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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway_links_with_adjacent_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_links_with_adjacent_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Railway links with adjacent countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_links_with_adjacent_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towns_served_by_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_served_by_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Towns served by rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_served_by_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_transit_and_tram_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_transit_and_tram_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rapid transit and tram systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rapid_transit_and_tram_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rapid transit and tram systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rapid_transit_and_tram_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Almaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Astana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oskemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oskemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oskemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oskemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pavlodar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pavlodar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pavlodar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pavlodar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temirtau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temirtau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Temirtau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temirtau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Highways-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Highways subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Motorways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways_and_waterborne_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways_and_waterborne_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Waterways and waterborne transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways_and_waterborne_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ports and harbours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ports and harbours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caspian_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caspian_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Caspian Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caspian_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>On rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchant_Marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchant_Marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Merchant Marine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchant_Marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Airports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Airports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports_-_with_paved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_-_with_paved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Airports - with paved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_-_with_paved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports_-_with_unpaved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_-_with_unpaved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Airports - with unpaved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_-_with_unpaved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Sky_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Sky_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Open Sky regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Sky_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Heliports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Airlines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The New Silk Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1standa_n%C9%99qliyyat" title="Qazaxıstanda nəqliyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxıstanda nəqliyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখস্তানের পরিবহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজাখস্তানের পরিবহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ҡаҙағстанда транспорт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙағстанда транспорт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Транспарт у Казахстане – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Транспарт у Казахстане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5" title="카자흐스탄의 교통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐스탄의 교통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporti_in_Kazakistan" title="Trasporti in Kazakistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporti in Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Қазақстандағы транспорт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстандағы транспорт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstano_transportas" title="Kazachstano transportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazachstano transportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сообраќајот во Казахстан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сообраќајот во Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="カザフスタンの交通 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフスタンの交通" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Транспорт в Казахстане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспорт в Казахстане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Саобраћај у Казахстану – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саобраћај у Казахстану" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saobra%C4%87aj_u_Kazahstanu" title="Saobraćaj u Kazahstanu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saobraćaj u Kazahstanu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan%27da_ula%C5%9F%C4%B1m" title="Kazakistan'da ulaşım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan'da ulaşım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Транспорт Казахстану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспорт Казахстану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="哈薩克交通 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈薩克交通" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1274169#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For transport in the Soviet Union, see <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport in the Soviet Union</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vast territory of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> spans across 2,700,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,000,000 sq mi). The population density is low in Kazakhstan, and the centers of industry and agriculture are spread out and remote from world markets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railways">Railways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Zholy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Temir Zholy">Kazakhstan Temir Zholy</a></div> <p>Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All railway lines in Kazakhstan are built in <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>) gauge, of which 4,000 km (2,500 mi) is electrified (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Zholy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Temir Zholy">Kazakhstan Temir Zholy</a> (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French loco manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing center in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing center in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era, rail routes were designed ignoring inter-Soviet borders, based on the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused anomalies, such as the route from <a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a> passing briefly through Russian territory. It also means that routes might not suit modern-day Kazakhstani needs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan's developed railway system promotes international and regional trade connecting Asia and Europe. In 2019, the transit of goods through Kazakhstan increased 23% to 664,000 containers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cargo2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cargo2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_links_with_adjacent_countries">Railway links with adjacent countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Railway links with adjacent countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia#Rail_transport" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a> - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the People's Republic of China">China</a> - <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">27</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in</span>)/<a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>); <ul><li>Border station at <a href="/wiki/Dostyk" title="Dostyk">Druzhba</a>, KZ - <a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a>, CN, connection between the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan%E2%80%93Siberia_Railway" title="Turkestan–Siberia Railway">Turkestan–Siberia Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Xinjiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Xinjiang Railway">Northern Xinjiang Railway</a> (no electrification on them).</li> <li>Another connection exist from <a href="/wiki/Altynkol_railway_station" title="Altynkol railway station">Altynkol railway station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Khorgas</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jinghe%E2%80%93Yining%E2%80%93Khorgos_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos Railway">Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos Railway</a> towards <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kyrgyzstan#Railways" title="Transport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan#Railways" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> - same gauge (former Soviet Union railway system) (railway link opened in 2013, presently for freight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> - <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/railhead" class="extiw" title="wikt:railhead">railhead</a> <span class="nowrap">1,520 mm</span></li></ul> <p>The strategy of transport development in Kazakhstan until 2015 is to build 1,600 km (990 mi) of new electrified and 2,700 km (1,700 mi) of existing railway stations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, a standard gauge rail link from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, it was proposed to eliminate break of gauge at Druzhba-Alashankou by converting the Kazakhstan main line to European gauge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/BOOT" class="mw-redirect" title="BOOT">BOOT</a> line from <a href="/wiki/Zhetigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhetigen">Zhetigen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khorgos" title="Khorgos">Khorgos</a> on the China border.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line would branch off the existing railway near <a href="/wiki/Shaquanzi" title="Shaquanzi">Shaquanzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/kazakhst.pdf">UN Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183534/http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/fullMaps_Sa.nsf/luFullMap/D27D9AFFF5B6812A85256A23006DE977/$File/kazak.pdf?OpenElement">reliefweb map</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_served_by_rail">Towns served by rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Towns served by rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway stations in Kazakhstan">Railway stations in Kazakhstan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapid_transit_and_tram_systems">Rapid transit and tram systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rapid transit and tram systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Metro station in Almaty.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaty">Almaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Almaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG/200px-ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG/300px-ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG/400px-ALAtramwayTolebi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Tram in Almaty</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Metro" title="Almaty Metro">Almaty Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Almaty" title="Trams in Almaty">Trams in Almaty</a></div> <p>There is a small (8.56 km (5.32 mi)) <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, the former capital and the largest city in the country. Second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at <a href="/wiki/Alatau_(Almaty_Metro)" title="Alatau (Almaty Metro)">Alatau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhibek_Zholy_(Almaty_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhibek Zholy (Almaty Metro)">Zhibek Zholy</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanrail.net_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanrail.net-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. The extension includes five new stations, and will connect the downtown area of Almaty with <a href="/wiki/Qalqaman_(Almaty_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalqaman (Almaty Metro)">Kalkaman</a> in the suburbs. Its length will be 8.62 km (5.36 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Almaty_metro_website_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almaty_metro_website-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction is divided into three phases. The first phase, the addition of the two stations Sairan and Moscow with a length of 2.7 km (1.7 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Almaty_metro_website_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almaty_metro_website-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in 2015. </p><p>There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astana">Astana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Astana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astana_Light_Metro" title="Astana Light Metro">Astana Light Metro</a></div> <p>A metro system is currently under construction in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana </a>, the capital city. </p><p>The metro line had been a long time coming and the project was abandoned at one point in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an agreement was signed on 7 May 2015 for the project to go ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oskemen">Oskemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oskemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a>, a tram system was operated until 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened between 1959 and 1978, the tram was a popular form of transport in Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk. At its peak, it had six routes, but in the end it had four routes in operation. It had a fleet of 50 working tram cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Oskemen_Trmway_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oskemen_Trmway-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pavlodar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg/200px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg/300px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg/400px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Trams in Pavlodar</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a>, there is a 86 km (53 mi) tram network which began service in 1965. As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the network has 20 regular and three special routes. The network has a 60% share of the local public transport market. Its fleet of 115 trams are due to be replaced and in 2012, with the city announcing plans to purchase 100 new trams.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavlodar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlodar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temirtau">Temirtau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temirtau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg/200px-Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg/300px-Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg/400px-Trams_in_Temirtau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Trams in Temirtau</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two tram lines in <a href="/wiki/Temirtau" title="Temirtau">Temirtau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Temirtau_city_council_website_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temirtau_city_council_website-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highways">Highways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kazakhstan" title="Roads in Kazakhstan">Roads in Kazakhstan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Incomplete sentences and sporadic, possibly outdated information.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Transport in Kazakhstan">improve this section </a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfarabi3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alfarabi3.jpg/220px-Alfarabi3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alfarabi3.jpg/330px-Alfarabi3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alfarabi3.jpg/440px-Alfarabi3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Al-Farabi street, Almaty, Esentai Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazakhstan has a road network stretching over 96,000 km (60,000 mi), most of which is in need of modernization and repair. It is, however, notable for containing the easterly terminus of <a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">European route E40</a>, which contains the most easterly section of the <a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">Euroroute network</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Total:</i> 189,000 kilometres (117,000 mi) (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-nationalencyclopedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalencyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Paved:</i> 108,100 km (67,200 mi) (2002)</li> <li><i>Unpaved:</i> 80,900 km (50,300 mi) (2002)</li></ul> <p>It is stated in the <i>CIA Factbook</i> that Kazakhstan has a total road network of 93,612 km (58,168 mi) which is made up of 84,100 km (52,300 mi) paved and 9,512 km (5,910 mi) unpaved roads (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 3,845,301 registered cars and a total of 4,425,770 units of autotransport.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five international routes pass through Kazakhstan, totaling 23,000 km (14,000 mi). These highways are: </p> <ul><li>M-36 Highway: Almaty – <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> – Kostanay (continues to <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a>)</li> <li>Almaty – <a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavl</a> to Omsk with the release of<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>M-38 Highway: Almaty - <a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semey</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a> (continues to <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>)</li> <li>M-39 Highway: Almaty - <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a> (continues to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>)</li> <li>M-32 Highway: Shymkent - <a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a> (continues to <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>)</li></ul> <p>In 2009, the country began the construction of the "Western Europe - Western China" highway, which will be completed <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">by 2013</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Has it been completed? (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The total length of the road will be 8,445 km (5,247 mi), of which 2,787 km (1,732 mi) will be in Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Kyzylorda, South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and Almaty oblasts). The thickness of the asphalt and concrete pavement will be 80 cm (31 in), and the expected lifespan of the highway will be 25 years, without a major overhaul, and the maximum speed limit 120 km/h (75 mph). The project includes a number of bridges over rivers, road maintenance facilities, bus stop areas, <i>avtopavilony</i>, cattle trails, and electronic signage. Simultaneously with the construction of this highway, roads will be repaired and built in areas along its route.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motorways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The motorway network in Kazakhstan is rather underdeveloped, mainly due to the low population density in the country, which doesn't require wider roads on long distances. There is a total of 490 km of motorways. The following are the only existing multi-lane, double carriage roads in Kazakhstan: </p> <ul><li>A1 - Runs from Astana to <a href="/wiki/Shchuchinsk" title="Shchuchinsk">Shchuchinsk</a>. It further continues as the A1 two-lane highway to <a href="/wiki/Kokshetau" title="Kokshetau">Kokshetau</a>. Motorway length: 250 km (160 mi).</li> <li>A2 - Runs from Almaty to a point past <a href="/wiki/Uzynagash" title="Uzynagash">Uzynagash</a>. It further continues as the A2 two-lane highway to <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a>. Motorway length: 58 km (36 mi).</li> <li>A2 - Other four-lane portion runs from <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a> to Zhibek Zholy, on the border with <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. Length: 100 km (62 mi).</li> <li>A3 - Runs from Almaty to <a href="/wiki/Kapshagay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapshagay">Kapshagay</a>. It further continues as the A3 two-lane highway to <a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a>. Motorway length: 82 km (51 mi).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipelines">Pipelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pipelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010, pipelines in Kazakhstan consist of:<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Condensate: 658 km (409 mi)</li> <li>Gas: 12,317 km (7,653 mi)</li> <li>Oil: 11,201 km (6,960 mi)</li> <li>Refined products: 1,095 km (680 mi)</li> <li>Water, 1,465 km (910 mi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterways_and_waterborne_transportation">Waterways and waterborne transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Waterways and waterborne transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4,000 km (2,500 mi) of waterways on the Syrdariya (<a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>), 80%, and Ertis (<a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh</a>) rivers, (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports_and_harbours">Ports and harbours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ports and harbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caspian_Sea">Caspian Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caspian Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqtau" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqtau">Aqtau</a> (Shevchenko) - railhead <span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">5 ft</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> (Gur'yev) - railhead <span class="nowrap">1,524 mm</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_rivers">On rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: On rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a> (Ust-Kamenogorsk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semey</a> (Semipalatinsk)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchant_Marine">Merchant Marine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Merchant Marine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The merchant marine has a total of 119 vessels as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> consisting of four general cargo vessels, ten petroleum tankers, and 105 other vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-cia2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airports">Airports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhstan has a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of airports in Kazakhstan">97 airports</a>. (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is quoted as having a total of 449 airports in 2001.<i><sup id="cite_ref-nationalencyclopedia_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalencyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The large area of the country and the associated long distances makes air travel a very important component in domestic travel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports_-_with_paved_runways">Airports - with paved runways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Airports - with paved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>total: 64<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>over 3,047 metres (9,997 ft): 10</li> <li>2,438–3,047 metres (7,999–9,997 ft): 25</li> <li>1,524–2,437 metres (5,000–7,995 ft): 16</li> <li>914–1,523 metres (2,999–4,997 ft): 5</li> <li>under 914 metres (2,999 ft): 8 (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports_-_with_unpaved_runways">Airports - with unpaved runways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Airports - with unpaved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>total: 33<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>over 3,047 metres (9,997 ft): 5</li> <li>2,438–3,047 metres (7,999–9,997 ft): 7</li> <li>1,524–2,437 metres (5,000–7,995 ft): 3</li> <li>914–1,523 metres (2,999–4,997 ft): 5</li> <li>under 914 metres (2,999 ft): 13 (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Sky_regime">Open Sky regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Open Sky regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>11 airports of Kazakhstan are part of the <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">open sky regime</a>, which allows more foreign carriers and more flights to operate at Kazakh airports. They include the airports of <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev_International_Airport" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaty_International_Airport" title="Almaty International Airport">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shymkent_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shymkent International Airport">Shymkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aktau_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktau Airport">Aktau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sary-Arka_Airport" title="Sary-Arka Airport">Karaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskemen_Airport" title="Oskemen Airport">Ust-Kamenogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar_Airport" title="Pavlodar Airport">Pavlodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokshetau_Airport" title="Kokshetau Airport">Kokshetau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taraz_Airport" title="Taraz Airport">Taraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petropavl_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Petropavl Airport">Petropavlovsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semey_Airport" title="Semey Airport">Semey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenSky_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenSky-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heliports">Heliports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Heliports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Total: 3 (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Airports in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="Template talk:Airports in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Airports in Kazakhstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Airports_in_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of airports in Kazakhstan">Airports</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almaty (<a href="/wiki/Almaty_International_Airport" title="Almaty International Airport">Almaty</a> – ALA)</li> <li>Astana (<a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev_International_Airport" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> – NQZ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aktau (<a href="/wiki/Aktau_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktau Airport">Aktau</a> – SCO)</li> <li>Aktobe (<a href="/wiki/Aktobe_International_Airport" title="Aktobe International Airport">Aktobe</a> – AKX)</li> <li>Atyrau (<a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Airport" title="Atyrau Airport">Atyrau</a> – GUW)</li> <li>Karagandy (<a href="/wiki/Sary-Arka_Airport" title="Sary-Arka Airport">Sary-Arka</a> – KGF)</li> <li>Kokshetau (<a href="/wiki/Kokshetau_Airport" title="Kokshetau Airport">Kokshetau</a> – KOV)</li> <li>Kostanay (<a href="/wiki/Kostanay_Airport" title="Kostanay Airport">Kostanay</a> – KSN)</li> <li>Kyzylorda (<a href="/wiki/Kyzylorda_Airport" title="Kyzylorda Airport">Korkyt Ata</a> – KZO)</li> <li>Oral (<a href="/wiki/Oral_Ak_Zhol_Airport" title="Oral Ak Zhol Airport">Ak Zhol</a> – URA)</li> <li>Oskemen (<a href="/wiki/Oskemen_Airport" title="Oskemen Airport">Oskemen</a> – UKK)</li> <li>Pavlodar (<a href="/wiki/Pavlodar_Airport" title="Pavlodar Airport">Pavlodar</a> – PWQ)</li> <li>Petropavl (<a href="/wiki/Petropavl_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Petropavl Airport">Petropavl</a> – PPK)</li> <li>Semey (<a href="/wiki/Semey_Airport" title="Semey Airport">Semey</a> – PLX)</li> <li>Shymkent (<a href="/wiki/Shymkent_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shymkent International Airport">Shymkent</a> – CIT)</li> <li>Taraz (<a href="/wiki/Taraz_Airport" title="Taraz Airport">Taraz</a> – DMB)</li> <li>Turkistan (<a href="/wiki/Hazret_Sultan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazret Sultan International Airport">Hazret Sultan</a> – HSA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Balkhash (<a href="/wiki/Balkhash_Airport" title="Balkhash Airport">Balkhash</a> – BXH)</li> <li>Taldykorgan (<a href="/wiki/Taldykorgan_Airport" title="Taldykorgan Airport">Taldykorgan</a> – TDK)</li> <li>Usharal (<a href="/wiki/Usharal_Airport" title="Usharal Airport">Usharal</a> – USJ)</li> <li>Zaysan (<a href="/wiki/Zaysan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaysan Airport">Zaysan</a> – SZI)</li> <li>Zhezkazgan (<a href="/wiki/Zhezkazgan_Airport" title="Zhezkazgan Airport">Zhezkazgan</a> – DZN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unscheduled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><small> <ul><li>Arkalyk (<a href="/wiki/Arkalyk_Airport" title="Arkalyk Airport">Arkalyk</a> – AYK)</li> <li>Atbasar (<a href="/wiki/Atbasar_Airport" title="Atbasar Airport">Atbasar</a> – ATX)</li> <li>Almaty (<a href="/wiki/Boraldai_Airport" title="Boraldai Airport">Boraldai</a> – BXJ)</li> <li>Ekibastuz (<a href="/wiki/Ekibastuz_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekibastuz Airport">Ekibastuz</a> – EKB)</li> <li>Urzhar (<a href="/wiki/Urzhar_Airport" title="Urzhar Airport">Urzhar</a> – UZR)</li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Baikonur <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Krayniy_Airport" title="Baikonur Krayniy Airport">Krayniy</a> – BXY</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubileyniy_Airport" title="Yubileyniy Airport">Yubileyniy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sary Shagan (<a href="/wiki/Kambala_(air_base)" title="Kambala (air base)">Kambala</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of airports in Kazakhstan">List of airports in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li>Busiest airports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of the busiest airports in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of the busiest airports in the former Soviet Union">Post-Soviet states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Semey (<a href="/wiki/Chagan_(air_base)" title="Chagan (air base)">Chagan</a>)</li> <li>Dolon (<a href="/wiki/Dolon_Southwest" title="Dolon Southwest">Dolon Southwest</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Smaller airports handle domestic, charter or private services only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airlines">Airlines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Airlines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P4-PAS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/P4-PAS.JPG/220px-P4-PAS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/P4-PAS.JPG/330px-P4-PAS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/P4-PAS.JPG/440px-P4-PAS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Air Astana <a href="/wiki/Airbus-320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus-320">Airbus-320</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Aktau_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktau Airport">Aktau Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> blacklisted all Kazakh carriers in 2009, with the sole exception of Air Astana. Since then, Kazakhstan had consistently been taking measures to modernize and revamp its air safety oversight. Thus, in 2016, the <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">European Aviation Safety Agency</a> removed all Kazakh airlines from its blacklist citing “sufficient evidence of compliance” with international standards by Kazakh airlines and its Civil Aviation Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2021, it was announced that Kazakhstan’s aviation safety record increased to 84%, which is 15% higher than the global average. These statistics were reported from an audit conducted by the ICAO Coordinated Validation Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Air_Astana" title="Air Astana">Air Astana</a></b> - Air Astana (Эйр Астана) is the principal airline and the flag carrier of the Republic of Kazakhstan, based in Almaty, Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operates scheduled domestic and international services on 56 routes from its main hub, <a href="/wiki/Almaty_International_Airport" title="Almaty International Airport">Almaty International Airport</a>, and from its 2 secondary hubs, <a href="/wiki/Astana_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana International Airport">Astana International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Airport" title="Atyrau Airport">Atyrau Airport</a>. It is a joint venture between Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a> Samruk-Kazyna (51%), and BAE Systems PLC (49%). It was incorporated in October 2001, and started commercial flights on 15 May 2002. At the 2012 World Airline Awards held at <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough Airshow</a> in the UK, Air Astana was named the <i>Best Airline in Central Asia & India</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/FlyArystan" title="FlyArystan">FlyArystan</a></b> - low-cost subsidiary of Air Astana</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SCAT_Airlines" title="SCAT Airlines">SCAT Airlines</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Airlines" title="Sunday Airlines">Sunday Airlines</a></b> - charter subsidiary of SCAT Airlines</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Qazaq_Air" title="Qazaq Air">Qazaq Air</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caspiy" title="Caspiy">Caspiy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaz_TransAir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaz TransAir (page does not exist)">Kaz TransAir</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigma_Airlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigma Airlines (page does not exist)">Sigma Airlines</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunkar_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunkar Air (page does not exist)">Sunkar Air</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_New_Silk_Road">The New Silk Road</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The New Silk Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazakhstan is actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">New Silk Road</a> initiative, which is an infrastructure project expected to significantly accelerate and reduce the cost of goods delivery from China to Europe through Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Kazakhstan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=145827">Kazakhstan, South Korea to set up bus-assembling JV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airastana.com">Air Astana website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railways.kz/en">Kazakhstan Railways website in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919233622/http://www.airportwebsite.com/almaty/">Almaty airport details</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astanaairport.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=389&lang=en">Official website for Astana Airport in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astanaairport.com/">Unofficial website for Astana Airport in English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+of+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=Air+Astana+named+Best+Airline+in+Central+Asia+%26+India&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satrapia.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fair-astana-named-best-airline-in-central-asia-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21632595-kazakhstan-turns-geography-advantage-china-builds-new-silk-road-hardly-oasis">"Kazakhstan turns geography to advantage as China builds a "New Silk Road"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.economist.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.economist.com&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+turns+geography+to+advantage+as+China+builds+a+%22New+Silk+Road%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F21632595-kazakhstan-turns-geography-advantage-china-builds-new-silk-road-hardly-oasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_Europe" title="Template:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Albania" title="Transport in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Andorra" title="Transport in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Croatia" title="Transport in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Transport in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Denmark" title="Transport in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Estonia" title="Transport in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania" title="Transport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malta" title="Transport in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Moldova" title="Transport in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Monaco" title="Transport in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Montenegro" title="Transport in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_San_Marino" title="Transport in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Serbia" title="Transport in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovakia" title="Transport in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovenia" title="Transport in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_%C3%85land" title="Transport in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Transport in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guernsey" title="Transport in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Transport in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jersey" title="Transport in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Svalbard" title="Transport in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_European_Union" title="Transport in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transport in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Azerbaijan" title="Transport in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain" title="Transport in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bhutan" title="Transport in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brunei" title="Transport in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cambodia" title="Transport in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_East_Timor" title="Transport in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan" title="Transport in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Transport in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Maldives" title="Transport in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oman" title="Transport in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar" title="Transport in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Transport in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkmenistan" title="Transport in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Uzbekistan" title="Transport in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Transport in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Macau" title="Transport in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Motorways_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motorways_in_Asia" title="Template:Motorways in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motorways_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Motorways in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motorways_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Motorways in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Armenia#Motorways" title="Roads in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Azerbaijan#Motorways" title="Roads in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bahrain#Road_transport" title="Transport in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh#Expressways" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_National_Roads_System#Highways" title="Brunei National Roads System">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Cambodia" title="Expressways of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_and_motorways_in_Cyprus#Cyprus_motorways_list" title="Roads and motorways in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroutes of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressways in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_toll_roads_in_Indonesia" title="List of toll roads in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeways_in_Iran" title="Freeways in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Iraq#Freeways_numbers" title="List of highways in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_highways" title="List of Israeli highways">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Japan" title="Expressways of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jordan#Roadways" title="Transport in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Motorways">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_North_Korea" title="Motorways in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_in_South_Korea" title="Expressways in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kuwait" title="Roads in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane%E2%80%93Boten_Expressway" title="Vientiane–Boten Expressway">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon#Motorways" title="Transport in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Expressway_System" title="Malaysian Expressway System">Malaysia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon%E2%80%93Mandalay_Expressway" title="Yangon–Mandalay Expressway">Myanmar</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oman#Highways" title="Transport in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_expressway_network" title="Philippine expressway network">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar#Highways" title="Transport in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_federal_highways" title="Russian federal highways">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia#Road_transportation" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Singapore" title="Expressways of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Expressways of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria#Motorways" title="Transport in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoyol" title="Otoyol">Turkey</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#List_of_motorways" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Vietnam" title="Expressways of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_highways" title="List of Israeli highways">Palestine</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Strategic_Route_and_Exit_Number_System" title="Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System">Hong Kong</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Motorways_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motorways_in_Europe" title="Template:Motorways in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motorways_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Motorways in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motorways_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Europe">Motorways in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Albania" title="Motorways in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Armenia#Motorways" title="Roads in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahns_of_Austria" title="Autobahns of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Azerbaijan#Motorways" title="Roads in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Belarus" title="Roads in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Belgium" title="List of motorways in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roadways" title="Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_and_motorways_in_Cyprus" title="Roads and motorways in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic#Motorways" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Denmark" title="Motorways in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Estonia" title="Highways in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Finland" title="Highways in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_France" title="Autoroutes of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroutes of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roads_and_Motorways_in_Greece#Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="National Roads and Motorways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Hungary#Motorways#" title="Highways in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Motorways in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy" title="Autostrade of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Motorways">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia#Road_system" title="Transport in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lithuania#Controlled-access_highways_sections" title="Transport in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Luxembourg" title="List of motorways in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Montenegro" title="Motorways in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of motorways in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_North_Macedonia" title="Motorways in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway#Road_transport" title="Transport in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal#Motorways" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Romania" title="Highways in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_Russia" title="List of motorways in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Serbia" title="Motorways in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Slovakia" title="Highways in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoyol" title="Otoyol">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Ukraine#Automagistrals" title="Roads in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Kosovo" title="Motorways in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorways_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorways in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kazakhstan&#124;link=Kazakhstan_Transport_in_Kazakhstan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible {{{state=autocollapse}}} navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_transit" title="Template:Kazakhstan transit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_transit" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan transit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_transit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan transit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kazakhstan&#124;link=Kazakhstan_Transport_in_Kazakhstan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport in Kazakhstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlmatyMetroLogo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlmatyMetroLogo.png/25px-AlmatyMetroLogo.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlmatyMetroLogo.png/38px-AlmatyMetroLogo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AlmatyMetroLogo.png/50px-AlmatyMetroLogo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Almaty_Metro" title="Almaty Metro">Almaty Metro</a></li> <li><b>Trams</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temirtau" title="Temirtau">Temirtau</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Almaty" title="Trams in Almaty">Trams in Almaty</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trolleybus_systems#Kazakhstan" title="List of trolleybus systems">Trolleybuses suspended nationwide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Railways">KTZ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Aral_Railway" title="Trans-Aral Railway">Trans-Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan%E2%80%93Siberia_Railway" title="Turkestan–Siberia Railway">Turkestan–Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxin_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanxin railway">Lanxin railway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghe%E2%80%93Yining%E2%80%93Khorgos_railway" title="Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway">Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway</a> (China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourist rail/<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_named_passenger_trains" title="Lists of named passenger trains">Named</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Orient Silk Road Express</i> (private train)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Children%27s_Railway" title="Alma-Ata Children's Railway">Alma-Ata Children's Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shymkent_Children%27s_Railway" title="Shymkent Children's Railway">Shymkent Children's Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaganda_Children%27s_Railway" title="Karaganda Children's Railway">Karaganda Children's Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokshetau_Children%27s_Railway" title="Kokshetau Children's Railway">Kokshetau Children's Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BSicon_BUS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/30px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/45px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BSicon_BUS.svg/60px-BSicon_BUS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zapadny_Bus_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapadny Bus Station">Zapadny Bus Station</a> (long distance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayran_Bus_Station" title="Sayran Bus Station">Sayran Bus Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major terminals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg/15px-Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg/23px-Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg/30px-Aiga_railtransportation_inv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="588" /></a></span> <b>Rail</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty-1_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaty-1 railway station">Almaty-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaty-2_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaty-2 railway station">Almaty-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana-1_station" title="Astana-1 station">Astana-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana-Nurly_Jol_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana-Nurly Jol station">Astana-Nurly Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shymkent_rail_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shymkent rail station (page does not exist)">Shymkent</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20_airtransportation_inv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20_airtransportation_inv.svg/15px-20_airtransportation_inv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20_airtransportation_inv.svg/23px-20_airtransportation_inv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20_airtransportation_inv.svg/30px-20_airtransportation_inv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="580" /></a></span> <b>Airports</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty_International_Airport" title="Almaty International Airport">Almaty International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktau_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktau Airport">Aktau Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev_International_Airport" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport">Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/15px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/23px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/30px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="769" /></a></span> <b>Caspian ports</b> <ul><li>Aktau</li> <li>Atyrau</li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/15px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/23px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg/30px-Aiga_watertransportation_inv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="769" /></a></span> <b>River ports</b> <ul><li>Oskemen</li> <li>Pavlodar</li> <li>Semey</li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RocketX.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RocketX.png/15px-RocketX.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RocketX.png/23px-RocketX.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/RocketX.png/30px-RocketX.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <b>Space ports</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astana_Light_Metro" title="Astana Light Metro">Astana Light Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> transit</b>: (<a href="/wiki/Template:Transit_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Transit in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) <= <a href="/wiki/Template:Turkmenistan_transit" title="Template:Turkmenistan transit">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Uzbekistan_transit" title="Template:Uzbekistan transit">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_transit" title="Template:Kazakhstan transit">Kazakhstan</a> => (<a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_transit" title="Template:Xinjiang transit">Xinjiang</a>,<a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Russia</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Southern Corridors</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tajikistan_transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tajikistan transit (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Kyrgyzstan_transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Kyrgyzstan transit (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Iran_transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Iran transit (page does not exist)">Iran</a> <= <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Afghanistan_transit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Afghanistan transit (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a> => (<a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" title="Category:Kazakhstan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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