu_2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa (genus)">Rosa</a></i> and other genera <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/70px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/105px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg/140px-Rosa_rubiginosa_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1671" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Potentilla" title="Potentilla">Potentilla</a></i> (cinquefoils) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg/70px-Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg/105px-Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg/140px-Potentilla_recta_a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>at least 11 other species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_viridis" title="Fragaria viridis">F. viridis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">2N</a> (green strawberry) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg/50px-Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg/75px-Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg/100px-Fragaria_viridis_fruit_-_Keila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="7339" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_orientalis" title="Fragaria orientalis">F. orientalis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">4N</a> (eastern strawberry) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg/70px-Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg/105px-Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg/140px-Fragaria_orientalis_42864136.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_moschata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragaria moschata">F. moschata</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">6N</a> (musk strawberry) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_moschata_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fragaria_moschata_detail.JPG/120px-Fragaria_moschata_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fragaria_moschata_detail.JPG/250px-Fragaria_moschata_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>F. mandshurica</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">F. vesca</a></i> ssp. <i>vesca</i> 2N (wild strawberry) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_vesca_-_metsmaasikas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fragaria_vesca_-_metsmaasikas.jpg/120px-Fragaria_vesca_-_metsmaasikas.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fragaria_vesca_-_metsmaasikas.jpg/250px-Fragaria_vesca_-_metsmaasikas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4971" data-file-height="3590" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>F. vesca</i> ssp. <i>bracteata</i> 2N </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_virginiana" title="Fragaria virginiana">F. virginiana</a></i> 8N (Virginia strawberry, parent species) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragaria_virginiana_3243.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fragaria_virginiana_3243.JPG/120px-Fragaria_virginiana_3243.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fragaria_virginiana_3243.JPG/250px-Fragaria_virginiana_3243.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">F. chiloensis</a></i> 8N (Chilean strawberry, parent species) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_(23535206260).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg/80px-USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg/120px-USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg/160px-USFWS_fragaricus_chiloensis1_%2823535206260%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><i>F.</i> x <i>ananassa</i> <a href="/wiki/Octoploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Octoploid">8N</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> garden strawberry)</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/80px-Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/120px-Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/160px-Fruits_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg/500px-Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg/660px-Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg/880px-Strawberry_vs_Peapod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Botanical structure of a strawberry, compared to a peapod. The strawberry is a swollen <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>, covered with many small <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a>, the botanical fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Parrucci_Eubanks_1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parrucci_Eubanks_1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In culinary terms, a strawberry is an edible fruit. From a botanical point of view, it is not a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a> but an <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate</a> <a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">accessory</a> fruit, because the fleshy part is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>. Each apparent seed on the outside of the strawberry is actually an <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a>, a botanical fruit with a seed inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-Parrucci_Eubanks_1997_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parrucci_Eubanks_1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves"><img alt="Leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg/179px-Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg/269px-Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg/359px-Two_strawberry_leaves_sunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower"><img alt="Flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/225px-Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/338px-Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG/450px-Flower_of_Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_strawberry_(Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa)_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achenes (botanical fruits)"><img alt="Achenes (botanical fruits)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg/330px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg/500px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg/960px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">Achenes</a> (botanical fruits)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/320px--Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Strawberry_growth_(Video).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm/Strawberry_growth_%28Video%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Growth (video)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Nutrition</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_strawberry_(Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg/235px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg/353px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg/470px-Garden_strawberry_%28Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="3998" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">136 kJ (33 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">7.68 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">4.89 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.67 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.024 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.022 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.386 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.125 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.047 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 24 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 5.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">65%</div> 58.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 2.2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 16 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.41 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.386 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 154 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.14 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">90.95 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/747448/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw strawberries are 91% water, 8% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and contain negligible fat (table). A reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz) supplies 33 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalories</a>, is a rich source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (65% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV), and a good source of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (17% DV), with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content (table). Strawberries contain a modest amount of essential <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acid">unsaturated fatty acids</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a> (seed) oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Giampieri2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giampieri2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h3></div> <p>Garden strawberries contain diverse <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">dimeric</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellagitannin" title="Ellagitannin">ellagitannin</a> agrimoniin, which is an isomer of <a href="/wiki/Sanguiin_H-6" title="Sanguiin H-6">sanguiin H-6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinska_2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinska_2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrhovsek_2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrhovsek_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other polyphenols present include <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavanol">flavanols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonol">flavonols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_acid" title="Phenolic acid">phenolic acids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxybenzoic_acid" title="Hydroxybenzoic acid">hydroxybenzoic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid" title="Hydroxycinnamic acid">hydroxycinnamic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giampieri2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giampieri2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although achenes comprise only about 1% of the total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11% of all polyphenols in the whole fruit; achene phytochemicals include <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a>, ellagic acid <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a>, and ellagitannins.<sup id="cite_ref-Aaby_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aaby_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pelargonidin-3-glucoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelargonidin-3-glucoside">Pelargonidin-3-glucoside</a> is the major <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> pigment in strawberries, giving them their red colour, with <a href="/wiki/Cyanidin-3-glucoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanidin-3-glucoside">cyanidin-3-glucoside</a> in smaller amounts. Strawberries also contain purple minor pigments, such as dimeric anthocyanins.<sup id="cite_ref-Fossen_2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossen_2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavour_and_fragrance">Flavour and fragrance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furaneol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Furaneol.svg/110px-Furaneol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Furaneol.svg/165px-Furaneol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Furaneol.svg/220px-Furaneol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Furaneol" title="Furaneol">Furaneol</a> contributes to the fragrance of strawberries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweetness, fragrance and complex flavour are important attributes of strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a> and farming, emphasis is placed on sugars, acids, and <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">volatile</a> compounds, which improve the taste and fragrance of the ripe fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwieterman_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwieterman_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a> are the chemical compounds having the strongest relationships to strawberry flavour, sweetness and fragrance, with a total of 31 out of some 360 volatile compounds significantly correlated to desirable flavour and fragrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwieterman_2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwieterman_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodyear_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodyear-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negri_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negri_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In breeding strawberries for the commercial market in the United States, the volatile compounds <a href="/wiki/Methyl_anthranilate" title="Methyl anthranilate">methyl anthranilate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-decalactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-decalactone">gamma-decalactone</a>, prominent in aromatic wild strawberries, are especially desired for their "sweet and fruity" aroma characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodyear_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodyear-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negri_2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negri_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As strawberry flavour and <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrance</a> appeal to consumers,<sup id="cite_ref-Goodyear_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodyear-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Negri_2015_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negri_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are used widely in manufacturing, including foods, beverages, perfumes and cosmetics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergy">Allergy</h3></div> <p>Some people experience an <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactoid_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactoid reaction">anaphylactoid reaction</a> to eating strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common form of this reaction is <a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">oral allergy syndrome</a>, but symptoms may also mimic <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> or include <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">hives</a>, and, in severe cases, may cause breathing problems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proteomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteomic">Proteomic</a> studies indicate that the allergen may be tied to a protein for the red anthocyanin biosynthesis expressed in strawberry ripening, named Fra a1 (Fragaria allergen1). White-fruited strawberry <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>, lacking Fra a1, may be an option for people allergic to strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-Munoz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munoz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ripen but remain pale, appearing like immature berries. A virtually allergen-free cultivar named 'Sofar' is available.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Breeding_of_strawberries" title="Breeding of strawberries">Breeding of strawberries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">List of strawberry cultivars</a>.</div> <p>Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.<sup id="cite_ref-missouri1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouri1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sagers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally in the Northern Hemisphere, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and "everbearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season.<sup id="cite_ref-sagers_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One plant throughout a season may produce 50 to 60 times or roughly once every three days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberries occur in three basic flowering habits: short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These describe the day-length sensitivity of the plant and the type of <a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a> that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, colour, flavour, shape, degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant.<sup id="cite_ref-missouri1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missouri1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:12em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Strawberry production<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">2023, millions of tonnes</span><br /> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>4.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>1.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>0.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>0.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>0.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>0.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>10.49</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2023, world production of strawberries was 10.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China with 40% of the total; the United States was the main secondary producer.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For commercial production, plants can be propagated from bare root plants or plugs. One method of cultivation uses annual <a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">plasticulture</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-osu-2126_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osu-2126-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another is a perennial system of matted rows or mounds which has been used in cold growing regions for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-nevfc_production_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nevfc_production-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, greenhouses are used; in principle they could provide strawberries during the off season for field crops.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the plasticulture system, raised beds are covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants are planted through holes punched in this covering. Irrigation tubing can be run underneath if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-osu-2126_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osu-2126-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noble_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another method uses a <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_compost#Erosion_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Uses of compost">compost sock</a>. Plants grown in compost socks have been shown to produce significantly more <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> than fruit produced in the black <a href="/wiki/Plastic_mulch" title="Plastic mulch">plastic mulch</a> or matted row systems.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar results in an earlier study conducted by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strawberries may be propagated by seed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberries can be grown indoors in pots.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberries will not grow indoors in winter though an experiment using a combination of blue and red <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamps</a> shows that this could be achieved in principle.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, winter is the natural growing season and harvesting begins in mid-November.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_Kirchspiel,_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry field in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"><img alt="Strawberry field in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg/330px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg/500px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg/960px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Kirchspiel%2C_Erdbeerfeld_--_2015_--_6492-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strawberry field in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasticulture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A field using the plasticulture method"><img alt="A large strawberry field with plastic covering the earth around the strawberry plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasticulture.jpg/240px-Plasticulture.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasticulture.jpg/360px-Plasticulture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plasticulture.jpg/480px-Plasticulture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A field using the plasticulture method</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuring_and_harvesting">Manuring and harvesting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man carries a flat of strawberries in a field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Picker_on_a_strawberry_field_in_Quebec%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5189" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption>Strawberries are usually picked and placed in shallow boxes in the field.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nitrogen fertiliser is often needed at the beginning of every planting year. There are normally adequate levels of phosphorus and potash when fields have been fertilised for other crops in preceding years. To provide more organic matter, a cover crop of wheat or rye can be planted in the year before planting the strawberries. Strawberries prefer a somewhat acidic pH from 5.5 to 6.5, so lime is usually not required.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To achieve top quality, berries are harvested at least every other day. The berries are picked with the caps and half the stem still attached. Strawberries need to remain on the plant until fully ripe, because they do not continue to ripen after being picked.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harvesting and cleaning process has not changed substantially over time. As they are delicate, strawberries are still often harvested by hand and packed in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-umn-6237_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umn-6237-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_cultivation">Domestic cultivation</h3></div> <p>Strawberries are popular in home gardens, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been selected for consumption and for exhibition purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following cultivars have gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a>: </p> <ul><li>'Cambridge Favourite'<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Hapil'<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Honeoye' (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HUN</span>-ee-oy</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Pegasus'<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Rhapsody'<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Symphony'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3></div> <p>Over 200 species of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> arthropods attack strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-strawmaster_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strawmaster-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">fruit flies</a>, chafers, strawberry root weevils, strawberry thrips, strawberry sap beetles, strawberry crown moth, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>. Non-arthropod pests include slugs.<sup id="cite_ref-strawmaster_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strawmaster-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are vectors of plant diseases; for instance, the strawberry aphid, <i><a href="/wiki/Chaetosiphon_fragaefolii" title="Chaetosiphon fragaefolii">Chaetosiphon fragaefolii</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can carry the <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_mild_yellow-edge_virus" title="Strawberry mild yellow-edge virus">strawberry mild yellow-edge virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strawberry plants are subject to many diseases, especially when subjected to stress. The leaves may be infected by <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spot" title="Leaf spot">leaf spot</a> (caused by the fungus <i>Sphaerella fragariae</i>), <a href="/wiki/Leaf_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf blight">leaf blight</a> (caused by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Phomopsis_obscurans" title="Phomopsis obscurans">Phomopsis obscurans</a></i>), and by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">slime molds</a>. The crown and roots may fall victim to red stele, <a href="/wiki/Verticillium" title="Verticillium">verticillium</a> wilt, <a href="/wiki/Thielaviopsis" title="Thielaviopsis">black root rot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. The fruits are subject to damage from gray mold (<i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">rhizopus</a> rot, and leather rot.<sup id="cite_ref-umn-1148_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umn-1148-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_resistance_and_protection">Disease resistance and protection</h3></div> <p>The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="AtNPR1"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><i>NPR1</i> gene from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i></span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/AtNPR1" class="mw-redirect" title="AtNPR1">AtNPR1</a></i>, confers <i>A. thaliana</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-spectrum resistance">broad-spectrum resistance</a> when <a href="/wiki/Transexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Transexpression">transexpressed</a> in <i>F. ananassa</i>. This includes resistance to anthracnose, powdery mildew, and angular leaf spot.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR-trans_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-trans-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1997 study found that many <a href="/wiki/Wound_volatiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound volatiles">wound volatiles</a> were effective against gray mold (<i>B. cinerea</i>). Both <a href="/wiki/Tribute_(variety)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute (variety)">Tribute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandler_(variety)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandler (variety)">Chandler</a> varieties benefited from the treatments, although the effects vary widely with substance and variety. Strawberry plants <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolise</a> these volatiles, more rapidly than do either <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wound-Volatile_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wound-Volatile-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_dishes" title="List of strawberry dishes">List of strawberry dishes</a></div> <p>Strawberries were eaten fresh with cream in the time of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> in the court of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wimbledon_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimbledon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberries can be frozen or made into jam or <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">preserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Giampieri2013_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giampieri2013-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as dried and used in prepared foods, such as cereal bars.<sup id="cite_ref-StrawberryOatmealBarsRecipeFoodNetwork_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrawberryOatmealBarsRecipeFoodNetwork-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, strawberries and cream is a popular dessert at the <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> tennis tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-Wimbledon_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wimbledon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desserts using strawberries include <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fraisier" title="Fraisier">fraisier</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenspan_2014_p._103_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenspan_2014_p._103-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strawberry <a href="/wiki/Shortcake" title="Shortcake">shortcake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberries and cream"><img alt="Strawberries and cream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg/257px-Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg/385px-Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg/514px-Strawberries_and_cream_Wimbledon_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strawberries and cream</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cheesecake"><img alt="Cheesecake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg/330px-Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg/500px-Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg/960px-Strawberry_cheesecake_round.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavlova_dessert.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavlova"><img alt="Pavlova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/242px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/363px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pavlova_dessert.JPG/484px-Pavlova_dessert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (dessert)">Pavlova</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%96%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97_%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%8F_(35861044490).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daifuku"><img alt="Daifuku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E5%A4%96%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97_%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%8F_%2835861044490%29.jpg/250px-%E5%A4%96%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97_%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%8F_%2835861044490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E5%A4%96%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97_%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%8F_%2835861044490%29.jpg/500px-%E5%A4%96%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97_%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%8F_%2835861044490%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daifuku" title="Daifuku">Daifuku</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_(5972300405).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocolate-covered"><img alt="Chocolate-covered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg/270px-20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg/405px-20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg/540px-20110703-13-chocolate_strawberries_%285972300405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate-covered_fruit" title="Chocolate-covered fruit">Chocolate-covered</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordgubb_sorbet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sorbet"><img alt="Sorbet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jordgubb_sorbet.jpg/250px-Jordgubb_sorbet.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jordgubb_sorbet.jpg/500px-Jordgubb_sorbet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">Sorbet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia,_Siracusa_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ice cream"><img alt="Ice cream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg/336px-Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg/448px-Gelato_alla_fragola_e_stracciatella_-_Sicilia%2C_Siracusa_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_ice_cream" title="Strawberry ice cream">Ice cream</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jam"><img alt="Jam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg/258px-Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg/387px-Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg/516px-Home-canned_strawberry_jam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">Jam</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art,_literature_and_culture"><span id="In_art.2C_literature_and_culture"></span>In art, literature and culture</h2></div> <p>The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> wrote that in the past Golden Age, people had lived on wild fruits such as mountain strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a> that "Ye who cull flowers and low-growing strawberries, / Away from here lads; a chill snake lurks in the grass", and his imagery was taken up by medieval and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> writers, the snake beneath the strawberry standing for dangerous literature, or beautiful but unfaithful women, or eventually any risky pleasure. In this vein, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a> asks for a dish of strawberries while feigning friendship to his enemy; while in <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Iago" title="Iago">Iago</a> shows <a href="/wiki/Desdemona" title="Desdemona">Desdemona</a>'s handkerchief "spotted with strawberries", implying she has been unfaithful and hinting at Iago's own devious plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1960_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_1960-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, and in English miniatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1960_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_1960-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval depictions, the strawberry often appears in the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>'s garden, while in the <i>Madonna of the Strawberries</i>, she is seated on a strawberry bed and garlanded with strawberry leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_1960_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_1960-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the work of the late medieval painter <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, strawberries feature in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i> amongst "frolicking nude figures".<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fray Jose de Siguenza described the painting as embodying the strawberry as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Ephemerality" title="Ephemerality">ephemerality</a> of earthly joys.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, scholars have seen the symbolism entirely differently: Clément Wertheim-Aymes believed it meant the blessed souls' benefit from religion; Pater Gerlach supposed it meant spiritual love; and Laurinda Dixon asserted it was part of an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of death and resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2003_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2003-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 20th century, the strawberry (and the <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>) had become "traditional symbols of the mouth and female sexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-Varney_1996_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varney_1996-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberrheinischer_Meister_-_Madonna_mit_den_Erdbeeren.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna of the Strawberries, the Upper Rhenish Master, 1420–1430"><img alt="Madonna of the Strawberries, the Upper Rhenish Master, 1420–1430" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oberrheinischer_Meister_-_Madonna_mit_den_Erdbeeren.png/120px-Oberrheinischer_Meister_-_Madonna_mit_den_Erdbeeren.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Oberrheinischer_Meister_-_Madonna_mit_den_Erdbeeren.png/250px-Oberrheinischer_Meister_-_Madonna_mit_den_Erdbeeren.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna of the Strawberries</i>,<br />the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Master" title="Upper Rhenish Master">Upper Rhenish Master</a>, 1420–1430</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosch,_Hieronymus_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights,_central_panel_-_Detai_Man_eating_a_strawberry,_Man_eating_a_cherry,_and_a_man_bending_over_a_fictional_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights, man eating a strawberry (detail), Hieronymus Bosch, 1490–1500"><img alt="The Garden of Earthly Delights, man eating a strawberry (detail), Hieronymus Bosch, 1490–1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bosch%2C_Hieronymus_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights%2C_central_panel_-_Detai_Man_eating_a_strawberry%2C_Man_eating_a_cherry%2C_and_a_man_bending_over_a_fictional_fruit.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bosch%2C_Hieronymus_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights%2C_central_panel_-_Detai_Man_eating_a_strawberry%2C_Man_eating_a_cherry%2C_and_a_man_bending_over_a_fictional_fruit.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bosch%2C_Hieronymus_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights%2C_central_panel_-_Detai_Man_eating_a_strawberry%2C_Man_eating_a_cherry%2C_and_a_man_bending_over_a_fictional_fruit.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i>, man eating a strawberry (detail),<br /><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, 1490–1500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_strawberry_girl.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The strawberry girl, Ammi Phillips, c. 1830"><img alt="The strawberry girl, Ammi Phillips, c. 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_strawberry_girl.PNG/150px-The_strawberry_girl.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_strawberry_girl.PNG/225px-The_strawberry_girl.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_strawberry_girl.PNG/301px-The_strawberry_girl.PNG 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The strawberry girl</i>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ammi_Phillips" title="Ammi Phillips">Ammi Phillips</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still Life with Strawberry Basket, Severin Roesen, 1860–1871"><img alt="Still Life with Strawberry Basket, Severin Roesen, 1860–1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg/220px-Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg/330px-Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg/440px-Still_Life_with_Strawberry_Basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Still Life with Strawberry Basket</i>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Severin_Roesen" title="Severin Roesen">Severin Roesen</a>, 1860–1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_gatherers_(1880),_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry Gatherers, William Gunning King, 1880"><img alt="Strawberry Gatherers, William Gunning King, 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg/220px-Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg/330px-Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg/440px-Strawberry_gatherers_%281880%29%2C_by_William_Gunning_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Strawberry Gatherers</i>,<br />William Gunning King, 1880</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberrythief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Strawberry Thief" textile pattern, William Morris, 1883[72]"><img alt=""Strawberry Thief" textile pattern, William Morris, 1883[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Strawberrythief.jpg/250px-Strawberrythief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Strawberrythief.jpg/330px-Strawberrythief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Strawberrythief.jpg/500px-Strawberrythief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Thief" title="Strawberry Thief">Strawberry Thief</a>" textile pattern,<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, 1883<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Still Life with Strawberries, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1914"><img alt="Still Life with Strawberries, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Renoir_-_Still_Life_with_Strawberries%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Still Life with Strawberries</i>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, 1914</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_strawberries" title="Outline of strawberries">Outline of strawberries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Strawberry_Commission" title="California Strawberry Commission">California Strawberry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits" title="List of culinary fruits">List of culinary fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musk_strawberry" title="Musk strawberry">Musk strawberry</a> (hautbois strawberry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_City,_Florida" title="Plant City, Florida">Plant City, Florida</a> (winter strawberry capital of the world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineberry" title="Pineberry">Pineberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_generation" title="Strawberry generation">Strawberry generation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Feldmann_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldmann_2024_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contains+Pavlova+Toppings&rft.pub=It%27s+Mama%27s+Kitchen&rft.aulast=Muster&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmamaskitchen.com%2FFOOD_IS_ART%2Fpavlova_howto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrawberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Boyle T (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wo4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Flavorful: 150 Irresistible Desserts in All-time Favorite Flavors</i></a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-70832-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-70832-4"><bdi>978-0-547-70832-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baking+Chez+Moi%3A+Recipes+from+My+Paris+Home+to+Your+Home+Anywhere&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-70832-4&rft.aulast=Greenspan&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrzaAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrawberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.driscolls.com/recipes/ideas-inspirations/strawberry-shortcake">"Strawberry Shortcake Through the Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Driscoll%27s" title="Driscoll's">Driscoll's</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The briar around the strawberry patch". <i>Women's Studies International Forum</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2896%2900010-6">10.1016/0277-5395(96)00010-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=The+briar+around+the+strawberry+patch&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2896%2900010-6&rft.aulast=Varney&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrawberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2010" class="citation book cs1">Hill M (2010). <i>William Morris Strawberry Thief</i>. Country Bumpkin Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9805753-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9805753-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9805753-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Morris+Strawberry+Thief&rft.pub=Country+Bumpkin+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9805753-1-6&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrawberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strawberries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Strawberries">Strawberries</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fragaria × ananassa">Fragaria × ananassa</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Strawberry" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Strawberry"> Strawberry</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?244"><i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i> data from GRIN Taxonomy Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdCbB0XfW9M"><span class="plainlinks">Demonstration of strawberry growth lifecycle timelapse</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fragaria" title="Template:Fragaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fragaria" title="Template talk:Fragaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fragaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fragaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strawberries257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Strawberries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_daltoniana" title="Fragaria daltoniana">F. daltoniana </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_iinumae" title="Fragaria iinumae">F. iinumae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_nilgerrensis" title="Fragaria nilgerrensis">F. nilgerrensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_nipponica" title="Fragaria nipponica">F. nipponica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_nubicola" title="Fragaria nubicola">F. nubicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_pentaphylla" title="Fragaria pentaphylla">F. pentaphylla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">F. vesca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_viridis" title="Fragaria viridis">F. viridis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_yezoensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragaria yezoensis">F. yezoensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_moupinensis" title="Fragaria moupinensis">F. moupinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_orientalis" title="Fragaria orientalis">F. orientalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_strawberry" title="Musk strawberry">F. moschata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">F. chiloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_iturupensis" title="Fragaria iturupensis">F. iturupensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_virginiana" title="Fragaria virginiana">F. virginiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_cascadensis" title="Fragaria cascadensis">F. cascadensis</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Hybrids:</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. × ananassa</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_bringhurstii" title="Fragaria × bringhurstii">F. × bringhurstii</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_vescana" title="Fragaria × vescana">F. × vescana</a></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Intergeneric hybrids:</b> <a href="/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_Comarum_hybrids" title="Fragaria × Comarum hybrids">Fragaria × Comarum hybrids</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PerfectStrawberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PerfectStrawberry.jpg/120px-PerfectStrawberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PerfectStrawberry.jpg/250px-PerfectStrawberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strawberry</a> cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pineberry" title="Pineberry">Pineberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasberry" title="Strasberry">Strasberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">List of strawberry cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%">Breeders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Darrow" title="George M. Darrow">George M. Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driscoll%27s" title="Driscoll's">Driscoll's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Strawberry_Commission" title="California Strawberry Commission">California Strawberry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_of_strawberries" title="Breeding of strawberries">Breeding of strawberries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_dishes" title="List of strawberry dishes">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubu_Lubu" title="Bubu Lubu">Bubu Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraise_Tagada" title="Fraise Tagada">Fraise Tagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraisier" title="Fraisier">Fraisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_cake" title="Strawberry cake">Strawberry cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_delight" title="Strawberry delight">Strawberry delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_ice_cream" title="Strawberry ice cream">Strawberry ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_pie" title="Strawberry pie">Strawberry pie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_pie" title="Rhubarb pie">Strawberry rhubarb pie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Scarlet" title="Little Scarlet">Little Scarlet preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%">Pest and diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_diseases" title="List of strawberry diseases">List of diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: pink;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_strawberries" title="Outline of strawberries">Outline of strawberries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_festival" title="Strawberry festival">Strawberry festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: pink;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Strawberries" title="Category:Strawberries">Category: Strawberries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5885" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5885" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Fragaria <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> ananassa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13158" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13158">Q13158</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fragaria_%C3%97_ananassa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Fragaria × ananassa">Fragaria × ananassa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/219444">219444</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39824">39824</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9967">9967</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1112">1112</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/245515">245515</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/FRAAN">FRAAN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322784">242322784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3029912">3029912</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=244">244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/55366">55366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30117681-2">30117681-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10995725">10995725</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24630">24630</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155542/">2.155542</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000458878">NHMSYS0000458878</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0f25a4a4-1ff1-4f25-9319-693e3732e119">0f25a4a4-1ff1-4f25-9319-693e3732e119</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3904118">3904118</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+x+ananassa">Fragaria x ananassa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=8484">8484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-38077">rjp-38077</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/FRAN">FRAN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30117681-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30117681-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/100355015">100355015</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8762">8762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001005541">wfo-0001005541</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Fragaria chiloensis <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> ananassa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50893122" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q50893122">Q50893122</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/222216">222216</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=247">247</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/60441588-2">60441588-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=837719">837719</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f5f5f6e3-7b19-45e3-a032-c42beea25498">f5f5f6e3-7b19-45e3-a032-c42beea25498</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60441588-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60441588-2</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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