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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>San Saba Silver Mines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Saba_Silver_Mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comanches_and_the_German_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comanches_and_the_German_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comanches and the German Colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comanches_and_the_German_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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other data for this location">30.92250°N 99.80167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.92250; -99.80167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Site of Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #DACAA5"><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Antiquities_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Antiquities Landmark">Texas State Antiquities Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Saba_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/San_Saba_2.jpg/250px-San_Saba_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/San_Saba_2.jpg/375px-San_Saba_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/San_Saba_2.jpg/500px-San_Saba_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Presidio de San Saba in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Texas</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas is located in the United States"><img alt="Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.264%;left:42.93%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas"><img alt="Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Menard,_Texas" title="Menard, Texas">Menard, Texas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&params=30_55_21_N_99_48_6_W_type:landmark_region:US-TX"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°55′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">99°48′6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.92250°N 99.80167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.92250; -99.80167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">15.5 acres (6.3 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1757</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001369">72001369</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">TSAL <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/8200000473">473</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">August 25, 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated TSAL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">5/28/1981</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas</b>, now better known as <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Presidio of San Sabá">Presidio of San Sabá</a>, was founded in April 1757 near present-day <a href="/wiki/Menard,_Texas" title="Menard, Texas">Menard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz_de_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá">Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá</a>, established at the same time. The <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">mission</a> were built to secure <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain's</a> claim to the territory. They were part of the treaty recently reached with the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apaches">Lipan Apaches</a> of the area for mutual aid against enemies. The early functioning of the mission and presidio were undermined by <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, also allied with the Spanish, attacking the Apaches.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was located three miles downstream from the presidio by request of the monks at the mission to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish (people)">Spanish</a> soldiers would not be a corrupting influence on the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apaches</a> the monks were trying to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The original presidio and mission were built out of logs. </p><p>On March 16, 1758, am army of an estimated 2000 <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita (tribe)">Wichita</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a>, bitter enemies of the Lipan Apache, attacked Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá. The presidio sent a small force to aid the mission, but the soldiers were driven back. Two of the three priests at the mission were killed and the mission was destroyed. The Indians did not attack the presidio. </p><p>More than a year later, a force of 600 men from the presidio set out to find and punish the Indians responsible for the attack on the mission. The Spanish force was repulsed with heavy losses and the presidio commander was relieved of command. The new commander replaced the log stockade with a stone compound and was renamed, Presidio de San Saba'. The post was abandoned in 1768, reoccupied briefly in 1770, then permanently abandoned. </p><p>A portion of the presidio was rebuilt as a <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> project for the Texas Centennial in 1936. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1753, Lt. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Galvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Galvan">Juan Galvan</a> and Father Miguel de Aranda were sent on an expedition to explore <a href="/wiki/Apacheria" title="Apacheria">Apacheria</a>, and selected a spot on the San saba river for a mission, marking the spot with a large wooden cross.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> a subsequent expedition by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Rabago_y_Teran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro de Rabago y Teran">Pedro de Rabago y Teran</a> and Father Jose Lopes in Dec. 1754 to the same area named the site "Paso de la Santa Cruz", and recommended a stone and mortar fort with four <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtains</a> with two guns each.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–27">: 26–27 </span></sup> On 18 May 1756, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Ahumada" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustin de Ahumada">Marques de las Amarillas</a> ordered Col. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ortiz_Parrilla" title="Diego Ortiz Parrilla">Diego Ortiz Parrilla</a> to assume command of the San Xavier Presidio and transfer it along with the missions there to the San Saba site, the new presidio to be named after the Viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> Parilla was to take 50 men at the San Xavier garrison, and augment them with 22 from <a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Antonio_de_Bexar" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio San Antonio de Bexar">San Antonio</a> and 27 new recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Parilla was the former governor of <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, captain of the Presidio de San Miguel de Horcasitas, and made a colonel in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> On 5 April 1775, Parrilla left 39 soldiers in a temporary camp with his livestock and supplies, and marched with 22 soldiers plus 6 Franciscan friars under Father Alonso Giraldo de Terreros, for the San Saba site, reaching it on 17 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–50, 53">: 49–50, 53 </span></sup> After the soldiers and supplies from the temporary camp arrived, the mission and quarters with irrigation ditch,<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> plus barracks and family quarters for the soldiers and their 237 women and children,<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup> were built from logs and separated by three miles on opposite sides of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54, 64">: 54, 64 </span></sup> </p><p>In June, a band of 3000 Apaches arrived under the leadership of <i>El Chico</i> and <i>Casablanca</i> passed through on their way to attack the Comanches further north, but did not stay long on their return trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> With no Indians to teach, only the Queretaran Mission was built.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack">Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of 25 Feb. 1758, while Joseph Antonio Flores was Sergeant of the Guard, the Presidio's livestock was stampeded by Indians, resulting in the loss of 59 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> A detachment of 6 men under Corporal Carlos de Uraga was attacked on the <a href="/wiki/Pedernales_River" title="Pedernales River">Pedernales River</a> the next day, while on their way to warn Lt. Juan Galvan's supply train en route from San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–69">: 68–69 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Parilla reinforced the supply train of 50 pack animals with 22 men,<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> and provided 8 soldiers, with two cannons, to the Mission<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> on 15 March when Father Terreros refused to seek sanctuary at the Presidio.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–70">: 69–70 </span></sup> </p><p>Three hours after sunrise on 16 March, Joseph Gutierrez arrived at the Presidio, having been sent by the Mission steward, to tell of "the arrival of the Indians and their bad behavior", the Indians armed with "French firearms, bullet pouches, and very large powder horns...others had pikes, and still others, bows and arrows; but most of them had muskets and cutlasses..."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Parilla then sent Sergeant Flores and four men to reinforce the Mission., where he discovered "the road for almost three quarters of a league crowded with hostile Indians, and the Mission stockade completely surrounded by Indians firing their muskets."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> Still attempting to enter the Mission, Flores' men advanced but the "Indians formed a column and marched rapidly toward the Presidio...as soon as the Indians had advanced to within musket range, they fired a volley at the squad of soldiers", wounding three.<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> Flores estimated 1,500 Indians were moving forward to attack the Presidio, when he saw 3 San Antonio Mission Indians who "brought the news that the Texas and Comanche Indians had set fire to the stockyard and the houses at the Mission..."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> </p><p>Parilla held a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a>, where it was decided "the surprise assault on the Mission was now an accomplished fact and its destruction verified...the Presidio lay exposed to a similar attack...the Indians...could easily overwhelm any detachment sent out from the Presidio."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Parilla collected all 59 of his remaining men (41 were on assignment elsewhere), plus the 237 women and children, into the Presidio at sunset, and then sent Flores to determine the situation at the Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Flores discovered "all the dwellings and other Mission buildings were in flames..."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> Several were able to escape however, including Father Miguel Molina as "the Indians were intent upon pillage and plunder, presuming that no one could escape alive through the flames raging everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>Lt. Juan Galvan's supply train force of 22 soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Muleteer" class="mw-redirect" title="Muleteer">muleteers</a> arrived at the Presidio on 17 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The next day, the Indians were observed to be marching north.<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The Indians had slain 8 persons, including Fathers Terreros and Santiesteban, while 17 of the Indians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84–88">: 84–88 </span></sup> </p><p>During the summer a large band of Apaches near the Presidios were attacked by northern Indians, killing 50 plus,<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> and in Dec., another 21 were killed by northern Indians, all armed with muskets.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> On 30 March 1759, Indians stole 700 horses, mules and cattle belonging to the Presidio, killing the detail of soldiers assigned to guard them, leaving the garrison with only 27 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vengeance">Vengeance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vengeance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 June 1758, the Viceroy Marques de las Amarillas approved a campaign to punish the northern tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> Parilla held a special council in San Antonio, on 3 Jan. 1759, with the governors of Coahuila and Texas plus the frontier officers, in which they recommended a force of 500.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> The Viceroy approved the plan on 30 March as did King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> Parilla's campaign force left in August and consisted of 50 men from his Presidio's garrison plus 360 additional soldiers from San Antonio, Presidio del Rio Grande and Presidio del Reyno, plus included 176 Indian allies (134 Apaches acted as scouts and guides).<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> </p><p>Parilla attacked a <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a> Village along the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Fork_Brazos_River" title="Clear Fork Brazos River">Clear Fork Brazos River</a> on 2 Oct., and then a Taovayas (<a href="/wiki/Wichitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichitas">Wichitas</a>) village along the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> on 7 Oct. in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Twin_Villages" title="Battle of the Twin Villages">Battle of the Twin Villages</a><sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> The Tonkawas lost 55 killed and 149 taken prisoner, but led the Spanish on to the larger Wichita village in "French country", which included a stockade and between 2,000 and 6,000 Wichitas and Comanche allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119, 121">: 119, 121 </span></sup> According to Parilla, "the enemy considered themselves secure in their fort. Those outside, with the help of those within, began to fire..." from a thickly wooded area and then "First one then the other flank gave way."<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> Parilla's twin cannons had little effect on the fort, and by nightfall, retreated to his camp, leaving the cannons and suffering 19 dead, 14 wounded and 19 missing, but claiming to have killed "the chief of greatest acclaim among the Indians" and 50 others, wounding many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121–123">: 121–123 </span></sup> Parilla waited three days before leading an orderly retreat back to the Presidio, reaching it on 25 Oct.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_de_Montserrat,_marques_de_Cruillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquin de Montserrat, marques de Cruillas">Marques de Cruillas</a> took over as Viceroy from Marques de las Amarillas in 1760, assigned Parilla the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> and installed <b>Capt. Felipe de Rabago y Teran</b> as commander of the Presidio.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> Within a year, Rabago rebuilt the stockade with <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, including rooms built into the walls, a blockhouse and a moat, bringing the garrison up to full strength and well mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> Rabago explored the <a href="/wiki/Concho_River" title="Concho River">Concho River</a> and sent an exploratory expedition west to the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a> in the spring of 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p><p>On 16 January 1762, Rabago established Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz with Father Diego Jimenez along the El Rio de San Jose (upper <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>) for Apache Chief Cabezon's tribe, manning it with 20 men under Lt. Manuel Valdez.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> Nearby they also founded Mission Nuestra senora de la Candelaria nearby for El Turnio's tribe, and protected it with 10 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup> Yet in June 1762, the Presidio once again was raided by the northern Indians, killing 2 soldiers and taking 70 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1764, Rabago reported a "severe attack on the Presidio", and in 1765, a detachment of 3 soldiers were killed in a <a href="/wiki/Frio_River" title="Frio River">Frio River</a> Canyon ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> Rabago noted in 1767 that the Comanches had made five attempts on the Presidio since Oct. of 1766, including three attempts on his supply trains.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165–166">: 165–166 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspection">Inspection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inspection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> sent his <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">Inspector general</a> <a href="/wiki/Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Rub%C3%AD" title="Marqués de Rubí">Marqués de Rubí</a>, accompanied by <b>Nicolas de Lafora</b>, on a tour of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> in 1766, after the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> Rubí visited the Presidio in July 1766, reporting it served no purpose or advantage, "It affords as much protection to the interests of His Majesty in New Spain as a ship anchored in mid-Atlantic would afford in preventing foreign trade with America."<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170">: 170 </span></sup> Of the 24 presidios along the northern frontier, Rubí recommended the Presidio and 8 others be abandoned, forming a new frontier line from San Antonio to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 172–173">: 172–173 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandonment">Abandonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abandonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Comanches stole the Presidio's entire herd of cattle on 10 Dec. 1767, Indians attacked again on 2 Jan. 1768, stole horses outside the wall on 14 Jan., then captured and tortured to death Lt. Joaquin Orendain and three other soldiers on 29 Feb.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 176–178">: 176–178 </span></sup> Then the garrison was afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, <i>Mal de Loanda</i>, forcing Rabago to abandon the Presidio for the Mission San Lorenzo in the Valle de San Jose (El Canon) on 22 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–179">: 178–179 </span></sup> On 1 April 1769, Rabago was replaced as commander of the Presidio by <b>Capt. Manuel Antonio de Oca</b>, who took the garrison back to San Saba but retreated again to El Canon in early 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180–181">: 180–181 </span></sup> By 8 June 1771, Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyala, Governor of Coahuila, removed 29 men to San Antonio, and on 21 June 1771, the Viceroy called for the removal of the garrison entirely and the abandonment of the two missions at El Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> In 1772, King Charles III issued a decree abandoning the Presidio, leaving East Texas entirely, and making San Antonio the new capital of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="San_Saba_Silver_Mines">San Saba Silver Mines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: San Saba Silver Mines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mine was started in August 1752 by five Spaniards from <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> in an area identified by <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apaches</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">gossan</a>, <i>Los Almagres</i> to the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223, 228">: 223, 228 </span></sup> This pit, <i>cueva</i> in Spanish, was later identified to be "Boyd's shaft" in "Boyd's Pasture" along the <i>Almagre</i> or Honey Creek, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Llano_River" title="Llano River">Llano River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> This range of hills where gossan is found, lies between the former presidios of San Saba and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_de_Bexar" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio de Bexar">San Antonio de Bexar</a>, in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Packsaddle_Mountain_(Llano_County,_Texas)" title="Packsaddle Mountain (Llano County, Texas)">Llano County</a>, today's Riley Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> </p><p>No ore of value was discovered but the governor of Texas, <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_de_Barrios_y_Jauregui" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinto de Barrios y Jauregui">Jacinto de Barrios y Jauregui</a>, on 26 Nov. 1755, appointed <b>Bernardo de Miranda y Flores</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Teniente_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Teniente General">Teniente General</a></i> of an expedition to this and another deposit of <i>almagre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228–229">: 228–229 </span></sup> Miranda kept a journal of his twenty-three man strong expedition from 17 Feb. to 10 March 1756, followed by a report to Governor Barrios on 29 March 1756 and a petition to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> on 15 Feb. 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230, 250">: 230, 250 </span></sup> On 26 Feb., his journal noted he put his men to work so that the "pit could be cleaned out and examined to see if any <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> veins could be found", "a tremendous stratum of ore was observed", and he named the pit of <i>almagre</i> San Joseph del Alcazar.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241">: 241 </span></sup> In his report to the governor, Miranda stated, "The mines that are throughout the <i>Cerro del Almagre</i> and all its slope are so abundant", ten claims had already been filed, "that I guarantee to give a mine to each of all the inhabitants of this province of Texas...at many of the mines the owners will be able to install <i><a href="/wiki/Haciendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Haciendas">haciendas</a></i>" (<i>de fundicion</i> and <i>de beneficio</i> for smelting and chemical reduction respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245, 249">: 245, 249 </span></sup> Miranda reported he could not travel to another "<i>Almagre Grande</i>", as "many Spaniards would be needed" because of the threat of <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> Indians living there.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249">: 249 </span></sup> In his petition to the Viceroy, Miranda noted he had "crudely removed some ore, which is what was <a href="/wiki/Assayed" class="mw-redirect" title="Assayed">assayed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> </p><p>This three pound sample of ore, and Miranda's report, were sent by Barrios to Manuel de Aldaco in Mexico City, who had it assayed by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> and amalgamation.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230–231">: 230–231 </span></sup> Smelting assayed five ounces of silver per hundred pounds of ore, too poor for smelting, while no silver could be extracted from amalgamation.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230–231">: 230–231 </span></sup> Aldaco's report asked for thirty <i>cargas</i> of <i>almagre</i> for further testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> </p><p>In Miranda's petition to the Viceroy regarding this requested thirty loads of ore, he requested "these expenses be paid from the account of the royal treasury", promising to "execute all that is prescribed in the referred report" and "I will make other discoveries".<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253">: 253 </span></sup> Otherwise, Miranda proposed to "pay all of it through my industry and perservance with the condition that I be the captain of the soldiers", noting "a presidio of at least thirty men to restrain the Indians" was required.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252–253">: 252–253 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Sab%C3%A1" title="Presidio of San Sabá">Presidio of San Sabá</a> commander, Capt. Diego Ortiz Parrilla, had seventy-five pounds of ore smelted, which yielded an ounce and a half of silver, prompting him to suggest the presidio be moved to <i>Los Almagres</i> in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232">: 232 </span></sup> Yet, the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz_de_San_Saba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba">Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba</a> by the Comanches in 1758, and increased Indian depredations made the area difficult for the Spanish and location of the mines was eventually forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234">: 234 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1789, five miners working the Los Almagres mines, near the <a href="/wiki/Llano_River" title="Llano River">Llano River</a>, were murdered in their sleep by Lipan Apaches on their way to confront Col. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ugalde" title="Juan de Ugalde">Juan de Ugalde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weddle_3-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 189">: 189 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a>'s replaced "Presidio of San Saba" on his 1827 map with "Silver Mines" on his 1829 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224">: 224 </span></sup> Austin's 1831 pamphlet on Texas stated on the San Saba River, "traditions say a rich silver mine was successfully wrought many years since, until the Comanche Indians cut off the workmen."<sup id="cite_ref-Patten_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p><p>Visiting the ruins in the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Roemer" title="Ferdinand von Roemer">Ferdinand von Roemer</a> noted, "According to legends still told in Texas, the Spaniards were supposed to have worked some rich <a href="/wiki/Silver_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver mine">silver mines</a> here, and the old fort was supposedly erected to protect a mine nearby. We therefore first looked for smelting ovens and heaps of slag...when we failed to find any traces of either, we made examinations to determine if the geological conditions were the kind which would indicate the presence of precious metal. The presence of silver <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> in unchanged, horizontal <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> formation would be without precedent...it is not improbable that the changed Transition rocks, containing quartz, which appear about forty miles downstream near the mouth of the San Saba, as well as the granite rocks which appear particularly between the <a href="/wiki/San_Saba_River" title="San Saba River">San Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llano_River" title="Llano River">Llano</a>, contain ore, although observations on our journey did not furnish direct proof for this."<sup id="cite_ref-Roemer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roemer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 272">: 272 </span></sup> On the main portal of the fort, Roemer found the following names: Padilla, 1810; Cos, 1829; <a href="/wiki/James_Bowie" title="James Bowie">Bowie</a> (con su tropa), 1829; Moore, 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Roemer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roemer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comanches_and_the_German_Colony">Comanches and the German Colony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comanches and the German Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the fort was the site of a council meeting between Comanches chiefs and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Adelsverein" title="Adelsverein">Adelsverein</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hump" title="Buffalo Hump">Buffalo Hump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Anna_(Comanche_war_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Anna (Comanche war chief)">Santa Anna</a>, Mope-choco-pe, and <a href="/wiki/John_O._Meusebach" title="John O. Meusebach">John O. Meusebach</a>, which eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Meusebach-Comanche_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Meusebach-Comanche Treaty">Meusebach-Comanche Treaty</a>. "As <a href="/wiki/Robert_Neighbors" title="Robert Neighbors">Neighbors</a> and his companions were traveling through the prairie, the party suddenly saw through the mesquite trees the walls of the old Spanish fort looming up in front of them..."<sup id="cite_ref-Neighbors_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neighbors-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Sabas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1769 map depicting Presidio "San Sabas" in relation to San Antonio[8]"><img alt="1769 map depicting Presidio "San Sabas" in relation to San Antonio[8]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Sabas.jpg/200px-San_Sabas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Sabas.jpg/300px-San_Sabas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/San_Sabas.jpg/400px-San_Sabas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1769 map depicting Presidio "San Sabas" in relation to San Antonio<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Saba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urrutia's map of the Rio de San Saba area showing the presidio on the north bank and the Acequia para regadio (irrigation canal) to the south"><img alt="Urrutia's map of the Rio de San Saba area showing the presidio on the north bank and the Acequia para regadio (irrigation canal) to the south" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/San_Saba.jpg/160px-San_Saba.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/San_Saba.jpg/240px-San_Saba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/San_Saba.jpg/320px-San_Saba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urrutia's map of the Rio de San Saba area showing the presidio on the north bank and the Acequia para regadio (irrigation canal) to the south</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_saba_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The presidio looking in from the southeast bastion"><img alt="The presidio looking in from the southeast bastion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_saba_4.jpg/160px-San_saba_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_saba_4.jpg/240px-San_saba_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/San_saba_4.jpg/320px-San_saba_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The presidio looking in from the southeast bastion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas in 2010."><img alt="The ruins of Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas in 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg/196px-Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg/294px-Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg/392px-Presidio_san_luis_de_las_amarillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas in 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Saba_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical marker"><img alt="Historical marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Saba_3.jpg/160px-San_Saba_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Saba_3.jpg/240px-San_Saba_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Saba_3.jpg/320px-San_Saba_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical marker</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas">Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio La Bahia">Presidio La Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Forts_Trail" title="Texas Forts Trail">Texas Forts Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sab%C3%A1_fight_(1831)" title="San Sabá fight (1831)">San Sabá fight (1831)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presidiodesansaba.org">presidiodesansaba.org</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidio+San+Luis+de+las+Amarillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliana Barr, <i>Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weddle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddle_3-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle, R.S., 1964, The San Saba Mission, Austin: University of Texas Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292701012" title="Special:BookSources/0292701012">0292701012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nathan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan, P.D., translator, 1959, Deposition of Sergeant Antonio Flores, in The San Saba Papers, San Francisco: J. Howell-Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870744496" title="Special:BookSources/0870744496">0870744496</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patten-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patten_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patten, R.B., 1970, Miranda's Inspection of Los Almagres: His Journal, Report, and Petition, in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 74, July 1970 – April 1971, Denton:Texas State Historical Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roemer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roemer_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roemer_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roemer, F., 2011, <i>Texas</i>, Copano Bay Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780982982822" title="Special:BookSources/9780982982822">9780982982822</a>, originally published in 1849 at Bonn as <i>Mit besondere Rücksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhältnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung geschildert</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neighbors-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neighbors_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neighbors, K.F., 1975, <i>Robert Neighbors and the Texas Frontier, 1836-1859</i>, Waco: Texian Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urrutia, Lafora and Ruby, 1769, Map of the Frontier, US Library of Congress</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Early Texas Settlements</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copano,_Texas" title="Copano, Texas">El Cópano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">La Bahía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Atascosito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysleta,_El_Paso,_Texas" title="Ysleta, El Paso, Texas">Ysleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisville,_Texas" title="Wallisville, Texas">Orcoquisac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Dolores_State_Historic_Site" title="Mission Dolores State Historic Site">Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_la_Espada" title="Mission San Francisco de la Espada">Mission San Francisco de la Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano_(Texas)" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas)">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Concepción">Mission Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">Alamo Mission in San Antonio</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs and Viceroys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Monarchs and Viceroys of Spanish Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Governors_and_Presidents#Spanish_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas Governors and Presidents">Jefe Político of Spanish Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alguacil" title="Alguacil">Alguacil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADndico_Procurador" title="Síndico Procurador">Síndico Procurador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories" title="National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories">Architectural style categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state" title="List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state">List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by associated state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier" title="American Legation, Tangier">American Legation, Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund" title="Historic Preservation Fund">Historic Preservation Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places">List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places">University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/32px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/48px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG/64px-HistoricPlacesNationalRegisterPlaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1969" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Portal:National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&oldid=1250354316">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidio_San_Luis_de_las_Amarillas&oldid=1250354316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_forts_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Spanish forts in the United States">Spanish forts in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Menard_County,_Texas" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Menard County, Texas">Buildings and structures in Menard County, Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_1757" title="Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1757">Buildings and structures completed in 1757</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Texas" title="Category:Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas">Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Menard_County,_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Menard County, Texas">Tourist attractions in Menard County, Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Menard_County,_Texas" title="Category:National Register of Historic Places in Menard County, Texas">National Register of Historic Places in Menard County, Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1757_establishments_in_New_Spain" title="Category:1757 establishments in New Spain">1757 establishments in New Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Texas" title="Category:Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_NRISref_without_a_reference_number" title="Category:Articles using NRISref without a reference number">Articles using NRISref without a reference number</a></li><li><a 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