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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Separation of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ministries_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministries_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ministries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministries_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering_van_Frankryk" title="Regering van Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regering van Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="حكومة فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফ্রান্স সরকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্স সরকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Govern de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Regierung" title="Französische Regierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Regierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κυβέρνηση της Γαλλικής Δημοκρατίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση της Γαλλικής Δημοκρατίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_de_Francia" title="Gobierno de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_registaro_(5-a_Respubliko)" title="Franca registaro (5-a Respubliko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca registaro (5-a Respubliko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantziako_Gobernua" title="Frantziako Gobernua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantziako Gobernua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="دولت فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Gouvernement de la République française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement de la République française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="프랑스 정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रांस सरकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांस सरकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernerii_di_Francia" title="Guvernerii di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guvernerii di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_della_Francia" title="Governo della Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo della Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="ממשלת צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos_vyriausyb%C4%97" title="Prancūzijos vyriausybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos vyriausybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g_korm%C3%A1nya" title="Franciaország kormánya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország kormánya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="حكومة فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكومة فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Perancis" title="Pemerintah Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintah Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Францын Засгийн газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Францын Засгийн газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering_van_Frankrijk" title="Regering van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regering van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF)" title="政府 (フランス第五共和政) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府 (フランス第五共和政)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn_franc%C3%A9s" title="Govèrn francés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Govèrn francés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_Francji" title="Rząd Francji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd Francji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernul_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Guvernul Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvernul Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Правительство Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeveria_e_Franc%C3%ABs" title="Qeveria e Francës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeveria e Francës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_hallitus" title="Ranskan hallitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan hallitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrikes_regering" title="Frankrikes regering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrikes regering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="การปกครองประเทศฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปกครองประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_h%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" title="Fransa hükûmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa hükûmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Уряд Франції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд Франції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Chính phủ Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="法國政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法國政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1450662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="View the 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For the entire governing system of France, see <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a>. For the current government of France, see <a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier government</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed"><span class="fn org"><span class="nowrap">Government of the French Republic</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gouvernement de la République française</i></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; color: black;"><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000005-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Central government</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_France_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Government_of_France_logo.svg/200px-Government_of_France_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Government_of_France_logo.svg/300px-Government_of_France_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Government_of_France_logo.svg/400px-Government_of_France_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="163" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1958 (<a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main organ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of France">Council of Ministers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Responsible to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">€</span>299.7 billion<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_France" title="Category:Politics of France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/125px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/188px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/250px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_France" title="List of presidents of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9publique_En_Marche!" class="mw-redirect" title="La République En Marche!">LREM</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_R%C3%A9publicains" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Républicains">LR</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>: <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">Membership</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Larcher" title="Gérard Larcher">Gérard Larcher</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_French_Parliament" title="Congress of the French Parliament">Congress of the French Parliament</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Audit of France">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cour_de_Justice_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Cour de Justice de la République">Cour de Justice de la République</a></i></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Regions</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country</a></b></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_France" title="Legislative elections in France">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="French senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_France" title="Municipal elections in France">Municipal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Africa_relations" title="France–Africa relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Americas_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Americas relations">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_alliances_of_France" title="Foreign alliances of France">Foreign alliances</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism_in_France" title="Centrism in France">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_political_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French political scandals">Political scandals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_France" title="Template talk:Politics of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Government of France</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Gouvernement français</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃sɛ]</a></span>), officially the <b>Government of the French Republic</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gouvernement de la République française</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁepyblik<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃sɛːz]</a></span>), exercises <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, as well as both senior and junior <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a>. </p><p>The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution</a> in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The meetings are presided over by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, although the officeholder is not a member of the government. </p><p>The government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (<i>ministres d'État</i>), followed in protocol order by ministers (<i>ministres</i>), ministers delegate (<i>ministres délégués</i>), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (<i>secrétaires d'État</i>). All members of the government, who are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a> following the recommendation of the prime minister, are responsible to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>. Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the <i><a href="/wiki/Cour_de_Justice_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Cour de Justice de la République">Cour de Justice de la République</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_formation">Composition and formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition and formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the Republic on the advice of the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government. They are appointed by the president of the Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as the government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Ministers of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">ministres d'État</i>) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. It is an honorary rank, granted to some Ministers as a sign of prestige.</li> <li>Ministers (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ministres</i>) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. They lead government <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretaries of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">secrétaires d'État</i>) are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy. Secretaries work directly under a minister, or sometimes directly under the prime minister. While the Council of Ministers does not include secretaries of state as members, secretaries may attend meetings of the Council if their portfolio is up for discussion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of the French Fifth Republic</a>, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the government writes <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bills</a> to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues <a href="/wiki/Decree#France" title="Decree">decrees</a>. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">government gazette</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Ministers">Council of Ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Council of Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Council of Ministers (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Conseil des ministres</i>) is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime minister, who was officially titled as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">president of the Council of Ministers</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">président du Conseil des ministres</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ewe1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewe1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All bills and some decrees must be approved by the Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">collegiality</a>. </p><p>Meetings of the Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by the president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-GFhgw_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFhgw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil servants</a>. In the third part, usually, either one minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues.<sup id="cite_ref-GFhgw_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFhgw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministries">Ministries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called a "ministerial cabinet" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Cabinet ministériel</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Minicab_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minicab-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-Minicab_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minicab-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by the minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Loi des Finances</i>), which is equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bill</a>. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates the state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separation_of_powers">Separation of powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Separation of powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the French government cannot occupy any parliamentary office or position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable them to focus on their governmental work. Thus, a member of the National Assembly or the Senate who is appointed to the government must resign his or her seat in order to serve as a minister or as the prime minister. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are <a href="/wiki/Dual_mandate" title="Dual mandate">allowed to keep local elected positions</a>, such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. While the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post. </p><p>The government is responsible to the French Parliament. In particular, the government must assume responsibility for its actions before the National Assembly, and the National Assembly can dismiss the government with a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of censure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government cannot function during the tenure of acting (interim) president, as that position is granted either to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_France" title="List of presidents of the Senate of France">president of the Senate</a> or the prime minister, compromising <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. If the government decides to launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_government">Current government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministries_2">Ministries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of ministries change often in France. This is a list of current ministries:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)" title="Ministry of Justice (France)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">Ministry of Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Territorial_Development_(France)" title="Minister of Territorial Development (France)">Ministry of Partnership with the Territories and Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(France)" title="Minister of Health (France)">Ministry of Health and Access to Care</a></li> <li>Ministry of Solidarity, Autonomy and Equality between Women and Men</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economics_and_Finance_(France)" title="Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)">Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecological_Transition_(France)" title="Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)">Ministry of Ecological Transition, Energy, Climate and Risk Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Ministry of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_(France)" title="Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)">Ministry of Labour, Employment</a></li> <li>Ministry of Housing and Urban Renewal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">Ministry of National Education</a></li> <li>Ministry of Sports, Youth and Community Life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(France)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (France)">Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Civil_Service_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Civil Service Ministers of France">Ministry of the Civil Service, Simplification and Transformation of Public Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Ministry of Higher Education, Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aft.gouv.fr/en/state-budget">"The State budget | Agence France Trésor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+budget+%26%23124%3B+Agence+France+Tr%C3%A9sor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aft.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Fstate-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 8)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bpr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bpr_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/41158/The-role-of-the-president">"France: The role of the president"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 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Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43246-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43246-4"><bdi>0-521-43246-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29669008">29669008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabinet+ministers+and+parliamentary+government&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29669008&rft.isbn=0-521-43246-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29669008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic#Title_III:_The_Government" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 23)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/legislative_elections.pdf">https://franceintheus.org/IMG/pdf/legislative_elections.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic#Title_V:_Relations_between_Parliament_and_Government" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 49)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic#Title_V:_Relations_between_Parliament_and_Government" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 35)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Fifth_French_Republic#Title_IV:_Parliament" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic">Constitution of the French Republic (Title IV, Articles 28 and 29)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouvernement.fr/en/composition-of-the-government">"Composition of the Government"</a>. <i>Gouvernement.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gouvernement.fr&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.fr%2Fen%2Fcomposition-of-the-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.fr/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Government" title="Template talk:French Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministerial portfolios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">Europe and Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)" title="Ministry of National Education (France)">National Education, Youth and Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economics_and_Finance_(France)" title="Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)">Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour,_Employment_and_Economic_Inclusion_(France)" title="Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)">Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecological_Transition_(France)" title="Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)">Ecological Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Territorial_Development_(France)" title="Minister of Territorial Development (France)">Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (France)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)" title="Ministry of Culture (France)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Overseas_(France)" title="Ministry of the Overseas (France)">Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(France)" title="Minister of Health (France)">Solidarity and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Sea_(France)" title="Minister of the Sea (France)">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Higher Education, Research and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(France)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (France)">Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Civil_Service_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Civil Service Ministers of France">Public Transformation and Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Gender_Equality,_Diversity_and_Equal_Opportunities" title="Minister for Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities">Gender Equality, Diversity and Equal Opportunities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former portfolios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Air_(France)" title="Minister of Air (France)">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(France)" title="Ministry of Information (France)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(France)" title="Ministry of the Navy (France)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Police_(France)" title="Ministry of Police (France)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(France)" title="Ministry of War (France)">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_France_(1792–1870)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_France_(1792%E2%80%931870)" title="Template:Governments of France (1792–1870)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_France_(1792%E2%80%931870)" title="Template talk:Governments of France (1792–1870)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_France_(1792%E2%80%931870)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of France (1792–1870)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_France_(1792–1870)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of France (1792–1870)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a> (1792–1804)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_French_National_Convention" title="Ministers of the French National Convention">National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_the_Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Commissioners of the Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris Commune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a> (1804–14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="First cabinet of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1814" title="French Provisional Government of 1814">Provisional Government of 1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Government of the first Bourbon restoration">First restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Government_of_the_Hundred_Days" title="French Government of the Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1815" title="French Provisional Government of 1815">Provisional Government of 1815</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a> (1814–30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu" title="First ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu">Richelieu (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jean-Joseph_Dessolles" title="Ministry of Jean-Joseph Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_%C3%89lie_Decazes" title="Ministry of Élie Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu" title="Second ministry of Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu">Richelieu (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Ministry of Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jean-Baptiste_de_Martignac" title="Ministry of Jean-Baptiste de Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jules_de_Polignac" title="Ministry of Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Casimir_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart" title="Ministry of Casimir de Rochechouart de Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> (1830–48)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Municipal_Commission_Ministry_of_1830" title="Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830">Paris Municipal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Ministry_of_1830" title="French Provisional Ministry of 1830">Provisional Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ministry_of_Louis-Philippe" title="First ministry of Louis-Philippe">First ministry of Louis-Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jacques_Laffitte" title="Cabinet of Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Casimir_P%C3%A9rier" title="Cabinet of Casimir Périer">Casimir Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="First cabinet of Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_%C3%89tienne_Maurice,_comte_G%C3%A9rard" title="Cabinet of Étienne Maurice, comte Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugues-Bernard_Maret" title="Cabinet of Hugues-Bernard Maret">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Mortier" title="Cabinet of Édouard Adolphe Mortier">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Victor_de_Broglie" title="Cabinet of Victor de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Adolphe_Thiers" title="First cabinet of Adolphe Thiers">Thiers (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Louis_Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="First cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé">Molé (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Second cabinet of Louis Mathieu Molé">Molé (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_French_cabinet_of_1839" title="Transitional French cabinet of 1839">Transitional cabinet of 1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Second cabinet of Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Adolphe_Thiers" title="Second cabinet of Adolphe Thiers">Thiers (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Third cabinet of Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fran%C3%A7ois-Pierre_Guizot" title="Cabinet of François-Pierre Guizot">Guizot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–52)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848" title="French Provisional Government of 1848">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Executive_Commission_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Executive Commission (1848)">Executive Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_General_Cavaignac" title="Cabinet of General Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Odilon_Barrot" title="First cabinet of Odilon Barrot">Barrot (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Odilon_Barrot" title="Second cabinet of Odilon Barrot">Barrot (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_minist%C3%A8re_of_1851" title="Petit ministère of 1851">Petit ministère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Cabinet of Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_cabinet_of_the_French_Second_Republic" title="Last cabinet of the French Second Republic">Last cabinet of the French Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="First cabinet of Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon">Louis Napoleon (2)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> (1852–70)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Third cabinet of Napoleon III">Third cabinet of Napoleon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III">Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier_ministry" title="Émile Ollivier ministry">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin-Montauban_ministry" title="Cousin-Montauban ministry">Cousin-Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_the_French_Third_Republic_(1870_–_1940)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinets_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Template:Cabinets of the French Third Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinets_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Template talk:Cabinets of the French Third Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinets_of_the_French_Third_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinets of the French Third Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_the_French_Third_Republic_(1870_–_1940)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (1870 – 1940)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Dufaure_I_(France)" title="Cabinet Dufaure I (France)">Dufaure I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Dufaure_II_(France)" title="Cabinet Dufaure II (France)">Dufaure II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_de_Broglie_I_(France)" title="Cabinet de Broglie I (France)">de Broglie I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_de_Broglie_II_(France)" title="Cabinet de Broglie II (France)">de Broglie II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Cissey_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Cissey (France) (page does not exist)">de Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Buffet_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Buffet (France) (page does not exist)">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dufaure_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dufaure III (France) (page does not exist)">Dufaure III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dufaure_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dufaure IV (France) (page does not exist)">Dufaure IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Simon_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Simon (France) (page does not exist)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Broglie_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Broglie III (France) (page does not exist)">de Broglie III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Rochebouët (France) (page does not exist)">de Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dufaure_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dufaure V (France) (page does not exist)">Dufaure V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Waddington_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Waddington (France) (page does not exist)">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Freycinet_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Freycinet I (France) (page does not exist)">de Freycinet I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ferry_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ferry I (France) (page does not exist)">Ferry I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Gambetta_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Gambetta (France) (page does not exist)">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Freycinet_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Freycinet II (France) (page does not exist)">de Freycinet II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Duclerc_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Duclerc (France) (page does not exist)">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Falli%C3%A8res_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Fallières (France) (page does not exist)">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ferry_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ferry II (France) (page does not exist)">Ferry II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Brisson_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Brisson I (France) (page does not exist)">Brisson I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Freycinet_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Freycinet III (France) (page does not exist)">de Freycinet III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Goblet_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Goblet (France) (page does not exist)">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Rouvier_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Rouvier I (France) (page does not exist)">Rouvier I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Tirard_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Tirard I (France) (page does not exist)">Tirard I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Floquet_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Floquet (France) (page does not exist)">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Tirard_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Tirard II (France) (page does not exist)">Tirard II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_de_Freycinet_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet de Freycinet IV (France) (page does not exist)">de Freycinet IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Loubet_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Loubet (France) (page does not exist)">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ribot_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ribot I (France) (page does not exist)">Ribot I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ribot_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ribot II (France) (page does not exist)">Ribot II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dupuy_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dupuy I (France) (page does not exist)">Dupuy I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Casimir-Perier_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Casimir-Perier (France) (page does not exist)">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dupuy_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dupuy II (France) (page does not exist)">Dupuy II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Jean Casimir-Perier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dupuy_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dupuy III (France) (page does not exist)">Dupuy III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ribot_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ribot III (France) (page does not exist)">Ribot III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Bourgeois_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Bourgeois (France) (page does not exist)">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_M%C3%A9line_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Méline (France) (page does not exist)">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Brisson_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Brisson II (France) (page does not exist)">Brisson II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dupuy_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dupuy IV (France) (page does not exist)">Dupuy IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Dupuy_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Dupuy V (France) (page does not exist)">Dupuy V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Waldeck-Rousseau_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Waldeck-Rousseau (France) (page does not exist)">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Combes_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Combes (France) (page does not exist)">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Rouvier_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Rouvier II (France) (page does not exist)">Rouvier II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Armand Fallières</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Rouvier_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Rouvier III (France) (page does not exist)">Rouvier III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Sarrien_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Sarrien (France) (page does not exist)">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Clemenceau_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Clemenceau I (France) (page does not exist)">Clemenceau I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand I (France) (page does not exist)">Briand I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand II (France) (page does not exist)">Briand II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Monis_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Monis (France) (page does not exist)">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Caillaux_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Caillaux (France) (page does not exist)">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Poincar%C3%A9_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Poincaré I (France) (page does not exist)">Poincaré I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand III (France) (page does not exist)">Briand III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand IV (France) (page does not exist)">Briand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Barthou_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Barthou (France) (page does not exist)">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Doumergue_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Doumergue I (France) (page does not exist)">Doumergue I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ribot_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ribot IV (France) (page does not exist)">Ribot IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Viviani_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Viviani I (France) (page does not exist)">Viviani I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Viviani_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Viviani II (France) (page does not exist)">Viviani II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand V (France) (page does not exist)">Briand V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_VI_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand VI (France) (page does not exist)">Briand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Ribot_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Ribot V (France) (page does not exist)">Ribot V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Painlev%C3%A9_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Painlevé I (France) (page does not exist)">Painlevé I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Clemenceau_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Clemenceau II (France) (page does not exist)">Clemenceau II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Millerand_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Millerand I (France) (page does not exist)">Millerand I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deschanel" title="Paul Deschanel">Paul Deschanel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Millerand_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Millerand II (France) (page does not exist)">Millerand II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Leygues_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Leygues (France) (page does not exist)">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_VII_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand VII (France) (page does not exist)">Briand VII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Poincar%C3%A9_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Poincaré II (France) (page does not exist)">Poincaré II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Poincar%C3%A9_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Poincaré III (France) (page does not exist)">Poincaré III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet François-Marsal (France) (page does not exist)">François-Marsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Herriot_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Herriot I (France) (page does not exist)">Herriot I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Painlev%C3%A9_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Painlevé II (France) (page does not exist)">Painlevé II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Painlev%C3%A9_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Painlevé III (France) (page does not exist)">Painlevé III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_VIII_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand VIII (France) (page does not exist)">Briand VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_IX_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand IX (France) (page does not exist)">Briand IX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_X_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand X (France) (page does not exist)">Briand X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Herriot_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Herriot II (France) (page does not exist)">Herriot II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Poincar%C3%A9_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Poincaré IV (France) (page does not exist)">Poincaré IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Poincar%C3%A9_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Poincaré V (France) (page does not exist)">Poincaré V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Briand_XI_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Briand XI (France) (page does not exist)">Briand XI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Tardieu_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Tardieu I (France) (page does not exist)">Tardieu I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Chautemps_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Chautemps I (France) (page does not exist)">Chautemps I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Tardieu_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Tardieu II (France) (page does not exist)">Tardieu II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Steeg_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Steeg (France) (page does not exist)">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Laval_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Laval I (France) (page does not exist)">Laval I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Laval_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Laval II (France) (page does not exist)">Laval II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Laval_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Laval III (France) (page does not exist)">Laval III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Tardieu_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Tardieu III (France) (page does not exist)">Tardieu III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Herriot_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Herriot III (France) (page does not exist)">Herriot III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Paul-Boncour_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Paul-Boncour (France) (page does not exist)">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Daladier_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Daladier I (France) (page does not exist)">Daladier I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Sarraut_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Sarraut I (France) (page does not exist)">Sarraut I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Chautemps_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Chautemps II (France) (page does not exist)">Chautemps II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Daladier_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Daladier II (France) (page does not exist)">Daladier II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Doumergue_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Doumergue II (France) (page does not exist)">Doumergue II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Flandin_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Flandin I (France) (page does not exist)">Flandin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Bouisson_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Bouisson (France) (page does not exist)">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Laval_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Laval IV (France) (page does not exist)">Laval IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Sarraut_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Sarraut II (France) (page does not exist)">Sarraut II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Blum_I_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Blum I (France) (page does not exist)">Blum I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Chautemps_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Chautemps III (France) (page does not exist)">Chautemps III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Chautemps_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Chautemps IV (France) (page does not exist)">Chautemps IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Blum_II_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Blum II (France) (page does not exist)">Blum II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Daladier_III_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Daladier III (France) (page does not exist)">Daladier III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Daladier_IV_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Daladier IV (France) (page does not exist)">Daladier IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Daladier_V_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Daladier V (France) (page does not exist)">Daladier V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_Reynaud_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Reynaud (France) (page does not exist)">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_P%C3%A9tain_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabinet Pétain (France) (page does not exist)">Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic_(1946–1958)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic" title="Template:Governments of the French Fourth Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic" title="Template talk:Governments of the French Fourth Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of the French Fourth Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_the_French_Fourth_Republic_(1946–1958)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a> (1946–1958)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944–1946)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_de_Gaulle_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First de Gaulle government (page does not exist)">De Gaulle I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_de_Gaulle_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second de Gaulle government (page does not exist)">De Gaulle II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gouin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gouin government (page does not exist)">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Bidault_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Bidault government (page does not exist)">Bidault I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Blum_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Blum government (page does not exist)">Blum III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a> <small>(1947–1954)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Ramadier_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Ramadier government (page does not exist)">Ramadier I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Ramadier_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Ramadier government (page does not exist)">Ramadier II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schuman_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Schuman government (page does not exist)">Schuman I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie government (page does not exist)">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Schuman_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Schuman government (page does not exist)">Schuman II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Queuille_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Queuille government (page does not exist)">Queuille I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Bidault_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Bidault government (page does not exist)">Bidault II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Bidault_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Bidault government (page does not exist)">Bidault III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Queuille_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Queuille government (page does not exist)">Queuille II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Pleven_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Pleven government (page does not exist)">Pleven I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Queuille_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Queuille government (page does not exist)">Queuille III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Pleven_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Pleven government (page does not exist)">Pleven II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Faure_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Faure government (page does not exist)">Faure I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinay_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinay government (page does not exist)">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayer_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayer government (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Laniel_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Laniel government (page does not exist)">Laniel I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">Coty</a> <small>(1954–1958)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Laniel_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Laniel government (page does not exist)">Laniel II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mend%C3%A8s_France_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendès France government (page does not exist)">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Faure_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Faure government (page does not exist)">Faure II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollet_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mollet government (page does not exist)">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourgès-Maunoury government (page does not exist)">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaillard_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaillard government (page does not exist)">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pflimlin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pflimlin government (page does not exist)">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_de_Gaulle_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third de Gaulle government (page does not exist)">De Gaulle III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic_(1958–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Template:Governments of the French Fifth Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Template talk:Governments of the French Fifth Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of the French Fifth Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_the_French_Fifth_Republic_(1958–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> (1958–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Ren%C3%A9_Coty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of René Coty (page does not exist)">Coty</a> <small>(1958–1959)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_de_Gaulle_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third de Gaulle government (page does not exist)">De Gaulle III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> <small>(1959–1969)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debr%C3%A9_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debré government (page does not exist)">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Pompidou_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Pompidou government (page does not exist)">Pompidou I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Pompidou_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Pompidou government (page does not exist)">Pompidou II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Pompidou_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Pompidou government (page does not exist)">Pompidou III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Pompidou_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Pompidou government (page does not exist)">Pompidou IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Couve_de_Murville_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Couve de Murville government (page does not exist)">Couve de Murville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a> <small>(1969–1974)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaban-Delmas_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaban-Delmas government (page does not exist)">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Messmer_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Messmer government (page does not exist)">Messmer I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Messmer_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Messmer government (page does not exist)">Messmer II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Messmer_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Messmer government (page does not exist)">Messmer III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (page does not exist)">Giscard d'Estaing</a> <small>(1974–1981)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Chirac_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Chirac government (page does not exist)">Chirac I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Barre_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Barre government (page does not exist)">Barre I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Barre_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Barre government (page does not exist)">Barre II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Barre_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Barre government (page does not exist)">Barre III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a> <small>(1981–1995)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Mauroy_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Mauroy government (page does not exist)">Mauroy I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Mauroy_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Mauroy government (page does not exist)">Mauroy II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Mauroy_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Mauroy government (page does not exist)">Mauroy III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabius_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabius government (page does not exist)">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Chirac_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Chirac government (page does not exist)">Chirac II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocard_government" title="Rocard government">Rocard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocard_government" title="Rocard government">Rocard II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cresson_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cresson government (page does not exist)">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bérégovoy government (page does not exist)">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balladur_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balladur government (page does not exist)">Balladur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacques_Chirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a> <small>(1995–2007)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jupp%C3%A9_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Juppé government (page does not exist)">Juppé I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Jupp%C3%A9_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Juppé government (page does not exist)">Juppé II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jospin_government" title="Jospin government">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Raffarin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Raffarin government (page does not exist)">Raffarin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Raffarin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Raffarin government (page does not exist)">Raffarin II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Raffarin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Raffarin government (page does not exist)">Raffarin III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villepin_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villepin government (page does not exist)">Villepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a> <small>(2007–2012)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Fillon_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Fillon government (page does not exist)">Fillon I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Fillon_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Fillon government (page does not exist)">Fillon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fillon_government" title="Third Fillon government">Fillon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="Presidency of François Hollande">Hollande</a> <small>(2012–2017)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrault_government" title="Ayrault government">Ayrault I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayrault_government" title="Ayrault government">Ayrault II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Valls_government" title="First Valls government">Valls I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Valls_government" title="Second Valls government">Valls II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazeneuve_government" title="Cazeneuve government">Cazeneuve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron" title="Presidency of Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a> <small>(since 2017)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippe_government" title="First Philippe government">Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippe_government" title="Second Philippe government">Philippe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castex_government" title="Castex government">Castex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borne_government" title="Borne government">Borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attal_government" title="Attal government">Attal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnier_government" title="Barnier government">Barnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Government of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malta" title="Government of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moldova" title="Government of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovakia" title="Government of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia" title="Government of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Ossetia" title="Government of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Transnistria" title="Government of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_%C3%85land" title="Government of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gibraltar" title="Government of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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