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Ohmmeter - Wikipedia

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ohmmeter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmeter" title="Ohmmeter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ohmmeter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقياس المقاومة الكهربائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس المقاومة الكهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ওহম-মিটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওহম-মিটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Омметър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Омметър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%C3%ADmetre" title="Ohmímetre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ohmímetre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmetr" title="Ohmmetr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ohmmetr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmeter" title="Ohmmeter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ohmmeter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widerstandsmessger%C3%A4t" title="Widerstandsmessgerät – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Widerstandsmessgerät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oommeeter" title="Oommeeter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oommeeter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Ωμόμετρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωμόμετρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%C3%ADmetro" title="Ohmímetro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ohmímetro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omometro" title="Omometro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Omometro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmetro" title="Ohmmetro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ohmmetro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اهم‌سنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اهم‌سنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmm%C3%A8tre" title="Ohmmètre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ohmmètre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93m-mh%C3%A9adar" title="Óm-mhéadar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óm-mhéadar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Օհմմետր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օհմմետր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="ओममापी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओममापी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm-meter" title="Ohm-meter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ohm-meter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmetro" title="Ohmmetro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ohmmetro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מד התנגדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מד התנגדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಓಮ್‍ಮೀಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಮ್‍ಮೀಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Омметр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омметр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Омметр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омметр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омметар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Омметар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ഓം മീറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓം മീറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmeter" title="Ohmmeter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ohmmeter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E7%B8%81%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E8%A8%88" title="絶縁抵抗計 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絶縁抵抗計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omomierz" title="Omomierz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Omomierz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%C3%ADmetro" title="Ohmímetro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ohmímetro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmmetru" title="Ohmmetru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ohmmetru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Омметр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Омметр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омметар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Омметар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommetar" title="Ommetar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ommetar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஓம்மானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓம்மானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diren%C3%A7_%C3%B6l%C3%A7er" title="Direnç ölçer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Direnç ölçer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Омметр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Омметр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94m_k%E1%BA%BF" title="Ôm kế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ôm kế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86%E8%A8%88" title="歐姆計 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐姆計" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tool for measuring electrical resistance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ohm_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm metre">ohm metre</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Ohmmeter%22">"Ohmmeter"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Ohmmeter%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Ohmmeter%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Ohmmeter%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ohmmeter%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ohmmeter%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohmmeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ohmmeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>An analog ohmmeter</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ohmmeter</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">instrument</a> that measures <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> (the opposition offered by a circuit or component to the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>). Multimeters also function as ohmmeters when in resistance-measuring mode. An ohmmeter applies current to the circuit or component whose resistance is to be measured. It then measures the resulting voltage and calculates the resistance using <a href="/wiki/Ohm%E2%80%99s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm’s law">Ohm’s law</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=IR}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=IR}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3604da12028748671ffe4d4feef5d28092d455dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.821ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=IR}"></span>. </p><p>An ohmmeter should not be connected to a circuit or component that is carrying a current or is connected to a power source. Power should be disconnected before connecting the ohmmeter. Ohmmeters can be either connected in series or parallel based on requirements (whether resistance being measured is part of circuit or is a shunt resistance). </p><p>Micro-ohmmeters (microhmmeter or micro ohmmeter) make measurements of low resistance. Megohmmeters (also a trademarked device <a href="/wiki/Megger" class="mw-redirect" title="Megger">Megger</a>) measure large values of resistance. The unit of measurement for resistance is the <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_evolution">Design evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohmmeter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Design evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first ohmmeters were based on a type of meter movement known as a 'ratiometer'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a> type movement encountered in later instruments, but instead of hairsprings to supply a restoring force they used conducting 'ligaments'. These provided no net rotational force to the movement. Also, the movement was wound with two coils. One was connected via a series resistor to the battery supply. The second was connected to the same battery supply via a second resistor and the resistor under test. The indication on the meter was proportional to the ratio of the currents through the two coils. This ratio was determined by the magnitude of the resistor under test. The advantages of this arrangement were twofold. First, the indication of the resistance was completely independent of the battery voltage (as long as it actually produced some voltage) and no zero adjustment was required. Second, although the resistance scale was non linear, the scale remained correct over the full deflection range. By interchanging the two coils a second range was provided. This scale was reversed compared to the first. A feature of this type of instrument was that it would continue to indicate a random resistance value once the test leads were disconnected (the action of which disconnected the battery from the movement). Ohmmeters of this type only ever measured resistance as they could not easily be incorporated into a <a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">multimeter</a> design. Insulation testers that relied on a hand cranked generator operated on the same principle. This ensured that the indication was wholly independent of the voltage actually produced. </p><p>Subsequent designs of ohmmeter provided a small battery to apply a <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> to a resistance via a galvanometer to measure the current through the resistance (battery, galvanometer and resistance all connected in <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">series</a>). The scale of the galvanometer was marked in ohms, because the fixed voltage from the battery assured that as resistance is increased, the current through the meter (and hence deflection) would decrease. Ohmmeters form circuits by themselves, therefore they cannot be used within an assembled circuit. This design is much simpler and cheaper than the former design, and was simple to integrate into a <a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">multimeter</a> design and consequently was by far the most common form of analogue ohmmeter. This type of ohmmeter suffers from two inherent disadvantages. First, the meter needs to be zeroed by shorting the measurement points together and performing an adjustment for zero ohms indication prior to each measurement. This is because as the battery voltage decreases with age, the series resistance in the meter needs to be reduced to maintain the zero indication at full deflection. Second, and consequent on the first, the actual deflection for any given resistor under test changes as the internal resistance is altered. It remains correct at the centre of the scale only, which is why such ohmmeter designs always quote the accuracy "at centre scale only". </p><p>A more accurate type of ohmmeter has an electronic circuit that passes a constant current (I) through the resistance, and another circuit that measures the voltage (V) across the resistance. These measurements are then digitized with an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog digital converter (adc)</a> after which a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> make the division of the current and voltage according to <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm&#39;s law">Ohm's law</a> and then decode these to a display to offer the user a reading of the resistance value they're measuring at that instant. Since these type of meters already measure current, voltage and resistance all at once, these type of circuits are often used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_multimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital multimeter">digital multimeters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precision_ohmmeters">Precision ohmmeters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohmmeter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Precision ohmmeters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For high-precision measurements of very small resistances, the above types of meter are inadequate. This is partly because the change in deflection itself is small when the resistance measured is too small in proportion to the intrinsic resistance of the ohmmeter (which can be dealt with through <a href="/wiki/Current_divider" title="Current divider">current division</a>), but mostly because the meter's reading is the sum of the resistance of the measuring leads, the contact resistances and the resistance being measured. To reduce this effect, a precision ohmmeter has four terminals, called Kelvin contacts. Two terminals carry the current from and to the meter, while the other two allow the meter to measure the voltage across the resistor. In this arrangement, the power source is connected in series with the resistance to be measured through the external pair of terminals, while the second pair connects in parallel with the galvanometer which measures the voltage drop. With this type of meter, any voltage drop due to the resistance of the first pair of leads and their contact resistances is ignored by the meter. This <a href="/wiki/Four-terminal_sensing" title="Four-terminal sensing">four terminal measurement</a> technique is called Kelvin sensing, after <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, Lord Kelvin</a>, who invented the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_bridge" title="Kelvin bridge">Kelvin bridge</a> in 1861 to measure very low resistances. The Four-terminal sensing method can also be utilized to conduct accurate measurements of low resistances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohmmeter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.g1jbg.co.uk/pdf/MeggerBK.pdf">http://www.g1jbg.co.uk/pdf/MeggerBK.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315011216/http://www.g1jbg.co.uk/pdf/MeggerBK.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A pocket book on the use of Megger insulation and continuity testers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031037/http://www.prolexdesign.com/images/evohmmeter.jpg">[1]</a> Illustration of type. Note the absence of any zero adjustment and the changed scale direction between ranges. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged November 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.codrey.com/electrical/ohmmeter-working-and-types/">https://www.codrey.com/electrical/ohmmeter-working-and-types/</a> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohmmeter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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id="Electrical_and_electronic_measuring_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrical_and_electronic_measuring_equipment" title="List of electrical and electronic measuring equipment">Electrical and electronic measuring equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_meter" title="Capacitance meter">Capacitance meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">Electricity meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_counter" title="Frequency counter">Frequency counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">Galvanometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCR_meter" title="LCR meter">LCR meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_power_meter" title="Microwave power meter">Microwave power meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megohmmeter" title="Megohmmeter">Megohmmeter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ohmmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_meter" title="Peak meter">Peak meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_programme_meter" title="Peak programme meter">Peak programme meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psophometer" title="Psophometer">Psophometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_meter" title="Q meter">Q meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-to-digital_converter" title="Time-to-digital converter">Time-to-digital converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_ratio_arm_bridge" title="Transformer ratio arm bridge">Transformer ratio arm bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_tester" title="Tube tester">Tube tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattmeter" title="Wattmeter">Wattmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU_meter" title="VU meter">VU meter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_analyzer" title="Bus analyzer">Bus analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_analyzer" title="Signal analyzer">Signal analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform_monitor" title="Waveform monitor">Waveform monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_borescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Video borescope">Video borescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_waveform_generator" title="Arbitrary waveform generator">Arbitrary waveform generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pattern_generator" title="Digital pattern generator">Digital pattern generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_generator" title="Sweep generator">Sweep generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_generator" title="Signal generator">Signal generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video-signal_generator" title="Video-signal generator">Video-signal generator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐5zrpf Cached time: 20241122144028 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.276 seconds Real time usage: 0.442 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 875/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44008/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9483/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18782/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.174/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3201489/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 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