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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Glass manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorium dioxide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriumoksied" title="Toriumoksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toriumoksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثاني أكسيد الثوريوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثاني أكسيد الثوريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="دیاوکسید توریوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیاوکسید توریوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_thori%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid thoričitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxid thoričitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium(IV)-oxid" title="Thorium(IV)-oxid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thorium(IV)-oxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_torio" title="Dióxido de torio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dióxido de torio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="توریم دی‌اکسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توریم دی‌اکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxyde_de_thorium" title="Dioxyde de thorium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioxyde de thorium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%A8" title="이산화 토륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이산화 토륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="थोरियम डाइऑक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थोरियम डाइऑक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium_dioksida" title="Torium dioksida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Torium dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diossido_di_torio" title="Diossido di torio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diossido di torio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rium-dioxid" title="Tórium-dioxid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tórium-dioxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0(IV)" title="酸化トリウム(IV) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸化トリウム(IV)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlenek_toru(IV)" title="Tlenek toru(IV) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlenek toru(IV)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F(IV)" title="Оксид тория(IV) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оксид тория(IV)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torijum_dioksid" title="Torijum dioksid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Torijum dioksid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torijum_dioksid" title="Torijum dioksid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Torijum dioksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriumdioksidi" title="Toriumdioksidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toriumdioksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தோரியம் டையாக்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோரியம் டையாக்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thori(IV)_oxide" title="Thori(IV) oxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thori(IV) oxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%8D" title="二氧化钍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二氧化钍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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#a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Thorium dioxide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/220px-Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/330px-Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png/440px-Fluorite-unit-cell-3D-ionic.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC names</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Thorium dioxide<br />Thorium(IV) oxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Thoria<br />Thorium anhydride</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1314-20-1">1314-20-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3D%5BTh%5D%3DO">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=37339">CHEBI:37339</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14124.html">14124</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.013.842">100.013.842</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420634#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>215-225-1</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>141638 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14808">14808</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9XA7X17UQC">9XA7X17UQC</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>2910 2909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0051657">DTXSID0051657</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420634#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/2O.Th</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=[Th]=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>ThO<sub>2</sub>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>264.037 g/mol<sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>white solid<sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>10.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>3,350 °C (6,060 °F; 3,620 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>4,400 °C (7,950 °F; 4,670 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>insoluble<sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a><br />slightly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a><sup id="cite_ref-crc1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−16.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>2.200 (thorianite)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorite_structure" title="Fluorite structure">Fluorite</a> (cubic), <a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol"><i>cF12</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>Fm<u style="text-decoration:overline">3</u>m, No. 225 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></div> </td> <td><div><i>a</i> = 559.74(6) pm<sup id="cite_ref-Yamashita_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_geometry" title="Coordination geometry">Coordination geometry</a></div> </td> <td>Tetrahedral (O<sup>2−</sup>); cubic (Th<sup>IV</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>65.2(2) J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−1226(4) kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H311: Toxic in contact with skin">H311</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H331: Toxic if inhaled">H331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H373</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P203: Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use.">P203</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P316: IF SWALLOWED: Get immediate emergency medical help.">P301+P316</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P316: Get immediate emergency medical help.">P316</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P318: If exposed or concerned, get medical advice.">P318</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P319: Get medical help if you feel unwell.">P319</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P330: Rinse mouth.">P330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P361+P364: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.">P361+P364</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403+P233: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.">P403+P233</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_a9d8d0ecd8c0df8e" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a9d8d0ecd8c0df8e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutonium" title="Special hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutonium" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-image"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="Special hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutonium"><img alt="Special hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutonium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg/20px-Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg/30px-Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg/40px-Radiation_warning_symbol_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Non-flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>400 mg/kg </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_sulfide" title="Thorium(IV) sulfide">Thorium(IV) sulfide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium(IV) oxide">Uranium(IV) oxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=433232426&page2=Thorium+dioxide">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Thorium dioxide</b> (ThO<sub>2</sub>), also called <b>thorium(IV) oxide</b>, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in colour. Also known as <b>thoria</b>, it is mainly a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamashita_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thorianite" title="Thorianite">Thorianite</a> is the name of the mineralogical form of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in an isometric system. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300 °C – the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>) and a few compounds (including <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_carbide" title="Tantalum carbide">tantalum carbide</a>) have higher melting points.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All thorium compounds, including the dioxide, are radioactive because there are no stable <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium" title="Isotopes of thorium">isotopes of thorium</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_reactions">Structure and reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thoria exists as two polymorphs. One has a <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> crystal structure. This is uncommon among <a href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary</a> dioxides. (Other binary oxides with fluorite structure include <a href="/wiki/Cerium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium dioxide">cerium dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">uranium dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium dioxide">plutonium dioxide</a>.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of thoria is about 6 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>. A tetragonal form of thoria is also known. </p><p>Thorium dioxide is more stable than <a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">thorium monoxide</a> (ThO).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only with careful control of reaction conditions can oxidation of thorium metal give the monoxide rather than the dioxide. At extremely high temperatures, the dioxide can convert to the monoxide either by a <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disproportionation reaction">disproportionation reaction</a> (equilibrium with liquid thorium metal) above 1,850 K (1,580 °C; 2,870 °F) or by simple dissociation (evolution of oxygen) above 2,500 K (2,230 °C; 4,040 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_fuels">Nuclear fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nuclear fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium dioxide (thoria) can be used in nuclear reactors as ceramic fuel pellets, typically contained in nuclear fuel rods clad with zirconium alloys. Thorium is not fissile (but is "fertile", breeding fissile <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">uranium-233</a> under neutron bombardment); hence, it must be used as a nuclear reactor fuel in conjunction with fissile isotopes of either uranium or plutonium. This can be achieved by blending thorium with uranium or plutonium, or using it in its pure form in conjunction with separate fuel rods containing uranium or plutonium. Thorium dioxide offers advantages over conventional uranium dioxide fuel pellets, because of its higher thermal conductivity (lower operating temperature), considerably higher melting point, and chemical stability (does not oxidize in the presence of water/oxygen, unlike uranium dioxide). </p><p>Thorium dioxide can be turned into a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear</a> fuel by breeding it into uranium-233 (see below and refer to the article on <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> for more information on this). The high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_stability" title="Thermal stability">thermal stability</a> of thorium dioxide allows applications in flame spraying and high-temperature ceramics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alloys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium dioxide is used as a stabilizer in <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> electrodes in <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_inert_gas_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten inert gas welding">TIG welding</a>, electron tubes, and aircraft gas turbine engines. As an alloy, thoriated tungsten metal is not easily deformed because the high-fusion material thoria augments the high-temperature mechanical properties, and thorium helps stimulate the emission of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thermion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermion">thermions</a>). It is the most popular oxide additive because of its low cost, but is being phased out in favor of non-radioactive elements such as <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. </p><p>Thoria-dispersed nickel finds its applications in various high-temperature operations like combustion engines because it is a good creep-resistant material. It can also be used for hydrogen trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KumarNasrallah1974_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KumarNasrallah1974-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StringerWilcox1972_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StringerWilcox1972-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murr1974_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murr1974-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium dioxide has almost no value as a commercial catalyst, but such applications have been well investigated. It is a catalyst in the <a href="/wiki/Ruzicka_large_ring_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruzicka large ring synthesis">Ruzicka large ring synthesis</a>. Other applications that have been explored include <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">petroleum cracking</a>, conversion of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and preparation of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiocontrast_agents">Radiocontrast agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radiocontrast agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium dioxide was the primary ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Thorotrast" title="Thorotrast">Thorotrast</a>, a once-common <a href="/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent" title="Radiocontrast agent">radiocontrast agent</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">cerebral angiography</a>, however, it causes a rare form of cancer (hepatic <a href="/wiki/Angiosarcoma" title="Angiosarcoma">angiosarcoma</a>) many years after administration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Iodinated_contrast" title="Iodinated contrast">injectable iodine</a> or ingestable <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate_suspension" title="Barium sulfate suspension">barium sulfate suspension</a> as standard <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> contrast agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamp_mantles">Lamp mantles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lamp mantles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a></div> <p>Another major use in the past was in <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">gas mantle</a> of lanterns developed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a> in 1890, which are composed of 99% ThO<sub>2</sub> and 1% <a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">cerium(IV) oxide</a>. Even as late as the 1980s it was estimated that about half of all ThO<sub>2</sub> produced (several hundred tonnes per year) was used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mantles still use thorium, but <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_oxide" title="Yttrium oxide">yttrium oxide</a> (or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium oxide">zirconium oxide</a>) is used increasingly as a replacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_manufacture">Glass manufacture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glass manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three lenses from yellowed to transparent left-to-right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg/220px-Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg/330px-Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg/440px-Yellowing_of_thorium_lenses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4734" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Yellowed thorium dioxide lens (left), a similar lens partially de-yellowed with ultraviolet radiation (centre), and lens without yellowing (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>When added to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, thorium dioxide helps increase its <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> and decrease <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>. Such glass finds application in high-quality <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> for cameras and scientific instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radiation from these lenses can darken them and turn them yellow over a period of years and degrade film, but the health risks are minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellowed lenses may be restored to their original colourless state by lengthy exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation. Thorium dioxide has since been replaced by rare-earth oxides such as <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">lanthanum oxide</a> in almost all modern high-index glasses, as they provide similar effects and are not radioactive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-crc1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 4.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 4.136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, p. 4.144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamashita-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYamashita,_ToshiyukiNitani,_NorikoTsuji,_ToshihideInagaki,_Hironitsu1997" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita, Toshiyuki; Nitani, Noriko; Tsuji, Toshihide; Inagaki, Hironitsu (1997). "Thermal expansions of NpO<sub>2</sub> and some other actinide dioxides". <i>J. Nucl. Mater</i>. <b>245</b> (1): 72–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JNuM..245...72Y">1997JNuM..245...72Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2896%2900750-7">10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00750-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nucl.+Mater.&rft.atitle=Thermal+expansions+of+NpO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+some+other+actinide+dioxides&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3115%2896%2900750-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JNuM..245...72Y&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+Toshiyuki&rft.au=Nitani%2C+Noriko&rft.au=Tsuji%2C+Toshihide&rft.au=Inagaki%2C+Hironitsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14808#section=Safety-and-Hazards">"Thorium dioxide"</a>. <i>pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Thorium+dioxide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F14808%23section%3DSafety-and-Hazards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/441"><i>Nature's Building Blocks</i></a> (Hardcover, First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/441">441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.pages=441&rft.edition=Hardcover%2C+First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeMajewskiAllredWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">He, Heming; Majewski, Jaroslaw; Allred, David D.; Wang, Peng; Wen, Xiaodong; Rector, Kirk D. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43623-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-43623-2"><bdi>978-0-471-43623-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Materials+Engineering.+and+Science+for+Chemical+and+Materials.&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-43623-2&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Brian+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQQcERxsNywC%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Wayne M. 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"The effect of yttrium and thorium on the oxidation behavior of Ni-Cr-Al alloys". <i>Oxidation of Metals</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 227–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00604042">10.1007/BF00604042</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19740015001">2060/19740015001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-770X">0030-770X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95399863">95399863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxidation+of+Metals&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+yttrium+and+thorium+on+the+oxidation+behavior+of+Ni-Cr-Al+alloys&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=227-263&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19740015001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95399863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-770X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00604042&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Nasrallah%2C+M.&rft.au=Douglass%2C+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StringerWilcox1972-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StringerWilcox1972_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringerWilcoxJaffee1972" class="citation journal cs1">Stringer, J.; Wilcox, B. A.; Jaffee, R. I. (1972). "The high-temperature oxidation of nickel-20 wt.% chromium alloys containing dispersed oxide phases". <i>Oxidation of Metals</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 11–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00614617">10.1007/BF00614617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-770X">0030-770X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92103123">92103123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxidation+of+Metals&rft.atitle=The+high-temperature+oxidation+of+nickel-20+wt.%25+chromium+alloys+containing+dispersed+oxide+phases&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-47&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92103123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-770X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00614617&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Jaffee%2C+R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murr1974-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murr1974_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurr1974" class="citation journal cs1">Murr, L. E. (1974). "Interfacial energetics in the TD-nickel and TD-nichrome systems". <i>Journal of Materials Science</i>. <b>9</b> (8): 1309–1319. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JMatS...9.1309M">1974JMatS...9.1309M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00551849">10.1007/BF00551849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2461">0022-2461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96573790">96573790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&rft.atitle=Interfacial+energetics+in+the+TD-nickel+and+TD-nichrome+systems&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1309-1319&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00551849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96573790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2461&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JMatS...9.1309M&rft.aulast=Murr&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoll, Wolfgang (2012) "Thorium and Thorium Compounds" in <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a27_001">10.1002/14356007.a27_001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thorotrast">Thorotrast</a>. radiopaedia.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. pp. 1425, 1456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4"><bdi>978-0-08-022057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1425%2C+1456&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-08-022057-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOezvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2004" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. R. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide"><i>The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a></span> (81st ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOak_Ridge_Associated_Universities1999" class="citation web cs1">Oak Ridge Associated Universities (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/consumer/products-containing-thorium/camera-lens.html">"Thoriated Camera Lens (ca. 1970s)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thoriated+Camera+Lens+%28ca.+1970s%29&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Oak+Ridge+Associated+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forau.org%2Fhealth-physics-museum%2Fcollection%2Fconsumer%2Fproducts-containing-thorium%2Fcamera-lens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll2005" class="citation book cs1">Stoll, W. (2005). "Thorium and Thorium Compounds". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Wiley-VCH. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a27_001">10.1002/14356007.a27_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31097-5"><bdi>978-3-527-31097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thorium+and+Thorium+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a27_001&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31097-5&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_William_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (92nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"><bdi>978-1439855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439855119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorium+dioxide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thorium_compounds" title="Template:Thorium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thorium_compounds" title="Template talk:Thorium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thorium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thorium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thorium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thorium_compounds" title="Thorium compounds">Thorium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Th(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dicarbide" title="Thorium dicarbide">ThC<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dichloride" title="Thorium dichloride">ThCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_diiodide" title="Thorium diiodide">ThI<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">ThO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Th(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_trichloride" title="Thorium trichloride">ThCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_trifluoride" title="Thorium trifluoride">ThF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_triiodide" title="Thorium triiodide">ThI<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Th(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ThO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Thorium(IV) hydroxide">Th(OH)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_carbide" title="Thorium(IV) carbide">ThC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_chloride" title="Thorium(IV) chloride">ThCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium tetrafluoride">ThF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_iodide" title="Thorium(IV) iodide">ThI<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_orthosilicate" title="Thorium(IV) orthosilicate">ThSiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_oxyfluoride" title="Thorium oxyfluoride"><span class="chemf nowrap">ThOF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_oxalate" title="Thorium oxalate">Th(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_sulfide" title="Thorium(IV) sulfide">ThS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_diselenide" title="Thorium diselenide">ThSe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_selenate" title="Thorium(IV) selenate">Th(SeO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_nitrate" title="Thorium(IV) nitrate">Th(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorocene">Th(C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_formate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) formate (page does not exist)">Th(HCOO)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) acetate (page does not exist)">Th(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_heptaphosphide" title="Thorium heptaphosphide"><span class="chemf nowrap">ThP<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides" title="Template talk:Oxides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed oxidation states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">Antimony tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_suboxide" title="Boron suboxide">Boron suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><sub>12</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">Carbon suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Chlorine perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Chloryl perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_pentoxide" title="Dichlorine pentoxide">Dichlorine pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Lead(II,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">Mellitic anhydride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><sub>12</sub>O<sub>9</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide">Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a><sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Silver(I,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(III,IV) oxide">Terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Tribromine octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a><sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+1 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Aluminium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Copper(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Caesium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Gallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine(I) oxide">Iodine(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Lithium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Mercury(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oxide" title="Rubidium oxide">Rubidium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_oxide" title="Thallium(I) oxide">Thallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water (hydrogen oxide)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub>2</sub>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+2 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium monoxide">Berkelium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoxide" title="Boron monoxide">Boron monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">Bromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">Chlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">Chromium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">Cobalt(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">Dinitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_oxide" title="Europium(II) oxide">Europium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">Germanium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">Iodine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">Lead(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">Nickel(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">Niobium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">Palladium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">Polonium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_monoxide" title="Protactinium monoxide">Protactinium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_oxide" title="Strontium oxide">Strontium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dioxide" title="Disulfur dioxide">Disulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">Thorium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">Tin(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">Vanadium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(II)_oxide" title="Yttrium(II) oxide">Yttrium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">Zirconium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+3 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Americium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_oxide" title="Berkelium(III) oxide">Berkelium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bismuth(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">Boron trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Caesium sesquioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Californium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Cerium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Cobalt(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dysprosium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Einsteinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Erbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Europium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_oxide" title="Gadolinium(III) oxide">Gadolinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Gallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Gold(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Holmium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">Indium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">Lanthanum oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lutetium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Neodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III) oxide">Praseodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Promethium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_oxide" title="Rhodium(III) oxide">Rhodium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Samarium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_oxide" title="Scandium oxide">Scandium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_oxide" title="Terbium(III) oxide">Terbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_oxide" title="Thallium(III) oxide">Thallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Thulium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">Tungsten(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">Vanadium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide">Yttrium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+4 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">Americium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide">Berkelium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">Bromine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium dioxide">Californium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_oxide" title="Curium(IV) oxide">Curium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_dioxide" title="Iodine dioxide">Iodine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium dioxide">Iridium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">Manganese dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">Molybdenum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxide" title="Neptunium(IV) oxide">Neptunium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">Niobium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">Osmium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum dioxide">Platinum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">Plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">Polonium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(IV) oxide">Praseodymium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhenium(IV) oxide">Rhenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhodium(IV) oxide">Rhodium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_oxide" title="Technetium(IV) oxide">Technetium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">Tellurium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(IV) oxide">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thorium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">Tin dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">Tungsten(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">Uranium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O<sub>2</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+5 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">Arsenic pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bismuth pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Niobium pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_oxide" title="Protactinium(V) oxide">Protactinium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide">Tantalum pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">Tungsten pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+6 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">Chromium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">Polonium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">Rhenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">Selenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">Tellurium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">Tungsten trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">Uranium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O<sub>3</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+7 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Dichlorine heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide" title="Rhenium(VII) oxide">Rhenium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_oxide" title="Technetium(VII) oxide">Technetium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+8 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Iridium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O<sub>4</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">Hassium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>O<sub>4</sub>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">Oxyanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">Ozonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">Superoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">Oxypnictide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Oxides are 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