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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Law in the Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_in_the_Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hebrew Bible subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moses_and_authorship_of_the_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moses_and_authorship_of_the_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Moses and authorship of the Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moses_and_authorship_of_the_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_references_to_the_Law_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_references_to_the_Law_in_the_Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_references_to_the_Law_in_the_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinical_Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinical_Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rabbinical Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinical_Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christian interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of Moses</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8C%88_%E1%88%99%E1%88%B4" title="ሕገ ሙሴ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕገ ሙሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="شريعة موسى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شريعة موسى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="মূসার আইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মূসার আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseloven" title="Moseloven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moseloven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosese_seadus" title="Moosese seadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moosese seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μωσαϊκός νόμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μωσαϊκός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_mosaica" title="Ley mosaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley mosaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisesen_legea" title="Moisesen legea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moisesen legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شریعت موسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شریعت موسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_mosa%C3%AFque" title="Loi mosaïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi mosaïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%84%B8_%EC%9C%A8%EB%B2%95" title="모세 율법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모세 율법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मूसा संहिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूसा संहिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Musa" title="Hukum Musa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum Musa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_mosaica" title="Legge mosaica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge mosaica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%C3%A0n%27_i_Mosesy" title="Lalàn' i Mosesy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalàn' i Mosesy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_van_Mozes" title="Wet van Mozes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wet van Mozes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95" title="モーセの律法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーセの律法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseloven" title="Moseloven – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moseloven" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselova" title="Moselova – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moselova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شریعت موسوی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شریعت موسوی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_de_Mois%C3%A9s" title="Lei de Moisés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei de Moisés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_lui_Moise" title="Legea lui Moise – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea lui Moise" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Моисеев закон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моисеев закон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Law of Moses" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="موسوي شريعت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موسوي شريعت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="شەریعەتی مووسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەریعەتی مووسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooseksen_laki" title="Mooseksen laki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mooseksen laki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaiska_lagen" title="Mosaiska lagen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mosaiska lagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Kanunu" title="Musa Kanunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Musa Kanunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мойсеїв Закон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мойсеїв Закон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شریعت موسوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شریعت موسوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_M%C3%B4i-se" title="Luật Môi-se – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật Môi-se" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95" title="摩西律法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩西律法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q837443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="View the content 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/370px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/555px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg/740px-El_Greco_-_Mount_Sinai_-_WGA10419.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>'s <i>View of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></i> (1570–1572), <a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Crete" title="Historical Museum of Crete">Historical Museum of Crete</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Law of Moses</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Torat Moshe</i></span>), also called the <b>Mosaic Law</b>, is the law said to have been revealed to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a>. The term primarily refers to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> or the first five books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Law of Moses or <a href="/wiki/Torah#Meaning_and_names" title="Torah">Torah of Moses</a> (Hebrew: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה</span>‎, <i>Torat Moshe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">νόμος Μωυσῆ</span>, <i>nómos Mōusē</i>, or in some <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the bible">translations</a> the "Teachings of Moses"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a biblical term first found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+8:31–32&version=nkjv">8:31–32</a>, where Joshua writes the Hebrew words of "Torat Moshe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה</span>‎" on an altar of stones at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ebal" title="Mount Ebal">Mount Ebal</a>. The text continues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And afterward he read all the words of the teachings, the blessings and cursings, according to all that is written in the book of the Torah.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joshua 8:34<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term occurs 15 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, a further 7 times<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and repeatedly in <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertestamental">intertestamental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical">rabbinical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">patristic</a> literature. </p><p>The Hebrew word for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, <i><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></i> (which means "law" and was translated into Greek as <a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">"nomos"</a> or "Law") refers to the same five books termed in English "Pentateuch" (from Latinised Greek "five books", implying the five books of Moses). According to some scholars, use of the name "Torah" to designate the "Five Books of Moses" of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> is clearly documented only from the 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern usage, <i>Torah</i> can refer to the first five books of the Tanakh, as the Hebrew Bible is commonly called, to the instructions and <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">commandments</a> found in the 2nd to 5th books of the Hebrew Bible, and also to the entire Tanakh and even all of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Law</a> as well. Among English-speaking Christians the term "The Law" can refer to the whole Pentateuch including <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, but this is generally in relation to the New Testament where <i>nomos</i> "the Law" sometimes refers to all five books, including Genesis. This use of the Hebrew term "Torah" (law), for the first five books is considered misleading by 21st-century Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible scholar">bible scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a>, because the Pentateuch "consists of about one half law and the other half narrative".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_in_the_Ancient_Near_East">Law in the Ancient Near East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law in the Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Law of Moses" in ancient Israel was different from other legal codes in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> because transgressions were seen as offences against God rather than solely as offences against society (civil law).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">Code of Ur-Nammu</a> (c. 2100–2050 BCE), and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (c. 1760 BCE, of which almost half concerns <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>). </p><p>However, the influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the Law of ancient Israel is recognised and well documented,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, in principles such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lex talionis</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">eye for an eye</a>"), and in the content of the provisions. Some similarities are striking, such as in the provisions concerning a man-goring ox (Code of Hammurabi laws 250–252, Exodus 21:28–32). Some writers have posited direct influence: <a href="/wiki/David_P._Wright" title="David P. Wright">David P. Wright</a>, for example, asserts that the Covenant Code is "directly, primarily, and throughout dependent upon the Laws of Hammurabi", "a creative rewriting of Mesopotamian sources ... to be viewed as an academic abstraction rather than a digest of laws".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others posit indirect influence, such as via <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is consensus that the similarities are a result of inheriting common oral traditions. Another example, the Israelite <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatical Year">Sabbatical Year</a> has antecedents in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>mesharum</i> edicts granting periodic relief to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important distinction, however, is that in ancient Near East legal codes, as in more recently unearthed <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a> texts, an important, and ultimate, role in the legal process was assigned to the king. Ancient Israel, before the monarchical period beginning with David, was set up as a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, although God is most commonly portrayed like a king.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moses_and_authorship_of_the_Law">Moses and authorship of the Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moses and authorship of the Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></div> <p>According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses was the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">leader of early Israel out of Egypt</a>; and traditionally the first five books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> are attributed to him, though most modern scholars believe there were multiple authors. The law attributed to Moses, specifically the laws set out in the books of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, as a consequence came to be considered supreme over all other sources of authority (any king and/or his officials), and the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> were the guardians and interpreters of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Book of Deuteronomy (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#31:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 31:24–26</a>) records Moses saying, "Take this book of the law, and put it by the side of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>." Similar passages referring to the Law include, for example, Exodus 17:14, "And the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, that I will utterly blot out the remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a> from under <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>"; Exodus 24:4, "And Moses wrote all the words of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, and rose up early in the morning, and built an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve tribes of Israel">twelve tribes of Israel</a>"; Exodus 34:27, "And the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> said unto Moses, Write thou these words, for after the tenor of these words I have made a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> with thee and with Israel"; and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#26:46" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">Leviticus 26:46</a> "These are the decrees, the laws and the regulations that the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> established on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> between himself and the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> through Moses." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_references_to_the_Law_in_the_Hebrew_Bible">Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later references to the Law in the Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a> relates how a "law of Moses" was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a> during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> (r. 641–609 BCE). </p><p>Another mention of the "Book of the Law of Moses" is found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%208:30–31&version=nrsv">Joshua 8:30–31</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The content of the Law is spread among the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, and then reiterated and added to in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>. This includes: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li>Moral laws – on murder, theft, honesty, adultery, homosexuality, etc.</li> <li>Social laws – on property, inheritance, marriage, and divorce.</li> <li>Food laws – on what is <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">clean and unclean</a>, on cooking and storing food.</li> <li>Purity laws – on <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">menstruation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">seminal emissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">skin disease and mildew</a>, etc.</li> <li>Feasts – the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Atonement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Atonement">Day of Atonement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Tabernacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Tabernacles">Feast of Tabernacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Unleavened_Bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Unleavened Bread">Feast of Unleavened Bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>, etc.</li> <li>Sacrifices and offerings – the <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)" title="Burnt offering (Judaism)">burnt offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole offering">whole offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heave_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Heave offering">heave offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meal_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Meal offering">meal offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave offering">wave offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_offering" title="Peace offering">peace offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drink_offering" title="Drink offering">drink offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thank_offering" title="Thank offering">thank offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dough_offering" title="Dough offering">dough offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">incense offering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_heifer" title="Red heifer">red heifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="First fruits">first fruits</a>, etc.</li> <li>Instructions for the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Ancient_Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Ancient Israel)">priesthood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">high priest</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Terumat_hamaaser" title="Terumat hamaaser">tithes</a>.</li> <li>Instructions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, and which were later applied to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, including those concerning the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> (in which were the tablets of the law, <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a>). Instructions and for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar (Judaism)">various altars</a>.</li> <li>Forward looking instructions for time when Israel would demand a <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Israel">king</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinical_Interpretation">Rabbinical Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rabbinical Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The content of the instructions and its interpretations, the Oral Torah, was passed down orally, excerpted and codified in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> were numbered as the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">law given to Moses at Sinai</a> (Hebrew Halakhah le-Moshe mi-Sinai הלכה למשה מסיני) is a <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> distinction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserts that Moses presented the laws to the Jewish people, and that the laws do not apply to <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> (including Christians), with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, which (it teaches) apply to all people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_interpretation">Christian interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Law_of_Moses" title="Special:EditPage/Law of Moses">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orthodox Christians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> regard the Law of Moses as still fully in effect but transformed and fulfilled in a number of ways. Other Christians believe that <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">only parts dealing with the moral law (as opposed to ceremonial law) are still applicable</a>, others believe that <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">none apply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology" title="Dual-covenant theology">dual-covenant theologians</a> believe that the Old Covenant remains valid only for Jews, and a minority have the view that <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">all parts still apply</a> to believers in Jesus and in the New Covenant without any transformation in their character. Hebrew Catholics believe that the Law of Moses is not obligatory for Christians, but yet beneficial to preserve the Jewish identity of those Jews who have become Catholic, and as a devotional.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Enlightenment, European society transitioned from the religious traditional social order of the Middle Ages into the modern Age of Reason. Anti-semitism, once driven by religious conviction and the persistent belief that Jews should be blamed for the death of Jesus, was reconfigured. The influence of Hebrew scripture and authoritarian ritual practice on Christian orthodoxy (including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>) became the basis for attacks on Church authority. Anti-Semitic polemic against the Mosaic Law became a common theme for many well-known Enlightenment philosophers. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a>, criticized the biblical figures from the Old Testament and their adherence to religious law which he said operated in an authoritarian manner to regulate social and community behavior instead of a personal conscience that requires agency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslims believe Moses was one of the major <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets (and apostles) of God</a> and the Law was one of the three major <a href="/wiki/Islamic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic books">revealed scriptures</a> known by name beside the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which mentions the Law or Torah a total of eighteen times, and repeats commandments from it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How do they (the Jews) make you (Muhammad) judge when [they have] the Law ("Torah") with them, wherein are the commandments of God? Even then they turn away [from God], after all that. They are no believers. Indeed have We sent down the Law ("Torah"), wherein was guidance and light, by which the prophets, who submitted to God, used to govern ("judge") those who [now] are of the Jewish folk. So did the Rabbis and religious scribes by what of the Scripture of God they were entrusted with and were witnesses to. So fear not the men but fear Me and trade not My verses (commandments) for a petty price [of this worldly life]. Whoever governs ("judges") not by what God has sent down: they are those [who are] the unbelievers. We ordained for them therein: life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth and an [equal] retribution [for] wounds. But whoever is charitable with it, then be it [counted as] his atonement. And whoever governs not by what God has sent down: they are those [who are] the wrong-doers. And We followed up upon their footsteps Jesus the son of Mary verifying what was before him of the Law. And We gave him the Gospel ("Evangel"), wherein was guidance and light, verifying what was before him of the Law, a guidance and an admonition for the pious.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D43-46">5:43-46</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5#Antitheses" title="Matthew 5">Matthew 5: Antitheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses in Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/New_Century_Version" title="New Century Version">New Century Version</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+8:32&version=ncv">Joshua 8:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristin De Troyer, Armin Lange <i>Reading the present in the Qumran library</i> 2005 p158: "Both at the beginning and at the ending of the Gibeonites' story there is now a reference to the law of Moses and to the fact that ... The building of the altar happens on Mount Ebal, not in Gilgal — Joshua gets to Gilgal only in 9:6."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'the Law of Moses' - John 7:23; Luke 2:22; 22:44; Acts 15:5, 21; 24:14; 28:23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Crüsemann, Allan W. Mahnke (1996). <i>The Torah: theology and social history of Old Testament law</i>, p. 331. "... there is only clear evidence for the use of the term Torah to describe the Pentateuch as a ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van Seters (2004). <i>The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary</i>, p. 16 "Furthermore, the Hebrew term Torah, 'Law', is a little misleading as a description of the content of the Pentateuch, since it consists of about one half law and the other half narrative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Walton (1994). <i>Ancient Israelite Literature in Its Cultural Context</i>, p. 233. "The ancient Near Eastern collections do not include cultic law; rather, their focus is on civil law. As a generalization, in the ancient Near East violation of law is an offense against society. In Israel a violation of law is an ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton (2000). <i>A survey of the Old Testament</i>, p. 52. "The influence of the ancient Near Eastern legal tradition on the form and function of Hebrew law is undeniable and widely documented. Along with this contemporary cultural influence, the Old Testament affirms the divine origin of ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. Wright (2009). <i>Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195304756" title="Special:BookSources/9780195304756">9780195304756</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Van De Mieroop (2016). <i>Philosophy before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691176352" title="Special:BookSources/9780691176352">9780691176352</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jimmy Jack McBee Roberts (2002). <i>The Bible and the ancient Near East: collected essays</i>, p. 46. "The Israelite Sabbatical Year, which seems to have the same purpose and recurs at about the same interval, appears to be an Israelite adaptation of this mesharum-edict tradition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1988" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Adrian (1988). "Chapter 1. God as 'judge' in Ugaritic and Hebrew thought". In <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Lindars" title="Barnabas Lindars">Lindars, Barnabas</a> (ed.). <i>Law and religion: essays on the place of the law in Israel</i>. p. 3. <q>The many legal texts discovered at Ugarit make it clear that the king played an important legal role; although legal transactions could be carried out before witnesses, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+God+as+%27judge%27+in+Ugaritic+and+Hebrew+thought&rft.btitle=Law+and+religion%3A+essays+on+the+place+of+the+law+in+Israel&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA19"><i>The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</i></a>. p. 19ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256524" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256524"><bdi>9780664256524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.pages=19ff&rft.date=1998-01&rft.isbn=9780664256524&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+of+Moses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=G#543">Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Moses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_of_Moses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14446-torah#anchor10">Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah: Laws of the Torah</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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