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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosaic authorship</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor%C3%ADa_mosaica" title="Autoría mosaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autoría mosaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94" title="כתיבת התורה בידי משה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיבת התורה בידי משה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auctoritas_Mosaica" title="Auctoritas Mosaica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Auctoritas Mosaica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief that the Torah was dictated to Moses by God</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Moses041.jpg/220px-Moses041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Moses041.jpg/330px-Moses041.jpg 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mosaic authorship</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> tradition that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the first five books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, were dictated by God to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition probably began with the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomic_Code" title="Deuteronomic Code">legalistic code</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> and was then gradually extended until Moses, as the central character, came to be regarded not just as the mediator of law but as author of both laws and narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200811_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200811-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The books of the Torah do not name any author, as authorship was not considered important by the society that produced them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2000492_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2000492-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was only after <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> came into intense contact with author-centric <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Hellenistic culture</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple period</a> that the rabbis began to find authors for their scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1st century CE, it was already common practice to refer to the five as the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>", but the first unequivocal expression of the idea that this meant authorship appears in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, an encyclopedia of Jewish tradition and scholarship composed between 200 and 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200898-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200810_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200810-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the rabbis noticed and addressed such issues as how Moses had received the divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> how it was curated and transmitted to later generations, and how difficult passages such as the last verses of Deuteronomy, which describe his death, were to be explained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in the 8th of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' <a href="/wiki/13_Principles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Principles of Faith">13 Principles of Faith</a>, establishing belief in Mosaic authorship as an article of Jewish belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199363_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199363-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaic authorship of the Torah was unquestioned by both Jews and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> until the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, when the systematic <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> of the five books led the majority of scholars to conclude that they are the product of <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">multiple authors throughout many centuries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the role of Moses is an article of faith in traditional Jewish circles and for some Christian <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> scholars, for whom it remains crucial to their understanding of the unity and authority of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_tradition">Development of the tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of the tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (or Pentateuch, as biblical scholars sometimes call it) is the collective name for the first five books of the Bible: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott20021_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott20021-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torah_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torah-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms the <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">charter myth</a> of Israel, the story of the people's origins and the foundations of their culture and institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman201073_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman201073-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is a fundamental principle of Judaism that the relationship between God and his <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> was set out on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a> through the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETigay2004106_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETigay2004106-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the Torah began by around 600 BCE, when previously unconnected material began to be drawn together. By around 400 BCE these books, the forerunners of the Torah, had reached their modern form and began to be recognised as complete, unchangeable, and sacred. By around 200 BCE, the five books were accepted as the first section of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20087–8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20087–8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canon_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that the tradition of Mosaic authorship was first applied to Deuteronomy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which scholars generally agree was composed in Jerusalem during the reform program of King <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> in the late 7th century BCE;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERofé20024–5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERofé20024–5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is this law-code that books such as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> (completed in the mid-6th century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) mean when they speak of the "torah of Moses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later books such as <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> the meaning had expanded to include the other laws such as Leviticus, and by the Hellenistic period, Jewish writers referred to the entirety of the five books, narrative and laws, as the Book (or books) of Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authorship was not considered important by the society that produced the Hebrew Bible (the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>), and the Torah never names an author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2000492_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2000492-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>, when Jews came into intense contact with author-centric <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Greek culture</a>, that the rabbis began to feel compelled to find authors for their books,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben_Sirach_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben_Sirach-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the process which led to Moses becoming identified as the author of the Torah may have been influenced by three factors: first, by a number of passages in which he is said to write something, frequently at the command of God, although these passages never appear to apply to the entire five books; second, by his key role in four of the five books (Genesis is the exception); and finally, by the way in which his authority as lawgiver and liberator of Israel united the story and laws of the Pentateuch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088–11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088–11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moses_writes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses_writes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinic_tradition_to_the_modern_period">Rabbinic tradition to the modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rabbinic tradition to the modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">Moses in rabbinic literature</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, an encyclopedia of Jewish scholarship composed between 200 and 500 CE, states that "Moses wrote his own book and the section concerning <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Balaam_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balaam-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval sage <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (c.1135–1204) enshrined this in his <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Principles_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Principles of Faith">Thirteen Principles of Faith</a> (a summary of the required beliefs of Judaism), the 8th of which states: "I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah presently in our possession is the one given to Moses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199363_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199363-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rabbis explained that God wrote the Torah in heaven before the world was created, in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire, and that Moses received it by divine dictation, writing the exact words spoken to him by God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540,546_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540,546-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rabbis also explained how the Torah was handed down to later generations: "Moses received the Torah from Sinai and transmitted it to <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, Joshua to the Elders, the Elders to the Prophets, and the Prophets transmitted it to the men of the Great Assembly," who in turn transmitted it to the rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Great Assembly, according to Jewish tradition, was called by <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> to ensure the accurate transmission of the Torah of Moses, when the Jews returned from exile).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013160_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013160-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox rabbis</a> therefore say that thanks to this chain of custodians the Torah of today is identical with that received by Moses, not varying by a single letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rabbis were aware that some phrases in the Torah do not seem to fit with divine dictation of a pre-existent text, and this awareness accounts for a second tradition of how the divine word was transmitted: God spoke and Moses remembered the divine words and wrote them down afterwards, together with some explanatory phrases of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explanation is a minority one, but it explains, for example, why every step in the description of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> is followed by the phrase, "As the Lord commanded Moses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005540_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005540-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also passages which seemed impossible for Moses to have written, notably the account of his own death and burial in last verses of Deuteronomy: the Talmud's answer is that "<a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> wrote ... [the last] eight verses of the Torah,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200898-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet this implied that the Torah was incomplete when Moses handed it to Israel; the explanation of rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a> was that the verses were indeed by Moses, but written "with tears in his eyes" as God dictated to him this description of his end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200898-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More serious were a few passages which implied an author long after the time of Moses, such as Genesis 12:6, "The Canaanite was then in the land," implying a time when the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> were no longer in the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199366_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199366-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> (c.1092–1167) made a celebrated comment on this phrase, writing that it contains "a great secret, and the person who understands it will keep quiet;"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199366_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199366-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 14th century rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Samuel_Bonfils" title="Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils">Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils</a> responded that Moses had written this and similar passages, as he was a prophet, but that it made no difference whether they were by him or some later prophet, "since the words of all of them are true and inspired."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199367_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199367-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, there were a few passages which implied that Moses had used pre-existing sources: a section of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> (Numbers 10:35–36) is surrounded in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> by <a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">inverted</a> <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nuns</a> (the equivalent of brackets) which the rabbis said indicated that these verses were from a separate book, the Book of <a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013208,_fn.37_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013208,_fn.37-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eldad_and_Medad_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eldad_and_Medad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical scholars today agree almost unanimously that the Torah is the work of many authors over many centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major factor in this rejection of the tradition of Mosaic authorship was the development of the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> in the 19th century, which understood the Pentateuch as a composite work made up of four "sources," or documents, compiled over centuries in a process that was not concluded until long after Moses' death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004185–186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004185–186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary hypothesis aroused understandable opposition from traditional scholars. One of the most significant was <a href="/wiki/David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a> (1843–1921), who attempted to defend Mosaic authorship by demonstrating that the sources identified by the documentary hypothesis were, in fact, pre-exilic; if this were proven, he believed, then the hypothesis itself was dis-proven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143–144_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143–144-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most he would concede to the proponents of the hypothesis was that Moses may have written various scrolls over his career and that these may have been collated and united before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important Jewish scholar is <a href="/wiki/David_Weiss_Halivni" title="David Weiss Halivni">David Weiss Halivni</a> (1927-2022): he has developed a theory of <i>Chate'u Yisrael</i>, literally, "Israel has sinned", which states that the originally monotheistic <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> adopted pagan practices from their neighbours and neglected the Torah of Moses, with the result that it became "blemished and maculated;" only on the return from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> did the people once again accept the Torah, which was then recompiled and edited by <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> as evidenced in <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> sources, which indicate that Ezra played a role in editing the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004192-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further states that while the text of the Torah was corrupted, <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> was preserved intact, which is why the Oral Law appears to contradict the Biblical text in certain details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004192-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Kasher" title="Menachem Mendel Kasher">Menachem Mendel Kasher</a> (1895–1983), taking a different approach, accepted the documentary hypothesis but adapted it to the Mosaic tradition, pointing to certain traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> which show Moses quoting Genesis prior to the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">epiphany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Sinai</a>; based on a number of Bible verses and rabbinic statements, he therefore suggested that Moses made use of documents authored by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> when redacting that book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004297,_fn.19_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004297,_fn.19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is supported by some rabbinical sources and medieval commentaries which recognize that the Torah incorporates written texts and divine messages from before and after the time of Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200497_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200497-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_tradition">Christian tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christian tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg/220px-Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg/330px-Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg/440px-Unmatinapresledeluge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="4990" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Colour_(Goethe%27s_Theory)_%E2%80%93_The_Morning_after_the_Deluge_%E2%80%93_Moses_Writing_the_Book_of_Genesis" title="Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – The Morning after the Deluge – Moses Writing the Book of Genesis">Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – The Morning after the Deluge – Moses Writing the Book of Genesis</a></i>, an 1843 painting by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>. It illustrates Turner's belief in God's omnipotence as it is He who creates <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's flood">the flood</a>, allows <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> to survive, and inspires Moses to write the Book of Genesis.<sup id="cite_ref-WebEx_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebEx-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> himself recognised Moses as the author of at least some portions of the Pentateuch (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%205:46–47&version=nrsv">John 5:46–47</a>), and the early Christians therefore followed the rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns2012153_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns2012153-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200760_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200760-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like them, they addressed those passages which seemed to cast doubt on the Mosaic tradition: <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, for example, felt that "unto this day" implied an editor long after the time of Moses, presumably the 5th century BCE sage <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1984115_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1984115-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> similarly concluded that the description of Moses' death was written by <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> – but believed that the question itself was of no great importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrett1996387_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrett1996387-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerome, Luther and others still believed that the bulk of the Pentateuch was written by Moses, even if a few phrases were not, but in the 17th century scholars began to seriously question its origins, leading <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> to declare that "the Pentateuch was not written by Moses but by someone else."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201217_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201217-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conclusion had major implications, for as the 18th century Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Levi_(scholar)" title="David Levi (scholar)">David Levi</a> pointed out to his Christian colleagues, "if any part [of the Torah] is once proved spurious, a door will be opened for another and another without end."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200760_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200760-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Levi had feared, the questioning of Mosaic authorship led to a profound skepticism towards the very idea of revealed religion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2003195–196_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2003195–196-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the late 19th century scholars almost universally accepted that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> dated not from the time of Moses but from the 7th century BCE, with the Pentateuch as a whole being compiled by unknown editors from various originally distinct <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">source-documents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhybray199515_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhybray199515-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> initially rejected such a position: a decree of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a> of 1906, entitled <i>De mosaica authentia Pentateuchi</i> ("On the authenticity of the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch") stating that Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch was not a subject of discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This started to change in 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i> encouraging scholars to investigate the sacred texts utilizing such resources as recent discoveries in archaeology, ancient history, linguistics, and other technical methods. On January 16, 1948, cardinal <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_C%C3%A9lestin_Suhard" title="Emmanuel Célestin Suhard">Emmanuel Célestin Suhard</a>, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission" title="Pontifical Biblical Commission">Pontifical Biblical Commission</a>, responded to a question about the origin of the Pentateuch: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no one today who doubts the existence of these sources or refuses to admit a progressive development of the Mosaic Laws due to social and religious conditions of later time…. Therefore, we invite Catholic scholars to study these problems, without prepossession, in the light of sound criticism and of the findings of other sciences connected with the subject matter.</p></blockquote> <p>Christian support for Mosaic authorship is now limited largely to conservative Evangelical circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200719–20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200719–20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is tied to the way Evangelicals view the unity and authority of scripture: in the words of the Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible, "Faith in Christ and faith in the books of the OT canon stand or fall together [because] Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> ... took the Pentateuch as Mosaic [and] put their seal on it as Holy Scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the majority of contemporary Evangelicals, while accepting that some or much of the Pentateuch can be traced to Moses or traditions about him, pay little attention to the question of authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailhamer2010181_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailhamer2010181-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_Monotheism" title="Moses and Monotheism">Moses and Monotheism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_and_Seventh_Books_of_Moses" title="Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses">Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Torah-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Torah_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> believe that God also revealed an <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral Torah</a> to Moses, but this article deals only with the written Torah, the first five books of the Bible.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canon-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canon_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jewish canon is made up of three parts, the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben_Sirach-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ben_Sirach_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest Jewish text to identify its author is the Book of <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, dating from the early 2nd century BCE – pronouncements such as "These are the prophecies of Isaiah" identify bodies of tradition rather than authors. See Schniedewind, pp. 7–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses_writes-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moses_writes_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See McEntire, 2008, pp. 8–9, for some of the passages in which Moses is said to write (this list is not exhaustive): <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2017:14&version=nrsv">Exodus 17:14</a>: God commands Moses: "Write this, a remembrance..." The context indicates that God is commanding Moses to record Joshua's battle with Amalek described in Exodus 7:8–13.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2024:4&version=nrsv">Exodus 24:4</a>: "Moses wrote all the words of the Lord." This apparently refers to the laws which God has just given in Exodus 20:21–23:33.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2034:28&version=nrsv">Exodus 34:28</a>: Moses "wrote upon the tablets the words of the covenant, ten words." The identity of these "ten words" is not made clear, but probably is a reference to the Ten Commandments given several chapters previously, in Exodus 20.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2033:1–2&version=nrsv">Numbers 33:1–2</a>: "Here are the stages in the journey of the Israelites when they came out of Egypt ... at the Lord's command Moses recorded the stages in their journey; this is their journey by stages:" There follows a list of the places where the Israelites camped in the wilderness.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:9&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 31:9</a>: "Moses wrote this law and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, the ones carrying the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord" and Deuteronomy 31:24: "Moses ... finished writing the words of this law on a scroll." It is not clear just what Moses wrote, but it is usually taken to be the collection of laws that make up Deuteronomy 5–30.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:22&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 31:22</a>: "Moses wrote down this song on that day." The "song" is presumably Deuteronomy 32, the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Moses" title="Song of Moses">Song of Moses</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Balaam-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balaam_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The episode of Balaam, found in the Book of Numbers, tells how the Canaanite prophet Balaam was asked by Israel's enemies to curse Israel, but blessed them instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eldad_and_Medad-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eldad_and_Medad_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eldad and Medad prophesied among the Israelites despite not having received the gift of prophecy from God.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2008">Robinson 2008</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200811-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200811_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEntire2008">McEntire 2008</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins201450-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins201450_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2014">Collins 2014</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind20056–7_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchniedewind2005">Schniedewind 2005</a>, p. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2000492-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2000492_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2000492_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2000">Carr 2000</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200898-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200898_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2008">Robinson 2008</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200810-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire200810_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEntire2008">McEntire 2008</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeschel2005">Heschel 2005</a>, p. 539–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200897–98_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2008">Robinson 2008</a>, p. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199363-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199363_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199363_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson1993">Levenson 1993</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2002">McDermott 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenney2010unpaginated_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTenney2010">Tenney 2010</a>, p. unpaginated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott20021-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott20021_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2002">McDermott 2002</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman201073-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman201073_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDozeman2010">Dozeman 2010</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETigay2004106-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETigay2004106_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTigay2004">Tigay 2004</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20087–8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20087–8_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEntire2008">McEntire 2008</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERofé20024–5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERofé20024–5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRofé2002">Rofé 2002</a>, p. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008191-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra2008191_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088–11-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088–11_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEntire2008">McEntire 2008</a>, p. 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540,546-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005539–540,546_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeschel2005">Heschel 2005</a>, p. 539–540,546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013160-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013160_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanBen_Zvi2013">Edelman & Ben Zvi 2013</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005540-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeschel2005540_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeschel2005">Heschel 2005</a>, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199366-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199366_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199366_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson1993">Levenson 1993</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevenson199367-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevenson199367_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevenson1993">Levenson 1993</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013208,_fn.37-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanBen_Zvi2013208,_fn.37_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanBen_Zvi2013">Edelman & Ben Zvi 2013</a>, p. 208, fn.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004185–186-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004185–186_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2004">Ross 2004</a>, p. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143–144-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143–144_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShavitEran2007">Shavit & Eran 2007</a>, p. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavitEran2007143_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShavitEran2007">Shavit & Eran 2007</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004192-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2004">Ross 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004297,_fn.19-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004297,_fn.19_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2004">Ross 2004</a>, p. 297, fn.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200497-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200497_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2004">Ross 2004</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebEx-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebEx_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/romantic-color.html">"Turner and Delacroix"</a>. <i>webexhibits.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webexhibits.org&rft.atitle=Turner+and+Delacroix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fcolorart%2Fromantic-color.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns2012153-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns2012153_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnns2012">Enns 2012</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200760-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200760_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200760_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf2007">Wolf 2007</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1984115-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1984115_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1984">Young 1984</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrett1996387-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrett1996387_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarrett1996">Garrett 1996</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnns201217-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnns201217_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnns2012">Enns 2012</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2003195–196-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2003195–196_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin2003">Popkin 2003</a>, p. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhybray199515-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhybray199515_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhybray1995">Whybray 1995</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/pcb_documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19060627_pentateuchi_lt.html">"<i>De mosaica authentia Pentateuchi</i> - Pontificia Commissio Biblica"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=De+mosaica+authentia+Pentateuchi+-+Pontificia+Commissio+Biblica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fpcb_documents%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_19060627_pentateuchi_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200719–20-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200719–20_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2007">Davies 2007</a>, p. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailhamer2010181-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailhamer2010181_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailhamer2010">Sailhamer 2010</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC"><i>Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495391050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495391050"><bdi>978-0495391050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettler2010" class="citation book cs1">Brettler, Marc Zvi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">"Torah"</a>. In Coogan, Marc Z. Brettler, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol (eds.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199370504" title="Special:BookSources/9780199370504"><bdi>9780199370504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+Apocrypha%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199370504&rft.aulast=Brettler&rft.aufirst=Marc+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTYdAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2000" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA492">"Genesis, Book of"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2014" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50"><i>Introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451469233" title="Special:BookSources/9781451469233"><bdi>9781451469233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781451469233&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbsoBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, G.I. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">"Introduction to the Pentateuch"</a>. In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199277186" title="Special:BookSources/9780199277186"><bdi>9780199277186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199277186&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozeman2010" class="citation book cs1">Dozeman, Thomas B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73"><i>Methods for Exodus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139487382" title="Special:BookSources/9781139487382"><bdi>9781139487382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+for+Exodus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139487382&rft.aulast=Dozeman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCiqF7sVqDQcC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelmanBen_Zvi2013" class="citation book cs1">Edelman, Diana V.; Ben Zvi, Ehud (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbpsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Remembering Biblical Figures in the Late Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods: Social Memory and Imagination</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199664160" title="Special:BookSources/9780199664160"><bdi>9780199664160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Biblical+Figures+in+the+Late+Persian+and+Early+Hellenistic+Periods%3A+Social+Memory+and+Imagination&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199664160&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Diana+V.&rft.au=Ben+Zvi%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbpsAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2012" class="citation book cs1">Enns, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNxeoqoTg-YC&pg=PA5"><i>The Evolution of Adam</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587433153" title="Special:BookSources/9781587433153"><bdi>9781587433153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Adam&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781587433153&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNxeoqoTg-YC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett1996" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Don (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Ut7EAUgFEC&pg=PA387"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521398657" title="Special:BookSources/9780521398657"><bdi>9780521398657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Spinoza&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521398657&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6Ut7EAUgFEC%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreifenhagen2003" class="citation book cs1">Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DaVjGgPmmCsC&pg=PA224"><i>Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map: Constructing Biblical Israel's Identity</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826462114" title="Special:BookSources/9780826462114"><bdi>9780826462114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+on+the+Pentateuch%27s+Ideological+Map%3A+Constructing+Biblical+Israel%27s+Identity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780826462114&rft.aulast=Greifenhagen&rft.aufirst=Franz+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDaVjGgPmmCsC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschel2005" class="citation book cs1">Heschel, Abraham Joshua (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAGK8GiNrQgC&pg=PA539"><i>Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826408020" title="Special:BookSources/9780826408020"><bdi>9780826408020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavenly+Torah%3A+As+Refracted+Through+the+Generations&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780826408020&rft.aulast=Heschel&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAGK8GiNrQgC%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerHartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC"><i>An Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846365"><bdi>9780802846365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802846365&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hartin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8WbXbPjxpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson1993" class="citation book cs1">Levenson, Jon Douglas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4NIsg8KtM0C&pg=PA66"><i>The Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament, and Historical Criticism: Jews and Christians in Biblical Studies</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664254070" title="Special:BookSources/9780664254070"><bdi>9780664254070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%2C+the+Old+Testament%2C+and+Historical+Criticism%3A+Jews+and+Christians+in+Biblical+Studies&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780664254070&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4NIsg8KtM0C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Christoph L (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi"><i>The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691113944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691113944"><bdi>978-0691113944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0691113944&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Christoph+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtestamentbrie00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongman2009" class="citation book cs1">Longman, Tremper (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfJeT7YMFlgC"><i>An Introduction to the Old Testament</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310539629" title="Special:BookSources/9780310539629"><bdi>9780310539629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780310539629&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfJeT7YMFlgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2002" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, John J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&pg=PA21"><i>Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction</i></a>. Pauline Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Pentateuch%3A+a+historical+introduction&rft.pub=Pauline+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4082-4&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkr7rVd3hAQC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McEntire, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&pg=PA7"><i>Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461015" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461015"><bdi>9780881461015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+with+God%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881461015&rft.aulast=McEntire&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwOs9f1FpmsC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2003" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Richard S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8PdlgFRDAC"><i>The History of Scepticism : From Savonarola to Bayle</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198026716" title="Special:BookSources/9780198026716"><bdi>9780198026716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Scepticism+%3A+From+Savonarola+to+Bayle&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780198026716&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7j8PdlgFRDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, George (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X54NS-Lc-OcC&pg=PA97"><i>Essential Torah: A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307484376" title="Special:BookSources/9780307484376"><bdi>9780307484376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Torah%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Five+Books+of+Moses&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780307484376&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX54NS-Lc-OcC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRofé2002" class="citation book cs1">Rofé, Alexander (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATDWInu5VCwC&pg=PR7"><i>Deuteronomy: issues and interpretation</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567087546" title="Special:BookSources/9780567087546"><bdi>9780567087546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy%3A+issues+and+interpretation&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780567087546&rft.aulast=Rof%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATDWInu5VCwC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2004" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Tamar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkvNNioH--4C&pg=PA192"><i>Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism</i></a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584653905" title="Special:BookSources/9781584653905"><bdi>9781584653905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+the+Palace+of+Torah%3A+Orthodoxy+and+Feminism&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781584653905&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkvNNioH--4C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailhamer2010" class="citation book cs1">Sailhamer, John D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBVWU9U85m0C&pg=PA181"><i>The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878888" title="Special:BookSources/9780830878888"><bdi>9780830878888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Revelation%2C+Composition+and+Interpretation&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780830878888&rft.aulast=Sailhamer&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBVWU9U85m0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2005" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqmljRKZ9S4C&pg=PA7"><i>How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521536226" title="Special:BookSources/9780521536226"><bdi>9780521536226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Bible+Became+a+Book%3A+The+Textualization+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521536226&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqmljRKZ9S4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavitEran2007" class="citation book cs1">Shavit, Yaacov; Eran, Mordacai (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lotp-Coz5_YC&pg=PP1"><i>The Hebrew Bible Reborn: From Holy Scripture to the Book of Books</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110191417" title="Special:BookSources/9783110191417"><bdi>9783110191417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Reborn%3A+From+Holy+Scripture+to+the+Book+of+Books&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783110191417&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft.au=Eran%2C+Mordacai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlotp-Coz5_YC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC"><i>Introduction to reading the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061221" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061221"><bdi>9781575061221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781575061221&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenney2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tenney, Merrill C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&pg=PT1855"><i>The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible</i></a>. Vol. (volume 4). Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310876991" title="Special:BookSources/9780310876991"><bdi>9780310876991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zondervan+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780310876991&rft.aulast=Tenney&rft.aufirst=Merrill+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4MZREX03u0C%26pg%3DPT1855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigay2004" class="citation book cs1">Tigay, Jeffrey H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT260">"Exodus"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). <i>The Jewish study Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199393879" title="Special:BookSources/9780199393879"><bdi>9780199393879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+study+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199393879&rft.aulast=Tigay&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1998" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC"><i>The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256524" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256524"><bdi>9780664256524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+today%3A+an+introduction+to+critical+issues&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780664256524&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhybray1995" class="citation book cs1">Whybray, R. Norman (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jP4Oovd9XwC&pg=PA12"><i>Introduction to the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802808370" title="Special:BookSources/9780802808370"><bdi>9780802808370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780802808370&rft.aulast=Whybray&rft.aufirst=R.+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jP4Oovd9XwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Herbert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6_uKRfEVQwC"><i>An Introduction to the Old Testament Pentateuch</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575674421" title="Special:BookSources/9781575674421"><bdi>9781575674421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781575674421&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6_uKRfEVQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1984" class="citation book cs1">Young, Edward J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5XMn9YZ50wC&pg=PA115"><i>An Introduction to the Old Testament</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802803399" title="Special:BookSources/9780802803399"><bdi>9780802803399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802803399&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5XMn9YZ50wC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMosaic+authorship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&oldid=1245752320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mosaic_authorship&oldid=1245752320</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_introductions" title="Category:1st-century introductions">1st-century introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_authorship_debates" title="Category:Biblical authorship debates">Biblical authorship debates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moses" title="Category:Moses">Moses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Category:Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Torah" title="Category:Torah">Torah</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 21:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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