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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollen-related_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollen-related_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pollen-related causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollen-related_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genetic factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_allergic_rhinitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_allergic_rhinitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Local allergic rhinitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_allergic_rhinitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antihistamines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antihistamines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Antihistamines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antihistamines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Steroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergen_immunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergen_immunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Allergen immunotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergen_immunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Allergic rhinitis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooikoors" title="Hooikoors – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hooikoors" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81" title="حساسية الأنف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حساسية الأنف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergik_rinit" title="Allergik rinit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allergik rinit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сянная ліхаманка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сянная ліхаманка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сенна хрема – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сенна хрема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinitis_al%C2%B7l%C3%A8rgica" title="Rinitis al·lèrgica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rinitis al·lèrgica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergick%C3%A1_r%C3%BDma" title="Alergická rýma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alergická rýma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd_y_gwair" title="Clefyd y gwair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd y gwair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8feber" title="Høfeber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Høfeber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergische_Rhinitis" title="Allergische Rhinitis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allergische Rhinitis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergiline_riniit" title="Allergiline riniit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allergiline riniit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αλλεργική ρινίτιδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλλεργική ρινίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinitis_al%C3%A9rgica" title="Rinitis alérgica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rinitis alérgica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errinitis_alergiko" title="Errinitis alergiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errinitis alergiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="التهاب مخاط بینی آلرژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="التهاب مخاط بینی آلرژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinite_allergique" title="Rhinite allergique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhinite allergique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiabhras_l%C3%A9ana" title="Fiabhras léana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiabhras léana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B9%84%EC%97%BC" title="알레르기 비염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레르기 비염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Ալերգիկ ռինիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալերգիկ ռինիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="परागज ज्वर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परागज ज्वर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergijski_rinitis" title="Alergijski rinitis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alergijski rinitis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinitis_alergi" title="Rinitis alergi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rinitis alergi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinite_allergica" title="Rinite allergica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinite allergica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נזלת אלרגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נזלת אלרגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="პოლინოზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლინოზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Поллиноз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Поллиноз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Поллиноз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Поллиноз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ienlig%C4%97" title="Šienligė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šienligė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nan%C3%A1tha" title="Szénanátha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénanátha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Алергиски ринитис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алергиски ринитис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooikoorts" title="Hooikoorts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooikoorts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E6%80%A7%E9%BC%BB%E7%82%8E" title="アレルギー性鼻炎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレルギー性鼻炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9" title="ଆଲର୍ଜିକ ନାକ ପ୍ରଦାହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲର୍ଜିକ ନାକ ପ୍ରଦାହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergik_rinit" title="Allergik rinit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allergik rinit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar_sienny" title="Katar sienny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katar sienny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinite_al%C3%A9rgica" title="Rinite alérgica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rinite alérgica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinit%C4%83_alergic%C4%83" title="Rinită alergică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rinită alergică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Поллиноз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поллиноз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allergic rhinitis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergijski_rinitis" title="Alergijski rinitis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alergijski rinitis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryma_alergiczno" title="Ryma alergiczno – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ryma alergiczno" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Атопијска кијавица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атопијска кијавица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergijski_rinitis" title="Alergijski rinitis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alergijski rinitis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein%C3%A4nuha" title="Heinänuha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinänuha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergisk_rinit" title="Allergisk rinit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allergisk rinit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerhiya_sa_ilong" title="Alerhiya sa ilong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alerhiya sa ilong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="అలర్జిక్ రైనైటిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలర్జిక్ రైనైటిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89" title="เยื่อจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยื่อจมูกอักเสบจากภูมิแพ้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerjik_rinit" title="Alerjik rinit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alerjik rinit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Поліноз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліноз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پولن الرجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولن الرجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAm_m%C5%A9i_d%E1%BB%8B_%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Viêm mũi dị ứng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viêm mũi dị ứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hay fever" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hay fever (disambiguation)">Hay fever (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Allergic rhinitis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Hay fever, pollenosis</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg/220px-Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg/330px-Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg/440px-Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">SEM Microscope image of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (<i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Helianthus annuus</a></i>), morning glory (<i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_purpurea" title="Ipomoea purpurea">Ipomoea purpurea</a></i>), prairie hollyhock (<i><a href="/wiki/Sidalcea_malviflora" title="Sidalcea malviflora">Sidalcea malviflora</a></i>), oriental lily (<i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_auratum" title="Lilium auratum">Lilium auratum</a></i>), evening primrose (<i><a href="/wiki/Oenothera_fruticosa" title="Oenothera fruticosa">Oenothera fruticosa</a></i>), and castor bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Ricinus communis</a></i>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allergy_and_immunology" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergy and immunology">Allergy and immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Stuffy itchy nose, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>, red, itchy, and watery eyes, swelling around the eyes, itchy ears<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Sym_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Sym-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">20 to 40 years old<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Genetic and environmental factors<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic conjunctivitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Skin_prick_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin prick test">skin prick test</a>, blood tests for specific <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Diag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Diag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Exposure to animals early in life<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nasal <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cromolyn_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromolyn sodium">cromolyn sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene receptor antagonists">leukotriene receptor antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Montelukast" title="Montelukast">montelukast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">allergen immunotherapy</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Tx_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Imm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~20% (Western countries)<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dy2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dy2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Allergic rhinitis</b>, of which the seasonal type is called <b>hay fever</b>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">inflammation in the nose</a> that occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> overreacts to <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Imm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">type I hypersensitivity reaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Sym_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Sym-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fluid from the nose is usually clear.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptom onset is often within minutes following allergen exposure, and can affect sleep and the ability to work or study.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cov2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cov2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people may develop symptoms only during specific times of the year, often as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people with allergic rhinitis also have <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic conjunctivitis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allergic rhinitis is typically triggered by environmental allergens such as pollen, pet hair, dust, or <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inherited <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and environmental exposures contribute to the development of allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing up on a farm and having multiple siblings decreases this risk.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying mechanism involves <a href="/wiki/IgE_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE antibodies">IgE antibodies</a> that attach to an allergen, and subsequently result in the release of inflammatory chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It causes mucous membranes in the nose, eyes and throat to become inflamed and itchy as they work to eject the allergen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">symptoms</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Skin_prick_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin prick test">skin prick test</a> or blood tests for allergen-specific IgE antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Diag_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Diag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tests, however, can give false positives.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Diag_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Diag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms of allergies resemble those of the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>; however, they often last for more than two weeks and, despite the common name, typically do not include a <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposure to animals early in life might reduce the risk of developing these specific allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Cause_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Cause-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several different types of <a href="/wiki/Anti-allergic_agent" title="Anti-allergic agent">medications</a> reduce allergic symptoms, including nasal <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">steroids</a>, intranasal <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Olopatadine" title="Olopatadine">olopatadine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">azelastine</a>, 2nd generation oral antihistamines such as <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desloratadine" title="Desloratadine">desloratadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a>; the mast cell stabilizer <a href="/wiki/Cromolyn_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromolyn sodium">cromolyn sodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene receptor antagonists">leukotriene receptor antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Montelukast" title="Montelukast">montelukast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Tx_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Tx-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes, medications do not completely control symptoms, and they may also have side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, known as <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">allergen immunotherapy</a>, is often effective and is used when first line treatments fail to control symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Imm_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allergen can be given as an injection under the skin or as a tablet under the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Imm_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment typically lasts three to five years, after which benefits may be prolonged.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015Imm_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allergic rhinitis is the type of <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a> that affects the greatest number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western countries, between 10 and 30% of people are affected in a given year.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dy2010_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dy2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most common between the ages of twenty and forty.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first accurate description is from the 10th-century physician <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ric2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ric2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blackley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Blackley">Charles Blackley</a> identified pollen as the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, the mechanism was determined by <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The link with <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet1838_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet1838-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kar2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kar2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png/250px-Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png/330px-Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png/500px-Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting inflammation associated with allergic rhinitis</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic symptoms of allergic rhinitis are: <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">rhinorrhea</a> (excess nasal secretion), <a href="/wiki/Pruritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritis">itching</a>, sneezing fits, and nasal congestion/obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic physical findings include <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctival</a> swelling and <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>, eyelid swelling with <a href="/wiki/Dennie%E2%80%93Morgan_fold" title="Dennie–Morgan fold">Dennie–Morgan folds</a>, lower eyelid venous stasis (rings under the eyes known as "<a href="/wiki/Allergic_shiner" title="Allergic shiner">allergic shiners</a>"), swollen <a href="/wiki/Nasal_turbinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal turbinates">nasal turbinates</a>, and middle ear effusion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasal endoscopy may show findings such as pale and boggy inferior turbinates from mucosal edema, stringy mucus throughout the nasal cavities, and cobblestoning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There can also be behavioral signs; in order to relieve the irritation or flow of mucus, people may wipe or rub their nose with the palm of their hand in an upward motion: an action known as the "<b>nasal salute</b>" or the "<a href="/wiki/Allergic_salute" title="Allergic salute">allergic salute</a>". This may result in a crease running across the nose (or above each nostril if only one side of the nose is wiped at a time), commonly referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Transverse_nasal_crease" title="Transverse nasal crease">transverse nasal crease</a>", and can lead to permanent physical deformity if repeated enough.<sup id="cite_ref-pray221_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pray221-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People might also find that <a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">cross-reactivity</a> occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, people allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A clear sign of this is the occurrence of an itchy throat after eating an apple or sneezing when peeling potatoes or apples. This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many cross-reacting substances. Hay fever is not a true fever, meaning it does not cause a core body temperature in the fever over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollen is often considered as a cause of allergic rhinitis, hence called hay fever (See sub-section below).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Predisposing factors to allergic rhinitis include eczema (atopic dermatitis) and asthma. These three conditions can often occur together which is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopic triad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, environmental exposures such as air pollution and maternal tobacco smoking can increase an individual's chances of developing allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollen-related_causes">Pollen-related causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pollen-related causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allergic rhinitis triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollens</a> of specific seasonal plants is commonly known as "hay fever", because it is most prevalent during <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">haying</a> season. However, it is possible to have allergic rhinitis throughout the year. The pollen that causes hay fever varies between individuals and from region to region; in general, the tiny, hardly visible pollens of <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">wind-pollinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> are the predominant cause. The study of the dispersion of these <a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">bioaerosols</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a>. Pollens of <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">insect-pollinated</a> plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk. Examples of plants commonly responsible for hay fever include: </p> <ul><li>Trees: such as pine (<i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i>), mulberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">Morus</a></i>), birch (<i><a href="/wiki/Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Betula">Betula</a></i>), alder (<i><a href="/wiki/Alnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnus">Alnus</a></i>), cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>), hazel (<i><a href="/wiki/Corylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Corylus">Corylus</a></i>), hornbeam (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpinus">Carpinus</a></i>), horse chestnut (<i><a href="/wiki/Aesculus" title="Aesculus">Aesculus</a></i>), willow (<i><a href="/wiki/Salix" class="mw-redirect" title="Salix">Salix</a></i>), poplar (<i><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Populus</a></i>), plane (<i><a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">Platanus</a></i>), linden/lime (<i><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Tilia</a></i>), and olive (<i><a href="/wiki/Olea" title="Olea">Olea</a></i>). In northern latitudes, birch is considered to be the most common allergenic tree pollen, with an estimated 15–20% of people with hay fever sensitive to birch pollen grains. A major antigen in these is a protein called <a href="/wiki/Bet_v_I_allergen" title="Bet v I allergen">Bet V I</a>. Olive pollen is most predominant in Mediterranean regions. <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever_in_Japan" title="Hay fever in Japan">Hay fever in Japan</a> is caused primarily by <a href="/wiki/Sugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugi">sugi</a> (<i>Cryptomeria japonica</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Hinoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinoki">hinoki</a> (<i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>) tree pollen. <ul><li>"Allergy friendly" trees include: <a href="/wiki/Ash_(Fraxinus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (Fraxinus)">female ash</a>, red <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow poplar">yellow poplar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double-flowered" title="Double-flowered">double-flowered</a> <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, and flowering <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Grasses (Family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>): especially ryegrass (<i><a href="/wiki/Lolium" title="Lolium">Lolium</a></i> sp.) and timothy (<i><a href="/wiki/Phleum_pratense" class="mw-redirect" title="Phleum pratense">Phleum pratense</a></i>). An estimated 90% of people with hay fever are allergic to grass pollen.</li> <li>Weeds: <a href="/wiki/Ragweed" title="Ragweed">ragweed</a> (<i>Ambrosia</i>), plantain (<i><a href="/wiki/Plantago" title="Plantago">Plantago</a></i>), nettle/parietaria (<a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">mugwort</a> (<i>Artemisia Vulgaris</i>), Fat hen (<i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></i>), and sorrel/dock (<i><a href="/wiki/Rumex" title="Rumex">Rumex</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>Allergic rhinitis may also be caused by allergy to <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">Balsam of Peru</a>, which is in various fragrances and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_factors">Genetic factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The causes and pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis are hypothesized to be affected by both genetic and environmental factors, with many recent studies focusing on specific <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a> that could be potential <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">therapeutic targets</a> for the disease. <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome-wide association studies">Genome-wide association studies</a> (GWAS) have identified a number of different loci and genetic pathways that seem to mediate the body's response to allergens and promote the development of allergic rhinitis, with some of the most promising results coming from studies involving <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphisms">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> (SNPs) in the <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-33">interleukin-33</a> (IL-33) gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamekura,_R.,_2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamekura,_R.,_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu,_Z.,_2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu,_Z.,_2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IL-33 protein that is encoded by the IL-33 gene is part of the interleukin family of <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> that interact with T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, a specific type of <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a>. Th2 cells contribute to the body's inflammatory response to allergens, and specific ST2 receptors, also known as <a href="/wiki/IL1RL1" title="IL1RL1">IL1RL1</a>, on these cells bind to the ligand IL-33 protein. This IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has been found to be one of the main genetic determinants in bronchial <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> pathogenesis, and because of the pathological linkage between asthma and rhinitis, the experimental focus of IL-33 has now turned to its role in the development of allergic rhinitis in humans and mouse <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumann,_R.,_2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumann,_R.,_2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, it was found that allergic rhinitis patients expressed higher levels of IL-33 in their nasal <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> and had a higher concentration of ST2 serum in nasal passageways following their exposure to pollen and other allergens, indicating that this gene and its associated receptor are expressed at a higher rate in allergic rhinitis patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Ran,_H.,_2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ran,_H.,_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2020 study on <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphisms</a> of the IL-33 gene and their link to allergic rhinitis within the Han Chinese population, researchers found that five SNPs specifically contributed to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, with three of those five SNPs previously identified as genetic determinants for asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study focusing on Han Chinese children found that certain SNPs in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (<a href="/wiki/PTPN22" title="PTPN22">PTPN22</a>) gene and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (<a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a>) gene can be associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-Song,_S._H.,_2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song,_S._H.,_2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encoded PTPN22 protein, which is found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid">lymphoid</a> tissue, acts as a <a href="/wiki/Post-translational" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-translational">post-translational</a> regulator by removing phosphate groups from targeted proteins. Importantly, PTPN22 can affect the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> of T cell responses, and thus the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> of the T cells. As mentioned earlier, T cells contribute to the body's inflammatory response in a variety of ways, so any changes to the cells' structure and function can have potentially deleterious effects on the body's inflammatory response to allergens. To date, one SNP in the PTPN22 gene has been found to be significantly associated with allergic rhinitis onset in children. On the other hand, CTLA-4 is an immune-checkpoint protein that helps mediate and control the body's immune response to prevent overactivation. It is expressed only in T cells as a <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">Immunoglobulin</a> (Ig) <a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">protein family</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a>. There have been two SNPs in CTLA-4 that were found to be significantly associated with childhood allergic rhinitis. Both SNPs most likely affect the associated protein's shape and function, causing the body to exhibit an overactive immune response to the posed allergen. The polymorphisms in both genes are only beginning to be examined, therefore more research is needed to determine the severity of the impact of polymorphisms in the respective genes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Finally, <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> alterations and associations are of particular interest to the study and ultimate treatment of allergic rhinitis. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/MicroRNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroRNAs">microRNAs</a> (miRNA) are hypothesized to be imperative to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis due to the <a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" title="Post-transcriptional regulation">post-transcriptional regulation</a> and repression of translation in their mRNA complement. Both miRNAs and their common carrier vessel <a href="/wiki/Exosome_(vesicle)" title="Exosome (vesicle)">exosomes</a> have been found to play a role in the body's immune and inflammatory responses to allergens. miRNAs are housed and packaged inside of exosomes until they are ready to be released into the section of the cell that they are coded to reside and act. Repressing the translation of proteins can ultimately repress parts of the body's immune and inflammatory responses, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and other autoimmune disorders. There are many miRNAs that have been deemed potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of allergic rhinitis by many different researchers, with the most widely studied being miR-133, miR-155, miR-205, miR-498, and let-7e.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu,_Z.,_2014_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu,_Z.,_2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suojalehto,_H.,_2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suojalehto,_H.,_2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sastre,_B.,_2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sastre,_B.,_2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xiao,_L.,_2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiao,_L.,_2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis involves <a href="/wiki/Helper_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Helper T cell">Th2 Helper T cell</a> and <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> mediated inflammation with overactive function of the adaptive and innate immune systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process begins when an aeroallergen penetrates the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_mucosa" title="Nasal mucosa">nasal mucosal barrier</a>. This barrier may be more permeable in susceptible individuals. The allergen is then engulfed by an <a href="/wiki/Antigen_presenting_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigen presenting cell">antigen presenting cell</a> (APC) (such as a <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cell</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The APC then presents the antigen to a Naive CD4+ helper T cell stimulating it to differentiate into a Th2 helper T cell. The Th2 helper T cell then secretes inflammatory cytokines including <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 14">IL-14</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_31" title="Interleukin 31">IL-31</a>. These inflammatory cytokines stimulate <a href="/wiki/B_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B cells">B cells</a> to differentiate into <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cells">plasma cells</a> and release allergen specific IgE immunoglobulins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IgE immunoglobulins attach to <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a>. The inflammatory cytokines also recruit inflammatory cells such as <a href="/wiki/Basophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Basophils">basophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophils">eosinophils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibroblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroblasts">fibroblasts</a> to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person is now sensitized, and upon re-exposure to the allergen, mast cells with allergen specific IgE will bind the allergens and release inflammatory molecules including <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotrienes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotrienes">leukotrienes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platelet_activating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelet activating factor">platelet activating factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thromboxane" title="Thromboxane">thromboxane</a> with these inflammatory molecules' local effects on blood vessels (dilation), mucous glands (secrete mucous) and sensory nerves (activation) leading to the clinical signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disruption of the nasal mucosal epithelial barrier may also release alarmins (a type of <a href="/wiki/Damage_associated_molecular_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Damage associated molecular pattern">damage associated molecular pattern</a> (DAMP) molecule) such as <a href="/wiki/Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin" title="Thymic stromal lymphopoietin">thymic stromal lymphopoietin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_25" title="Interleukin 25">IL-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_33" title="Interleukin 33">IL-33</a> which activate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (<a href="/wiki/ILC2" title="ILC2">ILC2</a>) which then also releases inflammatory cytokines leading to activation of immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_2024_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epikutanni-test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/290px-Epikutanni-test.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/435px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/580px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch test</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Allergy testing may reveal the specific allergens to which an individual is sensitive. Skin testing is the most common method of allergy testing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> This may include a <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">patch test</a> to determine if a particular substance is causing the rhinitis, or an intradermal, scratch, or other test. Less commonly, the suspected allergen is dissolved and dropped onto the lower eyelid as a means of testing for allergies. This test should be done only by a physician, since it can be harmful if done improperly. In some individuals not able to undergo skin testing (as determined by the doctor), the <a href="/wiki/RAST_blood_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RAST blood test">RAST blood test</a> may be helpful in determining specific allergen sensitivity. Peripheral <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilia" title="Eosinophilia">eosinophilia</a> can be seen in differential leukocyte count.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Allergy testing is not definitive. At times, these tests can reveal positive results for certain allergens that are not actually causing symptoms, and can also not pick up allergens that do cause an individual's symptoms. The intradermal allergy test is more sensitive than the skin prick test, but is also more often positive in people that do not have symptoms to that allergen.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if a person has negative <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">skin-prick, intradermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAST_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RAST test">blood tests</a> for allergies, they may still have allergic rhinitis, from a local allergy in the nose. This is called <a href="#Local_allergic_rhinitis">local allergic rhinitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lar0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialized testing is necessary to diagnose local allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-lar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Seasonal allergic rhinitis</b> (<b>hay fever</b>): Caused by seasonal peaks in the airborne load of pollens.</li> <li><b>Perennial allergic rhinitis</b> (<b>nonseasonal allergic rhinitis</b>; <b>atopic rhinitis</b>): Caused by allergens present throughout the year (e.g., dander).</li></ul> <p>Allergic rhinitis may be seasonal, perennial, or episodic.<sup id="cite_ref-Cov2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cov2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs in particular during pollen seasons. It does not usually develop until after 6 years of age. Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs throughout the year. This type of allergic rhinitis is commonly seen in younger children.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allergic rhinitis may also be classified as mild-intermittent, moderate-severe intermittent, mild-persistent, and moderate-severe persistent. Intermittent is when the symptoms occur <4 days per week or <4 consecutive weeks. Persistent is when symptoms occur >4 days/week and >4 consecutive weeks. The symptoms are considered mild with normal sleep, no impairment of daily activities, no impairment of work or school, and if symptoms are not troublesome. Severe symptoms result in sleep disturbance, impairment of daily activities, and impairment of school or work.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_allergic_rhinitis">Local allergic rhinitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local allergic rhinitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction in the nose to an allergen, without systemic allergies. So <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">skin-prick</a> and <a href="/wiki/RAST_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RAST test">blood tests</a> for allergy are negative, but there are <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a> antibodies produced in the nose that react to a specific <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">Intradermal skin testing</a> may also be negative.<sup id="cite_ref-lar_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symptoms of local allergic rhinitis are the same as the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including symptoms in the eyes. Just as with allergic rhinitis, people can have either seasonal or perennial local allergic rhinitis. The symptoms of local allergic rhinitis can be mild, moderate, or severe. Local allergic rhinitis is associated with <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lar_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one study, about 25% of people with rhinitis had local allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several studies, over 40% of people having been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">nonallergic rhinitis</a> were found to actually have local allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-lar0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steroid nasal sprays and oral antihistamines have been found to be effective for local allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-lar_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2014, local allergenic rhinitis had mostly been investigated in Europe; in the United States, the nasal provocation testing necessary to diagnose the condition was not widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 617">: 617 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prevention often focuses on avoiding specific allergens that cause an individual's symptoms. These methods include not having pets, not having carpets or upholstered furniture in the home, and keeping the home dry.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific anti-allergy zippered covers on household items like pillows and mattresses have also proven to be effective in preventing dust mite allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that growing up on a farm and having many older siblings can decrease an individual's risk for developing allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in young children have shown that there is higher risk of allergic rhinitis in those who have early exposure to foods or formula or heavy exposure to cigarette smoking within the first year of life.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of rhinitis treatment is to prevent or reduce the symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues. Measures that are effective include avoiding the allergen.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intranasal <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> are the preferred medical treatment for persistent symptoms, with other options if this is not effective.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second line therapies include <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decongestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Decongestants">decongestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cromolyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromolyn">cromolyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene receptor antagonists">leukotriene receptor antagonists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_irrigation" title="Nasal irrigation">nasal irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antihistamines by mouth are suitable for occasional use with mild intermittent symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">Mite</a>-proof covers, air filters, and withholding certain foods in childhood do not have evidence supporting their effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antihistamines">Antihistamines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antihistamines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamine</a> drugs can be taken orally and nasally to control symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and conjunctivitis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is best to take oral antihistamine medication before exposure, especially for seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the case of nasal antihistamines like <a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">azelastine antihistamine nasal spray</a>, relief from symptoms is experienced within 15 minutes allowing for a more immediate 'as-needed' approach to dosage. There is not enough evidence of antihistamine efficacy as an add-on therapy with nasal steroids in the management of intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis in children, so its adverse effects and additional costs must be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ophthalmic antihistamines (such as <a href="/wiki/Azelastine#Azelastine_eye_drops" title="Azelastine">azelastine in eye drop form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">ketotifen</a>) are used for conjunctivitis, while intranasal forms are used mainly for sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal pruritus.<sup id="cite_ref-Dipiro08_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dipiro08-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antihistamine drugs can have undesirable side-effects, the most notable one being <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a> in the case of oral antihistamine tablets. <a href="/wiki/First-generation_antihistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation antihistamine">First-generation antihistamine drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> cause drowsiness, while <a href="/wiki/Second-generation_antihistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-generation antihistamine">second- and third-generation antihistamines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a> are less likely to.<sup id="cite_ref-Dipiro08_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dipiro08-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a> is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis. It is used only when nasal congestion is present and can be used with antihistamines. In the United States, oral decongestants containing pseudoephedrine must be purchased behind the pharmacy counter in an effort to prevent the manufacturing of methamphetamine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dipiro08_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dipiro08-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Desloratadine/pseudoephedrine" title="Desloratadine/pseudoephedrine">Desloratadine/pseudoephedrine</a> can also be used for this condition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steroids">Steroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Steroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intranasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal">Intranasal</a> corticosteroids are used to control symptoms associated with sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, and nasal congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steroid <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a> are effective and safe, and may be effective without oral antihistamines. They take several days to act and so must be taken continually for several weeks, as their therapeutic effect builds up with time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, a study compared the efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">mometasone furoate</a> nasal spray to <a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">betamethasone</a> oral tablets for the treatment of people with seasonal allergic rhinitis and found that the two have virtually equivalent effects on nasal symptoms in people.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systemic <a href="/wiki/Steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroids">steroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> tablets and intramuscular <a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">triamcinolone acetonide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">betamethasone</a>) injection are effective at reducing nasal inflammation, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but their use is limited by their short duration of effect and the side-effects of prolonged steroid therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other measures that may be used second line include: <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cromolyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromolyn">cromolyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene receptor antagonist">leukotriene receptor antagonists</a>, and nonpharmacologic therapies such as <a href="/wiki/Nasal_irrigation" title="Nasal irrigation">nasal irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP10_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Topical_decongestant" title="Topical decongestant">Topical decongestants</a> may also be helpful in reducing symptoms such as nasal congestion, but should not be used for long periods, as stopping them after protracted use can lead to a rebound nasal congestion called <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis_medicamentosa" title="Rhinitis medicamentosa">rhinitis medicamentosa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For nocturnal symptoms, intranasal <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> can be combined with nightly <a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">oxymetazoline</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_alpha-agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenergic alpha-agonist">adrenergic alpha-agonist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">or an antihistamine nasal spray</a> without risk of rhinitis medicamentosa.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21377716_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21377716-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nasal saline irrigation (a practice where salt water is poured into the nostrils), may have benefits in both adults and children in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis and it is unlikely to be associated with adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergen_immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allergen immunotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allergen immunotherapy, also called desensitization, treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to substances that are generally harmless (pollen, <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mites" class="mw-redirect" title="House dust mites">house dust mites</a>), thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment that alters the disease mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Subcutaneous immunotherapy is the most common form and has the largest body of evidence supporting its effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no forms of complementary or alternative medicine that are evidence-based for allergic rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therapeutic efficacy of alternative treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> is not supported by available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some evidence shows that acupuncture is effective for rhinitis, specifically targeting the sphenopalatine ganglion acupoint, these trials are still limited.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the quality of evidence for complementary-alternative medicine is not strong enough to be recommended by the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Allergy,_Asthma,_and_Immunology" title="American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology">American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allergic rhinitis is the type of <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a> that affects the greatest number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire2002_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western countries, between 10 and 30 percent of people are affected in a given year.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most common between the ages of twenty and forty.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2015_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first accurate description is from the 10th century physician <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhazes">Rhazes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ric2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ric2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollen was identified as the cause in 1859 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blackley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Blackley">Charles Blackley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2014_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906 the mechanism was determined by <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire2002_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The link with <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet1838_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet1838-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kar2014_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kar2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the scent per se is irrelevant, the <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> with hay checks out, as peak hay-harvesting season overlaps with peak pollen season, and hay-harvesting work puts people in close contact with seasonal allergens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp fever">Hemp fever</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618023408/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/environmental-allergies/Pages/symptoms.aspx">"Environmental 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Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders. p. 1065. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789997619846" title="Special:BookSources/9789997619846"><bdi>9789997619846</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725033709/https://books.google.com/books?id=y5rpEdeKtJEC&pg=PA1065">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Springer. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441910349" title="Special:BookSources/9781441910349"><bdi>9781441910349</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908181025/https://books.google.com/books?id=DoMVs4HuDAoC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+to+the+young+physician+on+the+art+of+medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441910349&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoMVs4HuDAoC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergic+rhinitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2014-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2014_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC2014_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Parkinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Justin Parkinson (July 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28038630">"John Bostock: The man who 'discovered' hay fever"</a>. BBC News Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731221944/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28038630">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=John+Bostock%3A+The+man+who+%27discovered%27+hay+fever&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.au=Justin+Parkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28038630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergic+rhinitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet1838-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet1838_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet1838_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1838" class="citation journal cs1">Hall M (May 19, 1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OBVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA245">"Dr. Marshall Hall on Diseases of the Respiratory System; III. Hay Asthma"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>30</b> (768): 245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2802%2995895-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(02)95895-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725034017/https://books.google.com/books?id=OBVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>. <q>With respect to what is termed the exciting cause of the disease, since the attention of the public has been turned to the subject an idea has very generally prevailed, that it is produced by the effluvium from new hay, and it has hence obtained the popular name of hay fever. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sublingual+Immunotherapy+%28SLIT%29+Allergy+Tablets+-+American+Academy+of+Allergy%2C+Asthma+%26+Immunology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2FTools-for-the-Public%2FDrug-Guide%2FSublingual-Immunotherapy-%28SLIT%29-Allergy-Tablets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergic+rhinitis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergic rhinitis</a> (hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_vasculitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivity vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Blood and immune system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_gastroenteritis" title="Eosinophilic gastroenteritis">Eosinophilic gastroenteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_allergy" title="Corn allergy">corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_allergy" title="Fish allergy">fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit allergy">fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_allergy" title="Garlic allergy">garlic</a></li> <li>meat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_allergy" title="Poultry allergy">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-gal allergy">red meat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_allergy" title="Rice allergy">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_allergy" title="Sesame allergy">sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_allergy" title="Shellfish allergy">shellfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">tree nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic meningitis">Eosinophilic meningitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Genitourinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Acute interstitial nephritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_allergy" title="Drug allergy">Drug allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">Allergic conjunctivitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mite_allergy" title="Dust mite allergy">Dust mite allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Type I hypersensitivity">Type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">Allergic asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic urticaria">Allergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergic rhinitis</a> (Hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li>common allergies include: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">Tree nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_effects_of_penicillin" title="Side effects of penicillin">Penicillin allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">ADCC</a><br /> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li></ul></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Immune thrombocytopenic purpura">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity#Type_V" title="Hypersensitivity">Type V</a>"/<a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis" title="Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">Giant cell arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">GVHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease" title="Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease">Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown/<br />multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a> (I+IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Autoimmune adrenalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_1" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1">APS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">APS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Systemic autoimmune disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br /> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li><i>noninfectious</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis">RB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li> <li><i>circulatory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decongestants_and_other_nasal_preparations_(R01)464" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nasal_preparations" title="Template:Nasal preparations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nasal_preparations" title="Template talk:Nasal preparations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nasal_preparations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nasal preparations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decongestants_and_other_nasal_preparations_(R01)464" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a> and other nasal preparations (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R01" title="ATC code R01">R01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topical_decongestant" title="Topical decongestant">Topical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">Sympathomimetics</a>, plain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentamine" title="Cyclopentamine">Cyclopentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoxazoline" title="Fenoxazoline">Fenoxazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproheptine" title="Iproheptine">Iproheptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" title="Levomethamphetamine">Levmetamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylephedrine" title="Methylephedrine">Methylephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metizoline" title="Metizoline">Metizoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylhexedrine" title="Propylhexedrine">Propylhexedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramazoline" title="Tramazoline">Tramazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaminoheptane" title="Tuaminoheptane">Tuaminoheptane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymazoline" title="Tymazoline">Tymazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">Antiallergic</a> agents,<br />excluding corticosteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaglumic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaglumic acid">Spaglumic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">histamine antagonists</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Levocabastine" title="Levocabastine">Levocabastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antazoline" title="Antazoline">Antazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonzylamine" title="Thonzylamine">Thonzylamine</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizer" title="Mast cell stabilizer">mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cromoglicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromoglicate">Cromoglicic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedocromil" title="Nedocromil">Nedocromil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">Azelastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olopatadine" title="Olopatadine">Olopatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodoxamide" title="Lodoxamide">Lodoxamide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone_dipropionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Beclometasone dipropionate">Beclometasone dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a></li> <li>Fluticasone (<a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate" title="Fluticasone furoate">Fluticasone furoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other nasal preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafaminol" title="Cafaminol">Cafaminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hexamine_thiocyanate" title="Calcium hexamine thiocyanate">Calcium hexamine thiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framycetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Framycetin">Framycetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamidine" title="Hexamidine">Hexamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaluronan">Hyaluronan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide" title="Ipratropium bromide">Ipratropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mupirocin" title="Mupirocin">Mupirocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritiometan" title="Ritiometan">Ritiometan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">Saline water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combination products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olopatadine/mometasone" title="Olopatadine/mometasone">Olopatadine/mometasone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systemic use:<br /><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">Sympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">Pseudoephedrine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azatadine/pseudoephedrine" title="Azatadine/pseudoephedrine">+azatadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine" title="Carbinoxamine/pseudoephedrine">+carbinoxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine" title="Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine">+cetirizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine" title="Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine">+dexbrompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine" title="Fexofenadine/pseudoephedrine">+fexofenadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine/loratadine" title="Pseudoephedrine/loratadine">+loratadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naproxen/pseudoephedrine" title="Naproxen/pseudoephedrine">+naproxen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272436" class="extiw" title="d:Q272436">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J30">J30</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=477">477</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/607154">607154</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012221">D012221</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31140.htm">31140</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000813.htm">000813</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ent/194-overview">ent/194</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/med/topic104.htm#">med/104</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2560.htm#">ped/2560</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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