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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bullion_and_unmarked_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullion_and_unmarked_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bullion and unmarked metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullion_and_unmarked_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tongbei_in_Bronze_Age_China_(c._1100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tongbei_in_Bronze_Age_China_(c._1100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tongbei in Bronze Age China (c. 1100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tongbei_in_Bronze_Age_China_(c._1100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_Henan_Coin_Factory_(c._640_–_550_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_Henan_Coin_Factory_(c._640_–_550_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>China Henan Coin Factory (c. 640 – 550 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_Henan_Coin_Factory_(c._640_–_550_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lydian_and_Ionian_electrum_coins_(c._600_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydian_and_Ionian_electrum_coins_(c._600_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Lydian and Ionian electrum coins (c. 600 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydian_and_Ionian_electrum_coins_(c._600_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croesus:_Pure_gold_and_silver_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croesus:_Pure_gold_and_silver_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Croesus: Pure gold and silver coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croesus:_Pure_gold_and_silver_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_coinage_(546–330_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_coinage_(546–330_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Achaemenid coinage (546–330 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_coinage_(546–330_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coinage_of_Southern_Asia_under_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage_of_Southern_Asia_under_the_Achaemenid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3.1</span> <span>Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_of_Southern_Asia_under_the_Achaemenid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Archaic_coinage_(until_about_480_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Archaic_coinage_(until_about_480_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Greek Archaic coinage (until about 480 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Archaic_coinage_(until_about_480_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_Greek_antiquity_(480_BC~)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greek_antiquity_(480_BC~)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Classical Greek antiquity (480 BC~)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greek_antiquity_(480_BC~)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_of_dynastic_portraiture_(5th_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_of_dynastic_portraiture_(5th_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Appearance of dynastic portraiture (5th century BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_of_dynastic_portraiture_(5th_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_coins_(c._400_BC_–_AD_100)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_coins_(c._400_BC_–_AD_100)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Indian coins (c. 400 BC – AD 100)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_coins_(c._400_BC_–_AD_100)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_round_coins_(350_BC~)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_round_coins_(350_BC~)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Chinese round coins (350 BC~)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_round_coins_(350_BC~)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(320_BC_–_AD_30)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period_(320_BC_–_AD_30)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Hellenistic period (320 BC – AD 30)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period_(320_BC_–_AD_30)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period_(290_BC~)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period_(290_BC~)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Roman period (290 BC~)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period_(290_BC~)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collector's_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collector's_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Collector's items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collector's_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Media of expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debasement_and_clipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debasement_and_clipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Debasement and clipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debasement_and_clipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cutting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics_and_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics_and_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physics and chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physics_and_chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physics and chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physics_and_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spinning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Odor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynet" title="Mynet – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mynet" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نقود معدنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقود معدنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikk%C9%99" title="Sikkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sikkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AEn-kak-%C3%A1" title="Gîn-kak-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gîn-kak-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Манета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Манэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Монета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnze" title="Münze – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Münze" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda_(pe%C3%A7a_de_metall)" title="Moneda (peça de metall) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moneda (peça de metall)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Нухрат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нухрат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mince" title="Mince – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mince" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8nt" title="Mønt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mønt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnze" title="Münze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Münze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnt" title="Münt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Münt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Νόμισμα (κέρμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμισμα (κέρμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero" title="Monero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txanpon" title="Txanpon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txanpon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87" title="سکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_de_monnaie" title="Pièce de monnaie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pièce de monnaie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monede" title="Monede – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Monede" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona" title="Mona – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mona" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooiney" title="Cooiney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cooiney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn_(airgead)" title="Bonn (airgead) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bonn (airgead)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeda_(peza_met%C3%A1lica)" title="Moeda (peza metálica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moeda (peza metálica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E6%AF%AB%E5%AD%90" title="零毫子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="零毫子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94" title="주화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Մետաղադրամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաղադրամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="सिक्का – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिक्का" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanica" title="Kovanica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneto" title="Moneto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moneto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang_logam" title="Uang logam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uang logam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Згъæрæхца – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæрæхца" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynt" title="Mynt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mynt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneta" title="Moneta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moneta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="מטבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin" title="Koin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Koin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ನಾಣ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಣ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="მონეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәнет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәнет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarafu" title="Sarafu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sarafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajan" title="Lajan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lajan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Монета – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Монета" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nummus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C4%93ta" title="Monēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Monēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABnz" title="Mënz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mënz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneta" title="Moneta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moneta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munt_(geld)" title="Munt (geld) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Munt (geld)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rme" title="Érme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Érme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Монета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="नाणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiling" title="Syiling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syiling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%83ng-ci%C3%A8ng-gi%C4%81ng" title="Huăng-cièng-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huăng-cièng-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda_(pie%C3%A7a)" title="Moneda (pieça) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Moneda (pieça)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Зоос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зоос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ဒင်္ဂါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒင်္ဂါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomin" title="Tomin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tomin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilavo" title="Ilavo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ilavo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munt_(betaalmiddel)" title="Munt (betaalmiddel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Munt (betaalmiddel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="सिक्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%B2%A8" title="硬貨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="硬貨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynt" title="Mynt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mynt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynt" title="Mynt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mynt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8%C3%A7a_de_moneda" title="Pèça de moneda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèça de moneda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ପଇସା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଇସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga" title="Tanga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ٹھیپا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹھیپا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Moneda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="ايکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايکۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneta" title="Moneta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moneta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeda_(pe%C3%A7a)" title="Moeda (peça) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moeda (peça)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moned%C4%83" title="Monedă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monedă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay_ka%C3%B1ina" title="Q'illay kañina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay kañina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Монета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Манньыат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Манньыат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin" title="Coin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Coin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin" title="Coin – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Coin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monedha" title="Monedha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monedha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munita" title="Munita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Munita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin" title="Coin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minca" title="Minca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanec" title="Kovanec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kovanec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%A7%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Цѧта – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Цѧта" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%95" title="سککە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سککە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Кованица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кованица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanica" title="Kovanica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kovanica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duit_Logam" title="Duit Logam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Duit Logam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolikko" title="Kolikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynt" title="Mynt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mynt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barya" title="Barya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Barya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோக நாணயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோக நாணயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8D" title="เหรียญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหรียญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сикка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сикка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maden%C3%AE_para" title="Madenî para – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madenî para" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Монета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%81" title="سکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheo_(moneda)" title="Scheo (moneda) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scheo (moneda)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_xu" title="Đồng xu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng xu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEce_di_manoye" title="Pîce di manoye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pîce di manoye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%A2_(%E9%91%84%E8%B2%A8)" title="錢 (鑄貨) – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="錢 (鑄貨)" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsilyo" title="Sinsilyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinsilyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BF" title="钿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钿" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small, flat and usually round piece of material used as money</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about monetary coins. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coin (disambiguation)">Coin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coins" redirects here. For the bibliographic metadata standard, see <a href="/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Currency</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:254px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiloware.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kiloware.JPG/258px-Kiloware.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kiloware.JPG/387px-Kiloware.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kiloware.JPG/516px-Kiloware.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2514" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A selection of metal coins</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numismatics" title="Category:Numismatics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">the study of currency</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/120px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/180px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg/240px-AIGA_Currency_Exchange_-_Euro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Africa" title="Category:Currencies of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Asia" title="Category:Currencies of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Europe" title="Category:Currencies of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_North_America" title="Category:Currencies of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_South_America" title="Category:Currencies of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currencies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Currencies of Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">LETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time dollars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philippine_money" title="History of Philippine money">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_money" title="History of Thai money">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_currencies" title="Category:Medieval currencies">Medieval currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Production</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currency_designers" title="Category:Currency designers">Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(mint)" title="Coining (mint)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">Milling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">Hammering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_coinage" title="Cast coinage">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Errors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Collection</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Grading</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Notaphily" title="Notaphily">Notaphily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_banknote" title="Commemorative banknote">Commemorative banknotes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jetons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">Scrips</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Scripophily" title="Scripophily">Scripophily</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bonds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/16px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/24px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/32px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numismatics" title="Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numismatics" title="Template talk:Numismatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numismatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>coin</b> is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a>. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a> in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. The faces of coins or <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a> are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">the <i>obverse</i> and the <i>reverse</i></a>, referring to the front and back sides, respectively. The obverse of a coin is commonly called <i>heads</i>, because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse is known as <i>tails</i>. </p><p>The first metal coins – invented in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek world</a> and disseminated during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> – were <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>–based, and were invented in order to simplify and regularize the task of measuring and weighing <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> (bulk metal) carried around for the purpose of transactions. They carried their value within the coins themselves, but the stampings also induced manipulations, such as the clipping of coins to remove some of the precious metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sancinito_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancinito-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metal</a>, and their value comes from their status as <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> — the value of the coin is established by law. In the last hundred years, the <a href="/wiki/Face_value" title="Face value">face value</a> of circulated coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, possibly issuing new equivalents with a different composition, or the public may decide to melt the coins down or <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoard</a> them (see <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a>). Currently coins are used as money in everyday transactions, <a href="/wiki/Currency_in_circulation" title="Currency in circulation">circulating</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>. Usually, the highest value coin in circulation (excluding <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullion coins">bullion coins</a>) is worth less than the lowest-value note. Coins are usually more efficient than banknotes because they last longer: banknotes last only about four years, compared with 30 years for a coin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value currently occur for <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullion coins">bullion coins</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (and rarely other metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector/investor coins include the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">British sovereign</a> minted by the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">American Gold Eagle</a> minted by the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Gold Maple Leaf">Canadian Gold Maple Leaf</a> minted by Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Krugerrand" title="Krugerrand">Krugerrand</a>, minted by South Africa. While the Eagle and Sovereign coins have nominal (purely symbolic) face values, the Krugerrand does not. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative coins">Commemorative coins</a> usually serve as collectors items only, although some countries also issue commemorative coins for regular circulation, such as the <a href="/wiki/2%E2%82%AC_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2€ commemorative coins">2€ commemorative coins</a> and U.S. <a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early metal coinage came into use about the time of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, in the Greek world, in northern India, and in China.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullion_and_unmarked_metals">Bullion and unmarked metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bullion and unmarked metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/220px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/330px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/440px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oxhide_ingot" title="Oxhide ingot">oxhide ingot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an "ox-hide", suggesting that they represented standardized values.</figcaption></figure> <p>Metal <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>, silver bullion or unmarked bars were probably<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> in use for exchange among many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> of the civilizations that mastered metallurgy. The weight and purity of bullion would be the key determinant of value. In the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the early 6th century BC, coinage was yet unknown. The <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> system, as well as silver <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> were used instead for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> from the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-bivar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bivar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins were an evolution of "currency" systems of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, when various cultures used standard-sized <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> and tokens such as <a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">knife money</a> to store and transfer value. Phoenician metal ingots had to be stamped with the name of a current ruler to guarantee their worth and value, which is probably how stamping busts and designs began,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although political advertising – glorification of a state or of a ruler – may also play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongbei_in_Bronze_Age_China_(c._1100_BC)"><span id="Tongbei_in_Bronze_Age_China_.28c._1100_BC.29"></span>Tongbei in Bronze Age China (c. 1100 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tongbei in Bronze Age China (c. 1100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Bronze Age">Chinese Bronze Age</a>, standardized cast tokens were made, such as those discovered in a tomb near <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were replicas in bronze of earlier <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowrie</a> shells, so they were named <a href="/wiki/Tong_Bei" title="Tong Bei">"Bronze Shell"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_Henan_Coin_Factory_(c._640_–_550_BC)"><span id="China_Henan_Coin_Factory_.28c._640_.E2.80.93_550_BC.29"></span>China Henan Coin Factory (c. 640 – 550 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China Henan Coin Factory (c. 640 – 550 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's oldest known coin factory has been excavated in the ancient city <i>Guanzhuang</i> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The factory produced shovel-shaped bronze coins between 640 B.C. and 550 B.C., making it the oldest securely-dated minting-site.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lydian_and_Ionian_electrum_coins_(c._600_BC)"><span id="Lydian_and_Ionian_electrum_coins_.28c._600_BC.29"></span>Lydian and Ionian electrum coins (c. 600 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lydian and Ionian electrum coins (c. 600 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Alyattes._Circa_620-10-564-53_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 620/10–564/53</span> BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triti,_Phanes,_625-600_BC,_Ionia_-_301224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/220px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/330px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/440px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The earliest inscribed coinage: <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(coin_issuer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (coin issuer)">Phanes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus#Archaic_period" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, 625–600 BC. Obverse: <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">Stag</a> grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.<sup id="cite_ref-cngcoins.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cngcoins.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest coins are mostly associated with <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Iron Age Anatolia</a> of the late 7th century BC, and especially with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> coins (an alluvial alloy of gold and silver, varying wildly in proportion, and usually about 40–55% gold) were not standardized in weight, and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects, such as badges or medals, issued by priests.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unpredictability of the composition of naturally occurring electrum implied that it had a variable value, which greatly hampered its development.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the early Lydian coins include no writing ("myth" or "inscription"), only an image of a symbolic animal. Therefore, the dating of these coins relies primarily on archaeological evidence, with the most commonly cited evidence coming from excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Artemis at Ephesus">Temple of Artemis at Ephesus</a>, also called the Ephesian Artemision (which would later evolve into one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>). This was the site of the earliest known deposit of electrum coins.<sup id="cite_ref-cngcoins.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cngcoins.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolian Artemis was the <a href="/wiki/Potnia_Theron" title="Potnia Theron">Πότνια Θηρῶν</a> (<i>Potnia Thêrôn</i>, "Mistress of Animals"), whose symbol was the <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stag</a>. It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Even the smallest-denomination electrum coins, perhaps worth about a day's subsistence, would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maybe the first coins to be used for retailing on a large-scale basis were likely small silver fractions, Hemiobol, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a> minted by the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian Greeks</a> in the late sixth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentioned the innovation made by the Lydians:<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So far as we have any knowledge, they [the Lydians] were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins, and the first who sold goods by retail.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, I94<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>And both <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (fr. 611,37, ed. V. Rose) and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Pollux</a> (Onamastikon IX.83), mention that the first issuer of coinage was <a href="/wiki/Hermodike_II" title="Hermodike II">Hermodike/Demodike of Cyme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscarella_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscarella-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a> was a city in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a>, nearby Lydia. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Another example of local pride is the dispute about coinage, whether the first one to strike it was Pheidon of Argos, or Demodike of Kyme (who was wife of Midas the Phrygian and daughter of King Agammemnon of Kyme), or Erichthonios and Lycos of Athens, or the Lydians (as Xenophanes says) or the Naxians (as Anglosthenes thought).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Julius Pollux, Onamastikon IX.83<sup id="cite_ref-Muscarella_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscarella-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many early Lydian and Greek coins were minted under the authority of private individuals and are thus more akin to tokens or badges than to modern coins,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though due to their numbers it is evident that some were official state issues. The earliest inscribed coins are those of <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(coin_issuer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (coin issuer)">Phanes</a>, dated to 625–600 BC from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, with the legend ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣHΜΑ (or similar) ("I am the badge/sign/mark of Phanes/light") or just bearing the name ΦΑΝΕΟΣ ("of Phanes"). </p><p>The first electrum coins issued by a monarch are those minted by king <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes of Lydia</a> (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>), for which reason this king is sometimes mentioned as the originator of coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croesus:_Pure_gold_and_silver_coins">Croesus: Pure gold and silver coins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Croesus: Pure gold and silver coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Croeseids</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_(16mm,_10.73_g)._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_561-546_BC._AV_Stater_%2816mm%2C_10.73_g%29._Heavy_series._Sardes_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><small>Gold Croeseid, minted by King <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, c. 561–546 BC. (10.7 grams, <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> mint)</small></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Kroisos._Circa_560-546_BC._AR_Stater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><small>Silver Croeseid, minted by King Croesus, c. 560–546 BC (10.7 grams, Sardis mint) </small></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic monetary system</a>, c. 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The successor of Alyattes, king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> (r. c. 560–546 BC), became associated with great wealth in Greek historiography. He is credited with issuing the <i><a href="/wiki/Croeseid" title="Croeseid">Croeseid</a></i>, the first true <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coins</a> with a standardized purity for general circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic monetary system</a> c. 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-WM49_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coins spread rapidly in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a>, and further to <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Illyrian coinage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Achaemenid_coinage_(546–330_BC)"><span id="Achaemenid_coinage_.28546.E2.80.93330_BC.29"></span>Achaemenid coinage (546–330 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Achaemenid coinage (546–330 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:371px;max-width:371px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PERSIA,_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg/233px-PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg/350px-PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg/466px-PERSIA%2C_Achaemenid_Empire._temp._Darios_I._Circa_520-505_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The first type of Siglos (Type I: "King with bow and arrows", upper body of the king only), from the time of Darius I, c. 520–505 BC</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg/130px-Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg/195px-Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg/260px-Achaemenid_coin_daric_420BC_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Daric gold coin, c. 490 BC; one of the most successful of Antiquity.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (550–530 BC) came to power, coinage was unfamiliar in his realm. Barter and to some extent silver <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> was used instead for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> from the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-bivar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bivar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyrus the Great introduced coins to the Persian Empire after 546 BC, following his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> and the defeat of its king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, who had put in place the first coinage in history. With his conquest of Lydia, Cyrus acquired a region in which coinage was invented, developed through advanced metallurgy, and had already been in circulation for about 50 years, making the Lydian Kingdom one of the leading trade powers of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems Cyrus initially adopted the Lydian coinage as such, and continued to strike Lydia's lion-and-bull coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original coins of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> were issued from 520 BC – 450 BC to 330 BC. The Persian <a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a> was the first truly Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a> which, along with a similar silver coin, the <a href="/wiki/Siglos" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglos">Siglos</a>, represented the bimetallic <a href="/wiki/Monetary_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary standard">monetary standard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coinage_of_Southern_Asia_under_the_Achaemenid_Empire">Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/170px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/255px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg/340px-Achaemenid_siglos_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>A siglos found in the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul valley</a>, 5th century BC. Coins of this type were also found in the <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> hoard.<sup id="cite_ref-Errington_Bhir_mound_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Errington_Bhir_mound-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Achaemenid Empire already reached the doors of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the original expansion of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a> is dated to c. 515 BC under <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Achaemenid administration was established in the area. The <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a>, also called the Chaman Hazouri hoard,<sup id="cite_ref-OB300_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OB300-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, containing numerous <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> coins as well as many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-JC_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposit of the hoard is dated to the Achaemenid period, in approximately 380 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hoard also contained many locally produced silver coins, minted by local authorities under Achaemenid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-WM70_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM70-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these issues follow the "western designs" of the facing bull heads, a stag, or Persian column capitals on the obverse, and incuse punch on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-WM70_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM70-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to numismatist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Joe Cribb</a>, these finds suggest that the idea of coinage and the use of punch-marked techniques was introduced to India from the Achaemenid Empire during the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Achaemenid coins were also found in <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_309206_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG_309206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration, c. 500–380 BC, or c. 350 BC.[32][25]"><img alt="Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration. Circa 500–380 BCE, or c.350 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/120px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/180px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg/240px-Achaemenid_Empire_coin._Uncertain_mint_in_the_Kabul_Valley._Circa_500-380_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration, c. 500–380 BC, or c. 350 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_309874_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG_309874-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JC_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandharan "bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the Chaman Hazouri and the Bhir Mound hoards."><img alt="Gandharan "bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the Chaman Hazouri and the Bhir Mound hoards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/120px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/180px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg/240px-Gandhara_bent_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharan</a> "bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the Chaman Hazouri and the <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a> hoards.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Early punch-marked coins of Gandhara, Taxila-Gandhara region."><img alt="Early punch-marked coins of Gandhara, Taxila-Gandhara region." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gandhara1.JPG/120px-Gandhara1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gandhara1.JPG/180px-Gandhara1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gandhara1.JPG/240px-Gandhara1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">punch-marked coins</a> of Gandhara, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> region.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_Archaic_coinage_(until_about_480_BC)"><span id="Greek_Archaic_coinage_.28until_about_480_BC.29"></span>Greek Archaic coinage (until about 480 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greek Archaic coinage (until about 480 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_ancient_Greek_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage">Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg/220px-Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg/330px-Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg/440px-Aegina_Stater_achaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> of Aegina, 550–530 BC. Obv. <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtle</a> with large pellets down centre. Rev. incuse square punch with eight sections.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg/220px-Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg/330px-Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg/440px-Athens_coin_discovered_in_Pushkalavati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Athenian coin (c. 500/490–485 BC) discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Shaikhan_Dehri_hoard" title="Shaikhan Dehri hoard">Shaikhan Dehri hoard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_199773_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG_199773-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (fr. 611,37, ed. V. Rose) and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Pollux</a> (Onamastikon IX.83), the first issuer of Greek coinage was <a href="/wiki/Hermodike_II" title="Hermodike II">Hermodike of Kyme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscarella_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscarella-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small percentage of early Lydian/Greek coins have a legend.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most ancient inscribed coin known is from nearby <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>. This coin has a Greek legend reading <i>phaenos emi sema</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interpreted variously as "I am the badge of Phanes", or "I am the sign of light".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phanes_coins" title="Phanes coins">Phanes coins</a> are among the earliest of Greek coins; a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemihekte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemihekte (page does not exist)">hemihekte</a> of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos (the oldest deposit of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> coins discovered). One assumption is that Phanes was a mercenary mentioned by Herodotus, another that this coin is associated with the primeval god <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (mythology)">Phanes</a> or "Phanes" might have been an epithet of the local goddess identified with Artemis. <a href="/wiki/Barclay_V._Head" title="Barclay V. Head">Barclay V. Head</a> found these suggestions unlikely and thought it more probably "the name of some prominent citizen of Ephesus".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another candidate for the site of the earliest coins is <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Chelone_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelone (Greek mythology)">Chelone</a> ("turtle") coins were first minted c. 700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> appeared shortly thereafter, known to exist at least since the late 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LYCIA,_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Phaselis, Lycia, c. 550–530/20 BC."><img alt="Coin of Phaselis, Lycia, c. 550–530/20 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg/120px-LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg/180px-LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg/240px-LYCIA%2C_Phaselis._Circa_550-530-20_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a>, Lycia, c. 550–530/20 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LYCIA,_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Lycia, c. 520–470/60 BC."><img alt="Coin of Lycia, c. 520–470/60 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/120px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/180px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/240px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain_king._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of Lycia, c. 520–470/60 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LYCIA,_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lycia coin, c. 520-470 BC. Struck with worn obverse die.[40]"><img alt="Lycia coin. Circa 520-470 BCE. Struck with worn obverse die." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/120px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/180px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg/240px-LYCIA%2C_Uncertain._Circa_520-470-60_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lycia coin, c. 520-470 BC. Struck with worn obverse die.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LESBOS,_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Lesbos, Ionia, c. 510–80 BC."><img alt="Coin of Lesbos, Ionia, c. 510–80 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg/120px-LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg/180px-LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg/240px-LESBOS%2C_Unattributed_Koinon_mint._Circa_510-480_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, c. 510–80 BC.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Greek_antiquity_(480_BC~)"><span id="Classical_Greek_antiquity_.28480_BC.7E.29"></span>Classical Greek antiquity (480 BC~)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical Greek antiquity (480 BC~)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SNGCop_039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/189px-SNGCop_039.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/284px-SNGCop_039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/378px-SNGCop_039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><b>Tetradrachm of Athens</b><br />(c. 454–404 BC)<br /><i>Obverse</i>: a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, patron goddess of the city, in <a href="/wiki/Attic_helmet" title="Attic helmet">helmet</a><br /><i>Reverse</i>: the owl of Athens, with an <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> sprig and the inscription "ΑΘΕ", short for ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΝ, "of the <a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a>"</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SNGANS_259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/185px-SNGANS_259.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/278px-SNGANS_259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/370px-SNGANS_259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A <b><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracusan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a></b><br />(c. 415–405 BC)<br /><i>Obverse</i>: head of the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a>, surrounded by four swimming <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a><br /><i>Reverse</i>: a racing <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">charioteer</a> crowned by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Victory</a> in flight.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Illyrian coinage</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a> saw Greek coinage reach a high level of technical and aesthetic quality. Larger cities now produced a range of fine silver and gold coins, most bearing a portrait of their patron god or goddess or a legendary hero on one side, and a symbol of the city on the other. Some coins employed a visual pun: some coins from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>, since the Greek word for rose is <i>rhodon</i>. The use of inscriptions on coins also began, usually the name of the issuing city. </p><p>The wealthy cities of Sicily produced some especially fine coins. The large silver <i>decadrachm</i> (10-drachm) coin from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> is regarded by many collectors as the finest coin produced in the ancient world, perhaps ever. Syracusan issues were rather standard in their imprints, one side bearing the head of the nymph <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a> and the other usually a victorious <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tyrants_of_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tyrants of Syracuse">tyrants of Syracuse</a> were fabulously rich, and part of their <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> policy was to fund <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadrigas</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic chariot race</a>, a very expensive undertaking. As they were often able to finance more than one quadriga at a time, they were frequent victors in this highly prestigious event. Syracuse was one of the epicenters of numismatic art during the classical period. Led by the engravers Kimon and Euainetos, Syracuse produced some of the finest coin designs of antiquity. </p><p>Amongst the first centers to <a href="/wiki/Greek_coinage_of_Italy_and_Sicily" title="Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily">produce coins during the Greek colonization of Southern Italy</a> (the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>") were <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>. These ancient cities started producing coins from 550 BC to 510 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amisano, in a general publication, including the Etruscan coinage, attributing it the beginning to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span> in <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>, a chronology that would leave out the contribution of the Greeks of Magna Graecia and attribute to the Etruscans the burden of introducing the coin in Italy. In this work, constant reference is made to classical sources, and credit is given to the origin of the Etruscan Lydia, a source supported by Herodotus, and also to the invention of coin in Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aegina coin type, incuse skew pattern, c. 456/45–431 BC"><img alt="Aegina coin type, incuse skew pattern, c. 456/45–431 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg/120px-ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg/180px-ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg/240px-ISLANDS_off_ATTICA._Aegina._Circa_456-45-431_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> coin type, incuse skew pattern, c. 456/45–431 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MACEDON,_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Akanthos, Macedon, c. 470-430 BC."><img alt="Coin of Akanthos, Macedon, c. 470-430 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg/120px-MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg/180px-MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg/240px-MACEDON%2C_Akanthos._Circa_470-430_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Akanthos_(Greece)" title="Akanthos (Greece)">Akanthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, c. 470-430 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAMPHYLIA,_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Aspendos, Pamphylia, c. 465–430 BC."><img alt="Coin of Aspendos, Pamphylia, c. 465–430 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg/120px-PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg/180px-PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg/240px-PAMPHYLIA%2C_Aspendos._Circa_465-430_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, c. 465–430 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KORKYRA,_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin from Korkyra, c. 350/30–290/70 BC."><img alt="Coin from Korkyra, c. 350/30–290/70 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg/120px-KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg/180px-KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg/240px-KORKYRA%2C_Korkyra._Circa_350-30-290-70_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin from <a href="/wiki/Korkyra_(polis)" title="Korkyra (polis)">Korkyra</a>, c. 350/30–290/70 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CYPRUS,_Paphos._Onasi(...)._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Cyprus, c. 450 BC."><img alt="Coin of Cyprus, c. 450 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg/120px-CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg/180px-CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg/240px-CYPRUS%2C_Paphos._Onasi%28...%29._Mid_5th_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, c. 450 BC.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_of_dynastic_portraiture_(5th_century_BC)"><span id="Appearance_of_dynastic_portraiture_.285th_century_BC.29"></span>Appearance of dynastic portraiture (5th century BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Appearance of dynastic portraiture (5th century BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissaphernes_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tissaphernes_head.jpg/220px-Tissaphernes_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tissaphernes_head.jpg/330px-Tissaphernes_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Tissaphernes_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> and dynasts in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> developed the usage of portraiture from c. 420 BC. Portrait of the satrap of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a> (c. 445–395 BC).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many of the first coins illustrated the images of various gods, the first portraiture of actual rulers appears with the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> in the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No ruler had dared illustrating his own portrait on coinage until that time.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical manner, showing a bust or the full body but never an actual portrait, on their <a href="/wiki/Sigloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigloi">Sigloi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a> coinage from c. 500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Root_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Root-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TC20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slightly earlier candidate for the first portrait-coin is <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> the Athenian general, who became a Governor of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Meander" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia on the Meander">Magnesia on the Meander</a>, c. 465–459 BC, for the Achaemenid Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is some question as to whether his coins may have represented <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> rather than himself.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Themistocles may have been in a unique position in which he could transfer the notion of individual <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraiture</a>, already current in the Greek world, and at the same time wield the dynastic power of an Achaemenid dynasty who could issue his own coins and illustrate them as he wished.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IONIA,_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. Obv: Barley grain. Rev: Possible portrait of Themistocles, c. 465–459 BC.[51]"><img alt="Coin of Themistocles as Governor of Magnesia. Obv: Barley grain. Rev: Possible portrait of Themistocles. Circa 465–459 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg/120px-IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg/180px-IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg/240px-IONIA%2C_Magnesia_ad_Maeandrum._Themistokles_reverse._Circa_465-459_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> as Governor of Magnesia. <i>Obv</i>: Barley grain. <i>Rev</i>: Possible portrait of Themistocles, c. 465–459 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Lycian ruler Kherei wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 410–390 BC)."><img alt="Portrait of Lycian ruler Kherei wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 410–390 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/180px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg/240px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Kherei._Circa_440-30-410_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Lycian ruler <a href="/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a> wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 410–390 BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Lycian ruler Erbbina wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 390–380 BC)."><img alt="Portrait of Lycian ruler Erbbina wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 390–380 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/180px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg/240px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Erbbina._Circa_430-20-400_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Lycian ruler <a href="/wiki/Erbbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbbina">Erbbina</a> wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 390–380 BC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Lycian ruler Perikles facing (ruled 380–360 BC)."><img alt="Portrait of Lycian ruler Perikles facing (ruled 380–360 BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/120px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/180px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg/240px-DYNASTS_of_LYCIA._Perikles._Circa_380-360_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Lycian ruler <a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikles</a> facing (ruled 380–360 BC).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_coins_(c._400_BC_–_AD_100)"><span id="Indian_coins_.28c._400_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_100.29"></span>Indian coins (c. 400 BC – AD 100)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian coins (c. 400 BC – AD 100)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins#Indian_punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">Punch-marked_coins § Indian_punch-marked_coins</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/220px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/330px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg/440px-Hoard_of_mostly_Mauryan_coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Hoard of mostly <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> coins, 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">Karshapana</a> is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch-marked coin">punch-marked coin</a> found in India, produced from at least the mid-4th century BC, and possibly as early as 575 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced by similar coins produced in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> under the Achaemenid empire, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other examples found at <a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_309206_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG_309206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_round_coins_(350_BC~)"><span id="Chinese_round_coins_.28350_BC.7E.29"></span>Chinese round coins (350 BC~)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chinese round coins (350 BC~)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINA,_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg/220px-CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg/330px-CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg/440px-CHINA%2C_Eastern_Zhou_dynasty_-_Warring_States_Period._State_of_Q%C3%AD._City_of_Yi._Circa_300-220_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Chinese round coins, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Zhou dynasty">Eastern Zhou dynasty</a> – <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States Period">Warring States Period</a>, c. 300–220 BC. Four Hua (四化, 30mm, 6.94 g). Legend <i>Yi Si Hua</i> ([City of] Yi Four Hua).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">In China</a>, early round coins appeared in the 4th century BC and were adopted for all China by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang_Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shi Huang Di">Qin Shi Huang Di</a> at the end of 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The round coin, the precursor of the familiar <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coin</a>, circulated in both the spade and knife money areas in the Zhou period, from around 350 BC. Apart from two small and presumably late coins from the State of Qin, coins from the spade money area have a round hole and refer to the <i>jin</i> and <i>liang</i> units. Those from the knife money area have a square hole and are denominated in <i>hua</i> (化). </p><p>Although for discussion purposes the Zhou coins are divided up into categories of knives, spades, and round coins, it is apparent from archaeological finds that most of the various kinds circulated together. A hoard found in 1981, near Hebi in north Henan province, consisted of: 3,537 Gong spades, 3 Anyi arched foot spades, 8 Liang <i>Dang Lie</i> spades, 18 Liang square foot spades and 1,180 Yuan round coins, all contained in three clay jars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hellenistic_period_(320_BC_–_AD_30)"><span id="Hellenistic_period_.28320_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_30.29"></span>Hellenistic period (320 BC – AD 30)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period (320 BC – AD 30)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_coinage" title="Ptolemaic coinage">Ptolemaic coinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_coinage" title="Seleucid coinage">Seleucid coinage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek coinage">Indo-Greek coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Poshumous Alexander the Great tetradrachm from" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/220px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/330px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/440px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous Alexander the Great tetradrachm from Temnos, Aeolis. Dated 188–170 BC. Obverse: Alexander the Great as Herakles facing right wearing the nemean lionskin. Reverse: Zeus seated on throne to the left holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left; in left field PA monogram and angular sigma above grape vine arching over oinochoe; ALEXANDROU vertical in right field. Reference: Price 1678.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> was characterized by the spread of Greek culture across a large part of the known world. Greek-speaking kingdoms were established in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and for a time also in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and as far east as what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Greek traders spread Greek coins across this vast area, and the new kingdoms soon began to produce their own coins. Because these kingdoms were much larger and wealthier than the Greek city states of the classical period, their coins tended to be more mass-produced, as well as larger, and more frequently in gold. They often lacked the aesthetic delicacy of coins of the earlier period. </p><p>Still, some of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> coins, and those of their successors in India, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by <a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> (reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas Nikator</a> (reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West" (Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleucus Nicator (312–281 BC), Ai Khanoum[55]"><img alt="Seleucus Nicator (312–281 BCE), Ai Khanoum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/120px-Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/180px-Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/240px-Seleucus_Nicator_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_Nicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus Nicator">Seleucus Nicator</a> (312–281 BC), <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antiochus I (281–261 BC), Ai Khanoum"><img alt="Antiochus I (281–261 BC), Ai Khanoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/120px-Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/180px-Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg/240px-Antiochos_I_Soter_Ai_Khanoum_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a> (281–261 BC), <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual coin of Indo-Greek king Antialcidas (105–95 BC)"><img alt="Bilingual coin of Indo-Greek king Antialcidas (105–95 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg/180px-Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg/240px-Coin_of_Antialkidas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual coin of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a> (105–95 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual coin of Agathocles of Bactria with Hindu deities, c. 180 BC"><img alt="Bilingual coin of Agathocles of Bactria with Hindu deities, c. 180 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/120px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/180px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/240px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deities, c. 180 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_period_(290_BC~)"><span id="Roman_period_.28290_BC.7E.29"></span>Roman period (290 BC~)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roman period (290 BC~)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Roman Republican currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus (coin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">Antoninianus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">Sestertius</a></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:4px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg/150px-Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg/225px-Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg/300px-Crawford_13-1_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg/150px-Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg/225px-Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg/300px-Crawford_13-1_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:150px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">O:</a></b> Bearded head of Mars with Corinthian helmet left. </td> <td style="width:150px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">R:</a></b> Horse head right, grain ear behind. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:304px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;">The first Roman silver coin, 281 BC. Crawford 13/1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Coinage followed Greek colonization and influence first around the Mediterranean and soon after to North Africa (including Egypt), Syria, Persia, and the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Howgego1995_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howgego1995-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins came late to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> compared with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greece and Asia Minor</a> where coins were invented in the 7th century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> was influenced by its natural resources, with <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> being abundant (the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> were famous metal workers in bronze and iron) and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> ore being scarce. The coinage of the Roman Republic started with a few silver coins apparently devised for trade with Celtic in northern Italy and the Greek colonies in Southern Italy, and heavy <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">cast</a> bronze pieces for use in Central Italy. The first <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman coins</a>, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued c. 289 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amisano, in a general publication, including the Etruscan coinage, attributing it the beginning to about 550 BC in <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>, a chronology that would leave out the contribution of the Greeks of Magna Graecia and attribute to the Etruscans the burden of introducing the coin in Italy. In this work, constant reference is made to classical sources, and credit is given to the origin of the Etruscan Lydia, a source supported by Herodotus, and also to the invention of coin in Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PupienusSest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sestertius of Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus, AD 238"><img alt="Sestertius of Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus, AD 238" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PupienusSest.jpg/116px-PupienusSest.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/PupienusSest.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">Sestertius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clodius_Pupienus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus">Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus</a>, AD 238</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Set of three Roman aurei depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian, AD 69–96"><img alt="Set of three Roman aurei depicting the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Top to bottom: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian, AD 69–96" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png/42px-Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png/64px-Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png/85px-Flavian_dynasty_Aurei.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Set of three Roman <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aurei</a> depicting the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>. Top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, AD 69–96</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver Drachma of Mehrdad (Mithridates I) of Persian Empire of Parthia, 165 BC"><img alt="Silver Drachma of Mehrdad (Mithridates I) of Persian Empire of Parthia, 165 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/120px-MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/180px-MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/240px-MithridatesIParthiaCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachma</a> of Mehrdad (<a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a>) of Persian Empire of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, 165 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Byzantine mints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_coinage" title="Visigothic coinage">Visigothic coinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coinage_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England">Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_coinage" title="Medieval Bulgarian coinage">Medieval Bulgarian coinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Coinage of the Republic of Venice">Coinage of the Republic of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dinheiro" title="Portuguese dinheiro">Portuguese dinheiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sceat" title="Sceat">Sceat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pfennig" title="Pfennig">Pfennig</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(c._600_%E2%80%93_1066)" title="History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)">History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mon_(currency)" title="Japanese mon (currency)">Japanese mon (currency)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reichsm%C3%BCnzordnung" title="Reichsmünzordnung">Reichsmünzordnung</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorino_1347.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg/220px-Fiorino_1347.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg/330px-Fiorino_1347.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fiorino_1347.jpg/440px-Fiorino_1347.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">Florentine florin</a>, 1347</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, in 800 AD, implemented a series of reforms upon becoming "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>", including the issuance of a standard coin, the silver penny. Between 794 and 1200 the penny was the only denomination of coin in Western Europe. Minted without oversight by bishops, cities, feudal lords and <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdoms</a>, by 1160, coins in Venice contained only 0.05g of silver, while England's coins were minted at 1.3g. Large coins were introduced in the mid-13th century. In England, a dozen pennies was called a "shilling" and twenty shillings a "pound":<sup id="cite_ref-pup2001_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consistent with e.g. France. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">Debasement</a> of coin was widespread. There were periods of significant debasement in 1340–60 and 1417–29, when no small coins were minted, and by the 15th century the issuance of small coin was further restricted by government restrictions and even prohibitions. With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Debasement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Debasement">Great Debasement</a>, England's coins were consistently minted from sterling silver (silver content of 92.5%). A lower quality of silver with more copper mixed in, used in Barcelona, was called <a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">billon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pup2001_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pup2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first European coin to use <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> to date the year in which the coin was minted was the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of St Gall">St. Gall</a> silver <i>Plappart</i> of 1424.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italy has been influential at a coinage point of view</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">Florentine florin</a>, one of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history,<sup id="cite_ref-ilgiornale_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilgiornale-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was struck in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Sequin_(coin)" title="Sequin (coin)">Venetian sequin</a>, minted from 1284 to 1797, was the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Papadopoli_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papadopoli-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Florentine florin was the first <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> gold coin struck in sufficient quantities since the 7th century to play a significant commercial role. The Florentine florin was used for larger transactions such as those used in dowries, international trade or for tax-related matters.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombardic Tremissis depicting Saint Michael, AD 688–700"><img alt="Lombardic Tremissis depicting Saint Michael, AD 688–700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg/120px-Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg/180px-Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg/240px-Cunincpert_tremissis_612190_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tremissis" title="Tremissis">Tremissis</a> depicting Saint Michael, AD 688–700</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver coin of Borandukht of Persian Sassanian Empire, AD 629"><img alt="Silver coin of Borandukht of Persian Sassanian Empire, AD 629" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/120px-BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/180px-BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg/240px-BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Borandukht" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Borandukht">Borandukht</a> of Persian <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>, AD 629</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Dirham.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver Dirham of the Umayyad Caliphate, AD 729; minted by using Persian Sassanian framework"><img alt="Silver Dirham of the Umayyad Caliphate, AD 729; minted by using Persian Sassanian framework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Silver_Dirham.png/120px-Silver_Dirham.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Silver_Dirham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Dinar#The_First_Silver_Dirham" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Dinar">Silver Dirham</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, AD 729; minted by using Persian Sassanian framework</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbasid coin, c. 1080s"><img alt="Abbasid coin, c. 1080s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg/66px-Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg/100px-Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg/133px-Al-Mu%27tamid-coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> coin, c. 1080s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almoravid coin, 1138–1139"><img alt="Almoravid coin, 1138–1139" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg/120px-Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg/180px-Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg/240px-Almoravid_dinar_1138_631905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> coin, 1138–1139</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venetian sequin, 1382"><img alt="Venetian sequin, 1382" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg/120px-Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg/180px-Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg/240px-Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sequin_(coin)" title="Sequin (coin)">Venetian sequin</a>, 1382</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genoese coins became important in the 16th century during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa#Golden_age_of_Genoese_bankers" title="Republic of Genoa">Golden age of Genoese banking</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> funnelling its massive wealth from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George" title="Bank of Saint George">Bank of Saint George</a>. With the decline in the fortunes of the Genoese banks and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the 17th century, however, the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_lira" title="Genoese lira">Genoese lira</a> also depreciated substantially. The silver scudo's value increased to 6.5 lire in 1646, 7.4 lire in 1671, and 8.74 lire just before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1746)" title="Siege of Genoa (1746)">Austrian occupation of Genoa</a> in 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variations in the mass of precious metals used in international trade, particularly in imports of spices and textiles into Europe, explain the numerous monetary reforms that occurred in this period. The effect of these transactions on the available reserves of gold and silver was at the origin of the various monetary reforms, which changed the price of silver compared to gold. Faced with the distinct monetary systems developed by <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, the widespread use in the 15th century of the silver <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thaler</a>, of constant size and mass, allowed conversion operations to be limited and therefore exchanges facilitated. The thaler was the monetary unit of the Germanic countries until the 19th century and is considered the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Mexican Mint was established on May 11, 1535, by order of the Spanish king following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>. Opened in April 1536, this mint had the right to mint silver <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">Spanish real</a> which became the basis of the monetary system of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27or" title="Louis d'or">Louis d'or</a> minted in 1640 to compete with these coins. </p><p>The first attested <a href="/wiki/Siege_money" title="Siege money">siege coins</a> appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">siege of Pavia</a> in 1524. Auxiliary coins consisted, among the Greeks and Romans as in our modern societies, of coins strongly linked to copper. In particular, the red copper alloy was used for its physical properties, suitable for objects constantly subjected to manipulation: malleability, resistance to impacts, wear and corrosion (only gold has better resistance to corrosion).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This alloy was often mixed with a little tin, zinc and especially nickel for their anti-corrosive, ductile and anti-fouling properties.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver coin of the 15th-century Bengal Sultanate ruler Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah"><img alt="Silver coin of the 15th-century Bengal Sultanate ruler Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/120px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/180px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/240px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver coin of the 15th-century Bengal Sultanate ruler <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova_doppia_1639.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genoese doppia, 1639"><img alt="Genoese doppia, 1639" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Genova_doppia_1639.jpg/120px-Genova_doppia_1639.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Genova_doppia_1639.jpg/180px-Genova_doppia_1639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Genova_doppia_1639.jpg/240px-Genova_doppia_1639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Genoese doppia, 1639</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_(Louis_XIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis d'or, 1640"><img alt="Louis d'or, 1640" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg/120px-France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg/180px-France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg/240px-France_1640_4_Louis_d%E2%80%99or_%28Louis_XIII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13287" data-file-height="6727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27or" title="Louis d'or">Louis d'or</a>, 1640</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildermann_thaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Thaler minted in 1629"><img alt="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Thaler minted in 1629" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wildermann_thaler.jpg/120px-Wildermann_thaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wildermann_thaler.jpg/180px-Wildermann_thaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wildermann_thaler.jpg/240px-Wildermann_thaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">Thaler</a> minted in 1629</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese local currency Genbun Inari Koban Kin, c. 1736–1741"><img alt="Japanese local currency Genbun Inari Koban Kin, c. 1736–1741" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg/69px-Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg/103px-Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg/137px-Genbun_Inari_Koban_Kin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese local currency <a href="/wiki/Genbun" title="Genbun">Genbun</a> Inari Koban Kin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1736</span>–1741</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1768 silver Spanish Dollar, or eight reales coin (the "piece of eight" of pirate fame), minted throughout the Spanish Empire"><img alt="1768 silver Spanish Dollar, or eight reales coin (the "piece of eight" of pirate fame), minted throughout the Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg/120px-Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg/180px-Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg/240px-Potos%C3%AC_8_reales_1768_131206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1768 silver <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Dollar">Spanish Dollar</a>, or eight <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">reales</a> coin (the "piece of eight" of pirate fame), minted throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TURKEY,_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman coin, 1818"><img alt="Ottoman coin, 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/120px-TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/180px-TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg/240px-TURKEY%2C_SULTAN_MAHMUD_II_1818_-2_RUMI_GOLD_b_-_Flickr_-_woody1778a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> coin, 1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="One Rupee coin issued by the East India Company, 1835"><img alt="One Rupee coin issued by the East India Company, 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG/120px-One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG/180px-One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG/240px-One_Rupee_East_India_Company.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One Rupee coin issued by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, 1835</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British coins 15-20 centuries"><img alt="British coins 15-20 centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg/120px-Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg/180px-Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg/240px-Coins_minted_at_the_Royal_Mint_of_Great_Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British coins 15-20 centuries</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5milmkbk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/5milmkbk.jpg/220px-5milmkbk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/5milmkbk.jpg/330px-5milmkbk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/5milmkbk.jpg/440px-5milmkbk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>Five million mark coin (<a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, 1923). Despite its high denomination, this coin's <a href="/wiki/Monetary" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary">monetary</a> value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923, substantially less than the value of its metallic content.</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/210px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png" decoding="async" width="210" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/315px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png/420px-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90-%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_1210_%E1%83%AC..png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>An unusual <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> coin of King <br /><a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_Georgia" title="George IV of Georgia">George IV of Georgia</a> with <br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian inscriptions</a>, 1210 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/220px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/330px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG/440px-Silver_Rupee_Madras_Presidency.JPG 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> coin made during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a> (1754–1759)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div> <p>Most coins presently are made of a <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metal</a>, and their value comes from their status as <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>. This means that the value of the coin is established by law, and thus is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> only in as much as national currencies are used in domestic trade and also traded in the international market. Thus, these coins are monetary <a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">tokens</a>, just as paper currency is: their value is usually not backed by metal, but rather by some form of government guarantee. Thus, there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value. </p><p>Coins may be in circulation with face values lower than the value of their component metals, but they are never initially issued with such value, and the shortfall only arises over time due to <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, as market values for the metal overtake the face value of the coin. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">pre-1965 US dime, quarter, half dollar, and dollar</a> (containing slightly less than a tenth, quarter, half, and full ounce of silver, respectively), <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)" title="Nickel (United States coin)">US nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cent_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cent (United States coin)">pre-1982 US penny</a>. As a result of the increase in the value of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Since mid-1982, United States pennies are made of 97.5% zinc, with the remaining 2.5% being a coating of copper. Extreme differences between face values and metal values of coins cause coins to be hoarded or removed from circulation by illicit smelters in order to realize the value of their metal content. This is an example of <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a>, in an attempt to avoid this, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of pennies and nickels.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violators can be fined up to $10,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collector's_items"><span id="Collector.27s_items"></span>Collector's items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Collector's items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></div> <p>A coin's value as a collector's item or as an investment generally depends on its condition, specific historical significance, rarity, quality, beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is greatly lacking in all of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. The value of bullion coins is also influenced to some extent by those factors, but is largely based on the value of their gold, silver, or platinum content. Sometimes non-monetized bullion coins such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maple_Leaf_coins" title="Canadian Maple Leaf coins">Canadian Maple Leaf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">American Gold Eagle</a> are minted with nominal face values less than the value of the metal in them, but as such coins are never intended for circulation, these face values have no relevance. </p><p>Collector catalogs often include information about coins to assists collectors with identifying and grading. Additional resources can be found online for collectors These are collector clubs, collection management tools, marketplaces,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trading platforms, and forums, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_of_expression">Media of expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hobo_nickel" title="Hobo nickel">Hobo nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elongated_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="Elongated penny">Elongated penny</a></div> <p>Coins can be used as creative media of expression – from fine art sculpture to the penny machines that can be found in most amusement parks. In the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> (CFR) in the United States there are some regulations specific to nickels and pennies that are informative on this topic. 31 CFR § 82.1 forbids unauthorized persons from exporting, melting, or treating any 5 or 1 cent coins.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This has been a particular problem with nickels and dimes (and with some comparable coins in other currencies) because of their relatively low face value and unstable commodity prices. For a while,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the copper in US pennies was worth more than one cent, so people would hoard pennies and then melt them down for their metal value. It cost more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels, so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury">US Treasury</a>. This was more of a problem when coins were still made of precious metals like silver and gold, so strict laws against alteration make more sense historically.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>31 CFR § 82.2(b) goes on to state that: "The prohibition contained in § 82.1 against the treatment of 5-cent coins and one-cent coins shall not apply to the treatment of these coins for educational, amusement, novelty, jewelry, and similar purposes as long as the volumes treated and the nature of the treatment makes it clear that such treatment is not intended as a means by which to profit solely from the value of the metal content of the coins."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debasement_and_clipping">Debasement and clipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Debasement and clipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">Debasement</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10cts1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/10cts1879.jpg/280px-10cts1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/10cts1879.jpg/420px-10cts1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/10cts1879.jpg/560px-10cts1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Swiss_franc" title="Coins of the Swiss franc">ten-cent coin</a> from 1879, similar to the oldest coins still in official use today</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alexander the Great Tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/280px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/420px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg/560px-Alexander_the_great_temnos_tetradrachm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Alexander the Great Tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint, c. 188–170 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout history, monarchs and governments have often created more coinage than their supply of precious metals would allow if the coins were pure metal. By replacing some fraction of a coin's precious metal content with a <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metal</a> (often <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>), the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced (thereby "debasing" the money), allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible. Debasement occasionally occurs in order to make the coin physically harder and therefore less likely to be worn down as quickly, but the more usual reason is to profit from the difference between face value and metal value. Debasement of money almost always leads to price <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">price controls</a> are at the same time also instituted by the governing authority, but historically these have generally proved unworkable. </p><p>The United States is unusual in that it has only slightly modified its coinage system (except for the images and symbols on the coins, which have changed a number of times) to accommodate two centuries of inflation. The one-cent coin has changed little since 1856 (though its composition was changed in 1982 to remove virtually all copper from the coin) and still remains in circulation, despite a greatly reduced purchasing power. On the other end of the spectrum, the largest coin in common circulation is valued at <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">25 cents</a>, a very low value for the largest denomination coin compared to many other countries. Increases in the prices of copper, nickel, and zinc meant that both the US one- and five-cent coins became worth more for their raw metal content than their face (fiat) value. In particular, copper one-cent pieces (those dated prior to 1982 and some 1982-dated coins) contained about two cents' worth of copper. </p><p>Some denominations of circulating coins that were formerly minted in the United States are no longer made. These include coins with a face value of a half cent, two cents, three cents, and twenty cents. (The half dollar and dollar coins are still produced, but mostly for vending machines and collectors.) In the past, the US also coined the following denominations for circulation in gold: One dollar, $2.50, three dollars, five dollars, ten dollars, and twenty dollars. In addition, cents were originally slightly larger than the modern quarter and weighed nearly half an ounce, while five-cent coins (known then as "half dimes") were smaller than a dime and made of a silver alloy. Dollar coins were also much larger, and weighed approximately an ounce. One-dollar gold coins are no longer produced and rarely used. The US also issues bullion and commemorative coins with the following denominations: 50¢, $1, $5, $10, $25, $50, and $100. </p><p>Circulating coins commonly suffered from "shaving" or "clipping": the public would cut off small amounts of precious metal from their edges to sell it and then pass on the mutilated coins at full value.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unmilled British <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> coins were sometimes reduced to almost half their minted weight. This form of debasement in <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor</a> England was commented on by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham">Thomas Gresham</a>, whose name was later attached to <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a>. The monarch would have to periodically recall circulating coins, paying only the bullion value of the silver, and reminting them. This, also known as recoinage, is a long and difficult process that was done only occasionally.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many coins have milled or <a href="/wiki/Reeding#Numismatics" title="Reeding">reeded edges</a>, originally designed to make it easier to detect clipping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cutting">Cutting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cutting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some coins made of precious metals were manufactured with a cross on one side to make it easier to split the coin into halves or quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></div> <p>Some convicted criminals from the British Isles who were sentenced to transportation to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries used coins to leave messages of remembrance to loved ones left behind in Britain. The coins were defaced, smoothed and inscribed, either by stippling or engraving, with sometimes touching words of loss. These coins were called "convict love tokens" or "leaden hearts".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these tokens are in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_features">Modern features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contando_Dinheiro_(8228640).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg/220px-Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg/330px-Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg/440px-Contando_Dinheiro_%288228640%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Coins can be stacked.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg/170px-1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg/255px-1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/1884_trade_dollar_rev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>1884 <a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Trade dollar (United States coin)">United States trade dollar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20franctrimetalrev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/20franctrimetalrev.jpg/185px-20franctrimetalrev.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/20franctrimetalrev.jpg/278px-20franctrimetalrev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/20franctrimetalrev.jpg/370px-20franctrimetalrev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>French 1992 twenty Franc Tri-Metallic coin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png/170px-Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png/255px-Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png/340px-Kingtutcoinobv_without_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Bimetallic Egyptian one pound coin featuring King Tutankhamen</figcaption></figure> <p>The side of a coin carrying an image of a monarch, other authority (<i>see <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_coins" title="List of people on coins">List of people on coins</a></i>), or a <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">national emblem</a> is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a></i> (colloquially, <i>heads</i>); the other side, carrying various types of information, is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a></i> (colloquially, <i>tails</i>). The year of <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">minting</a> is usually shown on the obverse, although some <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> coins, most <a href="/wiki/Canadian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian coinage">Canadian</a> coins, the pre-2008 British <a href="/wiki/Twenty_pence_(British_decimal_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty pence (British decimal coin)">20p</a> coin, the post-1999 American <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarter</a>, and all Japanese coins are exceptions. </p><p>The relation of the images on the obverse and reverse of a coin is the coin's orientation. If the image on the obverse of the coin is right side up and turning the coin left or right on its vertical axis reveals that the reverse of the coin is also right side up, then the coin is said to have <a href="/wiki/Medallic_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medallic orientation">medallic orientation</a>—typical of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>; if, however, turning the coin left or right shows that the reverse image is upside down, then the coin is said to have <a href="/wiki/Coin_orientation" title="Coin orientation">coin orientation</a>, characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_United_States_dollar" title="Coins of the United States dollar">coins of the United States dollar</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimetallic coins">Bimetallic coins</a> are sometimes used for higher values and for commemorative purposes. In the 1990s, France used a tri-metallic coin. Common circulating bimetallic examples include the <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="1 euro coins">€1</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="2 euro coins">€2</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">British £1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_pounds_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two pounds (British coin)">£2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_2_dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian 2 dollar coin">Canadian $2</a> and several peso coins in Mexico. </p><p>The <i>exergue</i> is the space on a coin beneath the main design, often used to show the coin's date, although it is sometimes left blank or contains a <a href="/wiki/Mint_mark" title="Mint mark">mint mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_mark" title="Privy mark">privy mark</a>, or some other decorative or informative design feature. Many coins do not have an exergue at all, especially those with few or no legends, such as the Victorian bun penny. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RR5111-0173.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RR5111-0173.gif/170px-RR5111-0173.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/RR5111-0173.gif/255px-RR5111-0173.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/RR5111-0173.gif 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>3 <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Rubles</a> proof coin of Russia, minted in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all coins are round; they come in a <a href="/wiki/Coinage_shapes" title="Coinage shapes">variety of shapes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fifty_cent_coin_(Australian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty cent coin (Australian)">Australian 50-cent coin</a>, for example, has <a href="/wiki/Dodecagon" title="Dodecagon">twelve flat sides</a>. Some coins have wavy edges, e.g. the $2 and 20-cent coins of <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Coins of the Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong</a> and the 10-cent coins of Bahamas. Some are square-shaped, such as the 15-cent coin of the Bahamas and the 50-cent coin from Aruba. During the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swazi</a> coins were minted in several shapes, including squares, polygons, and wavy edged circles with 8 and 12 waves. </p><p>Historically, a considerable variety of <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a> (including alloys) and other materials (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>) have been used to produce coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment: bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israelwave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scalloped coin of Israel"><img alt="Scalloped coin of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Israelwave.jpg/120px-Israelwave.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Israelwave.jpg/180px-Israelwave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Israelwave.jpg/240px-Israelwave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scalloped coin of Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belizeonecentwave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1996 one cent coin from Belize"><img alt="1996 one cent coin from Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Belizeonecentwave.jpg/118px-Belizeonecentwave.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Belizeonecentwave.jpg/177px-Belizeonecentwave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Belizeonecentwave.jpg/236px-Belizeonecentwave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1996 one cent coin from Belize</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil2pisodecrev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decagonal two Piso Philippine coin 1990"><img alt="Decagonal two Piso Philippine coin 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phil2pisodecrev.jpg/120px-Phil2pisodecrev.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phil2pisodecrev.jpg/180px-Phil2pisodecrev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phil2pisodecrev.jpg/240px-Phil2pisodecrev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decagonal two Piso Philippine coin 1990</div> </li> </ul> <p>Some other coins, like the British <a href="/wiki/Twenty_pence_(British_coin)" title="Twenty pence (British coin)">20</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifty_pence_(British_coin)" title="Fifty pence (British coin)">50 pence coins</a> and the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Loonie" title="Loonie">Loonie</a>, have an odd number of sides, with the edges rounded off. This way the coin has a <a href="/wiki/Curve_of_constant_width" title="Curve of constant width">constant diameter</a>, recognizable by <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machines</a> whichever direction it is inserted. </p><p>A triangular coin with a face value of <a href="/wiki/Five_pounds_(British_coin)" title="Five pounds (British coin)">£5</a> (produced to commemorate the 2007/2008 <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> exhibition at <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a>) was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>: it became legal tender on 6 December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other triangular coins issued earlier include: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cabinda" title="Republic of Cabinda">Cabinda</a> coin, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> coin, 2 Dollar <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> 1992 triangular coin, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> Millennium Coin and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> Sterling-Silver 10-Zloty Coin. </p><p>Some medieval coins, called <a href="/wiki/Bracteate#High_medieval_bracteates" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>, were so thin they were struck on only one side. </p><p>Many coins over the years have been manufactured with integrated holes such as Chinese "cash" coins, Japanese coins, Colonial French coins, etc. This may have been done to permit their being strung on cords, to facilitate storage and being carried. Nowadays, holes help to differentiate coins of similar size and metal, such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/50_yen_coin" title="50 yen coin">50 yen</a> and <a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin" title="100 yen coin">100 yen coin</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frenchholeobv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1917 French coin with integrated hole"><img alt="1917 French coin with integrated hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Frenchholeobv.jpg/120px-Frenchholeobv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Frenchholeobv.jpg/180px-Frenchholeobv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Frenchholeobv.jpg/240px-Frenchholeobv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1917 French coin with integrated hole</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese cash coin, 1102–1106"><img alt="Chinese cash coin, 1102–1106" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG/120px-Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG/180px-Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG/240px-Chong_Ning_Tongbao_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese cash coin, 1102–1106</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1941 British Palestine coin"><img alt="1941 British Palestine coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/120px-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/180px-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1941 British Palestine coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern-day Japanese 50-yen coin"><img alt="Modern-day Japanese 50-yen coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg/120px-50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg/180px-50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg/240px-50_Yen_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern-day Japanese 50-yen coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1924 East African coin"><img alt="1924 East African coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg/120px-1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg/180px-1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg/240px-1924_East_African_1_cent_coin_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1924 East African coin</div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y2klibholoobv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Y2klibholoobv.jpg/185px-Y2klibholoobv.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Y2klibholoobv.jpg/278px-Y2klibholoobv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Y2klibholoobv.jpg/370px-Y2klibholoobv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3873" data-file-height="3806" /></a><figcaption>Holographic coin from Liberia features the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a> is now able to produce holographic-effect gold and silver coinage. However, this procedure is not limited to only bullion or commemorative coinage. The <a href="/wiki/500_yen_coin" title="500 yen coin">500 yen coin</a> from Japan was subject to a massive amount of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>. The Japanese government in response produced a circulatory coin with a holographic image. </p><p>The Royal Canadian Mint has also released several coins that are colored, the first of which was in commemoration of Remembrance Day. The subject was a colored poppy on the reverse of a 25-cent piece minted through a patented process.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of non-metallic composite coins (sometimes incorrectly called plastic coins) was introduced into circulation in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> on 22 August 2014. Most of these coins are also non-circular, with different shapes corresponding to different coin values.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a list of many pure metallic elements and their alloys which have been used in actual circulation coins and for trial experiments, see <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">coinage metals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics_and_chemistry">Physics and chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Physics and chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/220px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/330px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/440px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">American Silver Eagle</a> minted in 2019 (left), an example of a <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coin</a>. Its obverse design is based on the older, formerly circulating silver <a href="/wiki/Walking_Liberty_half_dollar" title="Walking Liberty half dollar">Walking Liberty half dollar</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flipping">Flipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Flipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coin_flipping" title="Coin flipping">Coin flipping</a></div> <p>To flip a coin to see whether it lands <i>heads</i> or <i>tails</i> is to use it as a two-sided <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">die</a> in what is known in mathematics as a <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_trial" title="Bernoulli trial">Bernoulli trial</a>: if the probability of heads (in the parlance of Bernoulli trials, a "success") is exactly 0.5, the coin is fair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinning">Spinning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spinning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_Disk" title="Euler's Disk">Euler's Disk</a></div> <p>Coins can also be spun on a flat surface such as a table. This results in the following phenomenon: as the coin falls over and rolls on its edge, it spins faster and faster (formally, the <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> rate of the symmetry axis of the coin, i.e., the axis passing from one face of the coin to the other) before coming to an abrupt stop. This is mathematically modeled as a <a href="/wiki/Finite-time_singularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-time singularity">finite-time singularity</a> – the precession rate is accelerating to infinity, before it suddenly stops, and has been studied using <a href="/wiki/High_speed_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="High speed photography">high speed photography</a> and devices such as <a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_Disk" title="Euler's Disk">Euler's Disk</a>. The slowing down is predominantly caused by <a href="/wiki/Rolling_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling friction">rolling friction</a> (air resistance is minor), and the singularity (divergence of the precession rate) can be modeled as a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a> with exponent approximately −1/3.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odor">Odor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Odor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iron and copper coins have a characteristic metallic smell that is produced upon contact with oils in the skin. Perspiration is chemically reduced upon contact with these metals, which causes the skin oils to decompose, forming with iron the volatile molecule <a href="/wiki/1-octen-3-one" class="mw-redirect" title="1-octen-3-one">1-octen-3-one</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_examples">Regional examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Regional examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/220px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/330px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg/440px-Piloncitos_ang_gold_rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a> are tiny engraved gold coins found in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barter_ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barter ring (page does not exist)">barter rings</a>, which are gold ring-like <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>. These barter rings are bigger than softballs in size and are made of pure gold from the Archaic period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th</span> to 16th century).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Philippines, small, engraved gold coins called <a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a> have been excavated, some as lightweight as 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Piloncitos have been unearthed from <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and some areas in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Large quantities were found in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> archaeological sites, suggesting that they may not have originated in the Philippines, but rather were imported. However, numerous <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> accounts state that the gold coins were mined and made in the Philippines, such as the following from 1586: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The people of this island (<a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The term "Piloncitos" is a contemporary word, used by modern-day antique collectors,<sup id="cite_ref-Ocampo20110830_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who thought that the cone-shaped pieces looked like a pilon of sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocampo20110830_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocampo20110830-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early historical descriptions of the term include the Spanish "granitas de oro" (small grains of gold), or simply by whatever local language terms were used to mean "gold" in those times, such as "bulawan."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piloncitos are presumably an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> coinage and may have evolved into the bullet or <a href="/wiki/Bullet_money" title="Bullet money">pod duang</a> coinage of Sukhothai in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-treasure_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasure-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early historical records document the extensive use of gold throughout the Philippine archipelago before the arrival of European colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott1994_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used extensively as currency, and also used in everyday items such as clothing and finery.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott1994_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/28px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/42px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/56px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">Bi-metallic coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_base_weight" title="Coin base weight">Coin base weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">Coin collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin counter">Coin counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_counterfeiting" title="Coin counterfeiting">Coin counterfeiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_magic" title="Coin magic">Coin magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_sorter" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin sorter">Coin sorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin standard">Coin standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah gelt</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_coin" title="Chocolate coin">Chocolate coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins" title="History of coins">History of coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List of currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">List of circulating currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mints" title="List of mints">List of mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_coins" title="List of most expensive coins">List of most expensive coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">Seigniorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Token coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-cent_coin" title="Ten-cent coin">Ten-cent coin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sancinito-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sancinito_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sancinito, Jane E. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/like-a-bad-penny/">Like a Bad Penny: Ancient Numismatics in the Ancient World</a>.” Expedition: The Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 60, no. 2. (2018): 12-23: "The first people to use coins were from modern Turkey, right around 600 BCE. Their coins were different from ours today, less regular and made from precious metal, a mix of gold and silver known as electrum, but their experience, as they went to market or paid their taxes, was similar to mine in the coffee shop. They looked at the lumps of metal in their hand and tried to figure out how much money they had left, and whether they had been cheated. Current research suggests that coins were invented to simplify and regularize this task. Amounts of metal were measured to specific levels of purity and then stamped with an official mark, thereby speeding up transactions and, for the first time in history, guaranteeing certain pieces of metal were trustworthy. The idea caught on quickly, spreading through Western Asia Minor before being adopted by the city-states of Archaic Greece.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-300">U.S. Currency: Financial Benefit of Switching to a $1 Coin Is Unlikely, but Changing Coin Metal Content Could Result in Cost Savings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/businessmain/lawmakers-again-propose-replacing-1-bills-coins-6c10713866">Lawmakers (again) propose replacing $1 bills with coins</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFocardi2018" class="citation book cs1">Focardi, Sergio M. (19 March 2018). "3.1: Some brief remarks on money throughout history". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARdSDwAAQBAJ"><i>Money: What It Is, How It's Created, Who Gets It, and Why It Matters</i></a>. Economics in the Real World. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315391045" title="Special:BookSources/9781315391045"><bdi>9781315391045</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>The idea of coinage follows almost naturally from the use of metal as a commodity for exchange. [...] Graeber [...] connects the Axial Age to the first coinage, noting that the three parts of the world where coins were first used correspond to the very parts of the world where religious and philosophical creativity thrived, that is, the kingdoms and city-states around the shores of the Aegean Sea, in the Ganges valley in northern India, and around the Yellow River in China [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.1%3A+Some+brief+remarks+on+money+throughout+history&rft.btitle=Money%3A+What+It+Is%2C+How+It%27s+Created%2C+Who+Gets+It%2C+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Economics+in+the+Real+World&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.isbn=9781315391045&rft.aulast=Focardi&rft.aufirst=Sergio+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARdSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bivar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bivar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bivar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery of a hoard of currency with silver bars near <a href="/wiki/Malayer" title="Malayer">Malayer</a>, dated circa 600 BCE, with photographs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar" class="citation book cs1">Bivar, Adrian David Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHoardOfIngot-currencyOfTheMedianPeriodFromNush-iJan1971"><i>Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from Nūsh-i Jān, near Malayir (1971)</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHoardOfIngot-currencyOfTheMedianPeriodFromNush-iJan1971/page/n1">97</a>–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoard+of+Ingot-Currency+of+the+Median+Period+from+N%C5%ABsh-i+J%C4%81n%2C+near+Malayir+%281971%29&rft.pages=97-111&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=Adrian+David+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHoardOfIngot-currencyOfTheMedianPeriodFromNush-iJan1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunduaČʻikʻobavaAvdaliani2020" class="citation book cs1">Dundua, Tʻedo; Čʻikʻobava, Akaki; Avdaliani, Emil (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0d6zgEACAAJ"><i>Coin as a means of propaganda according to Georgian numismatics</i></a>. Gamomcʻemloba "Meridiani". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789941259746" title="Special:BookSources/9789941259746"><bdi>9789941259746</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coin+as+a+means+of+propaganda+according+to+Georgian+numismatics&rft.pub=Gamomc%CA%BBemloba+%22Meridiani%22&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789941259746&rft.aulast=Dundua&rft.aufirst=T%CA%BBedo&rft.au=%C4%8C%CA%BBik%CA%BBobava%2C+Akaki&rft.au=Avdaliani%2C+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0d6zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317071705/http://www.big5.henan.gov.cn/hngk/system/2006/08/02/010000219.shtml">"中國最早金屬鑄幣商代晚期鑄造銅貝-河南概況"</a>. Big5.henan.gov.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.big5.henan.gov.cn/hngk/system/2006/08/02/010000219.shtml">the original</a> on 2012-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%91%84%E5%B9%A3+%E5%95%86%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0%E9%8A%85%E8%B2%9D-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81&rft.pub=Big5.henan.gov.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.big5.henan.gov.cn%2Fhngk%2Fsystem%2F2006%2F08%2F02%2F010000219.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiedroyc2006" class="citation book cs1">Giedroyc, Richard (2006-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGu62yiVF8wC&q=shang+coin&pg=PT186"><i>The Everything Coin Collecting Book: All You Need to Start Your Collection …</i></a>. Adams Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593375683" title="Special:BookSources/9781593375683"><bdi>9781593375683</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528092906/http://books.google.com/books?id=RGu62yiVF8wC&pg=PT186&dq=shang+coin&lr=#PPT187,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Coin+Collecting+Book%3A+All+You+Need+to+Start+Your+Collection+%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.isbn=9781593375683&rft.aulast=Giedroyc&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGu62yiVF8wC%26q%3Dshang%2Bcoin%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYK_Kwan" class="citation web cs1">YK Kwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503202130/http://www.chinesechinese.net/HistoryofChina.html">"A snap shot view of The history of China by YK Kwan"</a>. Chinesechinese.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinesechinese.net/HistoryofChina.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+snap+shot+view+of+The+history+of+China+by+YK+Kwan&rft.pub=Chinesechinese.net&rft.au=YK+Kwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinesechinese.net%2FHistoryofChina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2021" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Jillian (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805232820/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/worlds-oldest-coin-factory-discovered-in-china">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'World's oldest' coin factory discovered in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/worlds-oldest-coin-factory-discovered-in-china">the original</a> on August 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27World%27s+oldest%27+coin+factory+discovered+in+China&rft.pub=National+geographic&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fworlds-oldest-coin-factory-discovered-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoGaoJiangLin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Hao; Gao, Xiangping; Jiang, Yuchao; Lin, Yi; Zhu, Jin; Ding, Sicong; Deng, Lijun; Zhang, Ji (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2021.94">"Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>95</b> (383). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2021.94">10.15184/aqy.2021.94</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238220610">238220610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon-dating+an+early+minting+site%3A+the+emergence+of+standardised+coinage+in+China&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=383&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1161-%3C%2Fspan%3E1178&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2021.94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238220610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Hao&rft.au=Gao%2C+Xiangping&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Yuchao&rft.au=Lin%2C+Yi&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jin&rft.au=Ding%2C+Sicong&rft.au=Deng%2C+Lijun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2021.94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cngcoins.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cngcoins.com_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cngcoins.com_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301224"><i>CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CNG%3A+IONIA%2C+Ephesos.+Phanes.+Circa+625%E2%80%93600+BC.+EL+Trite+%2814mm%2C+4.67+g%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D301224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's <i>La naissance de la monnaie</i>, <i>Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau</i> <b>80</b> (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumancientcoins.com/dannyjones/Greek%20Coin%20Books/Types%20of%20Greek%20Coins%20-%20Gardner.pdf">"The Types of Greek Coins" An Archaeological Essay</a> (PDF) by Percy Gardner 1883 p.42 "Considering these and other facts it may be held to be probable, if not absolutely proved, that priests first issued stamped coin, and that the first mints were in Greek temples." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM49-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM49_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hoards, Small Change, and the Origin of Capitalism", Journal of the Hellenistic Studies 84 (1964), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Mitchiner, Ancient Trade and Early Coinage, Hawkins Publications, London, 2004, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muscarella-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muscarella_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscarella_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscarella_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuscarella2013" class="citation book cs1">Muscarella, Oscar White (15 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5AOw0GB0zHsC&q=%22Another+example+of+local+pride+is+the+dispute%22&pg=PA705"><i>Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East: Sites, Cultures, and Proveniences</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004236691" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004236691"><bdi>978-9004236691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Artifacts+and+Antiquities+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Sites%2C+Cultures%2C+and+Proveniences&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft.isbn=978-9004236691&rft.aulast=Muscarella&rft.aufirst=Oscar+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5AOw0GB0zHsC%26q%3D%2522Another%2Bexample%2Bof%2Blocal%2Bpride%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bdispute%2522%26pg%3DPA705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Hanfmann, pp. 73, 77. R. Seaford, p. 128, points out, "The nearly total lack of … coins in the excavated commercial-industrial areas of Sardis suggests that they were concentrated in the hands of the king and possibly wealthy merchants."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Ramage, "Golden Sardis", King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306054054/http://worldcoincatalog.com/Contents/Invention/invention.htm">"Cent"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcoincatalog.com/Contents/Invention/invention.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcoincatalog.com%2FContents%2FInvention%2Finvention.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Alram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daric">"DARIC"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>, December 15, 1994, last updated November 17, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Errington_Bhir_mound-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Errington_Bhir_mound_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi_&_Cribb,_Coins_illustrating_the_History_of_the_Crossroads_of_Asia1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a>; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</i></a>, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>59, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518399-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9518399-1-1</bdi></a>, <q>Coins of this type found in Chaman Hazouri (deposited c.350 BCE) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BCE).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coins+illustrating+the+History+of+the+Crossroads+of+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JC-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JC_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi_&_Cribb,_Coins_illustrating_the_History_of_the_Crossroads_of_Asia1992">Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992</a>, pp. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BCE, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OB300-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OB300_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, pp. 300–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000">Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000</a>, p. 309 and Note 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM70-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WM70_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WM70_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2016" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199372188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199372188"><bdi>9780199372188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199372188&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrkUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré-Salvini2005" class="citation book cs1">André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA208"><i>Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 208 Coin no.381 for the Persian column capitals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247314" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247314"><bdi>9780520247314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Empire%3A+The+World+of+Ancient+Persia&rft.pages=208+Coin+no.381+for+the+Persian+column+capitals&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247314&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9-Salvini&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJnaKu9DdNEC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India1983">Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India 1983</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNG_309206-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNG_309206_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNG_309206_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309206">372. Lot: 658, Lot of two AR bent bars</a>, CNG Coins. <a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi_&_Cribb,_Coins_illustrating_the_History_of_the_Crossroads_of_Asia1992">Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992</a>, pp. 57–59: "Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards." (Commentary by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Joe Cribb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNG_309874-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNG_309874_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309874">"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649</a>, CNG Coins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNG_199773-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNG_199773_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773">"A Truly International Currency", Triton XV, Lot: 1163, ATTICA, Athens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225205951/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773">Archived</a> 2019-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNG Coins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608153318/http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/inscriptions.html">"Inscriptions and Titles on ancient Greek coins"</a>. Snible.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/inscriptions.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+and+Titles+on+ancient+Greek+coins&rft.pub=Snible.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Finscriptions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/e/electrum_stater_inscribed_with.aspx">"Electrum stater inscribed with the name of Phanes"</a>. British Museum. 2011-09-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515212641/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/e/electrum_stater_inscribed_with.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrum+stater+inscribed+with+the+name+of+Phanes&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fcm%2Fe%2Felectrum_stater_inscribed_with.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1870" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Charles Thomas (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/numismaticchron49britgoog/page/n342/mode/2up">"On an electrum stater, possibly of Ephesus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Numismatic_Chronicle_and_Journal_of_the_Numismatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society">The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society</a></i>. <b>10</b>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Numismatic_Society" title="Royal Numismatic Society">Royal Numismatic Society</a>: 238. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42680883">42680883</a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle+and+Journal+of+the+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=On+an+electrum+stater%2C+possibly+of+Ephesus&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=238&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42680883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Charles+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnumismaticchron49britgoog%2Fpage%2Fn342%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead1911" class="citation book cs1">Head, Barclay V. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/ionia.html#571"><i>Historia Numorum, A Manual of Greek Numismatics, New and Enlarged Edition</i></a>. London: Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum%2C+A+Manual+of+Greek+Numismatics%2C+New+and+Enlarged+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fionia.html%23571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum Catalogue 11 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221023256/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByKcmdYWS2bZWVpFLWRtVXd0Ulk/edit?pli=1">Attica Megaris Aegina</a>, 700 – 550 BCE, plate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snible.org/coins/bmc/attica/XXIII.jpg">XXIII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032457/http://www.snible.org/coins/bmc/attica/XXIII.jpg">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=347325"><i>CNG: LYCIA. Circa 520–470/60 BCE. AR Stater (18mm, 9.18 g)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CNG%3A+LYCIA.+Circa+520%E2%80%93470%2F60+BCE.+AR+Stater+%2818mm%2C+9.18+g%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D347325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/bruttium/i.html">"Bruttium – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruttium+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Greek+Coins+%E2%80%93+WildWinds.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildwinds.com%2Fcoins%2Fgreece%2Fbruttium%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/lucania/i.html">"Lucania – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucania+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Greek+Coins+%E2%80%93+WildWinds.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildwinds.com%2Fcoins%2Fgreece%2Flucania%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giuseppe_Amisano_1992_pp._15-20_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Amisano, "Cronologia e politica monetaria alla luce dei segni di valore delle monete etrusche e romane", in: <i>Panorama numismatico</i>, 49 (genn. 1992), pp. 15–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarradice1978" class="citation book cs1">Carradice, Ian (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Greek Portrait Coins</i></a>. British Museum Publications. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714108490" title="Special:BookSources/9780714108490"><bdi>9780714108490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Portrait+Coins&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780714108490&rft.aulast=Carradice&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestBirmingham)2004" class="citation book cs1">West, Shearer; Birmingham), Shearer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3sRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Portraiture</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192842589" title="Special:BookSources/9780192842589"><bdi>9780192842589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraiture&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780192842589&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Shearer&rft.au=Birmingham%29%2C+Shearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3sRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Root-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Root_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot1989" class="citation journal cs1">Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism". <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i>. <b>91</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frea.1989.4361">10.3406/rea.1989.4361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=The+Persian+archer+at+Persepolis+%3A+aspects+of+chronology%2C+style+and+symbolism&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1989.4361&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Cool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TC20-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TC20_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf">"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Celator</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 20. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161656/https://community.vcoins.com/thecelator/The-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Celator&rft.atitle=Half-figure+of+the+King%3A+unravelling+the+mysteries+of+the+earliest+Sigloi+of+Darius+I&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.vcoins.com%2Fthecelator%2FThe-Celator-Vol.26-No.02-Feb-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarradicePrice1988" class="citation book cs1">Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVZmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Coinage in the Greek World</i></a>. Seaby. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900652820" title="Special:BookSources/9780900652820"><bdi>9780900652820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+the+Greek+World&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780900652820&rft.aulast=Carradice&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Price%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2011" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, P. J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fkjzwJxCA4C&pg=PP58"><i>A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444358582" title="Special:BookSources/9781444358582"><bdi>9781444358582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Classical+Greek+World%3A+478%E2%80%93323+BC&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444358582&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fkjzwJxCA4C%26pg%3DPP58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowgego2002" class="citation book cs1">Howgego, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCC3l5kS5O8C&pg=PA64"><i>Ancient History from Coins</i></a>. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134877843" title="Special:BookSources/9781134877843"><bdi>9781134877843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+from+Coins&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134877843&rft.aulast=Howgego&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCC3l5kS5O8C%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=308695">"CNG: IONIA, Magnesia ad Maeandrum. Themistokles. Circa 465-459 BC. AR Hemiobol (7mm, 0.37 g, 1h)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNG%3A+IONIA%2C+Magnesia+ad+Maeandrum.+Themistokles.+Circa+465-459+BC.+AR+Hemiobol+%287mm%2C+0.37+g%2C+1h%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D308695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHARDAKER1975" class="citation journal cs1">HARDAKER, TERRY R. (1975). 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Varanasi: <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86, 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Numismatic+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+introduction+of+coinage+in+India+%E2%80%93+a+review+of+recent+research&rft.volume=xlv&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86%2C+101&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33456187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaps2004" class="citation book cs1">Schaps, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqINoVlD0RcC&pg=PA235"><i>The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Coin+Information%3A+PILONCITOS%3A+The+treasure+of+Philippine+numismatic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoin.filipinonumismatist.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fpiloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1994-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC"><i>Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society</i></a>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15KZU-yMuisC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb,_Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cribb" title="Joe Cribb">Cribb, Joe</a> (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33456187">"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research"</a>, <i>Journal of the Numismatic Society of India</i>: <span class="nowrap">80–</span>101</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Numismatic+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+introduction+of+coinage+in+India+-+A+review+of+recent+research&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33456187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus1973" class="citation book cs1">Angus, Ian (1973). <i>Coins and money tokens</i>. London: Ward Lock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7063-1811-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7063-1811-0"><bdi>0-7063-1811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins+and+money+tokens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward+Lock&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-7063-1811-0&rft.aulast=Angus&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi,_Coin_Production_and_Circulation2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15798938">"Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)"</a>, <i>Indologica Taurinensia</i>, <b>25</b>, International Association of Sanskrit Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indologica+Taurinensia&rft.atitle=Coin+Production+and+Circulation+in+Central+Asia+and+North-West+India+%28Before+and+after+Alexander%27s+Conquest%29&rft.volume=25&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15798938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coins" class="extiw" title="commons:Coins">Coins</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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collecting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numismatics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin" title="Bi-metallic coin">Bi-metallic coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_coin" title="Challenge coin">Challenge coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_issue" title="Circulation issue">Circulation issue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_base_weight" title="Coin base weight">Coin base weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_cleaning" title="Coin cleaning">Coin cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_counterfeiting" title="Coin counterfeiting">Coin counterfeiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_roll_hunting" title="Coin roll hunting">Coin roll hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_rolling_scams" title="Coin rolling scams">Coin rolling scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_set" title="Coin set">Coin set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">Commemorative coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_starter_kits" title="Euro starter kits">Euro starter kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exonumia" title="Exonumia">Exonumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins" title="History of coins">History of coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_date" title="Key date">Key date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint-made_errors" title="Mint-made errors">Mint-made errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_coinage" title="Proof coinage">Proof coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigniorage" title="Seigniorage">Seigniorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_shapes" title="Coinage shapes">Shapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_coin" title="Token coin">Token coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toning_(coin)" title="Toning (coin)">Toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAM_(Morgan_and_Peace_dollar_die_varieties)" title="VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties)">VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif/125px-Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif" decoding="async" width="125" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif/188px-Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif/250px-Saddle_Ridge_Hoard_1886-S_10_dollar_slab.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin_grading" title="Coin grading">Coin grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_slab" title="Coin slab">Coin slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_currency_grading" title="Paper currency grading">Paper currency grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_coin_grading_scale" title="Sheldon coin grading scale">Sheldon coin grading scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_grading" title="Third-party grading">Third-party grading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supplies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin_board_(collecting)" title="Coin board (collecting)">Coin board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_capsule" title="Coin capsule">Coin capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency-counting_machine" title="Currency-counting machine">Coin counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_folder" title="Coin folder">Coin folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_storage" title="Coin storage">Coin storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_wrapper" title="Coin wrapper">Coin wrapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coin_catalogs" title="List of coin catalogs">Catalogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins" title="Standard Catalog of World Coins">Standard Catalog of World Coins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_Coinage" title="Roman Imperial Coinage">Roman Imperial Coinage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_Coinage" title="Medieval European Coinage">Medieval European Coinage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalogue_of_British_Coins" title="Standard Catalogue of British Coins">Standard Catalogue of British Coins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_Book_of_United_States_Coins" title="A Guide Book of United States Coins">A Guide Book of United States Coins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coin grading<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANACS_(coin_grading_company)" title="ANACS (coin grading company)">ANACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Acceptance_Corporation" title="Certified Acceptance Corporation">Certified Acceptance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coin_Certification_Service" title="International Coin Certification Service">International Coin Certification Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Guaranty_Company" title="Numismatic Guaranty Company">Numismatic Guaranty Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Coin_Grading_Service" title="Professional Coin Grading Service">Professional Coin Grading Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coin_collectors" title="List of coin collectors">List of coin collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currencies" title="List of currencies">List of currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metal_detecting_finds" title="List of metal detecting finds">List of metal detecting finds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mints" title="List of mints">List of mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_coins" title="List of most expensive coins">List of most expensive coins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coin_show" title="Coin show">Coin show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/16px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/24px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/32px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="903" 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Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a> (rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" 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title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41207#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41207#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Münze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040629-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="coins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027797">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="monnaies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516317n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="monnaies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13516317n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="硬貨"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-829g7","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.420","walltime":"1.703","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7856,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":201159,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7226,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":349396,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1449.494 1 -total"," 44.98% 652.024 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.32% 280.007 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