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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Belarus/Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus/Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland/Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland/Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Finland/Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland/Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Georgia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_bogie_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_bogie_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Comparison with bogie exchange </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_bogie_exchange-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison with bogie exchange subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_bogie_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_taken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_taken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Time taken </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_taken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Locomotives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Electric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Weight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System used by trains to cross a break of gauge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#bebebe;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By transport mode</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By size (<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table class="nowrap"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_gauge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graphic list of track gauges"><img alt="Graphic list of track gauges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/240px-Track_gauge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/360px-Track_gauge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Track_gauge.svg/480px-Track_gauge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="610" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#b0b0b0;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway">Fifteen inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">381 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(15 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E5C4A1;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">600 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">Two foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">610 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways">Two foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">686 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#ff8a37;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways">750 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">750 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian-gauge_railways" title="Bosnian-gauge railways">Bosnian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">760 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways">Two foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">762 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#e1392f;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">891 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways">900 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">900 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(2 ft 11+7⁄16 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">Three foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">914 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">950 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft1+13⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#c55e8d;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">Three foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,067 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(3 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Around_4_ft_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Four foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,219 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway">Four foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,372 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#6a51b7;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway">1432 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,432 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 8+3⁄8 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#568dd0; width:20px;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,435 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">Italian broad gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 8+7⁄8 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">Dresden gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,450 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 9+3⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">Leipzig gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,458 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 9+13⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways">Toronto gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,495 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 10+7⁄8 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#335c33;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">1520 mm</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,520 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">Five foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,524 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#5abf56;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Pennsylvania_trolley_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Pennsylvania gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,581 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 2+1⁄4 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Pennsylvania gauge</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,588 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 2+1⁄2 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">Five foot three inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,600 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 3 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Streetcar_Museum#Streetcar_service" title="Baltimore Streetcar Museum">Baltimore gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,638 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 4+1⁄2 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#bbdf94;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iberian-gauge_railways" title="Iberian-gauge railways">Iberian gauge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,668 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">Five foot six inch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,676 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(5 ft 6 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_the_United_States#Broad_gauges" title="Track gauge in the United States">Six foot</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,829 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(6 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway#Brunel's_7-foot_gauge_and_the_"gauge_war"" title="Great Western Railway">Brunel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,140 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(7 ft 1⁄4 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dceba3;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn">Breitspurbahn</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left;">(9 ft 101⁄8 in) </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> Change of gauge</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Variable gauge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> By location</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_North_America" title="Track gauge in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_South_America" title="Track gauge in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Europe" title="Track gauge in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge_in_Australia" title="Rail gauge in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map, rail gauge by region"><img alt="World map, rail gauge by region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/264px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/396px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/528px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Variable gauge systems allow <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railway vehicles</a> to travel between two railways with different <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauges</a>. Vehicles are equipped with variable gauge axles (VGA). The gauge is altered by driving the train through a gauge changer installed at the <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> which moves the wheels to the gauge desired. Variable gauge systems exist within the internal network of Spain, and are installed on international links between Spain/France (Spanish train), Sweden/Finland (Swedish train), Poland/<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (Polish train) and Poland/<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Polish train). A system for changing gauge without the need to stop is in widespread use for passenger traffic in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> for services run on a mix of dedicated high-speed lines (using <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">Standard gauge</a>) and older lines (using <a href="/wiki/Iberian-gauge_railways" title="Iberian-gauge railways">Iberian gauge</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Similar systems for freight traffic are still in their infancy, as the higher axle weight increases the technological challenge. Although several alternatives exist, including transferring freight, replacing individual <a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">wheels and axles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogie exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transporter_wagon" title="Transporter wagon">transporter flatcars</a> or the simple transshipment of freight or passengers, they are impractical, thus a cheap and fast system for changing gauge would be beneficial for cross-border freight traffic.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Alternative names include Gauge Adjustable Wheelsets (GAW), Automatic Track Gauge Changeover Systems (ATGCS/AGCS),<a href="#cite_note-UIC_2016-4">[4]</a> Rolling Stock Re-Gauging System (RSRS), Rail Gauge Adjustment System (RGAS), Shifting wheelset,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Variable Gauge Rolling Truck,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> track gauge change and track change wheelset. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Variable gauge axles help solve the problem of a <a href="/wiki/Break-of-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-of-gauge">break-of-gauge</a> without having to resort to <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a> tracks or <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a>. Systems allow the adjustment between two gauges. No gauge changer designs supporting more than two gauges are used.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems">Systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg/220px-Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg/330px-Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg/440px-Spurwechselradsatz_DR_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3747" /></a><figcaption>Variable gauge axle DR III for 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge, developed in 1957</figcaption></figure> There are several variable gauge axle systems: <ul><li>Talgo-RD<a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a>). <ul><li>The Talgo system has been in revenue service in <a href="/wiki/Portbou" title="Portbou">Portbou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irun" title="Irun">Irun</a>, on the Spanish-French border, since 1969<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201031–34-10">[10]</a></li> <li>It is used on the <a href="/wiki/Strizh_(train)" title="Strizh (train)">Strizh train</a> (swift) between Moscow and Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>From 2014 for freight wagons up to 22.5 tonne axleloads <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul></li> <li>CAF-BRAVA<a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles</a>)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>The BRAVA system was originally designed in 1968 by the <a href="/wiki/Ateliers_de_constructions_m%C3%A9caniques_de_Vevey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateliers de constructions mécaniques de Vevey">Vevey Company</a> in Switzerland. The system was originally called the "Vevey axle".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The design was subsequently obtained and improved by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DB_Cargo" title="DB Cargo">DB Cargo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Knorr-Bremse" title="Knorr-Bremse">Knorr-Bremse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> being developed in 2002 for use between Europe and Russia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBAG" class="mw-redirect" title="DBAG">DBAG</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafil_Type_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafil Type V (page does not exist)">Rafil Type V</a><a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a> for freight (from Radsatzfabrik Ilsenburg for Deutsche Bahn).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Railways">Japan Railways</a> RTRI<a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a> (from the Japan <a href="/wiki/Railway_Technical_Research_Institute" title="Railway Technical Research Institute">Railway Technical Research Institute</a>) to be used on motorised axles.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>PKP <a href="/wiki/SUW_2000" title="SUW 2000">SUW 2000</a><a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a> system produced by <a href="/wiki/ZNTK_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ZNTK Poznań">ZNTK Poznań</a> for <a href="/wiki/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Koleje Państwowe">Polish State Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux%E2%80%93Lenk_im_Simmental_line" title="Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line">Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line</a>, also developed by Prose of <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a> in 2022 (1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)/1,000 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Strictly speaking, this is not a variable gauge axle system; the bogie wheels are individually suspended without a connecting axle, and their gauge can be adjusted. Furthermore, while the gauge is being changed, the <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">height of the body</a> is changed by 200 mm to match the difference in the platform heights on the two different gauge railways comprising the <a href="/wiki/GoldenPass_Express" title="GoldenPass Express">GoldenPass Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MOB_to_BLS-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> The variable gauge systems are not themselves all compatible. The SUW 2000 and Rafil Type V systems are interoperable,<a href="#cite_note-kanclerz2007-8">[8]</a> as are TALGO-RD and CAF-BRAVA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201014-30">[30]</a> In 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Roda_de_Bar%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Roda de Barà">Roda de Barà</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unichanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unichanger (page does not exist)">Unichanger</a> capable of handling four different VGA systems was under development.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_traffic">International traffic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International traffic">edit</a>]</div> VGA is particularly important with international railway traffic because gauge changes tend to occur more often at international borders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Features">Features</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> Different systems have different limitations, for example, some can be used on carriages and wagons only and are unsuitable for motive power, while others require that rolling stock is unloaded before going through the gauge changer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201013-32">[32]</a> When one of the gauges is narrow there may not be enough space between the wheels for the Brakes, Gauge Changer and the Traction Motors. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th colspan="2">Spain</th> <th>Poland</th> <th>Germany</th> <th>Japan</th> <th>Switzerland </th></tr> <tr> <th>System(s) </th> <th>TALGO</th> <th>CAF</th> <th>SUW 2000</th> <th>Rafil V</th> <th>RTRI</th> <th>Stadler + Prose </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Railways for which suitable</td> <td><a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a> <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a> <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> <a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a> <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/.jp" title=".jp">.jp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/.ch" title=".ch">.ch</a> <a href="/wiki/Montreux-Oberland_Bernois" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux-Oberland Bernois">MOB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Passenger carriages</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Goods wagons</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Motive power (driven axles)</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Under load (change with load on wheels)</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Standard Gauge/Broader Gauge </td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Standard Gauge/Narrower Gauge </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maximum_speed">Maximum speed</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maximum speed">edit</a>]</div> The maximum speed of the trains equipped with the different technologies varies. Only CAF and Talgo produce high-speed VGA, allowing speeds up to 330 km/h. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Speed_changing">Speed changing</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Speed changing">edit</a>]</div> The Talgo RD GC changes gauge at a speed of 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph; 4.2 m/s) so a 100 m (328 ft) train takes only 24 seconds to convert.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gauge_changer">Gauge changer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gauge changer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg/220px-A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg/330px-A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg/440px-A1-15v_Spurwechselanlage_L%C3%A9rida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3832" /></a><figcaption>A Talgo gauge changing system in <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> A gauge changer is a device which forces the gauge adjustment in the wheels. Designs consist of a pair of running rails that gradually vary in width between the two gauges, combined with other rails and levers to perform the following steps, using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talgo_RD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talgo RD (page does not exist)">Talgo RD</a> as an example: <ol><li>Verify that all vehicles in train are suitable for Gauge Change.</li> <li>Support on – takes weight off lock and on the guide rails.</li> <li>Unlock.</li> <li>Move wheels to new position.</li> <li>Relock.</li> <li>Support off – put weight back on lock from the guide rails.</li> <li>Verify correct operation and generate statistics. Use <a href="/wiki/ECPB" class="mw-redirect" title="ECPB">ECPB</a> power and supervisory cables.</li></ol> In the Spanish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talgo_III_HSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talgo III HSR (page does not exist)">Talgo-RD</a> system, a constant spray of water is used to lubricate the metal surfaces, to reduce heat and wear. A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talgo_III_HSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talgo III HSR (page does not exist)">Talgo RD</a> gauge changer is 20 m (65 ft 7 in) long and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) wide. <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> At present[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the choice of gauge is limited to two out of three of 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and broad gauges 1,520 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) and 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in). With narrow gauges such as 1,000 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) as found at <a href="/wiki/Zweisimmen_railway_station" title="Zweisimmen railway station">Zweisimmen</a>, Switzerland, there is less room between the wheels for the gauge change mechanism, the traction motors, and the brakes. The diameter of the wheels also limits the axleload to no more than 22.5 tonnes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> A variable gauge <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit</a>, or a train including a variable gauge locomotive (e.g. Talgo 250) and rolling stock, may drive straight across a gauge changer. Normally the locomotive will not be able to change gauge, meaning that it must move out of the way whilst the remainder of the train itself passes through. On the opposite side, a new locomotive of the other gauge will couple to the train. A <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> train with a locomotive can drive across a gauge change at 1 axle per second at a speed of about 10–15 km/h (6.2–9.3 mph).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A train (or an individual car) can be pushed halfway across the gauge-changer, uncoupled, and then (once far enough across) coupled to the new locomotive and pulled the rest of the way. A long length of wire-rope with hooks on the end means that the process can be asynchronous, with the rope used to bridge across the length of the gauge changer (to temporarily couple the arriving cars and receiving locomotive, although without braking control from the locomotive to the train vehicles). On long-distance trains in Spain and night trains crossing from Spain into France, the arriving locomotive stops just short of the gauge changer, uncouples and moves into a short siding out of the way. Gravity then moves the train through the gauge changer at a controlled low speed. The new locomotive is coupled onto the front only after the full train has finished passing through the changer. From 2014 gauge changing systems for freight wagons were being developed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries">Countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In 1933, as many as 140 inventions<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> were offered to Australia railways to overcome the breaks of gauge between the different states. None was accepted.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> About 20 of these devices were adjustable wheels/axles of some kind or another, which may be analogous to the modern <a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge_axle" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable gauge axle">VGA</a>. VGA systems were mostly intended for Broad Gauge and Standard Gauge lines. Break of Gauge stations were installed at <a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a>; these were fairly manual in operation. The newest installation was at <a href="/wiki/Dry_Creek,_South_Australia" title="Dry Creek, South Australia">Dry Creek</a> and was of a more automatic design. The Talgo RD design is even more automatic and efficient. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus/Poland">Belarus/Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Belarus/Poland">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Talgo#Variable_Gauge_Axles_(VGA)" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> gauge changing facility is installed at <a href="/wiki/Brest-Tsentralny_railway_station" title="Brest-Tsentralny railway station">Brest</a> near the Belarusian-Polish border. It is used by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>' fast trains connecting Moscow and Berlin. Orders for 7 Talgo VGA trainsets placed were placed in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The trains under the brand "<a href="/wiki/Strizh_(train)" title="Strizh (train)">Strizh</a>" are in service since 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Variable gauge axles were used for a while on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> in the 1860s in <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">Canada</a> to connect 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> without transshipment. Five hundred vehicles were fitted with "adjustable gauge trucks" but following heavy day-in, day-out use the system proved unsatisfactory, particularly in cold and snowy weather. The system used telescoping axles with wide hubs that allowed the wheels to be squeezed or stretched apart through a gauge-changer, after holding pins had been manually released.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Railway operations over the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Suspension_Bridge" title="Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge">Niagara Bridge</a> were also complicated.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland/Sweden">Finland/Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Finland/Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, a gauge-changer was installed at <a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a> at the Finnish end of the dual-gauge section between <a href="/wiki/Haparanda" title="Haparanda">Haparanda</a> and Tornio, for use with variable gauge freight wagons.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Tornio gauge changer is a Rafil design from Germany; a similar Talgo-RD gauge changer at the Haparanda end used to exist, but was removed<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> as it required de-icing in winter.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a> traffic operated by <a href="/wiki/SeaRail" title="SeaRail">SeaRail</a> and arriving from Germany and Sweden by sea used <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogie exchange</a> facilities in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Turku" title="Port of Turku">Port of Turku</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Georgia">edit</a>]</div> A new gauge changer has been put in place in Akhalkalaki for <a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Kars_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway">Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway</a>. Northwestern end has rails 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) apart, southeastern end has rails 1,520 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) apart. Both bogie exchange and variable gauge adapters are provided. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg/220px-FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg/330px-FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg/440px-FGT-9000_Matsubase_20141118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese third-generation GCT "Gauge Change Train" EMU on a test run in November 2014</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a></div> The "Gauge Change Train" is a project started in Japan in the 1990s to investigate the feasibility of producing an <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple unit</a> (EMU) train capable of operating both the 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> high-speed network at 270–300 km/h (168–186 mph) and the original 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) network at 130–140 km/h (81–87 mph).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5816170">U.S. patent 5,816,170</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The first-generation train was tested from 1998 to 2006, including on the US High-speed Test Track in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The second-generation train, intended to run at a maximum speed of 270 km/h (168 mph), was test-run in various locations in Japan between 2006 and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-railfan556-54">[54]</a> A third-generation train has been undergoing reliability trials since 2014 in preparation for potential introduction to service on the planned <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Shinkansen" title="Kyushu Shinkansen">Kyushu Shinkansen</a> extension to Nagasaki. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in May 2003"><img alt="The first-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in May 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg/294px-Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg/441px-Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg/588px-Free_Gauge_Train_GCT-01_at_kamogawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in May 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The second-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in September 2012"><img alt="The second-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in September 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/296px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/444px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg/593px-Gauge_Changing_Train_20120912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2028" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The second-generation "Gauge Change Train" EMU in September 2012</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania/Poland">Lithuania/Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lithuania/Poland">edit</a>]</div> A gauge changing facility of the Polish <a href="/wiki/SUW_2000" title="SUW 2000">SUW 2000</a> system is installed at <a href="/wiki/Mockava" title="Mockava">Mockava</a> north of the Lithuanian-Polish border. VGA passenger trains between Lithuania and Poland were running between October 1999 and May 2005, and VGA goods trains between early 2000s and 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland/Ukraine">Poland/Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poland/Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> There are two gauge changing facilities of the Polish SUW 2000 system installed on the Polish-Ukrainian border, one of them in <a href="/wiki/Dorohusk" title="Dorohusk">Dorohusk</a> (Poland) on the Warsaw-Kiyv line, another in <a href="/wiki/Mostyska_II" title="Mostyska II">Mostyska</a> (Ukraine) on the Kraków-Lviv line. On 14 December 2003 VGA passenger trains were introduced between <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (Poland) and <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> (Ukraine) instead of <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">bogie exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> VGA saves about 3 hours compared to bogie exchange. The trains last ran in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> Spain is the largest user of variable gauge systems. This is because of the need to connect older mainlines built to <a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">Iberian gauge</a> and extensive new <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railway</a> lines and connections to France, using the standard gauge. Two gauge changes are installed on lines to France and at all entrances/exits leading between the high-speed network and older lines. There are also significant lengths of 1,000 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) secondary lines but these are not connected to the main network. In February 2004, RENFE placed orders for: <ul><li>Forty-five CAF/Alstom 25 kV AC/3 kV DC, variable gauge EMUs for 250 km/h regional services, between October 2006 and May 2009 (€580 million)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Twenty-six 25 kV AC variable gauge trains for 250 km/h (155 mph) long-distance services using two Bombardier power cars and <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> Series VII trailer cars (€370 million)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gauges involved are 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1,668 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5 ft 5+21⁄32 in).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmedo,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmedo, Spain">Olmedo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina_del_Campo" title="Medina del Campo">Medina del Campo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Spanish test track.<a href="#cite_note-gif-test-track-57">[57]</a></li> <li>November 2008 – High Speed trainset for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cadiz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-train-58">[58]</a></li> <li>July 2009 – <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> 250 supplied with <a href="/wiki/Voith_Turbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Voith Turbo">Voith Turbo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SZH-692&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SZH-692 (page does not exist)">SZH-692</a> gauge change final drives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> There is also a 14.4 km (8.95 mi) circular test track in Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GoldenPass_Express" title="GoldenPass Express">GoldenPass Express</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZweisUm5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZweisUm5.jpg/220px-ZweisUm5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZweisUm5.jpg/330px-ZweisUm5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZweisUm5.jpg/440px-ZweisUm5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>MOB gauge changing system at Zweisimmen</figcaption></figure> Variable gauge bogies are implemented on the Montreux–Gstaad–Zweisimmen–Spiez–Interlaken line. Trains automatically switch from 1,000 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) to 1,435 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) at <a href="/wiki/Zweisimmen_railway_station" title="Zweisimmen railway station">Zweisimmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The bogie has no axles, which allow the bogie half frames holding the wheels on both sides to slide sideways relative to each other.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The EV09-Prose<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> gauge changer at Zweisimmen was satisfactorily tested on 19 June 2019. The system, designed to allow operation on both <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Oberland_Bernois_Railway" title="Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway">Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway</a>'s (MOB) 1000mm gauge line and <a href="/wiki/BLS_AG" title="BLS AG">BLS AG</a> 1435mm gauge infrastructure, was first implemented on 11 December 2022. Moreover, while the gauge is being automatically changed at Zweisimmen, the air spring mounted on the bogie cross member is automatically adjusted by 200 mm to match the body height with the platform height on the MOB or BLS AG portion of the GoldenPass Express.<a href="#cite_note-MOB_to_BLS-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> John Fowler mentions in 1886 at attempt by the GWR to develop a "telescopical" axle.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Trams ran between <a href="/wiki/Leeds_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds tramway">Leeds</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in or 1,435 mm <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Corporation_Tramways" title="Bradford Corporation Tramways">Bradford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Four foot gauge railway">4 ft</a> or 1,219 mm gauge) following a successful trial in 1906 using Bradford tram car number 124. The system was later patented by – GB190601695 (A) of 1906. This system was improved again in patent GB190919655 (A) of 1909 by introducing a locking system acting on the wheel and axle rather than just the wheel rim. This provided a more effective grip where the wheel was free to move along the <a href="/wiki/Spline_(mechanical)" title="Spline (mechanical)">splined</a> axle.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_bogie_exchange">Comparison with bogie exchange</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison with bogie exchange">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_taken">Time taken</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Time taken">edit</a>]</div> In VGA, the train is pulled through the "adjuster" at about 15 km/h (9.3 mph)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> without any need to uncouple the wagons or disconnect (and test) the brake equipment. Alternatively, as the train need not be uncoupled, the locomotive may pull the coupled carriages all together.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> See Talgo Gauge Changer.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Locomotives">edit</a>]</div> Steam locomotive are generally not gauge convertible on-the-fly. While diesel locomotives can be bogie exchanged,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> this is not normally done owing to the complexity in the reconnection of cables and hoses. In Australia, some locomotives are transferred between gauges. The transfer might happen every few months, but not for an individual trip. By 2004, variable gauge electric passenger locomotives were available from Talgo.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> It is not clear if variable gauge freight locomotives are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric">Electric</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electric">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>L-9202 is an experimental high speed <a href="/wiki/Bo-Bo" title="Bo-Bo">Bo-Bo</a> dual voltage (<a href="/wiki/3kVDC" class="mw-redirect" title="3kVDC">3 kV DC</a>/<a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV AC</a>) VGA locomotive.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo#Talgo_250_HSR" title="Talgo">Talgo 250</a> locomotives were also planned to haul dual-voltage variable-gauge trainsets from <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a> 200 km (124 mi) from the border to Barcelona and Madrid. Two Talgo 250 power cars haul 11 passenger trailer cars.<a href="#cite_note-Netzel_2008-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>EMU<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Weight">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A gauge adjustable bogie complete with wheelsets weighs a total of about one ton/tonne more than a conventional bogie and normally must use <a href="/wiki/Railway_disc_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway disc brake">disc brakes</a>, which cool more slowly.<a href="#cite_note-train-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netzel_2008-74">[74]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1915. C. W. Prosser. – <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">Argus</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>1921. C. R. Prosser. – <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">Argus</a> Friday 8 July 1921<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>1922. J. Grieve. – <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">Argus</a> 19 July 1922<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvia" title="Alvia">Alvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Axle exchange">Axle exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Corporation_Tramways#Consolidation_and_extension" title="Bradford Corporation Tramways">Bradford Corporation Tramways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_coupling" title="Dual coupling">Dual couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_Change_Train" title="Gauge Change Train">Gauge Change Train</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">Interoperability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_car-transfer_apparatus" title="Ramsey car-transfer apparatus">Ramsey car-transfer apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strizh_(train)" title="Strizh (train)">Strizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUW_2000" title="SUW 2000">SUW 2000</a> a form of VGA</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Unichanger.pdf">"New generation of gauge changeover Facilities: The UNICHANGER Project"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+generation+of+gauge+changeover+Facilities%3A+The+UNICHANGER+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vialibre-ffe.com%2Fpdf%2FUnichanger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renfe.com/viajeros/nuestros_trenes/avant121_ficha.html">"Avant Serie 121"</a>. 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(AGCS)"</a>. railknowledgebank.com. UIC. Retrieved 19 September 2024. <q>For this purpose a survey has been conducted of the various AGCS solutions available (chapters 2, 3 and 4), the potential market share (chapter 5) and the cost-effectiveness of the system (chapter 6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railknowledgebank.com&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+Automatic+Gauge+Changeover+Systems%3A+available+technical+solutions%2C+cost+effectiveness+and+standardisation.+%28AGCS%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tieri&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Cavicchi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Kinderis%2C+Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frailknowledgebank.com%2FPresto%2Fcontent%2FGetDoc.axd%3FctID%3DMTk4MTRjNDUtNWQ0My00OTBmLTllYWUtZWFjM2U2OTE0ZDY3%26rID%3DNTc3Mg%3D%3D%26pID%3DNzkx%26attchmnt%3DTrue%26uSesDM%3DFalse%26rIdx%3DNDU1NA%3D%3D%26rCFU%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChudzikiewicz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chudzikiewicz, Andrzej (2007). "Shifting Wheelset". Machine Dynamics Problems. 31 (2): 46–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Dynamics+Problems&rft.atitle=Shifting+Wheelset&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-56&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chudzikiewicz&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310215540/http://www.caf.net/ingles/productos/sistemas_brava.php">"The Variable Gauge Rolling Truck"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caf.net/ingles/productos/sistemas_brava.php">the original</a> on March 10, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Variable+Gauge+Rolling+Truck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caf.net%2Fingles%2Fproductos%2Fsistemas_brava.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203015017/http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=484">"Operational Requirements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=484">Development of the Trans-Asian Railway: Trans-Asian Railway in the North-south Corridor, Northern Europe to the Persian Gulf</a>. 2001. pp. 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-120099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-120099-7"><bdi>978-92-1-120099-7</bdi></a>. 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Gdańsk: UIC. Retrieved 7 December 2008. <q>Variable gauge systems: SUW 2000, Poland; DBAG/Rafil Type V, Germany; CAF BRAVA, Spain; Talgo RD, Spain; Japan RTRI; Korea KRRI [..] DB Rafil Type V and PKP SUW 2000 are technically compatible and thereby 'interoperable'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+on+European+Automatic+Track+Gauge+Changeover+Systems+%28ATGCS%29&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=UIC&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.aulast=Kanclerz&rft.aufirst=Miroslaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sirts.pl%2Fimages%2Fpliki%2F08_UIC_Kanclerz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602195438/http://www.talgo.com/index.php/en/cambio_a.php">"Talgo Variable Gauge"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talgo+Variable+Gauge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talgo.com%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fcambio_a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201031–34-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201031–34_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez2010">Álvarez 2010</a>, pp. 31–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.rzd.ru/newse/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=15&layer_id=5127&refererLayerId=4530&id=107000">"New Swift international train makes first journey with passengers from Moscow to Berlin"</a>. rzd.ru. Russian Railways. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caf.net/ingles/productos/proyecto.php?cod=6&id=587&sec=desc">the original</a> on May 22, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIGH-SPEED+TRAIN+ATPRD+s-120&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caf.net%2Fingles%2Fproductos%2Fproyecto.php%3Fcod%3D6%26id%3D587%26sec%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laviedurail.com">"ÉCARTEMENTS VARIABLES: 'L' "ESSIEU MIRACLE" EST-IL NÉ DANS LE CANTON DE VAUD?"</a>. La Vie du Rail, No. 1415, 4 November 1973 (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vie+du+Rail%2C+No.+1415%2C+4+November+1973&rft.atitle=%C3%89CARTEMENTS+VARIABLES%3A+%27L%27+%22ESSIEU+MIRACLE%22+EST-IL+N%C3%89+DANS+LE+CANTON+DE+VAUD%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laviedurail.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325175953/http://en.webvdr.com/">"webvdr.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.webvdr.com/">the original</a> on 25 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=webvdr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.webvdr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_World_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's World Railways">Jane's World Railways</a> 2002–2003 p165. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604013708/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_7_39/ai_58678001">Variable-Gauge Wagon Wheelsets | International Railway Journal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartze" class="citation web cs1">Schwartze, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010172621/http://www.engineerlive.com/rail-international/carriage-design/1044/gauge-change-system-could-help-ease-movement-between-countries.thtml">"Gauge change system could help ease movement between countries"</a>. Rail International/Live Engineer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineerlive.com/rail-international/carriage-design/1044/gauge-change-system-could-help-ease-movement-between-countries.thtml">the original</a> on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>The DB AG/Rafil Type V change gauge wheel set consists of a wheel set shaft and two axially displaceable solid wheels, which are joined to the shaft by a locking system. The solid wheel has been derived from the well-proved solid wheel of the 004 type of DB AG.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gauge+change+system+could+help+ease+movement+between+countries&rft.pub=Rail+International%2FLive+Engineer&rft.aulast=Schwartze&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineerlive.com%2Frail-international%2Fcarriage-design%2F1044%2Fgauge-change-system-could-help-ease-movement-between-countries.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasanovHoffmann2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gasanov, Isolde; Hoffmann, Hans-Karsten (2007). "Automatische Spurwechseltechnik für Güterwagen: Derzeit wird der Warenaustausch auf der Schiene durch die in Europa vorhandenen unterschiedlichen Spurweiten stark beeinträchtigt" [Automated gauge-change system for freight wagons]. Eisenbahntechnische Rundschau (in German). 6: 318–26. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18819553">18819553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eisenbahntechnische+Rundschau&rft.atitle=Automatische+Spurwechseltechnik+f%C3%BCr+G%C3%BCterwagen%3A+Derzeit+wird+der+Warenaustausch+auf+der+Schiene+durch+die+in+Europa+vorhandenen+unterschiedlichen+Spurweiten+stark+beeintr%C3%A4chtigt&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=318-26&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gasanov&rft.aufirst=Isolde&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Hans-Karsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/199908/000019990899A0223348.php">Science Links Japan | Development of Variable Gauge Bogie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206092626/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/199908/000019990899A0223348.php">Archived</a> February 6, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217004642/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200017/000020001700A0586555.php">"Science Links Japan | Development of Traction Motor for Adjustable Gauge Train"</a>. Sciencelinks.jp. 18 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200017/000020001700A0586555.php">the original</a> on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Links+Japan+%26%23124%3B+Development+of+Traction+Motor+for+Adjustable+Gauge+Train&rft.pub=Sciencelinks.jp&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencelinks.jp%2Fj-east%2Farticle%2F200017%2F000020001700A0586555.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710220014/http://www.fag.com/content.fag.de/en/branches/industry/pt_r/rail_vehicles/applications_4/pulled_cars/freight_cars/suw_2000_track_gauge_changing_system/SUW_2000_track_gauge_changing_system.jsp">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2008-11-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fag.com%2Fcontent.fag.de%2Fen%2Fbranches%2Findustry%2Fpt_r%2Frail_vehicles%2Fapplications_4%2Fpulled_cars%2Ffreight_cars%2Fsuw_2000_track_gauge_changing_system%2FSUW_2000_track_gauge_changing_system.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schaeffler.com/remotemedien/media/_shared_media/08_media_library/01_publications/schaeffler_2/publication/downloads_18/wl_07541_de_en.pdf">"INA ELGOGLIDE ® Plain Bushes in SUW 2000 Gauge Changeover Systems from ZNTK Poznán S.A."</a> (PDF). Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INA+ELGOGLIDE+%C2%AE+Plain+Bushes+in+SUW+2000+Gauge+Changeover+Systems+from+ZNTK+Pozn%C3%A1n+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schaeffler.com%2Fremotemedien%2Fmedia%2F_shared_media%2F08_media_library%2F01_publications%2Fschaeffler_2%2Fpublication%2Fdownloads_18%2Fwl_07541_de_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a> December 2008 p 944 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210172443/http://www.prose.ch/en/main">"Maintenance and service - PROSE"</a>. prose.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prose.ch/en/main">the original</a> on 10 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prose.ch&rft.atitle=Maintenance+and+service+-+PROSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prose.ch%2Fen%2Fmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyr,_Christoph2023" class="citation news cs1">Gyr, Christoph (13 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/split-frame-bogies-overcome-the-break-of-gauge/">"Split-frame bogies overcome the break of gauge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Railway_Journal" title="International Railway Journal">International Railway Journal</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2023. <q>For the bogie, compatibility with the two track gauges is ensured by moving sideways the bogie halves with the wheels mounted on them, and by raising the air spring mounted on the bogie cross member from the low to high platform height. [...] At the end of 2008 Prose began work to develop a prototype bogie based on MOB's concepts, while the two companies worked together on a pro[to]type gauge-changing facility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=Split-frame+bogies+overcome+the+break+of+gauge&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.au=Gyr%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Fin_depth%2Fsplit-frame-bogies-overcome-the-break-of-gauge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOB_to_BLS-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOB_to_BLS_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOB_to_BLS_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrippiArnet2022" class="citation web cs1">Trippi, Peider; Arnet, Roland (11 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahnjournalisten.ch/files/anlaesse/publikationen/RC_MOBOkt22.pdf">"From MOB to BLS: The GoldenPass Express variable gauge explained"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+MOB+to+BLS%3A+The+GoldenPass+Express+variable+gauge+explained&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Trippi&rft.aufirst=Peider&rft.au=Arnet%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahnjournalisten.ch%2Ffiles%2Fanlaesse%2Fpublikationen%2FRC_MOBOkt22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201014-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201014_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez2010">Álvarez 2010</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a> July 2009, p 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201013-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez201013_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez2010">Álvarez 2010</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiH4kt14yGw">Talgo RD Gauge Change video</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> [See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiH4kt14yGw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiH4kt14yGw</a> Gauge change in operation] </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiH4kt14yGw">Gauge Change </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiH4kt14yGw">Talgo GC in action.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qekr4sKfpMo">Gauge Change freight</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22205479">"BREAK OF GAUGE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brisbane Courier">The Brisbane Courier</a>. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 14 August 1933. p. 15. Retrieved 4 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brisbane+Courier&rft.atitle=BREAK+OF+GAUGE.&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1933-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article22205479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1435271?searchTerm=break+gauge+124http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/1435271">"04 Sep 1918 – BREAK OF GAUGE PROBLEM REPORT OF BOARD OF EXPERT"</a>. Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=04+Sep+1918+%E2%80%93+BREAK+OF+GAUGE+PROBLEM+REPORT+OF+BOARD+OF+EXPERT&rft.pub=Trove.nla.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article1435271%3FsearchTerm%3Dbreak%2Bgauge%2B124http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fndp%2Fdel%2Farticle%2F1435271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDVV_Media_Group_GmbH" class="citation magazine cs1">DVV Media Group GmbH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/rzd-and-talgo.html">"Gauge-changing trains ordered for Moscow – Berlin"</a>. Railway Gazette. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=Gauge-changing+trains+ordered+for+Moscow+%E2%80%93+Berlin&rft.au=DVV+Media+Group+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Frzd-and-talgo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826200640/http://home.cogeco.ca/~trains/rrall.htm">"Introduction"</a>. Niagara Rails. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.cogeco.ca/~trains/rrall.htm">the original</a> on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>two mechanical solutions were tried: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(Ontario)" title="Great Western Railway (Ontario)">GWR</a> used a dual gauge system requiring a third rail, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">GTR</a> used adjustable gauge trucks. However neither method proved satisfactory, and full conversion to <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> became necessary</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Niagara+Rails&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cogeco.ca%2F~trains%2Frrall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807165453/http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2003_1.html">"Break of Gauge at Prescott Junction"</a>. Bytown Railway Society, Branchline, June 2003. Colin Churcher's railway pages. June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2003_1.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2008. <q>The scheme selected was patented by C.D. Tisdale of East Boston, Massachusetts, with the first patent having been issued in March 1863. Special wheels with extra-large hubs were fitted with key wedges. The axles were notched so that the wheels could be set at standard or 5 -foot 6-inch gauge. The keys were locked in place by a long safety pin and giant rubber bands. The position of the wheel was shifted by a gradually diverging or converging track. In the shift from broad to standard, the keys would be loosened and removed at one end of the tapering track, workmen in a 4-foot-deep pit removed the keys from below the train. A long shed was built over the pits to protect the workmen. With the keys out, the train was slowly pushed down the track, and the wheels-would be forced inward as the train moved along the converging rails. Once at the end, the workers would reinsert and lock the wedges and the train could go on its way. The change could be done in five to ten minutes. When shifting to broad gauge, a third rail set inside the tapering track pushed the wheel out to the wider gauge. Shifting stations were located at <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Saint-Charles" title="Pointe-Saint-Charles">Pointe-Saint-Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarnia,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarnia, Ontario">Sarnia, Ontario</a>. The plan was first tried in November 1863, yet no serious consideration was given to it until early 1868. The tests proved so promising that by late in the following year two hundred adjustable-gauge cars were running between Chicago and Boston via the Michigan Central, the Grand Trunk, the Vermont Central, and several connecting lines in New England. The problems of the northern east-west route seemed to have been resolved, and three hundred more cars were ordered by National Despatch. [...] his disruptive and costly conversion might have been avoided had the variable-gauge trucks worked as well as advertised. Problems obviously had developed. The keyway grooves were said to weaken the axles. Misgivings over the safety of the telescoping axles were voiced as early as 1846, long before the Grand Trunk test. Considerable skepticism was expressed as to the reliability of the workmen charged with loosening and tightening so many wheels day in and day out.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bytown+Railway+Society%2C+Branchline%2C+June+2003&rft.atitle=Break+of+Gauge+at+Prescott+Junction&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railways.incanada.net%2FArticles%2FArticle2003_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807165453/http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2003_1.html">"Break of Gauge at Prescott Junction"</a>. Railways.incanada.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2003_1.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Break+of+Gauge+at+Prescott+Junction&rft.pub=Railways.incanada.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railways.incanada.net%2FArticles%2FArticle2003_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826200640/http://home.cogeco.ca/~trains/rrall.htm">"Niagara Rails – Introduction"</a>. Home.cogeco.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.cogeco.ca/~trains/rrall.htm">the original</a> on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niagara+Rails+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.pub=Home.cogeco.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cogeco.ca%2F~trains%2Frrall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.lib.aalto.fi/fi/old/yrityspalvelin/pdf/1998/Evryhtyma1998.pdf">"VR Annual Report 1998"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR Group</a>. 1998. p. 12. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>Traffic between Tornio and Haaparanta continued to decline slightly. Measures were taken to boost the volume on this line by speeding up border crossing formalities. Development of a new track gauge changing machine made further progress and testing will be started in Tornio in the early spring of 1999. This machine will raise traffic volumes between Finland and Scandinavia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VR+Annual+Report+1998&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=VR+Group&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.lib.aalto.fi%2Ffi%2Fold%2Fyrityspalvelin%2Fpdf%2F1998%2FEvryhtyma1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsten_Büker2004" class="citation web cs1">Thorsten Büker (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/lines_sweden-finland.php">"border lines Sweden – Finland"</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>In 2002 through workings by suitable wagons had been involved in cooperation of Finnish VR, Green Cargo and Nordwaggon. A Gauge-changer of German design "Rafil" was installed at Tornia [sic]; a Talgo-type gauge changer at Haparanda. This one was already taken out of use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=border+lines+Sweden+%E2%80%93+Finland&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Thorsten+B%C3%BCker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bueker.net%2Ftrainspotting%2Flines_sweden-finland.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars-Åke_Josefsson2007" class="citation web cs1">Lars-Åke Josefsson (15 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155935/http://it.indianrail.gov.in/grfc/PRESENTATION/GRFC2007_TK2_Josefsson.pdf">"A bridge between differences in infrastructure"</a> (PDF). Automatic track gauge technique. <a href="/wiki/Banverket" title="Banverket">Banverket</a> (Swedish National Rail Administration). pp. 14, 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://it.indianrail.gov.in/grfc/PRESENTATION/GRFC2007_TK2_Josefsson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2008. <q>Trials with systems with automatic track gauge change technique have been going on at the border between Sweden and Finland since 1997 during severe winter conditions. Two different systems, the Spanish Talgo system and the German Rafil system, have been tested. We have decided to go on with the Rafil system. [...] 14 bogies has been bought. Commercial traffic has been going on since October 2005.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automatic+track+gauge+technique&rft.atitle=A+bridge+between+differences+in+infrastructure&rft.pages=14%2C+18&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft.au=Lars-%C3%85ke+Josefsson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fit.indianrail.gov.in%2Fgrfc%2FPRESENTATION%2FGRFC2007_TK2_Josefsson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasaiTsujinoUruga2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kasai, Kenichi; Tsujino, Shodo; Uruga, Kenichi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011085419/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200103/000020010300A1025749.php">"Gauge Change Train. Development of Monitor System of Gauge Change Train"</a>. RTRI Report. 14 (10): 47–52. 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Quarterly Report of RTRI. 44 (3): 99–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2219%2Frtriqr.44.99">10.2219/rtriqr.44.99</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Report+of+RTRI&rft.atitle=Developing+a+Gauge-Changing+EMU&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=99-102&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2219%2Frtriqr.44.99&rft.aulast=Oda&rft.aufirst=Kazuhiro&rft.au=Ohtsuyama%2C+Sumiaki&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+Hideyuki&rft.au=Kawano%2C+Ichiro&rft.au=Mimura%2C+Yuichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Frtriqr%2F44%2F3%2F44_3_99%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008002026/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr36/pdf/f04_soe.pdf">"Japan Railway & Transport Review (see picture page 6)"</a> (PDF). jrtr.net. 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Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tractor+bogie+with+incorporated+gauge-change+system+%E2%80%93+Patentes+Talgo+S.A&rft.pub=Freepatentsonline.com&rft.date=1997-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F5816170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stsnet.jp/shinkai/english/solutions/example/example-002.html">"Shinkai Corporation"</a>. Retrieved March 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shinkai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stsnet.jp%2Fshinkai%2Fenglish%2Fsolutions%2Fexample%2Fexample-002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshige,_Makoto2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ishige, Makoto (September 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtri.or.jp/eng/publish/newsletter/pdf/04/RTA-04-02.pdf">"Development of Gauge-Changeable EMUs"</a> (PDF). Railway Technology Avalanche (4). Retrieved December 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Technology+Avalanche&rft.atitle=Development+of+Gauge-Changeable+EMUs&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft.au=Ishige%2C+Makoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtri.or.jp%2Feng%2Fpublish%2Fnewsletter%2Fpdf%2F04%2FRTA-04-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-railfan556-54"><a href="#cite_ref-railfan556_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"新形フリーゲージトレイン" [New Gauge-changing Train]. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railfan_Magazine" title="Japan Railfan Magazine">Japan Railfan Magazine</a>. Vol. 47, no. 556. Japan: Koyusha Co., Ltd. August 2007. pp. 86–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Railfan+Magazine&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%BD%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=556&rft.pages=86-87&rft.date=2007-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513201731/http://intercity.pl/en/site/ec-en-m/east.html">"East - intercity.pl"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intercity.pl/en/site/ec-en-m/east.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+-+intercity.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintercity.pl%2Fen%2Fsite%2Fec-en-m%2Feast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasper_Fiszer2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kasper Fiszer (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/polska--ukraina-kolejny-rok-bez-suw-2000-89959.html">"Polska – Ukraina: Kolejny rok bez SUW 2000"</a> [Poland – Ukraine: Another year without SUW 2000]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rynek+Kolejowy&rft.atitle=Polska+%E2%80%93+Ukraina%3A+Kolejny+rok+bez+SUW+2000&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.au=Kasper+Fiszer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rynek-kolejowy.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fpolska--ukraina-kolejny-rok-bez-suw-2000-89959.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gif-test-track-57"><a href="#cite_ref-gif-test-track_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011164742/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_/ai_84183158">"GIF develops dual-gauge track"</a>. International Railway Journal. March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_/ai_84183158">the original</a> on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008. <q>A new test track, which opened in December 2001, is being used to help develop and test the dual-gauge concept. The 14.4 km track between Olmedo and Medina del Campo in Valladolid province, includes 10 km of tangent track (part of the old Segovia-Medina line, which has been out of service since 1993), a gauge-changing facility, workshops, and a technical building for the interlocking. ... The test track is not yet electrified, so initial tests, which started in January, were conducted using a <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> XXI diesel train. Tests include running through turnouts and crossings at a maximum of 242 km/h on plain track and 110 km/h on deviations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=GIF+develops+dual-gauge+track&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0BQQ%2Fis_%2Fai_84183158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-train-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-train_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-train_58-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a> November 2008, p. 881 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebExpert_–_http://www.webexpert.ch" class="citation web cs1">WebExpert – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webexpert.ch">http://www.webexpert.ch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013195912/http://www.goldenpass.ch/documents/showFile.asp?ID=2565">"Droits insuffisants"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=19+Jul+1922+%E2%80%93+BREAK+OF+GAUGE+PROBLEM.+Captain+Grieve%27s+Device&rft.pub=Trove.nla.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article1834643%3FsearchTerm%3Daxle%2Bgauge%2Bdevice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez2010" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez, Alberto García (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Track_gauge_changeover.pdf">Automatic track gauge changeover for trains in Spain</a> (PDF) (4 ed.). Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89649-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-89649-56-9"><bdi>978-84-89649-56-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+track+gauge+changeover+for+trains+in+Spain&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+los+Ferrocarriles+Espa%C3%B1oles&rft.date=2010-08&rft.isbn=978-84-89649-56-9&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Alberto+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vialibre-ffe.com%2Fpdf%2FTrack_gauge_changeover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIglesiasADIF2011" class="citation conference cs1">Iglesias, Ignacio Jorge; ADIF (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vialibre-ffe.com/pdf/Unichanger.pdf">The Unichanger Project—New generation of gauge changeover Facilities</a> (PDF). Rail Technological Forum for Internationalization. Madrid. <q>TCRS4 system allows the pass of CAF, Talgo, Rafil-DB [and] SUW2000 technologies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Unichanger+Project%E2%80%94New+generation+of+gauge+changeover+Facilities&rft.place=Madrid&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft.aulast=Iglesias&rft.aufirst=Ignacio+Jorge&rft.au=ADIF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vialibre-ffe.com%2Fpdf%2FUnichanger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVariable+gauge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1112908.html">A train axle system with variable gauge wheels</a>, patent EP1112908, assigned to Talgo SA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/EP0873929.html">Variable gauge bogie for rolling stock</a>, patent EP0873929, assigned to Railway Technical Research Institute.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepatentsonline.com/5787814.html">Railway axle assembly furnished with automatic change of track gauge and adaptable to conventional freight bogies</a>, patent US5787814, assigned to Talgo SA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_7_39/ai_58678001/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1">Variable-Gauge Wagon Wheelsets – Brief Article</a>, International Railway Journal, July, 1999[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330160218/http://www.uic.asso.fr/baseinfo/projet/projet.php?id=194">European Automatic Track Gauge Changeover Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">UIC</a>-backed study of different variable gauge systems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c7ehHel2z8">Talgo's variable gauge system explained</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGHOJF_M6-8">Talgo's Variable gauge system in action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dq-9Gp2hZio">Close-up view of MOB's variable bogie in action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-union.org/root/UA/Documents/Reports/IE/2005%2520till%25202008%2520meetings/Johannesburg%2520-%252019-20%2520November%252007/French/Report%2520of%2520the%2520Conference%2520(Clean%2520copy).doc">UA report</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807192229/http://www.cfr.ro/JF/engleza/0308/interoperabilitate.htm">CFR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://osjd.plaske.ua/en/doklad/wishnevski.doc">http://osjd.plaske.ua/en/doklad/wishnevski.doc</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728151404/http://www.usubc.org/EUUBCmonitor/EUUBCMonitorMarch2008.doc">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurailpress.de/fileadmin/user_upload/RTR_SPAIN/Sistemas_automaticos_de_cambio_de_ancho_de_via_en_Espana.pdf">Automatic gauge changing systems in Spain</a> (in Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template talk:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Track_gauge_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway#Installations" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Minimum-gauge_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Minimum-gauge railways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway">15 in</a> (381 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="400 mm gauge railway">400 mm</a> (15+3⁄4 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ridable_miniature_railways#16_in" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ridable miniature railways">16 in</a> (406 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="18 in gauge railway">18 in</a> (457 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="19 in gauge railway">19 in</a> (483 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="500 mm gauge railway">500 mm</a> (19+3⁄4 in)</li> <li>20 in (508 mm)</li> <li>21 in (533 mm)</li> <li>1 ft 10 in (559 mm)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">2 foot and 600 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways">2 ft 3 in</a> (686 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways">750 mm</a> (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian gauge">760 mm</a> (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways">2 ft 6 in</a> (762 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_mm_gauge_railways" title="800 mm gauge railways">800 mm</a> (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in)</li> <li>891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) <a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways">900 mm</a> (2 ft 11+7⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">3 ft</a> (914 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">950 mm</a> (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre gauge</a></li> <li>1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">1,050 mm</a> (3 ft 5+11⁄32 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_for_Rail_Transport" title="National Company for Rail Transport">1,055 mm</a> (3 ft 5+1⁄2 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in</a> (1,067 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping%E2%80%93Uttersberg%E2%80%93Riddarhyttan_Railway" title="Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway">1,093 mm</a> (3 ft 7 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tram" title="Santa Teresa Tram">1,100 mm</a> (3 ft 7+5⁄16 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Four_foot_and_1200_mm_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway">1,200 mm</a> (3 ft 11+1⁄4 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Four foot gauge railway">4 ft</a> (1,219 mm)</li> <li>4 ft 1 in (1,245 mm), <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway">4 ft 6 in</a> (1,372 mm), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_and_Newtyle_Railway" title="Dundee and Newtyle Railway">4 ft 6+1⁄2 in</a> (1,384 mm), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation_Tramways" title="Glasgow Corporation Tramways">4 ft 7+3⁄4 in</a> (1,416 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_8_in_gauge_railways" title="4 ft 8 in gauge railways">4 ft 8 in</a> (1,422 mm), almost standard gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock" title="Washington Metro rolling stock">4 ft 8+1⁄4 in</a> (1,429 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway">1,432 mm</a> (4 ft 8+3⁄8 in)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in</a> / 1,435 mm, Stephenson gauge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Moritz%E2%80%93Corviglia_funicular" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Moritz–Corviglia funicular">1,440 mm</a> (4 ft 8+11⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">1,445 mm (4 ft 8+7⁄8 in)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">1,450 mm</a> (4 ft 9+3⁄32 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_and_Mahoning_Valley_Railroad" title="Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad">4 ft 9+3⁄8 in</a> (1,457 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">1,458 mm</a> (4 ft 9+13⁄32 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways">4 ft 10+7⁄8 in</a> (1,495 mm), Toronto gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">5 ft / 1,524 mm and 1,520 mm</a> (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), Russian gauge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Subway%E2%80%93Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines">5 ft 2+1⁄4 in</a> / 1,581 mm and <a href="/wiki/Five_foot_two_and_a_half_inch_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Five foot two and a half inch gauge railways">5 ft 2+1⁄2 in</a> / 1,588 mm, Pennsylvania gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">5 ft 3 in</a> (1,600 mm), Irish gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_4%C2%BD_in_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="5 ft 4½ in gauge railways">5 ft 4+1⁄2 in</a> (1,638 mm), Baltimore gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">1,668 mm</a> (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in), Iberian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">5 ft 6 in</a> (1,676 mm), Indian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Arend_(locomotive)" title="De Arend (locomotive)">1,945 mm</a> (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in), De Arend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway">7 ft 1⁄4 in</a> (2,140 mm), Brunel gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn">3,000 mm</a> (9 ft 10+1⁄8 in), Breitspurbahn</li> <li>8,200 mm (26 ft 10+27⁄32 in), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4rchwandschr%C3%A4gaufzug" title="Lärchwandschrägaufzug">Lärchwandschrägaufzug</a></li> <li>9,000 mm (29 ft 6+5⁄16 in), <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_ship_lift" title="Krasnoyarsk ship lift">Krasnoyarsk ship lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of track gauge articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Miniature_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Minimum-gauge_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Minimum-gauge railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Large_amusement_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Large amusement railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gauge differences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Gauge conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Variable gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport mode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram and light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_country" title="Category:Track gauges by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_imperial_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by imperial unit">by imperial units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_metric_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by metric unit">by metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_name" title="Category:Track gauges by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_track_gauges" title="Category:Lists of track gauges">lists of track gauges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&oldid=1247171904">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_gauge&oldid=1247171904</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges" title="Category:Track gauges">Track gauges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rolling_stock" title="Category:Rolling stock">Rolling 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