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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ethnic makeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurgence_in_land_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurgence_in_land_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Resurgence in land disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurgence_in_land_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>July clashes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-July_clashes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle July clashes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-July_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_clashes_(July_13–25)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_clashes_(July_13–25)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First clashes (July 13–25)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_clashes_(July_13–25)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_July_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_July_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aftermath of July clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_July_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_outside_of_Blue_Nile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_outside_of_Blue_Nile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protests outside of Blue Nile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_outside_of_Blue_Nile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August–September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August–September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>August–September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August–September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>October resurgence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clashes between Sudan and SPLM-N</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Blue Nile clashes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 13, 2022 – January 15, 2023</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ad-Damazin" title="Ad-Damazin">Ad-Damazin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Er_Roseires" title="Er Roseires">Ar-Roseires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wad_el-Mahi" title="Wad el-Mahi">Wad el-Mahi</a> and other towns across <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile</a> state and surrounding states in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Peace agreement signed between tribal leaders</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/23px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/35px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/46px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> SPLM-N Agar </p> <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/23px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/35px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/46px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SPLM-N" class="mw-redirect" title="SPLM-N">SPLM-N (al-Hilu)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a><br />Central Council<br />Resistance Committees<br />El Roseires Resistance Committees<br /><a href="/wiki/Funj_people" title="Funj people">Funj people</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta people</a><br />Hamaj sub-clan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/23px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/35px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/46px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Omda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed al-Omda (page does not exist)">Ahmed al-Omda</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hemedti" title="Hemedti">Hemedti</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/23px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/35px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg/46px-Flag_of_SPLM-N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Hilu" title="Abdelaziz al-Hilu">Abdelaziz al-Hilu</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> El Obeid Hamad Abu Shotal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <b>Total:</b> 600+ civilians killed, 211,000<sup id="cite_ref-:18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 235,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced people">IDPs</a><sup id="cite_ref-:19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />July clashes: 149 killed, 124 injured<br />September clashes: 25 killed, 44 injured<br />October clashes: 250+ killed, 500+ injured</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_in_Sudan" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_Sudan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torit_mutiny" title="Torit mutiny">Torit mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Sudanese coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)#October_1964_Revolution" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">1964 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">1985 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)"><i>Thunderbolt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Peters" title="War of the Peters">War of the Peters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_Lou_Nuer" title="Disarmament of the Lou Nuer">Disarmament of the Lou Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakal" title="Battle of Malakal">Battle of Malakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum">Omdurman and Khartoum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Athor%27s_rebellion" title="George Athor's rebellion">George Athor's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Sudan coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Sudanese peace process</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In July, September, and October 2022, clashes broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Funj_people" title="Funj people">Funj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a> peoples over land disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile</a> state in southeastern Sudan, particularly the contentious establishment of a Hausa emirate in Blue Nile State. Over the course of several attacks and massacres, hundreds of civilians were killed up until the violence ended in January 2023. These clashes led to numerous casualties, mass displacement, and the imposition of a state of emergency in parts of Blue Nile State. </p><p>Blue Nile State harbours a diverse range of ethnic groups, including the long-established Hausa population, who faced historical discrimination and were often perceived as foreigners. Political dynamics, notably the actions of leaders like <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a>, played a significant role in escalating tensions. Agar's pursuit of power and alliances with the Hausa exacerbated ethnic rivalries. </p><p>The conflict witnessed over 600<sup id="cite_ref-:18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civilian deaths and the displacement of 211,000<sup id="cite_ref-:18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 235,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To mitigate future conflicts, the Sudanese government introduced measures to combat hate speech and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">racism</a>. Tribal leaders also signed agreements aimed at ending hostilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_makeup">Ethnic makeup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethnic makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blue Nile state is made up of several ethnic groups. The Hausa, originally from northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, settled in parts of Sudan centuries ago to make <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> pilgrimages easier.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausas living in the area have had their own tracts of land granted to them by the British government in 1924, although discriminatory laws passed in 1948 made it difficult for Hausas to receive Sudanese citizenship, and subsequently made them unable to pass down the land to their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout independent Sudanese history, Hausas have been perceived as foreigners despite many Hausa families living in Sudan for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, student protests against a peace deal that would end the <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a> involved many Hausa students. Supporters of the peace deal in <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a> took the death of a Hausa protester as casus belli to launch pogroms against Hausa communities in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Hausa were expelled to <a href="/wiki/Adr%C3%A9" title="Adré">Adré</a>, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, although Chad deported them and forced Hausa refugees to settle in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hausa in Blue Nile are often discriminated against to this day because they are considered "foreigners" due to their roots from West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_background">Political background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, many tribes and civilians in Blue Nile state rose up against the Sudanese government, led by dictator <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising was also against Blue Nile governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalla_Abu-Fatma_Abdalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdalla Abu-Fatma Abdalla (page does not exist)">Abdalla Abu-Fatma Abdalla</a>, who was close with the Hausas. Because of this, the Bashir regime began to favor the Hausa people in Blue Nile, as they perceived that the Hausa were more pro-government than the other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> insurgency against <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">SPLM-N</a> in 2011, Hausa often joined the Sudanese Army and <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> against SPLM-N and tribal rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Hausa fought on the side of the rebels as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the leadership of the SPLM-N split between <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Hilu" title="Abdelaziz al-Hilu">Abdelaziz al-Hilu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a> over control of insurgent activities in the Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions increased with the Hausa, who were accused of supporting the Agar regime who didn't want a secular Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Sudan underwent a <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">revolution</a>, toppling the Bashir regime and consequently increasing tensions between the Hausa and tribes of the Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2020, the Sudanese government and both factions of <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">SPLM-N</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Peace_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Peace Agreement">peace agreement</a> with the new Sudanese government, intending to end the conflict in Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reconstruction of public services, groups like the <a href="/wiki/Funj_people" title="Funj people">Funj</a> who had fought in the ranks of SPLM-N felt ostracized after <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a> gave government jobs, including Governor of Blue Nile, to people in his ethnic group, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anqassana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anqassana (page does not exist)">Anqassana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Agar's popularity began to decline, he looked for alliances with the Hausa to secure his and his tribe's positions in the Sudanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Sudan coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in 2021, Agar kept his position on the transitional council due to the stipulations in the <a href="/wiki/Juba_Peace_Agreement" title="Juba Peace Agreement">Juba Peace Agreement</a>, and "developed a good relationship with coup leaders <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hamdan_Dagalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo">Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funj tribal leaders heavily criticized Agar's closeness with the coup leaders, and launched protests and "resistance committees" against Agar.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurgence_in_land_disputes">Resurgence in land disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resurgence in land disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political leaders and analysts all point the blame towards <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a> for the start of the new conflict. In an effort to gain support from other tribes, including the Hausa, and detract from waning support of the Funj, Agar appointed his relative, El Obeid Hamad Abu Shotal (an ethnic Funj), as the Supreme Chief for all Blue Nile Tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Shotal then appointed a Hausa leader and then drew up the boundary for Hausa land.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new governor of Blue Nile<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_New_referring_to_appointed_in_2021,_after_the_revolution._al-Omda's_appointment_is_unrelated_to_Agar's_relative."><b><a href="#ref_New_referring_to_appointed_in_2021,_after_the_revolution._al-Omda's_appointment_is_unrelated_to_Agar's_relative.">^</a></b></span> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Omda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed al-Omda (page does not exist)">Ahmed al-Omda</a>, granted a request for Hausa leaders to establish an emirate in Blue Nile state, on tracts of land owned by Hausa families.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Omda claimed on <a href="/wiki/Sudan_TV" title="Sudan TV">Sudan TV</a>, the state-owned television network, that the crisis had also began in May 2022, when Hausa leaders demanded more inclusion in the Blue Nile regional administration.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Abu Shotal said "This [area] belongs to the tribes of Blue Nile, and you are our guest. How can you claim to be part of the native administration?"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this same time, Abu Shotal imprisoned the Hausa chief after the latter banned Hausa girls from public markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factions of Hausa grew agitated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudanese Communist Party</a> claimed that in June 2022, weapons allegedly supplied by the Sudanese junta government made their way to Hausa tribemembers instead of attempting to defuse the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January, the Hausa people in Blue Nile began asserting their right to some land, which Funj and Berta leaders believed encroached on their ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berta leaders spoke out against the proposed emirate, although al-Omda and Abu Shotal granted the Hausa's request.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Funj, meanwhile, took the success of the proposed Hausa emirate as evidence that Hausa leaders were colluding with Malik Agar and the junta regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funj military elements and tribal leaders began conspiring ways to diminish Hausa power in the government and decrease reluctance on the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="July_clashes">July clashes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: July clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_clashes_(July_13–25)"><span id="First_clashes_.28July_13.E2.80.9325.29"></span>First clashes (July 13–25)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First clashes (July 13–25)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 13, 2022, an outbreak of clashes began in the cities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaisan,_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaisan, Sudan (page does not exist)">Qaisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Er_Roseires" title="Er Roseires">Ar-Roseires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wad_el-Mahi" title="Wad el-Mahi">Wad el-Mahi</a>, in Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes involved Hausa on one side, and Berta and Funj on the other. Clashes began due to the killing of a young Hausa man near the town of Qaisan, during an argument between the Hausa and someone from either Berta or Funj.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting escalated the following day, spilling into the town of Qaisan itself and conflict in Ar-Roseires and Wad el-Mahi continuing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue Nile Governor al-Omda banned public gatherings and marches for a month in an attempt to quell the violence, but it did little.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Omda also declared a curfew in Wad el-Mahi and deployed soldiers on the ground from both the Sudanese army and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sudanese army closed the bridge between Roseires and Ad-Damazin on July 15, preventing refugees from fleeing.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All roads to and from Ad-Damazin were closed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting also broke out in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganis,_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganis, Sudan (page does not exist)">Ganis</a>, but had subsided by the end of the night.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes spread to the Blue Nile capital of <a href="/wiki/Ad-Damazin" title="Ad-Damazin">Ad-Damazin</a> by July 16, and ended the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clashes on July 14 left 13 people killed and sixteen shops torched, according to the Sudanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the government claimed 31 people had been killed, but this was later revealed to be a typo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Sudanese_Doctors" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors">Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors</a> rebutted this report, claiming that 23 people were killed and 84 injured in <a href="/wiki/Ad-Damazin" title="Ad-Damazin">Ad-Damazin</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group also claimed they were unable to gather data from the Ar-Roseires hospital at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sources at the hospital claimed that it had run out of equipment to treat injured people.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation stabilized on July 17.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omar_Saaed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omar Saaed (page does not exist)">Omar Saaed</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudanese Communist Party</a>, several Hausa members went to the Sudanese Army base in Ad-Damazin, claiming that they received their weapons from Malik Agar and that they did not want war.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 20, despite measures from al-Omda and the Sudanese government in quelling the protests, violence broke out a second time, this time across more towns in Blue Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adel Agar, the mayor of Ar-Roseires, claimed that the situation was not under control and he requested the help of the Sudanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refugees from Ar-Roseires began fleeing into Ad-Damazin for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of refugees that fled to Ad-Damazin hid in schools, and massacres in small towns like Basuri and Allaouta were commplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes on July 20 were reportedly between Hausa and Hamaj, a sub-clan of the Berta.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 21, the Sudanese government stated 105 people were killed in clashes across Blue Nile, and over 31,000 displaced from Ad-Damazin alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of Blue Nile and outside observers, however, claim the death toll was much, much higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 6 October, the casualties of the July clashes were estimated to be 64,600 people displaced, 149 killed, and over 124 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_July_clashes">Aftermath of July clashes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath of July clashes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a> confirmed on July 22 that they were able to deliver medical and humanitarian assistance to Roseires and Ad-Damazin after being unable to on July 20.<sup id="cite_ref-dabanga_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabanga-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assistance aided 30,000 displaced peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors (CCSD) claimed that the Blue Nile health ministry was "absent", and corpses were scattered about many streets in Blue Nile's towns.<sup id="cite_ref-dabanga_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabanga-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists claimed that the Sudanese forces and RSF deployed in the state neglected to pick up the bodies, and that markets in Roseires, Tamarin, and Ganis were looted.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLM-N Agar faction and al-Omda accused remnants of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Defence_Forces" title="Popular Defence Forces">Popular Defence Forces</a>, Omar al-Bashir's paramilitary, to be behind the conflict, along with <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Hilu" title="Abdelaziz al-Hilu">Abdelaziz al-Hilu</a>'s faction of SPLM-N.<sup id="cite_ref-dabangasudan.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabangasudan.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political analysts and civilians, however, all overwhelmingly accused the Sudanese government and SPLM-N Agar of fueling the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Shotal accused al-Omda and Agar of fueling the violence as well, blaming the Hausa.<sup id="cite_ref-dabangasudan.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabangasudan.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_outside_of_Blue_Nile">Protests outside of Blue Nile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protests outside of Blue Nile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protests spread throughout the rest of Sudan starting on July 18. In <a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a>, the capital of the eastern Sudanese state of the same name, Hausa residents rioted and called for an end of the oppression of Hausa people.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kassalan authorities have also declared a state of emergency, as Hausa protesters burned down government buildings and offices.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests in Kassala began when a large group of angry Hausa crossed the El Bash river in Kassala from the western part of the city to the eastern part.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They burned down the town's education department and the state's petroleum department.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head government building, water supply, and trade administration were partially burned down as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_All_Hausa_Tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emirate of All Hausa Tribes (page does not exist)">Emirate of All Hausa Tribes</a> denounced the violence in Kassala.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protests also occurred in favor of the Hausa in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, which were partially violent.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the state of <a href="/wiki/White_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nile (state)">White Nile</a>, pro-Hausa protests were peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August–September"><span id="August.E2.80.93September"></span>August–September</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout August, hostilities in Blue Nile calmed down, and UN delegations arrived in the state and spoke with al-Omda.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of Hausa, Berta, and Funj groups agreed to sign a ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Omda, in response to the conflict, issued decrees changing the technical status of Ad-Damazin, Ar-Roseires, Wad el-Mahi, Bau, Qaisan, El Tadamon, and Kurmuk localities to governorates.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clashes broke out a second time between September 1–4, killing 25 and injuring 44 in East Ganis and Roseires.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the violence, 21,000 people fled.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The September clashes broke out between the Funj and the Hausa, and the cause was unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most refugees sought refuge in <a href="/wiki/Sennar" title="Sennar">Sennar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="October_resurgence">October resurgence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: October resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major clashes broke out again in mid-October, primarily centered around the city of Wad el-Mahi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes broke out on October 13, in the village of Dam. The conflict in Dam left 13 people dead, and 26 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the dead civilians were Hamaji.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting initially began due to a local dispute, but escalating into ethnic tensions, developing a crisis in Dam village 6 and Dam village 7.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1,200 people, much of the population of the two villages, were forced to flee, and those that stayed had little food due to closed markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes occurred the same day that the SPLM-N returned several prisoners-of-war to the Sudanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October 14, there were rumors that members of the Aj Jabalaween tribe had kicked the Hausa from the two villages.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clashes made their way towards the city of Wad el-Mahi after a short lull between October 15 and 18, and by October 20, hundreds had been killed in the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Moussa, the head of the Wad el-Hami hospital, alleged 150 people were killed and 86 injured, whereas the UN estimated 170 were killed and 327 injured since October 13.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of the town reported heavy gunfire and the burning of homes and shops.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of October, it was estimated over 250 people were killed and injured over 500.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fath Arraman Bakheit, the head of the Blue Nile health ministry, claimed the real death and injury toll is unknown due to the inability for medical supplies or Sudanese forces to reach the area.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 21, the Sudanese government and Blue Nile regional government declared a state of emergency, and both governments declared the intent to organize a fact-finding committee.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests on both ethnic groups began in Ad-Damazin calling for the resignation of governor Ahmed al-Omda.<sup id="cite_ref-france24.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters attempted to storm the army headquarters in Ad-Damazin before settinfg the state government building ablaze.<sup id="cite_ref-france24.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-al-Omda protests were present across other parts of Blue Nile, with protests in <a href="/wiki/Kurmuk" title="Kurmuk">Kurmuk</a> and Qaisan.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters also blocked the highway linking Khartoum and Ad-Damazin, in which three protesters were killed in skirmishes with police.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Sudanese army sacked the general in command of forces in Blue Nile, Ramzi Babaker, and replaced him with Rabei Abdalla Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the resurgence in attacks, Mohamed Moussa Ibrahim, the head of Hausas in Blue Nile, stated that there was a "relative calm" in the region, and that many of the dead were unable to be buried at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanitarian assistance was all but depleted, and many refugees were walking dozens of kilometers a day for refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In total, more than 600 civilians were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 211,000<sup id="cite_ref-:18_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 235,000<sup id="cite_ref-:19_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were internally displaced. </p><p>The Sudanese government in Khartoum, in an effort to alleviate future clashes, introduced laws that would ban hate speech and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raids under the leadership of SPLM-N Agar took place in Sennar state against Christians during Christmas, garnering criticism from SPLM-N Agar elements in Sennar.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests calling for the resignation of al-Omda continued into December, with more support from leaders like Abu Shotal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 15, 2023, leaders from the Hamaj, Berta, Hausa, Funj, Anqassana, Raqariq, and Watawat tribes agreed to cease all violence in Blue Nile state and have all territorial and ethnic disputes be resolved through the Tribal Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-SudanTribune_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SudanTribune-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudanese leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Blue Nile governor Ahmed al-Omda, and SPLM-N Agar leader Malik Agar all signed, with the only absence being <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Hilu" title="Abdelaziz al-Hilu">Abdelaziz al-Hilu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SudanTribune_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SudanTribune-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221024-sudan-names-new-military-chief-for-conflict-hit-blue-nile">"Sudan names new military chief for conflict-hit Blue Nile"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Sudan+names+new+military+chief+for+conflict-hit+Blue+Nile&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20221024-sudan-names-new-military-chief-for-conflict-hit-blue-nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabanga2022" class="citation web cs1">Dabanga (2022-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/relative-calm-in-sudan-s-blue-nile-region-but-humanitarian-situation-deteriorates">"Relative calm in Sudan's Blue Nile region, but humanitarian situation deteriorates"</a>. <i>Dabanga Radio TV Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=Relative+calm+in+Sudan%27s+Blue+Nile+region%2C+but+humanitarian+situation+deteriorates&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft.au=Dabanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Frelative-calm-in-sudan-s-blue-nile-region-but-humanitarian-situation-deteriorates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalih2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zeinab_Mohammed_Salih" title="Zeinab Mohammed Salih">Salih, Zeinab Mohammed</a> (2022-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62175714">"Hausas in Sudan: The pilgrims' descendants fighting for acceptance"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=Sudanese+activists%3A+Racism+and+hate+speech+must+be+criminalised&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.au=Dabanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fsudanese-activists-racism-and-hate-speech-must-be-criminalised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2022" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Andrew (2022-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/houses-raided-over-christmas-in-sudans-blue-nile-region">"Houses raided over Christmas in Sudan's Blue Nile region"</a>. <i>Dabanga Radio TV Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=Houses+raided+over+Christmas+in+Sudan%27s+Blue+Nile+region&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fhouses-raided-over-christmas-in-sudans-blue-nile-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2022" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Andrew (2022-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/native-administration-condemn-weak-response-of-sudans-blue-nile-gov-to-crisis">"Native administration condemn 'weak response' of Sudan's Blue Nile gov to crisis"</a>. <i>Dabanga Radio TV Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dabanga+Radio+TV+Online&rft.atitle=Native+administration+condemn+%27weak+response%27+of+Sudan%27s+Blue+Nile+gov+to+crisis&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fnative-administration-condemn-weak-response-of-sudans-blue-nile-gov-to-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SudanTribune-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SudanTribune_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SudanTribune_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudanTribune2023" class="citation web cs1">SudanTribune (2023-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sudantribune.com/article269507/">"Blue Nile tribal groups agree to end bloody violence"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Blue+Nile+tribal+groups+agree+to+end+bloody+violence&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.au=SudanTribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle269507%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+Nile+clashes+%282022%E2%80%932023%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic<br />of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African<br />Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022–2023)&oldid=1258425692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022–2023)&oldid=1258425692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_in_Sudan" title="Category:Civil wars in Sudan">Civil wars in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blue_Nile_State" title="Category:Blue Nile State">Blue Nile State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hausa_people" title="Category:Hausa people">Hausa people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Category:Sudan People's Liberation Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2022_in_Sudan" title="Category:2022 in Sudan">2022 in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2023_in_Sudan" title="Category:2023 in Sudan">2023 in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:July_2022_events_in_Africa" title="Category:July 2022 events in Africa">July 2022 events in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:September_2022_events_in_Africa" title="Category:September 2022 events in Africa">September 2022 events in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:October_2022_events_in_Africa" title="Category:October 2022 events in Africa">October 2022 events in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2022" title="Category:Conflicts in 2022">Conflicts in 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2023" title="Category:Conflicts in 2023">Conflicts in 2023</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic title">CS1 errors: generic title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> 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