CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">  <head data-release=286c7941 data-node="www27.us.archive.org"> <title>Internet Archive Terms of Use</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Q2YSouphkkgHkFNP7FgAkc4TmBs1Gmag3uGNndb53B8" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bpjKvUvsX0lxfmjg19TLblckWkDpnptZEYsBntApxUk" /> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > /* @licstart The following is the entire license notice for the * JavaScript code in this page. * * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU Affero General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. * * @licend The above is the entire license notice * for the JavaScript code in this page. */ </script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta property="mediatype" content=""> <meta property="primary_collection" content=""> <script src="//archive.org/includes/athena.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/lit/polyfill-support.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/@webcomponents/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-bundle.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > window.__realDefine = customElements.define.bind(customElements); customElements.define = function() { try { return window.__realDefine.apply(this, arguments); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } } </script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/ia-topnav.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/archive.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <link href="//archive.org/includes/build/css/archive.min.css?v=286c7941" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg"/> </head> <body class="navia "> <a href="#maincontent" class="hidden-for-screen-readers">Skip to main content</a>  <div id="wrap" > <div class="ia-banners"> <div class="ia-banner hidden post-appeal-20240905" data-campaign="post-appeal-20240905"> <p><a href="https://change.org/LetReadersRead" rel="nofollow">Ask the publishers</a> to restore access to 500,000+ books.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="ia-banner public ia-deprecated-browser" data-campaign="ia-deprecated-browser"> <p>Your browser may not be compatible with all the features on this site. Consider upgrading to a modern browser or enabling JavaScript for an improved experience.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div id="topnav"> <input class="js_nav_tweaks" type="hidden" value='[]'/> <style scope="icon-hamburger-1">.icon-hamburger-1 svg.icon-hamburger { display: block; height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .icon-hamburger-1 .fill-color.icon-hamburger { fill: #fff; }</style><style scope="login-button-1">.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: block; text-transform: uppercase; color: #ccc; cursor: pointer; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 100%; width: 4rem; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #999; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:active .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:focus .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:hover .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: none; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; } .login-button-1 span.login-button a.login-button { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; outline: 0; } .login-button-1 a.login-button:hover,.login-button-1 a.login-button:active,.login-button-1 a.login-button:focus { color: #fff !important; outline: none !important; outline-offset: inherit !important; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .login-button-1 .logged-out-toolbar.login-button { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { background: transparent; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; display: block; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: inline; vertical-align: middle; } }</style><style scope="nav-search-1">.nav-search-1 input.nav-search[type="text"] { color: #222; } .nav-search-1 input.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search { padding-top: 0; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { position: relative; fill:; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 4rem; bottom: 0; left: 4rem; z-index: 3; padding: 0.5rem 0.2rem; border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search { display: none; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { background: #fff; border-radius: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; margin: 0 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { height: 100%; padding: 0; margin-right: 0; -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 1rem; border-radius: 0.5rem; border: none; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } @keyframes fade-in-nav-search-1 { 0% { opacity: 0; } 100% { opacity: 1; } } .nav-search-1 .fade-in.nav-search { animation: fade-in-nav-search-1 0.2s forwards; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { display: inline; width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; vertical-align: -14px; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search path.nav-search { fill: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: block; position: static; padding: 1.1rem 0.2rem; background: transparent; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { width: 13rem; height: 2.8rem; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: reverse; -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: calc(100% - 28px); height: 100%; padding-left: 0; font-size: 1.4rem; text-align: left; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } }</style><style scope="media-button-1">.media-button-1 a.media-button { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: left; background: transparent; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { outline: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: inline-block; padding: 0; font-weight: 400; color: #fff; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button { display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button > svg.media-button { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background-color: #333; border-radius: 1rem 0 0 1rem; } .media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #999; } .media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f00; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { width: auto; height: 5rem; color: #999; display: inline-flex; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { padding-right: 1rem; font-size: 1.3rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: inherit; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: none; content: "web"; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button { background: #474747; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background: transparent; } .media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #ffcd27; } .media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #faab3c; } .media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f1644b; } .media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #00adef; } .media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #9ecc4f; } .media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #aa99c9; } } @media (min-width: 1200px) { .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: inline; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button { display: none; } }</style><style scope="media-menu-1">.media-menu-1 { outline: none; } .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { z-index: -1; top: -40rem; background-color: #222; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: top; transition-timing-function: ease; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { position: relative; line-height: normal; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { position: absolute; width: 100%; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu { top: 0; } .media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 4rem; left: 0; height: 0; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: height; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu { height: 40rem; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { display: block; position: static; width: auto; height: 5rem; transition-property: none; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { font-size: 0; } }</style><style scope="primary-nav-1">.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { position: relative; display: flex; height: 4rem; grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart search user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem 4rem; -ms-grid-rows: 100%; grid-template-rows: 100%; background: #222; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; } .primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav { grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: flex; margin-left: auto; user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { position: static; float: left; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0); -ms-transform: translate(0, 0); transform: translate(0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav { grid-column-start: hamburger-start; grid-column-end: user-end; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 2.7rem; display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 9.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 5px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; grid-area: hamburger; padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: rgb(255, 0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 .sr-only.primary-nav { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav { padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav { position: relative; z-index: 3; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: none; font-size: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: uppercase; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { color: #999; padding: 0.5rem; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:hover,.primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:focus { color: #fff; outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: block; width: 3rem; height: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav { text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; } .primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline-offset: 1px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 906px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 889px) { .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: initial; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav .user-info.primary-nav { float: right; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .primary-nav-1 { ; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { display: flex; z-index: 4; height: 5rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo-mobile'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 10px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav { display: block; float: right; vertical-align: middle; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { background: transparent; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: block; padding: 1rem 0.5rem; float: right; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; color: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover { color: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { vertical-align: middle; fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav { fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav { float: right; margin-left: 1rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: inline-block; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 165px; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: inline; } }</style><style scope="search-menu-1">.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu { position: relative; } .search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus { outline-color: #428bca; outline-width: 0.16rem; outline-style: auto; outline-offset: 2px !important; } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { position: absolute; right: 0; left: 0; z-index: 4; padding: 0 4.5rem; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; } .search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu { overflow: hidden; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { top: -1500px; } .search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem; display: block; } .search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu { text-decoration: none; color: #428bca; line-height: normal; padding: 0.5rem; margin-top: 5px; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { overflow: visible; right: 2rem; left: auto; z-index: 5; padding: 1rem 2rem; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; color: #333; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 .open.search-menu { opacity: 1; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu { padding-top: 7px; } .search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem 0 0 0; } }</style><style scope="wayback-search-1">.wayback-search-1 { font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { max-width: 600px; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-top: 0; font-weight: 200; } .wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search { font-weight: 500; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: 0.7rem 2rem; margin: 1.5rem 0; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; border: none; border-radius: 7px; background-color: #fcf5e6; box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97; } .wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search { display: none; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { width: 100%; max-width: 215px; max-height: 60px; margin-bottom: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { display: block; width: 100%; height: 3rem; padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem; font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #858585; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 2rem; background: #eee; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus { border-color: #66afe9; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6); outline: none; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 3px; width: 2.4rem; height: 2.4rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #999; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 3rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { margin: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; font-size: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: inline-block; width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #333; } } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: .5rem; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { padding-left: 3rem; margin-top: .3rem; font-size: 1.4rem; border-color: #bca38e; background: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: #8e8e8e; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: block; width: auto; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { margin: 0 1.5rem; } }</style><style scope="save-page-form-1">.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; grid-column-gap: .8rem; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: none; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] { width: 100%; height: 3rem; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #999; border-radius: .5rem; color: #222; font-size: inherit; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; padding: .4rem .8rem; font: normal 1.3rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff; border: none; border-radius: 16px; background: #222; cursor: pointer; } .save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form { display: none; margin-top: .5rem; font-weight: bold; color: #ffcd27; } .save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form { display: block; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } }</style><style scope="wayback-slider-1">.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.6rem; } .wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.3rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 0; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 { display: block; grid-column: 1 / 4; padding: 0 1.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } }</style><style scope="more-slider-1">.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider { padding: 0; margin: -1rem 0 0 0; list-style: none; } .more-slider-1 a.more-slider { display: block; padding: 1rem 0; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; }</style><style scope="media-subnav-1">.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { font-size: 1.6rem; } .media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { font-size: 1.3rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 0; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } .media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav { display: block; width: 90px; height: 90px; margin: 0 auto 1rem auto; border-radius: 45px; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { margin-top: 0; font-size: 1.8rem; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: space-evenly; -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; text-align: center; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: inline-block; width: 12rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav { margin-left: 2rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 40% 20% 40%; grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%; } .media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 3; grid-column: 1 / 4; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { display: none; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { padding-top: 3.5rem; max-width: 16rem; } .media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav { padding: 0 1.5rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 2; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: block; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 50% 3rem 50%; grid-template-columns: 50% 50%; -ms-grid-rows: (auto)[7]; grid-template-rows: repeat(7, auto); grid-column-gap: 3rem; grid-auto-flow: column; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(3) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(5) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 3; } }</style><style scope="media-slider-1">.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider { position: relative; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: none; position: absolute; top: 3rem; right: 0; left: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition: height 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; padding: 0; height: 31.9rem; overflow-x: hidden; font-size: 1.4rem; background: #333; } .media-slider-1 .open.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider { display: none; } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { padding: 1rem; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { display: block; height: 35.8rem; left: 4rem; top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { left: 0; z-index: 3; height: auto; min-height: 21rem; background: #474747; transform: translate(0, -100%); transition: transform 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { height: 22rem; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider { transform: translate(0, 0); } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { max-width: 100rem; padding: 1.5rem 0; margin: 0 auto; } }</style><style scope="desktop-subnav-1">.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav { position: relative; z-index: 3; padding: .8rem 0; margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; background: #333; } .desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav { display: inline-block; padding: 0 15px; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #aaa; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus { color: #fff; } .desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav { width: 1.6rem; height: 1.6rem; vertical-align: top; fill: #f00; }</style><style scope="signed-out-dropdown-1">.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown { position: relative; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; right: 0; z-index: 4; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { top: -1500px; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { transition-duration: 0.5s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { max-width: 100vw; overflow: auto; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.6rem 2rem; margin: 0; font-size: inherit; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; max-height: calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px); overflow: auto; box-sizing: border-box; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { margin: 0.5rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { display: block; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; padding: 1rem 2rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { font-size: 0.8em; color: #999; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; margin-left: 10px; padding: 0 5px; border-radius: 2px; background: #fee257; color: #2c2c2c; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: bold; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown { fill: #fff; margin-right: 1rem; height: 1.4rem; width: 1.4rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; overflow: visible; top: 0; left: auto; z-index: 5; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { max-height: calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { border-bottom-color: #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; color: #333; transition: background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; font-size: 0.8em; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus { color: #fff; background: #428bca; outline: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 1; overflow: visible; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 33.5rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 18.5rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 40rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 26rem; } }</style><style scope="ia-topnav-1">.ia-topnav-1 { ; color: #fff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus { outline: none !important; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav { display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; z-index: 3; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav { display: block; } .ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav { position: relative; z-index: 4; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav { display: none; } }</style><style>body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; } body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } </style> <ia-topnav locallinks="true" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion" class="x-scope ia-topnav-1"> <div class="topnav style-scope ia-topnav"> <primary-nav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope primary-nav-1"> <nav class="style-scope primary-nav"> <button class="hamburger style-scope primary-nav" title="Open main menu" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHamburger"> <icon-hamburger class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope icon-hamburger-1"> <svg viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="hamburgerTitleID hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"> <title id="hamburgerTitleID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">Hamburger icon</title> <desc id="hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon.</desc> <path d="m30.5 26.5c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5z" fill="#999" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"></path> </svg> </icon-hamburger> </button> <div class="branding style-scope primary-nav"> <a title="Go home" class="link-home style-scope primary-nav" href="/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHome"> <svg class="ia-logo style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 27 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="logoTitleID logoDescID"> <title id="logoTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Internet Archive logo</title> <desc id="logoDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building fa莽ade.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <mask id="mask-2" fill="white" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M26.6666667,28.6046512 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0.000283687943,28.6046512 L26.6666667,28.6046512 Z M25.6140351,26.5116279 L25.6140351,28.255814 L1.05263158,28.255814 L1.05263158,26.5116279 L25.6140351,26.5116279 Z M3.62469203,7.6744186 L3.91746909,7.82153285 L4.0639977,10.1739544 L4.21052632,13.9963932 L4.21052632,17.6725617 L4.0639977,22.255044 L4.03962296,25.3421929 L3.62469203,25.4651163 L2.16024641,25.4651163 L1.72094074,25.3421929 L1.55031755,22.255044 L1.40350877,17.6970339 L1.40350877,14.0211467 L1.55031755,10.1739544 L1.68423854,7.80887484 L1.98962322,7.6744186 L3.62469203,7.6744186 Z M24.6774869,7.6744186 L24.9706026,7.82153285 L25.1168803,10.1739544 L25.2631579,13.9963932 L25.2631579,17.6725617 L25.1168803,22.255044 L25.0927809,25.3421929 L24.6774869,25.4651163 L23.2130291,25.4651163 L22.7736357,25.3421929 L22.602418,22.255044 L22.4561404,17.6970339 L22.4561404,14.0211467 L22.602418,10.1739544 L22.7369262,7.80887484 L23.0420916,7.6744186 L24.6774869,7.6744186 Z M9.94042303,7.6744186 L10.2332293,7.82153285 L10.3797725,10.1739544 L10.5263158,13.9963932 L10.5263158,17.6725617 L10.3797725,22.255044 L10.3556756,25.3421929 L9.94042303,25.4651163 L8.47583122,25.4651163 L8.0362015,25.3421929 L7.86556129,22.255044 L7.71929825,17.6970339 L7.71929825,14.0211467 L7.86556129,10.1739544 L8.00005604,7.80887484 L8.30491081,7.6744186 L9.94042303,7.6744186 Z M18.0105985,7.6744186 L18.3034047,7.82153285 L18.449948,10.1739544 L18.5964912,13.9963932 L18.5964912,17.6725617 L18.449948,22.255044 L18.425851,25.3421929 L18.0105985,25.4651163 L16.5460067,25.4651163 L16.1066571,25.3421929 L15.9357367,22.255044 L15.7894737,17.6970339 L15.7894737,14.0211467 L15.9357367,10.1739544 L16.0702315,7.80887484 L16.3753664,7.6744186 L18.0105985,7.6744186 Z M25.6140351,4.53488372 L25.6140351,6.97674419 L1.05263158,6.97674419 L1.05263158,4.53488372 L25.6140351,4.53488372 Z M13.0806755,0 L25.9649123,2.93331338 L25.4484139,3.8372093 L0.771925248,3.8372093 L0,3.1041615 L13.0806755,0 Z" id="path-1" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </mask> <use fill="#FFFFFF" xlink:href="#path-1" class="style-scope primary-nav"></use> <g mask="url(#mask-2)" fill="#FFFFFF" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M0,0 L26.6666667,0 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0,0 Z" id="swatch" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> </g> </svg>  <svg class="ia-wordmark stacked style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 95 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <g transform="translate(0 17)" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="m3.07645967 2.60391777c.09263226-.31901841.26275495-.97477846.26275495-1.10630359 0-.74950669-.57227138-.76816274-1.19041353-.88009902v-.41183224h2.90678232l3.77209227 12.60682378h-1.60725868l-1.16012991-3.8963154h-3.94266032l-1.15968456 3.8963154h-.95794221zm-.69607795 5.4317081h3.41670507l-1.76223957-5.469953z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m13.2661876 2.75363255c0-1.85487748-.0316196-1.85487748-1.469201-2.13611739v-.41183224h3.8032666c1.1601299 0 4.3599508 0 4.3599508 3.35342446 0 2.13518459-1.143652 2.84737918-2.3652399 3.0903742l2.8448791 6.16302512h-1.7773814l-2.7366596-5.82581707h-.9588329v5.82581707h-1.7007817zm1.7007817 3.35295806h.8817878c1.0042583 0 2.411556-.33674165 2.411556-2.43508055 0-2.0237147-.9588329-2.58572812-2.2579112-2.58572812-1.0354326 0-1.0354326.33720805-1.0354326 1.68650665z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m30.9386422 12.2878054c-.5250645.2817063-1.3761234.7121946-2.9682403.7121946-3.3552471 0-4.5612478-2.4537366-4.5612478-6.66860403 0-3.4089262.86531-6.18214759 4.3136347-6.18214759 1.3761234 0 2.3812724.28077351 3.0920468.56201342l.0930776 3.12908549h-.4484648c-.0619033-.95612241-.9125167-2.79187744-2.5821241-2.79187744-2.2726076 0-2.6440273 2.94065941-2.6440273 5.28292612 0 2.95931547.8510588 5.61966783 2.9994146 5.61966783 1.4692009 0 2.2267368-.5620135 2.7059306-.9551897z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m35.4546446 2.67900836c0-1.48129014-.0926322-1.64966096-1.5466914-1.83622143v-.41276504l3.2470277-.43002189v5.80669465h4.2049699v-5.60101173h1.7007816v12.60682378h-1.7007816v-6.12571303h-4.2049699v6.12571303h-1.7003363z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m46.0300434 12.3447063c1.0973359 0 1.3137748-.2807735 1.3137748-1.7420083v-8.05568117c0-1.46123489-.2164389-1.741542-1.3137748-1.741542v-.46919958h4.3287765v.46919958c-1.0826395 0-1.3137748.28030711-1.3137748 1.741542v8.05568117c0 1.4612348.2311353 1.7420083 1.3137748 1.7420083v.4678004h-4.3287765z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m55.1990352 2.60391777c-.494781-1.7051627-.6341747-1.7051627-1.8709043-1.98640261v-.41183224h2.9994145l3.0301436 10.26548988h.0307289l2.9535438-10.26548988h1.0042584l-3.771647 12.60682378h-1.344949z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m67.7842867 2.75363255c0-1.85487748-.0463161-1.85487748-1.4687557-2.13611739v-.41183224h7.4061269l.0463161 2.77228859h-.433323c0-1.49854698-.6488711-1.89218957-1.6696073-1.89218957h-1.2060007c-.7726777 0-.9735293.07462419-.9735293.97431206v3.7279446h1.8709043c1.0657162 0 1.174381-.82366447 1.2674586-1.44164603h.4324323v3.93316112h-.4324323c0-1.01162415-.3402454-1.61141607-1.2674586-1.61141607h-1.8709043v4.17755538c0 1.0489362.2008516 1.0867147.9735293 1.0867147h1.7168141c.8804518 0 1.2977423-.3749865 1.3908199-1.835755h.433323l-.0472068 2.715854h-6.1685065z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> <path d="m1.55575146 9.89647882v-7.6678574c0-1.39053729-.25677019-1.65867172-1.55575146-1.65867172v-.44528687h5.12561364v.44528687c-1.28118091 0-1.55575146.26813443-1.55575146 1.65867172v7.6678574c0 1.39097468.27457055 1.65735948 1.55575146 1.65735948v.4461617h-5.12561364v-.4461617c1.29898127 0 1.55575146-.2663848 1.55575146-1.65735948z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m9.92299051 2.28198586c0-1.65823431-.25588017-1.58649851-1.83032201-1.88962601v-.39235985h3.8626781l5.7664266 9.70008019h.0364907v-9.70008019h1.1534634v12h-1.7577856l-6.0405521-10.14492965h-.0369358v10.14492965h-1.15346329z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m25.631543.83808413h-1.2633805c-1.4458343 0-1.8668128.44572428-1.977175 1.74834147h-.5122054l.0729815-2.5864256h9.3727795l.0734265 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.37304075-.5860768-1.8012685-1.9954203-1.8012685h-1.2442452v11.16191587h-2.0141107z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m36.1050097 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0556262-1.7654006-1.7399852-2.0326602v-.39235985h8.7684573l.0551811 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.42684261-.7685305-1.8012685-1.9762849-1.8012685h-1.4284789c-.9153835 0-1.1534633.0717358-1.1534633.92775388v3.54829773h2.2152547c1.2629356 0 1.3906532-.7851571 1.5010154-1.37391558h.5130954v3.74513378h-.5130954c0-.96274696-.4022881-1.53313407-1.5010154-1.53313407h-2.2152547v3.97608803c0 .9986149.2380798 1.033608 1.1534633 1.033608h2.0319111c1.0439911 0 1.5375061-.356492 1.6469783-1.74702926h.5135404l-.0551812 2.58511336h-7.3034876z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m48.1689385 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0364908-1.7654006-1.7382052-2.0326602v-.39235985h4.5026011c1.3732977 0 5.1621043 0 5.1621043 3.19180579 0 2.03309761-1.3537173 2.71065102-2.8004416 2.94248013l3.3682731 5.86571408h-2.1053376l-3.2396655-5.54552745h-1.1352179v5.54552745h-2.0141107zm2.0141107 3.19136837h1.0439911c1.189064 0 2.8556227-.32018663 2.8556227-2.31697893 0-1.92680615-1.1352179-2.46132536-2.673169-2.46132536-1.2264448 0-1.2264448.32062404-1.2264448 1.6057447z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m61.4610921 2.28198586c0-1.65823431-.2567702-1.58649851-1.830767-1.88962601v-.39235985h3.8622331l5.7659816 9.70008019h.0369357v-9.70008019h1.1534633v12h-1.7568955l-6.0414421-10.14492965h-.0364908v10.14492965h-1.1530183z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m75.1550889 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0547361-1.7654006-1.7390952-2.0326602v-.39235985h8.7684573l.0551811 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.42684261-.7694205-1.8012685-1.9771749-1.8012685h-1.4280339c-.9149385 0-1.1530183.0717358-1.1530183.92775388v3.54829773h2.2148098c1.2633805 0 1.3906531-.7851571 1.5010153-1.37391558h.5130954v3.74513378h-.5130954c0-.96274696-.4022881-1.53313407-1.5010153-1.53313407h-2.2148098v3.97608803c0 .9986149.2380798 1.033608 1.1530183 1.033608h2.0319111c1.0439911 0 1.5379511-.356492 1.6478683-1.74702926h.5126504l-.0551811 2.58511336h-7.3039327z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m89.2335734.83808413h-1.2624905c-1.4462793 0-1.8672578.44572428-1.97762 1.74834147h-.5122054l.0734265-2.5864256h9.3718895l.0734265 2.63935263h-.5122054c0-1.37304075-.5856318-1.8012685-1.9958653-1.8012685h-1.2446902v11.16191587h-2.0136657z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> </svg> </a>  </div> <media-menu class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope media-menu-1"> <div class="media-menu-container closed style-scope media-menu"> <div class="overflow-clip style-scope media-menu"> <nav class="media-menu-inner style-scope media-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="menu-group style-scope media-menu">  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="web"> <a class="menu-item web style-scope media-button" href="https://web.archive.org" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuWeb" title="Expand web menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="webTitleID webDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="webTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Web icon</title> <desc id="webDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a computer application window</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m8 28.7585405v-8.1608108-9.3577297h24v9.3577297 8.1608108zm14.2702703-15.8863783h-12.43243246v2.6114594h12.43243246zm7.7837838 14.0365946v-7.0727027-1.8497838h-20.21621626v1.8497838 7.0727027zm-3.7837838-14.0365946h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027zm4 0h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Wayback Machine</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="texts"> <a class="menu-item texts style-scope media-button" href="/details/texts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuTexts" title="Expand texts menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="textsTitleID textsDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="textsTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Texts icon</title> <desc id="textsDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of an open book.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m10.3323235 11.0007023h6.9060825c.8851083 0 1.5847122.3064258 2.0988114.9192774v14.4324451h-.6460032c-.1435563-.120323-.3528315-.2434552-.6278257-.3693964-.2749942-.1259413-.5201585-.2191097-.7354929-.2795053l-.3048241-.1081503h-5.7042647c-.3108832 0-.5621067-.0601615-.7536705-.1804846-.0717781-.0599274-.1256117-.1439663-.1615008-.2521166-.0358891-.1081502-.0598928-.2043619-.0720112-.2886348v-13.8741368zm19.1752505 0v13.603761c-.0717781.3361555-.2211606.5943584-.4481473.7746089-.0717781.0599274-.1733862.1079162-.304824.1439663-.1314379.0360501-.2451643.0601615-.3411793.0723343h-5.5965975c-.9568865.2640552-1.5068748.5164059-1.649965.757052h-.6634817v-14.4324451c.5140992-.6128516 1.2076439-.9192774 2.0806339-.9192774h6.92426zm1.3814961.6489017-.1796783 15.2976474c-.0955489 0-1.0342578.0119386-2.8161268.035816-1.7818691.0238773-3.3006293.0898911-4.5562806.1980414-1.2556514.1081503-1.9613144.2884008-2.1169891.5407514-.0955488.1924233-.5439291.273419-1.345141.2429871-.8012118-.0304319-1.3155441-.1776755-1.5429969-.4417308-.334654-.3843783-3.4558378-.5765674-9.36355164-.5765674v-15.3875385l-.96830576.3960828v16.2702977c6.4096947-.2041278 9.7760429-.0840388 10.0990445.3602669.2391051.276228.9864833.414342 2.2421347.414342.1915638 0 .4187835-.0210682.6816593-.0632047s.4810068-.0870821.6543929-.1348367c.1733862-.0477547.2719646-.0838048.2957353-.1081503.0838965-.1563732.9599161-.2675666 2.6280587-.3335805 1.6681426-.0660138 3.3213703-.0931684 4.9596831-.0814638l2.4392915.0182591v-16.2344816z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Texts</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="video"> <a class="menu-item video style-scope media-button" href="/details/movies" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuVideo" title="Expand video menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="videoTitleID videoDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="videoTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Video icon</title> <desc id="videoDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of two cells of a film strip.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m31.0117647 12.0677966c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm-4.0941176-10.440678c0 .5423729-.4235295.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647058 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-.1411765 11.2542373c0 .5423729-.4235294.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647059 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-14.9647059-17.220339c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm20.0470588-20.4745763h-.8470588v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.27118644-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-16.5176471v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.27118644-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-1.12941176v24h1.12941176v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661v.6779661.2711864h16.6588235v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.282353-.6779661.7058824-.6779661h1.2705882c.4235294 0 .7058824.2711864.7058824.6779661v.6779661.2711864h.8470588v-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Video</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="audio"> <a class="menu-item audio style-scope media-button" href="/details/audio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuAudio" title="Expand audio menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40px" height="40px" viewBox="0 0 40 40" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="audioTitleID audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="audioTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Audio icon</title> <desc id="audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of an audio speaker.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope media-button"> <g transform="translate(10, 8)" class="fill-color style-scope media-button"> <path d="M19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,20.7200433 C19.4264564,22.3657576 18.8838179,23.2519114 16.8489237,23.2519114 C12.2364969,23.125318 7.75972977,23.125318 3.14730298,23.2519114 C1.24806842,23.2519114 0.569770368,22.492351 0.569770368,20.7200433 L0.569770368,2.74377955 C0.569770368,1.09806526 1.11240881,0.211911416 3.14730298,0.211911416 C7.75972977,0.338504822 12.2364969,0.338504822 16.8489237,0.211911416 C18.7481583,0.211911416 19.4264564,0.971471855 19.4264564,2.74377955 C19.2907967,5.78202131 19.4264564,8.82026306 19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,11.8585048 Z M10.0659432,2.74377955 C8.16670861,2.74377955 6.67445288,4.13630702 6.67445288,5.90861471 C6.67445288,7.6809224 8.16670861,9.07344988 10.0659432,9.07344988 C11.9651777,9.07344988 13.4574335,7.6809224 13.4574335,5.90861471 C13.4574335,4.13630702 11.8295181,2.74377955 10.0659432,2.74377955 L10.0659432,2.74377955 Z M10.0659432,11.4787246 C7.21709133,11.4787246 5.04653754,13.6308125 5.04653754,16.1626806 C5.04653754,18.8211422 7.35275094,20.8466367 10.0659432,20.8466367 C12.914795,20.8466367 15.0853488,18.6945488 15.0853488,16.1626806 C15.0853488,13.6308125 12.7791354,11.4787246 10.0659432,11.4787246 L10.0659432,11.4787246 Z" class="style-scope media-button"></path> <ellipse cx="10.2016028" cy="16.5690777" rx="1.35659611" ry="1.34075134" class="style-scope media-button"></ellipse> </g> </g> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Audio</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="software"> <a class="menu-item software style-scope media-button" href="/details/software" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuSoftware" title="Expand software menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="softwareTitleID softwareDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="softwareTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Software icon</title> <desc id="softwareDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a 3.5" floppy disk.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m32 30.6900373v-21.44521088c0-.82988428-.4156786-1.24482642-1.2470357-1.24482642h-21.50592858c-.83135715 0-1.24703572.4221795-1.24703572 1.26653851v21.44521089c0 .8588337.41567857 1.2882506 1.24703572 1.2882506h21.48327168c.8458575 0 1.2687863-.4366542 1.2687863-1.3099627zm-5.9950155-20.4410268v6.114667c0 .6694561-.3428744 1.0041841-1.0286232 1.0041841h-10.1294464c-.2622159 0-.4773054-.0802141-.6452685-.2406423s-.2519447-.3642806-.2519447-.6115572v-6.1363791l.0217506-.1311772h12.0326259zm-4.9437353.8295827v5.0010178h3.0405558v-5.0010178zm-9.7134658 18.8035735v-7.753025c0-.5241057.1604108-.9025595.4812325-1.1353613.1897138-.1453504.4011782-.2180256.6343932-.2180256h14.7451099c.3208217 0 .5905898.1091636.8093044.3274907s.3280719.5023936.3280719.8521995v7.8181612l-.0217506.1094652h-16.9772676z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Software</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="images"> <a class="menu-item images style-scope media-button" href="/details/image" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuImages" title="Expand images menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="imagesTitleID imagesDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="imagesTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Images icon</title> <desc id="imagesDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of two photographs.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m20.8219178 15.3769871c0 1.1136708-.8767123 1.8932404-1.8630137 1.8932404s-1.9726027-.8909367-1.9726027-1.8932404c0-1.0023038.8767123-1.8932404 1.9726027-1.8932404.9863014 0 1.8630137.8909366 1.8630137 1.8932404zm-5.9178082-3.7864808h15.4520548v6.0138225l-1.9726028-3.3410125-2.6301369 6.3479237-2.1917809-2.67281-6.1369863 5.1228859h-2.5205479zm-1.7534247-1.6705063v14.9231892h18.8493151v-14.9231892zm-2.9589041 7.2388604c.2191781 0 1.9726028-.3341012 1.9726028-.3341012v-2.0046075l-4.1643836.5568354c.43835616 4.7887846.87671233 9.9116704 1.31506849 14.700455 6.02739731-.5568354 13.26027401-1.5591391 19.39726031-2.1159746-.1095891-.5568354-.1095891-2.0046075-.2191781-2.67281-.4383562.1113671-1.4246575 0-1.8630137.1113671v.8909367c-5.1506849.4454683-10.3013699 1.1136708-15.4520548 1.6705062.109589-.111367-.5479452-7.0161262-.9863014-10.8026071z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Images</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="donate"> <a class="menu-item donate style-scope media-button" href="/donate/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuDonate" title="Expand donate menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m30.0120362 11.0857287c-1.2990268-1.12627221-2.8599641-1.65258786-4.682812-1.57894699-.8253588.02475323-1.7674318.3849128-2.8262192 1.08047869-1.0587873.6955659-1.89622 1.5724492-2.512298 2.63065-.591311-1.0588196-1.4194561-1.9357029-2.4844351-2.63065-1.0649791-.69494706-2.0039563-1.05510663-2.8169316-1.08047869-1.2067699-.04950647-2.318187.17203498-3.3342513.66462439-1.0160643.4925893-1.82594378 1.2002224-2.42963831 2.1228992-.60369453.9226769-.91173353 1.9629315-.92411701 3.1207641-.03715043 1.9202322.70183359 3.7665141 2.21695202 5.5388457 1.2067699 1.4035084 2.912594 3.1606786 5.1174721 5.2715107 2.2048782 2.1108321 3.7565279 3.5356901 4.6549492 4.2745742.8253588-.6646243 2.355647-2.0647292 4.5908647-4.2003145s3.9747867-3.9171994 5.218707-5.3448422c1.502735-1.7723316 2.2355273-3.6186135 2.1983769-5.5388457-.0256957-1.7608832-.6875926-3.2039968-1.9866194-4.3302689z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Donate</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="more"> <a class="menu-item more style-scope media-button" href="/about/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuMore" title="Expand more menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="ellipsesTitleID ellipsesDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="ellipsesTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Ellipses icon</title> <desc id="ellipsesDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of text ellipses.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m10.5 17.5c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5zm9.5 0c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5 1.1192881-2.5 2.5-2.5zm9.5 0c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5 1.1192881-2.5 2.5-2.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">More</span> </a> </media-button>  </div> </nav> </div> </div> </media-menu> <div class="right-side-section style-scope primary-nav">  <a class="mobile-donate-link style-scope primary-nav" href="/donate/?origin=iawww-mbhrt">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m32.6,8.12c-1.57,-1.51 -3.46,-2.21 -5.65,-2.11c-1,0.03 -2.14,0.51 -3.42,1.44c-1.28,0.92 -2.28,2.09 -3.03,3.51c-0.71,-1.41 -1.72,-2.59 -3,-3.51c-1.29,-0.93 -2.43,-1.41 -3.41,-1.44c-1.46,-0.07 -2.8,0.23 -4.02,0.88c-1.23,0.65 -2.21,1.6 -2.94,2.83c-0.74,1.24 -1.11,2.63 -1.12,4.17c-0.05,2.56 0.85,5.01 2.68,7.37c1.46,1.88 3.52,4.21 6.19,7.04c2.66,2.81 4.53,4.71 5.62,5.69c1,-0.88 2.85,-2.75 5.55,-5.6s4.81,-5.23 6.31,-7.13c1.81,-2.36 2.71,-4.81 2.66,-7.37c-0.04,-2.35 -0.83,-4.28 -2.4,-5.77z"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only style-scope primary-nav">"Donate to the archive"</span> </a> <div class="user-info style-scope primary-nav">  <login-button class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope login-button-1"> <div class="logged-out-toolbar style-scope login-button"> <a class="dropdown-toggle style-scope login-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavLoginIcon">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="userTitleID userDescID" class="style-scope login-button"> <title id="userTitleID" class="style-scope login-button">User icon</title> <desc id="userDescID" class="style-scope login-button">An illustration of a person's head and chest.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope login-button" d="m20.7130435 18.0434783c-3.5658385 0-6.4565218-2.9198821-6.4565218-6.5217392 0-3.60185703 2.8906833-6.5217391 6.4565218-6.5217391s6.4565217 2.91988207 6.4565217 6.5217391c0 3.6018571-2.8906832 6.5217392-6.4565217 6.5217392zm-12.9130435 16.9565217c0-7.9240855 5.7813665-14.3478261 12.9130435-14.3478261s12.9130435 6.4237406 12.9130435 14.3478261z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </a> <span class="style-scope login-button"> <a class="style-scope login-button" href="/account/signup">Sign up</a> | <a class="style-scope login-button" href="/account/login">Log in</a> </span> </div> </login-button> </div>  <a class="upload style-scope primary-nav" href="/create">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="uploadTitleID uploadDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="uploadTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Upload icon</title> <desc id="uploadDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a horizontal line over an up pointing arrow.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m20 12.8 8 10.4h-4.8v8.8h-6.4v-8.8h-4.8zm12-4.8v3.2h-24v-3.2z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> <span class="style-scope primary-nav">Upload</span> </a>  <button class="search-trigger style-scope primary-nav" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchOpen">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </button> <nav-search class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope nav-search-1"> <div class="search-activated fade-in search-inactive style-scope nav-search"> <form id="nav-search" class="highlight style-scope nav-search" method="get" action="/search" data-event-submit-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchSubmit"> <input type="text" name="query" class="search-field style-scope nav-search" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" value="">  <button type="submit" class="search style-scope nav-search" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchClose">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope nav-search"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope nav-search">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope nav-search">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope nav-search" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </nav-search> </div> </nav> </primary-nav> <media-slider class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope media-slider-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="media-slider-container style-scope media-slider"> <div class="overflow-clip closed style-scope media-slider"> <div class="information-menu closed style-scope media-slider"> <div class="info-box style-scope media-slider"> <media-subnav menu="audio" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Internet Archive Audio</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/etree" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LiveMusicArchiveAudio"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/etree">Live Music Archive</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/librivoxaudio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LibrivoxFreeAudioAudio"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/librivoxaudio">Librivox Free Audio</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllAudioAudio">All Audio</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/GratefulDead" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|GratefulDeadAudio">Grateful Dead</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/netlabels" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NetlabelsAudio">Netlabels</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/oldtimeradio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OldTimeRadioAudio">Old Time Radio</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/78rpm" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|78RPMsAndCylinderRecordingsAudio">78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_bookspoetry" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AudioBooks&PoetryAudio">Audio Books & Poetry</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_tech" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Computers,TechnologyAndScienceAudio">Computers, Technology and Science</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_music" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Music,Arts&CultureAudio">Music, Arts & Culture</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_news" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|News&PublicAffairsAudio">News & Public Affairs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_religion" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Spirituality&ReligionAudio">Spirituality & Religion</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/podcasts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PodcastsAudio">Podcasts</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/radio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|RadioNewsArchiveAudio">Radio News Archive</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="images" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Images</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MetropolitanMuseumImages"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery">Metropolitan Museum</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/clevelandart" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ClevelandMuseumOfArtImages"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/clevelandart">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/image" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllImagesImages">All Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/flickrcommons" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|FlickrCommonsImages">Flickr Commons</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/flickr-ows" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OccupyWallStreetFlickrImages">Occupy Wall Street Flickr</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/coverartarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CoverArtImages">Cover Art</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/maps_usgs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|USGSMapsImages">USGS Maps</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/nasa" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NASAImagesImages">NASA Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/solarsystemcollection" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SolarSystemCollectionImages">Solar System Collection</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/amesresearchcenterimagelibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmesResearchCenterImages">Ames Research Center</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="software" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Software</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/internetarcade" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|InternetArcadeSoftware"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/internetarcade">Internet Arcade</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/consolelivingroom" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ConsoleLivingRoomSoftware"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/consolelivingroom">Console Living Room</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/software" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllSoftwareSoftware">All Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tosec" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OldSchoolEmulationSoftware">Old School Emulation</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_msdos_games" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MS-DOSGamesSoftware">MS-DOS Games</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/historicalsoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|HistoricalSoftwareSoftware">Historical Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/classicpcgames" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ClassicPCGamesSoftware">Classic PC Games</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareLibrarySoftware">Software Library</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/kodi_archive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|KodiArchiveAndSupportFileSoftware">Kodi Archive and Support File</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/vintagesoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VintageSoftwareSoftware">Vintage Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/apkarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|APKSoftware">APK</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_msdos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MS-DOSSoftware">MS-DOS</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cd-roms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMSoftwareSoftware">CD-ROM Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdromsoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMSoftwareLibrarySoftware">CD-ROM Software Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwaresites" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareSitesSoftware">Software Sites</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tucows" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TucowsSoftwareLibrarySoftware">Tucows Software Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdbbsarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SharewareCD-ROMsSoftware">Shareware CD-ROMs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarecapsules" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareCapsulesCompilationSoftware">Software Capsules Compilation</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdromimages" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMImagesSoftware">CD-ROM Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_zx_spectrum" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ZXSpectrumSoftware">ZX Spectrum</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/doom-cds" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DOOMLevelCDSoftware">DOOM Level CD</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="texts" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Texts</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="https://openlibrary.org/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OpenLibraryTexts"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/images/widgetOL.png">Open Library</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/americana" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmericanLibrariesTexts"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/americana">American Libraries</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/texts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllTextsTexts">All Texts</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/smithsonian" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SmithsonianLibrariesTexts">Smithsonian Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/fedlink" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|FEDLINK(US)Texts">FEDLINK (US)</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/genealogy" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|GenealogyTexts">Genealogy</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/lincolncollection" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LincolnCollectionTexts">Lincoln Collection</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/americana" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmericanLibrariesTexts">American Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/toronto" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CanadianLibrariesTexts">Canadian Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/universallibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|UniversalLibraryTexts">Universal Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/gutenberg" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ProjectGutenbergTexts">Project Gutenberg</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/iacl" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Children'sLibraryTexts">Children's Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/biodiversity" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BiodiversityHeritageLibraryTexts">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/booksbylanguage" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BooksByLanguageTexts">Books by Language</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/additional_collections" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AdditionalCollectionsTexts">Additional Collections</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="video" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Video</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tv" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TVNewsVideo"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/tv">TV News</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/911" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Understanding9/11Video"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/911">Understanding 9/11</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/movies" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllVideoVideo">All Video</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/prelinger" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PrelingerArchivesVideo">Prelinger Archives</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/democracy_now_vid" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DemocracyNow!Video">Democracy Now!</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/occupywallstreet" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OccupyWallStreetVideo">Occupy Wall Street</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/nsa" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TVNSAClipLibraryVideo">TV NSA Clip Library</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/animationandcartoons" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Animation&CartoonsVideo">Animation & Cartoons</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/artsandmusicvideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Arts&MusicVideo">Arts & Music</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/computersandtechvideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Computers&TechnologyVideo">Computers & Technology</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/culturalandacademicfilms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Cultural&AcademicFilmsVideo">Cultural & Academic Films</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/ephemera" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|EphemeralFilmsVideo">Ephemeral Films</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/moviesandfilms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MoviesVideo">Movies</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/newsandpublicaffairs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|News&PublicAffairsVideo">News & Public Affairs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/spiritualityandreligion" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Spirituality&ReligionVideo">Spirituality & Religion</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/sports" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SportsVideosVideo">Sports Videos</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/television" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TelevisionVideo">Television</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/gamevideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VideogameVideosVideo">Videogame Videos</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/vlogs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VlogsVideo">Vlogs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/youth_media" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|YouthMediaVideo">Youth Media</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="web" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <wayback-slider class="style-scope media-subnav x-scope wayback-slider-1"> <div class="grid style-scope wayback-slider"> <wayback-search class="style-scope wayback-slider x-scope wayback-search-1" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion"> <form action="" method="post" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <p class="style-scope wayback-search"> Search the history of over 916 billion <a data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackMachineStatsLink" href="https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/23/defining-web-pages-web-sites-and-web-captures/" class="style-scope wayback-search">web pages</a> on the Internet. </p> <fieldset class="style-scope wayback-search"> <a data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackMachineLogoLink" href="https://web.archive.org" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <svg height="55" viewBox="0 0 205 55" width="205" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="style-scope wayback-search"><g fill="none" class="style-scope wayback-search"><path d="m41.5442526 5.47625158v36.05869762s-.0825635.8039669.6808836.8039669c.7634442 0 .5779563-.8039669.5779563-.8039669v-36.05869762h5.4674088l.0001982 44.76728562c.0070059.1547261.1602174 4.7191467-6.1484876 4.7191467-6.1999371 0-6.1018528-4.697561-6.0880787-5.0160398l.0008628-1.7899844h5.5092566l.0006247 1.8215446c.0064131.111431.0698016.5292973.6598981.5292973.6808836 0 .5564693-.5981684.5564693-.5981684v-4.3726361s-.9489378 1.6294184-3.4044061 1.2370455c-2.4554712-.39237-2.8060919-1.8148639-2.9712219-2.4967105-.1651328-.6795829-.2680542-1.174855-.2680542-2.0625 0-.8599178-.0383122-34.61864321-.0406109-36.64339281l-.0001077-.09488771zm30.6351382 1.09344342c6.9117365 0 6.7805382 5.4445918 6.7805382 5.4445918v39.5210721h-5.7365952v-1.1522413s-2.086754 2.4978424-5.1507198.8955592c-3.0650979-1.6011513-2.5436924-5.1879097-2.5436924-5.1879097l.0000351-8.8028589c.0025794-.2398669.0684122-2.0251881 1.4352444-3.3674745 1.4669498-1.4405832 3.4553051-1.2178245 3.4553051-1.2178245h2.5425603v-20.4327721s-.0656021-.8966882-.7170766-.8966882c-.6526037 0-.6854033.9566179-.6854033.9566179v16.080489h-6.030665l-.0005626-16.2852138c-.0087587-.3366877-.0366527-5.555347 6.6510318-5.555347zm28.5031432-6.569695v31.41468l.711418.0192211c.593792 0 .593792-.4941403.593792-.4941403v-24.86759869h5.897202v21.90049339s.079171 1.404399-.791723 2.512539c-.870895 1.1081429-1.820962 1.1477197-1.820962 1.1477197s.989654.3946337 1.860548 1.4439758c.870894 1.0482132.791724 2.4921889.791724 2.4921889v14.4024477h-5.936789l-.000309-13.3243353c-.002165-.043998-.019484-.2297601-.158037-.3860879-.158343-.1775284-.277102-.1775284-.277102-.1775284h-.890123v13.8879516h-5.8180296v-49.9715266zm-14.2340414 8.02384579c5.9675612 0 6.2060902 4.59291681 6.2148001 5.06804611l.0002664 15.2041578h-5.556805v-15.4269123s-.0531603-.5009227-.6062332-.5009227c-.5519582 0-.5790885.42064-.5790885.42064v32.2254321s.079173.4477782.6582614.4477782c.4900102 0 .5467595-.3205986.552623-.4192443l.00045-8.2163433h5.4775891l.000339 7.8754281c.0126595.1654646.3391417 5.1294029-6.0570166 5.1294029-6.504565 0-6.1358477-5.1867779-6.1358477-5.1867779l-.0006428-31.5032204c-.0096883-.3249184-.0495263-5.11746431 6.0313048-5.11746431zm-73.7580006-5.70016816v42.49270187h.5575988s.2081099.2374581.5010473-.0554082.1956685-.3901121.1956685-.3901121v-42.04605262l5.7004019.00115789.0007682 41.01721663c.015678.1470376.248026 2.5994908-1.4903372 4.3374305-1.792686 1.7922473-4.4053704 1.6101973-4.4053704 1.6101973h-7.83579091s-2.61381542.18205-4.40650134-1.6101973c-1.79268592-1.7922503-1.48843833-4.344369-1.48843833-4.344369v-41.01027813l5.69927118-.00115789v42.04605262s-.09726862.0972458.19566849.3901121c.29293741.2928663.50217829.0554082.50217829.0554082h.55646783v-42.49270187zm44.8442957-.59701342s2.8128759.11081342 4.2515488 1.54913579 1.3572386 4.52302632 1.3572386 4.52302632v20.17269738s.1085791 1.6825658-.8324397 2.4967105c-.9410187.8141447-1.5743967.9950658-1.5743967.9950658s1.0495978.5789474 1.6105898 1.3026316c.5609919.7236842.7419571 1.3930921.7419571 2.3881579l.0007115 7.6426204c.0126941.1435677.1783816 2.2493941-.8874408 3.6468533-1.1038873 1.4473684-2.4430294 2.1348684-5.2298927 2.1348684h-6.4604558v-46.85176739zm14.5337626 35.74095399s-.1673942-.0203558-.3777654.1843136c-.2092421.2069274-.1459043.3301795-.1459043.3301795v8.4524058s.1673942.4523026.7329089.4523026c.5643854 0 .648084-.4523026.648084-.4523026v-8.9465489zm-44.3104484-34.72101373c5.9643432 0 6.16707 4.5349604 6.1720848 5.00409423l-.0000412 36.6461958h-5.2231058v-1.0674342s-1.8990049 2.3135258-4.6881295.8299731c-2.7891246-1.4824208-2.3140925-4.8057147-2.3140925-4.8057147l.0000416-8.1558683c.0025667-.229176.064831-1.8776574 1.3051717-3.1166422 1.3357486-1.3354261 3.1454001-1.1273669 3.1454001-1.1273669h2.3140896v-18.92660288s-.0588122-.831105-.6526037-.831105-.6232005.88538132-.6232005.88538132v14.89545606h-5.4888988l-.0005553-15.08585244c-.0080458-.3266358-.0237133-5.14451389 6.0538395-5.14451389zm28.932117 33.13115253-.4776089-.0000064v8.3947599h.705764c.5067025 0 .560992-.7236842.560992-.7236842v-6.712171c0-.9769737-.7962466-.9589047-.7962466-.9589047zm-29.0339092-4.5105709s-.1526883-.0203529-.3438338.1707431c-.1900134.191099-.1323304.305305-.1323304.305305v7.8282282s.1515591.419511.6661776.419511c.5146186 0 .5915302-.419511.5915302-.419511v-8.2861842zm29.0087131-25.54039926c-.6808813 0-.5443092.01385177-.4995274.01731471l.0109215.0007774v25.52796055s1.3391421.1085526 1.3391421-1.3569079v-23.35690792s.1085791-.83223684-.8505362-.83223684z" fill="#ab2e33" class="style-scope wayback-search"></path><path d="m164.347608 2.25946661v7.4442539c.21729-.35229187 1.198489-1.67028746 3.735798-1.67028746 3.534354 0 3.281982 3.91684325 3.281982 3.91684325v39.9180342h-3.988173l-.000094-38.4191634c-.002249-.1296195-.058484-1.7498629-1.464346-1.7498629-1.087582 0-1.450864.5267465-1.565167 1.1683005v39.1020256h-4.190748v-49.71014369zm23.367699 5.4959617c3.58528 0 3.32838 3.94160559 3.32838 3.94160559v40.1712766h-4.045888l-.000761-38.6884533c-.008742-.2394578-.118025-1.7360686-1.484053-1.7360686-1.103423 0-1.471231.5301234-1.587799 1.1750516v39.3496435h-4.250729v-43.92154285h4.250729v1.38890288c.220685-.35566881 1.216596-1.68041542 3.790121-1.68041542zm11.392998-.52112204c6.124855 0 5.736674 5.39691513 5.736674 5.39691513v24.2844279h-7.17056l.000077 9.2728055c.001997 1.1852594.055922 2.3291557 1.511897 2.3291557 1.511974 0 1.588933-1.3483852 1.588933-1.3483852v-6.1679026h4.108134l-.00035 5.6892637c-.01289 1.7887967-.410235 4.8333128-5.736327 4.8333128-5.22451 0-5.490421-3.8596058-5.502952-4.1455025l-.000589-34.6706379s-.65866-5.47345253 5.465063-5.47345253zm-72.839588-6.23430627c4.55044 0 4.748706 4.49835393 4.756437 5.01739476l.000233 44.68489444h-4.246265l-.000015-45.39546442c-.001065-.11122824-.038841-1.27912478-1.155468-1.27912478-.689016 0-1.239407-.0003988-1.575847-.00072723l-.366181-.00042531v46.67574174h-4.288077v-46.69262361h-1.942025c-1.0608 0-1.147931 1.05402663-1.154906 1.2547936l-.00058 45.43783001h-4.296023l.000269-45.03840883c.008379-.46638804.223774-4.66388037 5.263374-4.66388037zm12.746531 4.73059864c5.939252 0 5.529572 4.80151166 5.529572 4.80151166v39.1864407h-3.791254v-1.7040541s-.748065 1.776088-2.920962 1.8481219-4.418224-.1913422-4.418224-3.9371049l.000537-10.0356421c.009666-.3007246.1911-3.4583326 3.548528-3.4583326h3.5253l-.000596-22.2422593c-.009853-.1121552-.157986-1.45801702-1.592862-1.45801702-1.497271 0-1.484813 1.94491522-1.484813 1.94491522v17.4051907h-3.99949l-.000952-17.7112484c-.014831-.304231-.125641-4.63952176 5.605216-4.63952176zm12.457944.74622797c5.704988 0 5.452616 4.56852529 5.452616 4.56852529v16.2188817h-3.836522v-16.7703934s-.202578-1.40578478-1.51537-1.40578478c-1.193447 0-1.427274 1.16180558-1.459925 1.37304298l-.004518.0327418v32.5368129c0 .9038006.353096 1.9584201 1.565167 1.9584201 1.212068 0 1.363719-1.3551363 1.363719-1.3551363v-9.239474h3.786725l.000848 7.3579585c.013087 2.5821014.10472 5.9480539-5.301813 5.9480539-5.604264 0-5.201371-4.7699955-5.201371-4.7699955l-.000475-31.3866454c-.017056-.171763-.453979-5.06700779 5.150919-5.06700779zm26.215101 3.66584829v37.0051649h-3.533221v-37.0051649zm-37.199548 25.1702202h-1.714552s-.530775.0720339-.917823.4558391c-.385924.3838082-.409681.9848389-.409681.9848389v8.5236357s.096195 1.56111 1.568559 1.56111c1.473497 0 1.473497-1.6095052 1.473497-1.6095052zm58.697648-25.2264959c-1.433886 0-1.511974 1.7344408-1.511974 1.7344408v21.9725922h3.100907v-22.1256642s-.155047-1.5813688-1.588933-1.5813688zm-23.264712-5.31700073c1.129455 0 2.045015.68657238 2.045015 1.53184407 0 .84639831-.91556 1.53184695-2.045015 1.53184695s-2.045012-.68544864-2.045012-1.53184695c0-.84527169.915557-1.53184407 2.045012-1.53184407z" fill="#211e1e" class="style-scope wayback-search"></path></g></svg> </a> <label for="url" class="style-scope wayback-search">Search the Wayback Machine</label> <div class="search-field style-scope wayback-search"> <input type="text" name="url" id="url" placeholder="enter URL or keywords" class="style-scope wayback-search">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope wayback-search">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope wayback-search">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope wayback-search" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </div> </fieldset> </form> </wayback-search> <div class="link-lists style-scope wayback-slider"> <div class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Mobile Apps</h4> <ul class="mobile-apps style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wayback-machine/id1201888313" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackWaybackMachine(iOS)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wayback Machine (iOS)</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.archive.waybackmachine&hl=en_US" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackWaybackMachine(Android)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wayback Machine (Android)</a> </li> </ul> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Browser Extensions</h4> <ul class="browser-extensions style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wayback-machine/fpnmgdkabkmnadcjpehmlllkndpkmiak" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackChrome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chrome</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/wayback-machine_new/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackFirefox" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Firefox</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wayback-machine/id1472432422?mt=12" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackSafari" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Safari</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/wayback-machine/kjmickeoogghaimmomagaghnogelpcpn?hl=en-US" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackEdge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edge</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Archive-It Subscription</h4> <ul class="archive-it style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/explore" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItExploreTheCollections" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Explore the Collections</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/blog/learn-more/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItLearnMore" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Learn More</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/contact-us" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItBuildCollections" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Build Collections</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <save-page-form class="style-scope wayback-slider x-scope save-page-form-1"> <form action="//web.archive.org/save" method="post" class="style-scope save-page-form" data-event-submit-tracking="TopNav|SavePageSubmit"> <h3 class="style-scope save-page-form">Save Page Now</h3> <p class="style-scope save-page-form">Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future.</p> <div class="style-scope save-page-form"> <input type="text" name="url_preload" placeholder="https://" class="style-scope save-page-form"> <input type="submit" value="Save" class="style-scope save-page-form"> </div> <p class="error style-scope save-page-form">Please enter a valid web address</p> </form> </save-page-form> </div> </wayback-slider></media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="more" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <more-slider class="style-scope media-subnav x-scope more-slider-1"> <ul class="style-scope more-slider"> <li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreAbout">About</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="https://blog.archive.org" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreBlog">Blog</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/projects/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreProjects">Projects</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/faqs.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreHelp">Help</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/donate?origin=iawww-TopNavDonateButton" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreDonate">Donate</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/contact.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreContact">Contact</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/jobs.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreJobs">Jobs</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/volunteerpositions.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreVolunteer">Volunteer</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/bios.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMorePeople">People</a></li> </ul> </more-slider></media-subnav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </media-slider> </div>  <signed-out-dropdown class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope signed-out-dropdown-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="nav-container style-scope signed-out-dropdown"> <nav class="initial style-scope signed-out-dropdown" aria-hidden="true" aria-expanded="false"> <ul class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown">  <li class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown"><a class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown" href="/account/signup" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAvatarMenu-Signup">  Sign up for free  </a></li>  <li class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown"><a class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown" href="/account/login" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAvatarMenu-Login">  Log in  </a></li>  </ul> </nav> </div> </signed-out-dropdown> <search-menu class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope search-menu-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="menu-wrapper style-scope search-menu"> <div class="search-menu-inner tx-slide closed style-scope search-menu" aria-hidden="true" aria-expanded="false">  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="" checked=""> Search metadata </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="TXT"> Search text contents </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="TV"> Search TV news captions </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="RADIO"> Search radio transcripts </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="WEB"> Search archived web sites </label>  <a class="advanced-search style-scope search-menu" href="/advancedsearch.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAdvancedSearch">Advanced Search</a> </div> </div> </search-menu> <desktop-subnav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope desktop-subnav-1"> <ul class="style-scope desktop-subnav">  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="about style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/">About</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="blog style-scope desktop-subnav" href="https://blog.archive.org">Blog</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="projects style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/projects/">Projects</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="help style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/faqs.php">Help</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="donate style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/donate?origin=iawww-TopNavDonateButton">Donate <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope desktop-subnav" d="m30.0120362 11.0857287c-1.2990268-1.12627221-2.8599641-1.65258786-4.682812-1.57894699-.8253588.02475323-1.7674318.3849128-2.8262192 1.08047869-1.0587873.6955659-1.89622 1.5724492-2.512298 2.63065-.591311-1.0588196-1.4194561-1.9357029-2.4844351-2.63065-1.0649791-.69494706-2.0039563-1.05510663-2.8169316-1.08047869-1.2067699-.04950647-2.318187.17203498-3.3342513.66462439-1.0160643.4925893-1.82594378 1.2002224-2.42963831 2.1228992-.60369453.9226769-.91173353 1.9629315-.92411701 3.1207641-.03715043 1.9202322.70183359 3.7665141 2.21695202 5.5388457 1.2067699 1.4035084 2.912594 3.1606786 5.1174721 5.2715107 2.2048782 2.1108321 3.7565279 3.5356901 4.6549492 4.2745742.8253588-.6646243 2.355647-2.0647292 4.5908647-4.2003145s3.9747867-3.9171994 5.218707-5.3448422c1.502735-1.7723316 2.2355273-3.6186135 2.1983769-5.5388457-.0256957-1.7608832-.6875926-3.2039968-1.9866194-4.3302689z"></path> </svg> </a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="contact style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/contact.php">Contact</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="jobs style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/jobs.php">Jobs</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="volunteer style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/volunteerpositions.php">Volunteer</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="people style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/bios.php">People</a> </li>  </ul> </desktop-subnav> <div id="close-layer" class="style-scope ia-topnav"></div> </ia-topnav> </div> <input class="js-tvsearch" type="hidden" value='{"ands":[],"minday":"06/04/2009","maxday":"11/24/2024"}'/>  <main id="maincontent"> <div class="container container-ia"> <h1>Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy</h1> <p> <b>Terms of Use</b><br> 31 Dec 2014 </p> <p> This terms of use agreement (the "Agreement") governs your use of the collection of Web pages and other digital content (the "Collections") available through the Internet Archive (the "Archive"). When accessing an archived page, you will be presented with the terms of use agreement. If you do not agree to these terms, please do not use the Archive’s Collections or its Web site (the "Site"). </p> <p> Access to the Archive’s Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only. The Archive, at its sole discretion, may provide you with a password to access certain Collections, provided that you complete any required application process and provide accurate information in your application. You may use your password only to access the Collections in ways consistent with this Agreement — no other access to or use of the Site, the Collections, or the Archive's services is authorized. You agree not to interfere with the work of other users or Archive personnel, servers, or resources. Further, you agree not to recirculate your password to other people or organizations. Please report any unauthorized use of your password promptly to <a href=mailto:info@archive.org>info@archive.org</a>. You acknowledge that you have read and understood the Archive’s Privacy Policy and agree that the Archive may collect, use, and distribute information pursuant to that policy. If you provide any content to the Archive, you grant the Archive a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to use that content. </p> <p> Some of the content available through the Archive may be governed by local, national, and/or international laws and regulations, and your use of such content is solely at your own risk. You agree to abide by all applicable laws and regulations, including intellectual property laws, in connection with your use of the Archive. In particular, you certify that your use of any part of the Archive's Collections will be limited to noninfringing or fair use under copyright law. If a Creative Commons or other license has been declared for particular material on the Archive, to the extent you trust the declaration and declarer (which is rarely the Internet Archive), you may use the content according to the terms and conditions of the applicable license. In using the Archive's site, Collections, and/or services, you further agree (a) not to violate anyone's rights of privacy, (b) not to act in any way that might give rise to civil or criminal liability, (c) not to use or attempt to use another person's password, (d) not to collect or store personal data about anyone, (e) not to infringe any copyright, trademark, patent, or other proprietary rights of any person, (f) not to transmit or facilitate the transmission of unsolicited email ("spam"), (g) not to harass, threaten, or otherwise annoy anyone, and (h) not to act in any way that might be harmful to minors, including, without limitation, transmitting or facilitating the transmission of child pornography, which is prohibited by federal law and may be reported to the authorities should it be discovered by the Archive. </p> <p> You agree that we may contact you from time to time with surveys or other questions regarding your opinions about and uses of the Archive, as well as with information we believe may be of interest to you. We encourage you to respond to these surveys because we value your input, which will assist us in improving the Archive. In addition, we request that, according to standard academic practice, if you use the Archive's Collections for any research that results in an article, a book, or other publication, you list the Archive as a resource in your bibliography. </p> <p> While we collect publicly available Internet documents, sometimes authors and publishers express a desire for their documents not to be included in the Collections (by tagging a file for robot exclusion or by contacting us or the original crawler group). If the author or publisher of some part of the Archive does not want his or her work in our Collections, then we may remove that portion of the Collections without notice. </p> <p> The Archive may immediately terminate this Agreement at its sole discretion at any time upon written notice (including via email) to you. Upon termination, you agree that the Archive may immediately deactivate any password it has issued to you and bar you from accessing the Collections or the Site. </p> <p> The Archive may modify this Agreement from time to time, and your continued use of the Collections and/or the Site constitutes your acceptance of any and all modifications. The Archive will attempt to notify you of substantial modifications via the email address that you have registered with us, if any. </p> <p> Because the content of the Collections comes from around the world and from many different sectors, the Collections may contain information that might be deemed offensive, disturbing, pornographic, racist, sexist, bizarre, misleading, fraudulent, or otherwise objectionable. The Archive does not endorse or sponsor any content in the Collections, nor does it guarantee or warrant that the content available in the Collections is accurate, complete, noninfringing, or legally accessible in your jurisdiction, and you agree that you are solely responsible for abiding by all laws and regulations that may be applicable to the viewing of the content. In addition, the Collections are provided to you on an as-is and as-available basis. You agree that your use of the Site and the Collections is at your sole risk. You understand and agree that the Archive makes no warranty or representation regarding the accuracy, currency, completeness, reliability, or usefulness of the content in the Collections, that the Site or the Collections will meet your requirements, that access to the Collections will be uninterrupted, timely, secure, or error free, or that defects, if any, will be corrected. We make no warranty of any kind, either express or implied. </p> <p> You agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Internet Archive and its parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, agents, officers, directors, and employees from and against any and all liability, loss, claims, damages, costs, and/or actions (including attorneys’ fees) arising from your use of the Archive’s services, the site, or the Collections. You agree that this Agreement is governed by California law and that any suit arising from this Agreement will be brought in San Francisco, California, and you further agree that on the election and reasonable notice of either party any litigation shall be referred to arbitration pursuant to the California Code of Civil Procedure, §§1280 et seq. In addition, you agree that should any provision in the Agreement be found invalid, unlawful, or unenforceable, that provision shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions. </p> <p> Under no circumstances, including, without limitation, negligence, shall the Archive or its parents, affiliates, officers, employees, or agents be responsible for any indirect, incidental, special, or consequential damages arising from or in connection with the use of or the inability to use the Site or the Collections, or any content contained on the Site or in the Collections, or resulting from unauthorized access to the Collections or your transmissions of data, including, without limitation, damages for loss of profits, use, data, or other intangibles, even if the Archive has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some jurisdictions do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages, so some of the above may not apply to you. </p> <p> This Agreement, the Privacy Policy, and other policies posted on the Site constitute the full and complete agreement between you and the Archive and are not intended to inure to third-party beneficiaries. </p> <p> We welcome your input. Please contact us with any comments or questions at <a href=mailto:info@archive.org>info@archive.org</a>. </p> <p> </p> <p> <b>Privacy Policy</b><br> 10 March 2001 </p> <p> The Internet Archive (the "Archive") is committed to making its constantly growing collection of Web pages and other forms of digital content (the "Collections") freely available to researchers, historians, scholars, and others ("Researchers") for purposes of benefit to the public. The Archive offers access to some of its Collections mainly by allowing Researchers to access its Unix machines. This open approach is somewhat like the situation in a public library, where staff and patrons might see who else was in the library and a bit of what they were working on. When Researchers using the Collections log on to the same Unix machine using different accounts, some sharing of information may take place. While the Archive endeavors to enforce its <a href="/about/terms.php">Terms of Use</a> and maintain standard computer security, it is important for both those who visit the site ("Visitors") and Researchers (collectively, "Users") to be aware of the open nature of the Archive. </p> <p> The Archive may make changes to this policy from time to time and will notify you of such changes by posting an updated date in the Terms, Privacy, and Copyright link at the bottom the home page of the Archive's Web site (the "Site"). Your continued use of the Site and/or the Collections constitutes your acceptance of any changes to the Privacy Policy concerning, but not limited to, both previously and prospectively collected information. </p> <p></p> <p> What Personal Information May the Archive Have on Its Computers and Systems?<br> Because the Archive uses standard Web logging in its Web servers, our Web server may automatically recognize the domain name of each Visitor, each Visitor’s IP address, what Web page the Visitor requests, and the time of the request, along with a variety of information supplied by the visitor’s browser. See www.microsoft.com and www.netscape.com for information about the Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator browsers, and see www.apache.org for details about Web logs. </p> <p> In addition, the Archive may collect the email addresses and messages of those who communicate with it via email or who enter email addresses in forms. </p> <p> The Archive may collect personally identifying information when a Researcher registers for access to the Collections, including the Researcher’s name, address, telephone number, and email address, and the Researcher’s proposal for using the Collections. </p> <p> The Archive may use "cookies" to track Users' activities on the Site and in the Collections. Cookies are small files that a server transfers to the hard drive of someone who visits a site and that the server can access when the person returns to the site. </p> <p> The primary sources of content for the Collections are publicly accessible Web pages that were collected and donated by third parties, but the Archive will expand on such sources through its own collection activities. For instructions on removing a particular set of pages currently included in the Collections, please see our policies and procedures for page removal. </p> <p>The communications between you and the Archive may pass through many machines, operating systems, programs, browsers, Web servers, networks, routers, Ethernet switches, Internet service providers, proxy servers, intranets, the public phone system, or other devices (collectively, "Devices") on your premises, at the Archive, and in between. Some of these Devices create logs of activities that are recorded on computer systems.</p> <p></p> <p> What Might the Internet Archive Do With the Information on Its Computers?<br> The Archive has no present intention to charge for access to the Collections. The Archive may transfer the information on its machines, including personally identifying information, into the Collections. The Collections are made available to researchers and may be made available on the Site, or provided to third parties, for any use, without limitation. For instance, parts of the Collections are now in the collections of the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution. </p> <p> Advances in data mining technology may make it possible to discover more personally identifiable information or profiles in the Collections. </p> <p> The Archive may disclose any information it collects from Users if the Archive believes in good faith that such action is reasonably necessary to enforce its Terms of Use or other policies, to comply with the law, to comply with legal process, to operate its systems properly, or to protect the rights or property of itself, its Users, or others. </p> <p> It is possible that the computers at the Archive could become compromised by others and that the information on the Archive’s computers could be collected and disseminated without the knowledge or consent of the Archive. While the Archive endeavors to block "crackers" from breaking into its machines, the Archive is not responsible or liable for any such unauthorized uses of the Archive or its data.</p> <p></p> <p> <b>How to Update Researcher Registration Information</b><br> Researchers can help the Archive maintain the accuracy of their information by notifying the Archive of any changes in their address, title, phone number, or email address. Contact the Archive by email at <a href=mailto:info@archive.org>info@archive.org</a> to see, update, or delete your information. </p> <p></p> <p> <b>Copyright Policy</b><br> 10 March 2001 </p> <p> The Internet Archive respects the intellectual property rights and other proprietary rights of others. The Internet Archive may, in appropriate circumstances and at its discretion, remove certain content or disable access to content that appears to infringe the copyright or other intellectual property rights of others. If you believe that your copyright has been violated by material available through the Internet Archive, please provide the Internet Archive Copyright Agent with the following information: </p> <p> Identification of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed; <br> An exact description of where the material about which you complain is located within the Internet Archive collections; <br> Your address, telephone number, and email address; <br> A statement by you that you have a good-faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; <br> A statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the above information in your notice is accurate and that you are the owner of the copyright interest involved or are authorized to act on behalf of that owner; and <br> Your electronic or physical signature. <br> The Internet Archive Copyright Agent can be reached as follows: </p> <p> <b>Internet Archive Copyright Agent</b><br> Internet Archive<br> 300 Funston Ave.<br> San Francisco, CA 94118<br> Phone: 415-561-6767<br> Email: <a href=mailto:info@archive.org>info@archive.org</a> </p> <p></p> <p> <b>For More Information</b><br> If you have any questions or comments regarding these terms and policies or the Archive’s data collection practices, please contact the Archive at <a href=mailto:info@archive.org>info@archive.org</a> or Internet Archive, 300 Funston Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, phone 415-561-6767.<br> </p> </div> </main> </div>  <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > if (typeof archive_analytics !== 'undefined') { archive_analytics.send_pageview_on_load(archive_analytics); archive_analytics.process_url_events(location); var vs = archive_analytics.get_data_packets(); for (var i in vs) { if (!vs[i]) { vs[i] = {}; } vs[i]['cache_bust']=Math.random(); vs[i]['server_ms']=24; vs[i]['server_name']="www27.us.archive.org"; } if (document.querySelectorAll('.more_search').length) { archive_analytics.send_scroll_fetch_base_event(); } } </script> <img src="//athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=1304933978" alt="" /> <noscript> <img src="//athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=1355104857" /> </noscript> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { if (typeof archive_analytics !== 'undefined') archive_analytics.create_tracking_image('in_page_executes'); }); </script> </div> </body> </html>