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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_era_(1703–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_era_(1703–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_era_(1703–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_Soviet_era_(1917–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_Soviet_era_(1917–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_Soviet_era_(1917–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 World War II (1941–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_Soviet_era_(1945–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_Soviet_era_(1945–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_Soviet_era_(1945–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era_(1991–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era_(1991–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era_(1991–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tall_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tall_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tall structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tall_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Dramatic theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Former twin towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinning_with_occupied_Mariupol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinning_with_occupied_Mariupol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Twinning with occupied Mariupol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinning_with_occupied_Mariupol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saint Petersburg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 218 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" > 218 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83" title="Бытырбыху – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бытырбыху" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%84_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Бытырбыф къалэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бытырбыф къалэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8D%94%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ሳንክት ፔቴርቡርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳንክት ፔቴርቡርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietari" title="Pietari – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pietari" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="संत पीटर्सबर्ग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="संत पीटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctes_Petresburg" title="Sanctes Petresburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sanctes Petresburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="سانت بطرسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت بطرسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Petersburgo" title="Sant Petersburgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Սեն Փեթերսպուրկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեն Փեթերսպուրկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgu" title="San Petersburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="San Petersburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेन्ट पिटर्सबर्ग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सेन्ट पिटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Петербур – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Петербур" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu_Pitirwurhu" title="Santu Pitirwurhu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Santu Pitirwurhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburq" title="Sankt-Peterburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sankt-Peterburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="سنت پترزبورق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت پترزبورق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="সেন্ট পিটার্সবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেন্ট পিটার্সবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng_P%C3%AD-tek-p%C3%B3" title="Sèng Pí-tek-pó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng Pí-tek-pó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Пецярбург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санкт-Пецярбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Пецярбург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Санкт-Пецярбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San-Peterburg" title="San-Peterburg – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="San-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санкт Петербург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="སན་པི་ཏི་པོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སན་པི་ཏི་པོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant-Petersbourg" title="Sant-Petersbourg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sant-Petersbourg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Petersburg" title="Sant Petersburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Saint Petersburg (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saint Petersburg (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohrad" title="Petrohrad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petrohrad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petruburgu" title="San Petruburgu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="San Petruburgu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg" title="St Petersburg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="St Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersborg" title="Sankt Petersborg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Petersborg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AD" title="سان پيطيرسبورڭ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سان پيطيرسبورڭ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेन्ट पिटर्सबर्ग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सेन्ट पिटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterburi" title="Peterburi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peterburi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Αγία Πετρούπολη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Πετρούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Ине-Петрань ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ине-Петрань ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburgo" title="Sankt-Peterburgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankt-Peterburgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgu" title="San Petersburgu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="San Petersburgu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سنت پترزبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت پترزبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._P%C3%A6tursborg" title="St. Pætursborg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="St. Pætursborg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-P%C3%A9tersbourg" title="Saint-Pétersbourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Pétersbourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersburch" title="Sint-Petersburch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sint-Petersburch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathair_Pheadair" title="Cathair Pheadair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathair Pheadair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caayr_Pheddyr" title="Caayr Pheddyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caayr Pheddyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سن پترزبۊرگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سن پترزبۊرگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Петербург балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Санкт-Петербург балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%8A%B8%ED%8E%98%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="상트페테르부르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상트페테르부르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" title="Saint-Petersburg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_Peteroboro" title="Sana Peteroboro – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sana Peteroboro" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%BF_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Սանկտ Պետերբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանկտ Պետերբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%9Btrohr%C3%B3d" title="Pětrohród – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pětrohród" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancte_Petroburgo" title="Sancte Petroburgo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sancte Petroburgo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85" title="Бетъырбух – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бетъырбух" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankti_P%C3%A9tursborg" title="Sankti Pétursborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sankti Pétursborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietroburgo" title="San Pietroburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="San Pietroburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="סנקט פטרבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנקט פטרבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg" title="St. Petersburg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="St. Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9B%C9%9Bpet%C9%9Brsbuuri" title="Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಪೀಟರ್ಸ್‌ಬರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სანქტ-პეტერბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანქტ-პეტერბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrogard" title="Piotrogard – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piotrogard" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Pederburg" title="Sen Pederburg – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sen Pederburg" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-P%C3%A9tersbourg" title="Saint-Pétersbourg – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Saint-Pétersbourg" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Петыркар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Петыркар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Pit%C3%A8boug" title="Sen Pitèboug – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sen Pitèboug" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg,_R%C3%BBsya" title="Sankt Petersburg, Rûsya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sankt Petersburg, Rûsya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburg" title="San Petersburg – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="San Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABterpi%C4%BCs" title="Pīterpiļs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Pīterpiļs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petropolis" title="Petropolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petropolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanktp%C4%93terburga" title="Sanktpēterburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sanktpēterburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%A9itersbuerg" title="Sankt Péitersbuerg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sankt Péitersbuerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburgas" title="Sankt Peterburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sankt Peterburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Peoburgo" title="San Peoburgo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="San Peoburgo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiteri" title="Piiteri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Piiteri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sankt._peterburg" title="sankt. peterburg – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sankt. peterburg" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pederburgh" title="San Pederburgh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="San Pederburgh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentp%C3%A9terv%C3%A1r" title="Szentpétervár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szentpétervár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Санкт Петербург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="സെന്റ് പീറ്റേഴ്സ്ബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെന്റ് പീറ്റേഴ്സ്ബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietruburgu" title="San Pietruburgu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="San Pietruburgu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%C4%81paka" title="Pitāpaka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pitāpaka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სანქტ-პეტერბურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანქტ-პეტერბურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="سانت بطرسبورج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت بطرسبورج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سن پترزبورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سن پترزبورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="စိန့်ပီတာစဘတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ပီတာစဘတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalododonu_Petersburg" title="Yalododonu Petersburg – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yalododonu Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersborg" title="Sint-Petersborg – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sint-Petersborg" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेन्ट पिटर्सवर्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेन्ट पिटर्सवर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="सेन्त पितर्सबर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेन्त पितर्सबर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%9A%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="サンクトペテルブルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンクトペテルブルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietroburgo" title="San Pietroburgo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="San Pietroburgo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85" title="Петарбух – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Петарбух" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Piiterburg" title="Saint Piiterburg – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Saint Piiterburg" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg" title="St. Petersburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="St. Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg" title="St. Petersburg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_P%C3%A9tersbourg" title="Saint Pétersbourg – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint Pétersbourg" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Petersborg" title="Sant Petersborg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sant Petersborg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸੇਂਟ ਪੀਟਰਸਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਂਟ ਪੀਟਰਸਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سینٹ پیٹرزبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینٹ پیٹرزبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%BC_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="سینټ پیټرزبورګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سینټ پیټرزبورګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Петракар – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Петракар" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-P%C3%A9terbourg" title="Saint-Péterbourg – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Saint-Péterbourg" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Peroborgh" title="San Peroborgh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="San Peroborgh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersborg" title="Sankt Petersborg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sankt Petersborg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg" title="Petersburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Αγία Πετρούπολη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αγία Πετρούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Petersburgo" title="São Petersburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="São Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91" title="Санкт-Петербурґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Санкт-Петербурґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨᱥᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱱᱴ ᱯᱤᱴᱚᱨᱥᱵᱚᱨᱜᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietroburgo" title="San Pietroburgo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="San Pietroburgo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunt_Petersburg" title="Saunt Petersburg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saunt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4nt_P%C3%A4itersbuurich" title="Sänt Päitersbuurich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sänt Päitersbuurich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABn_Petersburgu" title="Shën Petersburgu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shën Petersburgu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietruburgu" title="San Pietruburgu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="San Pietruburgu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BD_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohrad" title="Petrohrad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Petrohrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8A_%D0%9F%D1%94%D1%82%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Санктъ Пєтєрбоургъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Санктъ Пєтєрбоургъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejtersburg" title="Pejtersburg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pejtersburg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سەنت پیتەرزبورگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەنت پیتەرزبورگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт Петербург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Санкт Петербург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterburg" title="Sankt Peterburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sankt Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietari_(kaupunki)" title="Pietari (kaupunki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietari (kaupunki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சென் பீட்டர்சுபெர்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சென் பீட்டர்சுபெர்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbitrsburg" title="Sanbitrsburg – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sanbitrsburg" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" title="Saint-Petersburg – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Saint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pitreburghe" title="San Pitreburghe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="San Pitreburghe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="సెయింట్ పీటర్స్‌బర్గ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెయింట్ పీటర్స్‌బర్గ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์ปีเตอส์เบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санкт-Петербург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="سینٹ پیٹرز برگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینٹ پیٹرز برگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-P%C3%A9t%C3%A9rburg" title="Sankt-Pétérburg – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Sankt-Pétérburg" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pieroburgo" title="San Pieroburgo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="San Pieroburgo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter" title="Piter – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Piter" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterburk" title="Peterburk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Peterburk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Petersbork" title="Sint Petersbork – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint Petersbork" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="聖彼得堡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖彼得堡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo" title="San Petersburgo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="San Petersburgo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sankt-Peterburg" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣彼得堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="פעטערבורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעטערבורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saint Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="聖彼得堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖彼得堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Petersburg" title="Sankt Petersburg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sankt Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Petersburg" title="Sint-Petersburg – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sint-Petersburg" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Peterborgs" title="Sankt Peterborgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sankt Peterborgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣彼得堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Piterbereh" title="Sint-Piterbereh – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sint-Piterbereh" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Petersburg&params=59_56_15_N_30_18_31_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-SPE">59°56′15″N 30°18′31″E / 59.93750°N 30.30861°E / 59.93750; 30.30861</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Saint_Petersburg_(intro).ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Petersburg&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal city in Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Russian city. For the American city, see <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Petersburg (disambiguation)">Saint Petersburg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Leningrad" and "Petrograd" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Leningrad (disambiguation)">Leningrad (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Petrograd (disambiguation)">Petrograd (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal city in Northwestern, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Saint Petersburg</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ru">Санкт-Петербург</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:266px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Winter Palace"><img alt="The Winter Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/266px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/399px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/532px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_Bridge_SPB_(img2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace Bridge"><img alt="Palace Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/132px-Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/198px-Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/264px-Palace_Bridge_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3667" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter and Paul Cathedral"><img alt="Peter and Paul Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg/132px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg/198px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg/264px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral"><img alt="Saint Isaac's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg/132px-Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg/198px-Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg/264px-Saint_Isaacs_cathedral_Southern_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4338" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The General Staff Building"><img alt="The General Staff Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg/132px-Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg/198px-Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg/264px-Western_Military_District_buildings_Saint_Petersburg_arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:4A7A3069_Moika,_Saint_Petersburg_(35468573803).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The embankment along the Moyka river"><img alt="The embankment along the Moyka river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/266px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/399px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/532px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1829" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>; the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">General Staff Building</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Moyka" title="Moyka">Moyka</a> River from the <a href="/wiki/Pevchesky_Bridge" title="Pevchesky Bridge">Pevchesky Bridge</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Red Bridge (Saint Petersburg)">Red Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Palace_Bridge" title="Palace Bridge">Palace Bridge</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Flag of Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg/120px-Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg/180px-Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg/240px-Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Flag of Saint Petersburg">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_(2003).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="599" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Anthem of Saint Petersburg">Anthem of Saint Petersburg</a>" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="Гимн_Санкт-Петербурга.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="59.95" data-lon="30.316666666667" data-overlays="["_123635c301823d78384363a4334e1ee56ac3d8d9"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/59.95/30.316666666667/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,59.95,30.316666666667,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saint_Petersburg&revid=1258047785&groups=_123635c301823d78384363a4334e1ee56ac3d8d9" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,59.95,30.316666666667,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saint_Petersburg&revid=1258047785&groups=_123635c301823d78384363a4334e1ee56ac3d8d9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg,_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Saint Petersburg in European Russia"><img alt="Location of Saint Petersburg in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/250px-Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/375px-Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/500px-Locator_map_of_Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Saint Petersburg in European Russia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Petersburg&params=59_56_15_N_30_18_31_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-SPE">59°56′15″N 30°18′31″E / 59.93750°N 30.30861°E / 59.93750; 30.30861</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">Northwestern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Economic_Region" title="Northwestern Economic Region">Northwestern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1703 (1703-05-27)<a href="#cite_note-Dates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City raions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">See list</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Governor of Saint Petersburg">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beglov" title="Alexander Beglov">Alexander Beglov</a><a href="#cite_note-governor-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">UR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,439 km2 (556 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 m (10 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-5">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 5,601,911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">4th</a> in Europe <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">2nd</a> in Russia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,992.81/km2 (10,341.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 6,421,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Petersburgian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GDP-6">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a>11.17 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000,000" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000,000">trillion</a> (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>151.61 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a>) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">₽1.99 million (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>27,054.88) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">190000—199406</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">812</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RU-SPE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78, 98, 178, 198</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKATO" title="OKATO">OKATO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data">40</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data">40000000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-Russian-8">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.spb.ru">gov.spb.ru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Saint Petersburg,<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad,<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">second-largest city in Russia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. It is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">River Neva</a>, at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021,<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-5">[4]</a> with more than 6.4 million people living in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_metropolitan_area" title="Saint Petersburg metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. Saint Petersburg is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">fourth-most populous city</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_around_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of cities and towns around the Baltic Sea">most populous city</a> on the Baltic Sea, and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_northernmost_items#Cities_and_settlements" title="List of northernmost items">northernmost city</a> of more than 1 million residents. As the former capital of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">historically strategic port</a>, it is governed as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal city</a>. The city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> on 27 May 1703 on the site of a <a href="/wiki/Nyenschantz" title="Nyenschantz">captured Swedish fortress</a>, and was named after the apostle <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and Russia's entry into modern history as a European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> It served as a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730).<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> moved their government to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-McColl-15">[11]</a> The city was renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death in 1924. It was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the most lethal siege in history.<a href="#cite_note-:12-16">[12]</a> In June 1991, only a few months before the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a>, voters supported restoring the city's original appellation in <a href="/wiki/1991_Leningrad_municipal_election" title="1991 Leningrad municipal election">a city-wide referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-referendum-17">[13]</a> As Russia's cultural centre,<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> Saint Petersburg received over 15 million tourists in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> It is considered an important economic, scientific, and tourism centre of Russia and Europe. In modern times, the city has the nickname of being "the Northern Capital of Russia" and is home to notable <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">federal government</a> bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_Council_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation">Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation</a>. It is also a seat for the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">National Library of Russia</a> and a planned location for the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a>, as well as the home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments</a> constitute a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Saint Petersburg is home to the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art museums</a> in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Lakhta_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhta Center">Lakhta Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">tallest skyscraper in Europe</a>, and was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/170px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/255px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg/340px-Peter_der-Grosse_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>While not originally named for Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, during World War I the city was changed from the Germanic "Petersburg" to "Petrograd" in his honour.</figcaption></figure></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> falls on 29 June, when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> observes the memory of <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>. The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at the same time as the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>, while Saint Peter at the same time became the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of the whole city. When in June 1703 <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> renamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue a naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк (Sanktpetersburk), emulating German Sankt Petersburg, and Сантпитербурх (Santpiterburkh), emulating Dutch Sint-Pietersburgh, as Peter was multilingual and a Hollandophile. The name was later normalized and <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russified</a> to Санкт-Петербург.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pospelow-23">[19]</a> A former spelling of the city's name in English was Saint Petersburgh. This spelling survives in the name of a <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburgh_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburgh Place">street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bayswater" title="Bayswater">Bayswater</a> district of London, near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_London" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, London">St Sophia's Cathedral</a>, named after a visit by the Tsar to London in 1814.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> A 14 to 15-letter-long name, composed of the three <a href="/wiki/Word_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Word root">roots</a>, proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of the city <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Danilovich_Menshikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov">Menshikov</a> is maybe also the author of the first nickname of Petersburg which he called Петри (Petri). It took some years until the known Russian spelling of this name finally settled. In 1740s <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> uses a derivative of Greek: Πετρόπολις (Петрополис, Petropolis) in a Russified form Petropol' (Петрополь). A combo Piterpol (Питерпол) also appears at this time.<a href="#cite_note-nester-25">[21]</a> In any case, eventually the usage of prefix "Sankt-" ceased except for the formal official documents, where a three-letter abbreviation "СПб" (SPb) was very widely used as well. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg/220px-St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg/330px-St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg/440px-St_Petersburg_port_entrance_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>From 1924 to 1991 the city was known as 'Leningrad'. This is a picture of the Saint Petersburg port entrance with an old 'Ленинград' (Leningrad) sign.</figcaption></figure> In the 1830s <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> translated the "foreign" city name of "Saint Petersburg" to the more Russian Petrograd (Russian: Петроград, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-orth-26">[e]</a> in one of his poems. However, it was only on 31 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 August] 1914, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the war</a> with Germany had begun, that Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> renamed the city Petrograd in order to expunge the German words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sankt#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sankt">Sankt</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burg#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Burg">Burg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vokrugsveta.ru-27">[22]</a> Since the prefix "Saint" was omitted,<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> this act also changed the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> and the "patron" of the city from Saint Peter to Peter the Great, its founder.<a href="#cite_note-Pospelow-23">[19]</a> On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]</a>), meaning 'Lenin City'. On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned by citywide referendum. Today, in English the city is known as Saint Petersburg. Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Питер, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈpʲitʲɪr]</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG/220px-Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG/330px-Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG/440px-Admiralty_Embankment_of_Neva_River_in_Saint_Petersburg_during_the_White_nightsIMG_4236.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Embankment of the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> at 23:11, 22 June 2013</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> the name Red Petrograd (Красный Петроград, Krasny Petrograd) was often used in newspapers and other prints until the city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924. The referendum on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting "Saint Petersburg" and 43% supporting "Leningrad".<a href="#cite_note-referendum-17">[13]</a> The turnout was 65%[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Renaming the city Petrograd was not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Orttung-29">[24]</a> Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a>. Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being called pervoprestolnaya ('first throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October revolution</a>" used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here. Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="el:Πέτρωμα">Πέτρ-</a> is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the first years of the city<a href="#cite_note-nester-25">[21]</a> (a modern Greek translation is Αγία Πετρούπολη, Agia Petroupoli).<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> The city is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_northernmost_items" title="List of northernmost items">northernmost metropolis with more than 1 million people</a> in the world, and is also often described as the "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> of the North" or the "Russian Venice" due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which is combined with the city's Russian heritage.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the White Nights" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar region</a> and ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> The city is also often called the "Northern <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>", due to its extravagant architecture.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="History of Saint Petersburg">History of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Timeline of Saint Petersburg</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_era_(1703–1917)">Imperial era (1703–1917)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperial era (1703–1917)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg/170px-Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg/255px-Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg/340px-Kungsboken-karta-sankt-petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10315" data-file-height="15455" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Peter and Paul Fortress, 1722</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_spb_1744_high.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_spb_1744_high.jpg/220px-Map_spb_1744_high.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_spb_1744_high.jpg/330px-Map_spb_1744_high.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Map_spb_1744_high.jpg/440px-Map_spb_1744_high.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Map of Saint Petersburg, 1744</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma,_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg/220px-SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg/330px-SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg/440px-SPB_Nevsky_Prospekt_from_Police_Bridge_to_City_Duma%2C_photochrome_1896-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Nevsky Prospekt from restaurant Lejeune in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> Swedish colonists built <a href="/wiki/Nyenschantz" title="Nyenschantz">Nyenskans</a>, a fortress at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> River in 1611, which was later called <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingermanland</a>. The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votians</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> moved to the region from the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)" title="Savonia (historical province)">Savonia</a> during the Swedish rule. There was also some <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> population in the area.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg/220px-Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg/330px-Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg/440px-Bronze_Horseman_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a>, monument to Peter the Great</figcaption></figure> At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-wilson82-41">[36]</a> He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, which was on the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter. On 12 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 May] 1703, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> On 27 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16 May] 1703,<a href="#cite_note-hughes66-43">[38]</a> closer to the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> (5 km (3 mi) inland from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">gulf</a>), on <a href="/wiki/Hare_Island_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Hare Island (Saint Petersburg)">Zayachy (Hare) Island</a>, he laid down the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.<a href="#cite_note-spenc-44">[39]</a> The city was built by <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">conscripted peasants</a> from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were also involved under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Danilovich Menshikov">Alexander Menshikov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> Later, the city became the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate" title="Saint Petersburg Governorate">Saint Petersburg Governorate</a>. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704.<a href="#cite_note-wilson82-41">[36]</a> While the city was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Trezzini" title="Domenico Trezzini">Domenico Trezzini</a> had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a> and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Alexandre_Le_Blond" title="Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond">Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">chief architect</a> of Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> The style of <a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine Baroque</a>, developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the <a href="/wiki/Menshikov_Palace_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Menshikov Palace (Saint Petersburg)">Menshikov Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Collegia" title="Twelve Collegia">Twelve Collegia</a>, became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">University</a> and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great. In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>. There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> In 1728, <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II of Russia</a> moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a>, Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. It remained the seat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a> and the Imperial Court of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian tsars</a>, as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">communist revolution of 1917</a>. In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Burkhard Christoph von Münnich</a> commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG/220px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG/330px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG/440px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a> backed by the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">General staff arch and building</a>. As the main square of the Russian Empire, it was the setting of many events of historic significance.</figcaption></figure> It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty building</a> and are now known as <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect" title="Nevsky Prospect">Nevsky Prospect</a> (which is considered the main street of the city), <a href="/wiki/Gorokhovaya_Street" title="Gorokhovaya Street">Gorokhovaya Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voznesensky_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Voznesensky Avenue">Voznesensky Avenue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" title="Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a> with such buildings as the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>. In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>. Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> embankments. However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Bridge" title="Annunciation Bridge">Annunciation Bridge</a>, was allowed to open. Before that, only <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridges</a> were allowed. <a href="/wiki/Obvodny_Canal" title="Obvodny Canal">Obvodny Canal</a> (dug in 1769–1833) became the southern limit of the city. The most prominent neoclassical and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire-style</a> architects in Saint Petersburg included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Vallin_de_la_Mothe" title="Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe">Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts" title="Imperial Academy of Arts">Imperial Academy of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Small Hermitage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Gostiny_Dvor" title="Great Gostiny Dvor">Gostiny Dvor</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Church of St. Catherine (Saint Petersburg)">Catholic Church of St. Catherine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rinaldi_(architect)" title="Antonio Rinaldi (architect)">Antonio Rinaldi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace" title="Marble Palace">Marble Palace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Felten" title="Yury Felten">Yury Felten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Old Hermitage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesme_Church" title="Chesme Church">Chesme Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Quarenghi" title="Giacomo Quarenghi">Giacomo Quarenghi</a> (Academy of Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Theatre" title="Hermitage Theatre">Hermitage Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moika_Palace" title="Moika Palace">Yusupov Palace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Voronikhin" title="Andrey Voronikhin">Andrey Voronikhin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mining_University" title="Saint Petersburg Mining University">Mining Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreyan_Zakharov" title="Andreyan Zakharov">Andreyan Zakharov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty building</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Thomas_de_Thomon" title="Jean-François Thomas de Thomon">Jean-François Thomas de Thomon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns">Spit of Vasilievsky Island</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rossi_(architect)" title="Carlo Rossi (architect)">Carlo Rossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yelagin_Palace" title="Yelagin Palace">Yelagin Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Mikhailovsky Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrinsky_Theatre" title="Alexandrinsky Theatre">Alexandrine Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_and_Synod_Building" title="Senate and Synod Building">Senate and Synod Buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">General staff Building</a>, design of many streets and squares)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stasov" title="Vasily Stasov">Vasily Stasov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Triumphal_Gate" title="Moscow Triumphal Gate">Moscow Triumphal Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Trinity Cathedral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Montferrand" title="Auguste de Montferrand">Auguste de Montferrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg/220px-Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg/330px-Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg/440px-Georg_Wilhelm_Timm_-_Dekabristen-Aufstand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Senate Square (Saint Petersburg)">Senate Square</a>, 26 December 1825</figcaption></figure> In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> established the first engineering <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Engineering-Technical_University" title="Military Engineering-Technical University">Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School</a> in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Patriotic War of 1812</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a> by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and the <a href="/wiki/Narva_Triumphal_Arch" title="Narva Triumphal Arch">Narva Triumphal Arch</a>. In 1825, the suppressed <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> took place on the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Senate Square (Saint Petersburg)">Senate Square</a> in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd,_Published_1854,_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg/220px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg/330px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg/440px-Admiralty_Chart_No_2239_Bay_and_City_of_Petrograd%2C_Published_1854%2C_Large_Corrections_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16281" data-file-height="12180" /></a><figcaption>Petrograd in 1916, from an Admiralty chart</figcaption></figure> By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Stackenschneider" title="Andrei Stackenschneider">Andrei Stackenschneider</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Palace" title="Mariinsky Palace">Mariinsky Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beloselsky-Belozersky_Palace" title="Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace">Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Palace" title="Nicholas Palace">Nicholas Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Stackenschneider" title="Andrei Stackenschneider">New Michael Palace</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Thon" title="Konstantin Thon">Konstantin Thon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_railway_station_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Moskovsky railway station (Saint Petersburg)">Moskovsky railway station</a>). With the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation of the serfs</a> undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> in 1861 and an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>), the Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic. The names of Saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, bestowed upon the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">original city's citadel</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">cathedral</a> (from 1725 – a <a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">burial vault</a> of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors, <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> (1801, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Alexandrovich_Zubov" title="Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov">Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov</a> and other conspirators who brought to power <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>, the son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> was murdered by <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">terrorists</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Spilled_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood">Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood</a>). The <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">Revolution of 1905</a> began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces. On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd,<a href="#cite_note-vokrugsveta.ru-27">[22]</a> meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sankt#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sankt">Sankt</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burg#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Burg">Burg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_Soviet_era_(1917–1941)">Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)">edit</a>]</div> In March 1917, during the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> Nicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic rule">dynastic rule</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/220px-Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/330px-Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png/440px-Desfile-uno-mayo-II--rusia--russianbolshevik00rossuoft.png 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">1 May</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> half a year after <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">taking power</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure>On 7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 October] 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, stormed the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> in an event known thereafter as the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, which led to the end of the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">provisional government</a>, the transfer of all political power to the <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's council">Soviets</a>, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions",<a href="#cite_note-russia-travel-50">[45]</a> referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century. In September and October 1917, German troops <a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion">invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/West_Estonian_archipelago" title="West Estonian archipelago">West Estonian archipelago</a> and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, in mid-1919 <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Russian anti-communist forces</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Forces" title="Estonian Land Forces">Estonians</a> attempted to capture the city, but <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> mobilized the army and forced them to retreat back to <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_(1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg/220px-Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg/330px-Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg/440px-Eirik_Sundvor._Leningrad._Savior-on-the-Blood_%281935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Leningrad in 1935</figcaption></figure> On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later many streets and other <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/toponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:toponym">toponyms</a> were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums,<a href="#cite_note-Kann-51">[46]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora">cruiser Aurora</a>– a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>. In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">regularly planned boroughs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivist architecture</a> flourished around that time. Housing became a government-provided <a href="/wiki/Social_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Social utility">amenity</a>; many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal" apartments (<a href="/wiki/Kommunal_apartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommunal apartment">kommunalkas</a>). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935, a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a>. Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Prospekt">Moskovsky Prospekt</a>, designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter (Soviet-Finnish) war</a> in 1939–1940, the Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre. In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>. At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into <a href="/wiki/Vsevolozhsky_District" title="Vsevolozhsky District">Vsevolozhsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoselsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Krasnoselsky District, Saint Petersburg">Krasnoselsky District</a>, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-52">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sennaia-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sennaia-1900.jpg/220px-Sennaia-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sennaia-1900.jpg/330px-Sennaia-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sennaia-1900.jpg/440px-Sennaia-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saviour_Church_on_Sennaya_Square" title="Saviour Church on Sennaya Square">Saviour Church on Sennaya Square</a> (pre-1917 photo) in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">The Thaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> On 1 December 1934, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>, the Bolshevik leader of Leningrad, was assassinated under suspicious circumstances, which became the pretext for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)">World War II (1941–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II (1941–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Citizens of Leningrad during the 872-day <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege</a>, in which more than one million civilians died, mostly from starvation, <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospect" title="Nevsky Prospect">Nevsky Prospect</a> (then known as the 25 October Prospekt)</figcaption></figure> During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German forces</a> besieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58">[53]</a> The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58">[53]</a> from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> proved one of the longest, most destructive, and <a href="/wiki/Most_lethal_battles_in_world_history#Sieges_and_urban_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Most lethal battles in world history">most lethal sieges</a> of a major city in <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>. It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the <a href="/wiki/Road_of_Life" title="Road of Life">Road of Life</a> across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>, which could not make it through until the lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated. On 1 May 1945 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">hero cities</a> of the war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star medal">Gold Star medal</a> "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". The <a href="/wiki/Hero-City_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero-City Obelisk">Hero-City Obelisk</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star medal">Gold Star sign</a> was installed in April 1985. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_Soviet_era_(1945–1991)">Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg/220px-Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg/330px-Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg/440px-Hammond_Slides_Leningrad_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7014" data-file-height="4959" /></a><figcaption>View of Lermontovski Prospekt, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Bridge" title="Egyptian Bridge">Egyptian Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka River</a>, 1972</figcaption></figure> In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">peace treaty</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsky District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurortny_District" title="Kurortny District">Kurortny District</a>. These included the town of <a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Terijoki</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Zelenogorsk</a> in 1948).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-52">[47]</a> Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban development</a> in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements <a href="/wiki/Levashovo,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Levashovo, Saint Petersburg">Levashovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pargolovo" title="Pargolovo">Pargolovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesochny,_Russia" title="Pesochny, Russia">Pesochny</a> merged with Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-52">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leningrad_1991_(4387699303).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg/220px-Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg/330px-Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg/440px-Leningrad_1991_%284387699303%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Griboedov_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Griboedov Canal">Griboedov Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Saviour on Blood">Church of the Saviour on Blood</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> Leningrad gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a> (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>. It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> organization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kuznetsov" title="Alexey Kuznetsov">Kuznetsov</a>, the acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (rehabilitated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions.<a href="#cite_note-Zubkova-61">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Leningrad Metro</a> underground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit system</a>, designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. However, after Stalin's death in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist</a> apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre to live in separate apartments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era_(1991–present)">Contemporary era (1991–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary era (1991–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg/220px-Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg/330px-Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg/440px-Spb_Views_from_Isaac_Cathedral_May2012_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>View of the city from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/1991_Leningrad_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Leningrad elections">On 12 June 1991</a>, simultaneously with the <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">first Russian SFSR presidential elections</a>, the city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the city's name, when the original name Saint Petersburg was restored. The turnout was 65%; 66.13% of the total count of votes went to <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak" title="Anatoly Sobchak">Anatoly Sobchak</a>, who became the first directly elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Saint_Petersburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of Saint Petersburg government">mayor of the city</a>. Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> was introduced, and the city received humanitarian <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">food aid</a> from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Orttung-29">[24]</a> This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Titarenko" title="Alexey Titarenko">Alexey Titarenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> In 1995, a northern section of the <a href="/wiki/Line_1_of_Saint_Petersburg_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 1 of Saint Petersburg Metro">Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Saint Petersburg Metro</a> was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside Leningrad Oblast and <a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver Oblast</a>, signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-newsline-65">[60]</a> This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002.<a href="#cite_note-demokratiztsiya-66">[61]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Anatolyevich_Yakovlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Anatolyevich Yakovlev">Vladimir Yakovlev</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak" title="Anatoly Sobchak">Anatoly Sobchak</a> in the elections for the head of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration" title="Saint Petersburg City Administration">city administration</a>. The title of the city head was changed from "mayor" to "governor". In 2000, Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor's office to <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Valentina Matviyenko</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4A7A3069_Moika,_Saint_Petersburg_(35468573803).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/220px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/330px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/440px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moyka" title="Moyka">Moyka River</a>, flowing through <a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Petersburg" title="Central Saint Petersburg">Central Saint Petersburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Troitskiy_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trinity Bridge, Saint Petersburg">The Trinity Bridge</a> is a landmark of Art Nouveau design.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg,_Russia_(47944909056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2847944909056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>People walking on the main street of Saint Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevsky Prospekt">Nevsky Prospekt</a></figcaption></figure> The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">city legislature</a> re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate pricing">real-estate prices</a> inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city. Although the central part of the city has a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> announced an ambitious project to erect a 403 m (1,322 ft) skyscraper (the <a href="/wiki/Okhta_Center" title="Okhta Center">Okhta Center</a>) opposite to <a href="/wiki/Smolny" title="Smolny">Smolny</a>, which[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Valentina Matviyenko</a> and the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Lakhta,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Lakhta, Saint Petersburg">Lakhta</a>, a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be named <a href="/wiki/Lakhta_Centre" title="Lakhta Centre">Lakhta Center</a>. Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462 m (1,516 ft) high Lakhta Center has become the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Russia" title="List of tallest buildings in Russia">tallest skyscraper in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Europe</a> outside of Moscow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Geography of Saint Petersburg">Geography of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neva River flows through much of the centre of the city. Left – the Spit of Vasilievsky Island, center – River Neva, Peter and Paul Fortress and Trinity Bridge, right – Palace Embankment with the Winter Palace."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg/1200px-Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg/1800px-Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg/2400px-Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11562" data-file-height="1950" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Saint_Petersburg_from_Palace_Bridge.jpg" title="File:Panorama of Saint Petersburg from Palace Bridge.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva River</a> flows through much of the centre of the city. Left – the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns">Spit of Vasilievsky Island</a>, center – <a href="/wiki/River_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="River Neva">River Neva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Bridge (Saint Petersburg)">Trinity Bridge</a>, right – <a href="/wiki/Palace_Embankment" title="Palace Embankment">Palace Embankment</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-07-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-07-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7428" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs</figcaption></figure> The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 km2 (233.9 square miles). The area of the federal subject is 1,439 km2 (556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipal <a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">okrugs</a>), nine municipal towns (<a href="/wiki/Kolpino" title="Kolpino">Kolpino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Selo" title="Krasnoye Selo">Krasnoye Selo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov,_Russia" title="Lomonosov, Russia">Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Pavlovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petergof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkin (town)">Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Zelenogorsk</a>), and twenty-one municipal settlements. Petersburg is on the middle <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> lowlands along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Neva_Bay" title="Neva Bay">Neva Bay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, and islands of the river delta. The largest are <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a> (besides the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> between Obvodny canal and <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_Island" title="Kotlin Island">Kotlin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neva_Bay" title="Neva Bay">Neva Bay</a>), <a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_Island" title="Petrogradsky Island">Petrogradsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dekabristov_Island" title="Dekabristov Island">Dekabristov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Island" title="Krestovsky Island">Krestovsky</a>. The latter together with <a href="/wiki/Yelagin_Island" title="Yelagin Island">Yelagin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamenny_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamenny Island">Kamenny Island</a> are covered mostly by parks. The <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, North of the city, is a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">resort area</a>. In the south, Saint Petersburg crosses the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Klint" title="Baltic Klint">Baltic-Ladoga Klint</a> and meets the <a href="/wiki/Izhora_Plateau" title="Izhora Plateau">Izhora Plateau</a>. The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 m (577 ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the <a href="/wiki/Duderhof_Heights" title="Duderhof Heights">Duderhof Heights</a> in the south. Part of the city's territory west of <a href="/wiki/Liteyny_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liteyny Prospekt">Liteyny Prospekt</a> is no higher than 4 m (13 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, and has suffered from numerous floods. <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Floods in Saint Petersburg">Floods in Saint Petersburg</a> are triggered by a long wave in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the <a href="/wiki/Neva_Bay" title="Neva Bay">Neva Bay</a>. The five most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (4.21 m or 13 ft 10 in above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed<a href="#cite_note-69">[f]</a>); 1924 (3.8 m, 12 ft 6 in); 1777 (3.21 m, 10 ft 6 in); 1955 (2.93 m, 9 ft 7 in); and 1975 (2.81 m, 9 ft 3 in). To prevent floods, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Dam" title="Saint Petersburg Dam">Saint Petersburg Dam</a> has been constructed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> Since the 18th century, the city's terrain has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are <a href="/wiki/Sestra_River_(Leningrad_Oblast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast)">Sestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okhta_River_(Neva_basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhta River (Neva basin)">Okhta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izhora_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Izhora River">Izhora</a>. The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lakhtinsky_Razliv" title="Lakhtinsky Razliv">Lakhtinsky Razliv</a>, Suzdal Lakes, and other smaller lakes. Due to its northerly location at c. 60° N <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> the <a href="/wiki/Day_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Day length">day length</a> in Petersburg varies across seasons, ranging from 5 hours 53 minutes to 18 hours 50 minutes. A period from mid-May to mid-July during which twilight may last all night is called the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">white nights</a>. Saint Petersburg is about 165 km (103 miles) from the border with Finland, connected to it via the <a href="/wiki/M10_highway_(Russia)" title="M10 highway (Russia)">M10 highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a>), along which there is also a connection to the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Petersburg">Climate of Saint Petersburg</a></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Saint Petersburg is classified as Dfb, a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>. The distinct moderating influence of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> cyclones results in mild to hot, humid, and short summers and long, moderately cold wet winters. The climate of Saint Petersburg is close to that of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, although slightly more continental (i.e. colder in winter and warmer in summer) because of its more eastern location, while slightly less continental than that of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The average maximum temperature in July is 23 °C (73 °F), and the average minimum temperature in February is −8.5 °C (16.7 °F); an extreme temperature of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave">2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave</a>. A winter minimum of −35.9 °C (−32.6 °F) was recorded in 1883. The average annual temperature is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). The Neva River within the city limits usually freezes up in November–December and break-up occurs in April. From December to March there are 118 days on average with snow cover, which reaches an average snow depth of 19 cm (7.5 in) by February.<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-71">[65]</a> The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. Despite St. Petersburg's northern location, its winters are warmer than <a href="/wiki/Moscow#Climate" title="Moscow">Moscow's</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> influence from Scandinavian winds that can bring temperature slightly above freezing. The city also has a slightly warmer climate than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Average annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> varies across the city, averaging 660 mm (26 in) per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Due to the cool climate, soil moisture is almost always high because of lower <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Air humidity</a> is 78% on average, and there are, on average, 165 <a href="/wiki/Overcast" title="Overcast">overcast</a> days per year. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a> (1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5 (23.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.9 (−32.6) </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.2 (−31.4) </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.9 (−21.8) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.8 (−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.2 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.4 (−29.9) </td> <td style="background: #2424FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−35.9 (−32.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 (3.4) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">670 (26.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (5.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (3.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19 (7.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">173 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #0000C6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">117 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #222222; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.9 </td> <td style="background: #5B5B5B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.5 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.6 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.7 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.8 </td> <td style="background: #707070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.8 </td> <td style="background: #2B2B2B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.0 </td> <td style="background: #0E0E0E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,596.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-71">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-74">[68]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Demographics of Saint Petersburg">Demographics of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg/220px-St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg/330px-St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg/440px-St_Petersburg_pop_pyramid_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of St. Petersburg in the 2021 Russian Census</figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 Census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-5">[4]</a> the federal subject's population is 5,601,911 or 3.9% of the total population of Russia; up from 4,879,566 (3.4%) recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2010Census-75">[69]</a> and up from 5,023,506 recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1989)">1989 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1989Census-76">[70]</a> Over 6.4 million people reside in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_metropolitan_area" title="Saint Petersburg metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,264,920</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,590,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,191,304</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,321,196</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,949,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,588,183</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.68%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,023,506</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.91%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,661,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,879,566</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,601,911</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table> Vital statistics for 2022:<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <ul><li>Births: 50,663 (9.4 per 1,000)</li> <li>Deaths: 65,137 (12.1 per 1,000)</li></ul> Total fertility rate (2022):<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-tfr-79">[73]</a> 1.28 children per woman Life expectancy (2021):<a href="#cite_note-rosstat-80">[74]</a> Total – 72.51 years (male – 68.23, female – 76.30) <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png/495px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png/660px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Saint_Petersburg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy at birth in Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Ethnic composition of Saint Petersburg <div style="width:100%; overflow-x:auto; border:0.5px solid #c8ccd1;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0; border:none; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnicity </th> <th colspan="16">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1939<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1959<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1970<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1979<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1989<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2002<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[80]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2010<a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[80]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-census2021-87">[81]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th> <th>Population</th> <th>% </th> <th>Population1</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>2,775,979 </td> <td>86.9 </td> <td>2,951,254 </td> <td>88.9 </td> <td>3,514,296 </td> <td>89.0 </td> <td>4,097,629 </td> <td>89.7 </td> <td>4,448,884 </td> <td>89.1 </td> <td>3,949,623 </td> <td>92.0 </td> <td>3,908,753</td> <td>92.5 </td> <td>4,275,058</td> <td>90.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>54,660 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>68,308 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>97,109 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>117,412 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>150,982 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>87,119 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>64,446</td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>29,353</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td>31,506 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>27,178 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>32,851 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>39,403 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>43,997 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>35,553 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>30,857</td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>20,286</td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> </td> <td>385 </td> <td>- </td> <td>855 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,576 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,171 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>11,804 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>16,613 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>17,717</td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>16,406</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td>32,353 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>47,004 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>63,799 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>81,575 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>93,564 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>54,484 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>38,136</td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>15,545</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>4,615 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4,897 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>6,628 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>7,995 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>12,070 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>19,164 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>19,971</td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>14,737</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> </td> <td>238 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,678 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,883 </td> <td>- </td> <td>7,927 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>2,987 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>20,345</td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>12,181</td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> </td> <td>61 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>361 </td> <td>- </td> <td>473 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,917 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,449 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>12,072</td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>9,573</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td>201,542 </td> <td>6.3 </td> <td>168,641 </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>162,525 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>142,779 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>106,469 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>36,570 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>24,132</td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>9,205</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Others </td> <td>89,965 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>53,059 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>68,678 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>76,228 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>113,135 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>88,661 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>90,310</td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>277,297</td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>3,191,304 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>3,321,196 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>3,949,501 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>4,588,183 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>5,023,506 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>4,661,219 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>4,879,566 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>5,601,911 </th> <th>100 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="17">1884,678 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4 million residents in 1916, its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. The minorities of Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonians and Latvians were almost completely <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">transferred</a> from Leningrad during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-martin-88">[82]</a> From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3 million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death or were evacuated during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>. Some evacuees returned after the siege, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the Soviet Union. The city absorbed about 3 million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5 million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006 the city's population decreased to 4.6 million, while the suburban population increased due to privatization of land and massive move to suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the population is over 4.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-Demoscape0163-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> and remained lower than the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a> (until 2012<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-92">[86]</a>); people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the median age is about 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Since 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> became higher than the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-92">[86]</a> But in 2020 the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> caused a drop in birth rate, and the city population decreased to 5,395,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg/314px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="4326" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg/177px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg/266px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg/354px-Spb_06-2012_Nevsky_various_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="2144" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg/187px-Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg/281px-Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg/374px-Grand_Choral_Synagogue_of_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2451" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/147px-Mosque_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/221px-Mosque_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mosque_SPB.jpg/294px-Mosque_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="4400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from left: Kronstadt: the Naval Cathedral on Yakornaya Square, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Church of St. Catherine (Saint Petersburg)">Church of St. Catherine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque" title="Saint Petersburg Mosque">Saint Petersburg Mosque</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Choral_Synagogue_(St._Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Choral Synagogue (St. Petersburg)">Grand Choral Synagogue of St. Petersburg</a></div></div></div></div> According to various opinion polls, more than half of the residents of Saint Petersburg "believe in <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>" (up to 67% according to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">VTsIOM</a> data for 2002). Among the believers, the overwhelming majority of the residents of the city are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> (57.5%), followed by small minority communities of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (0.7%), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> (0.6%), and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> (0.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> (0.1%).<a href="#cite_note-Religion-95">[89]</a> In total, roughly 59% of the population of the city is <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, of which over 90% are Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-95">[89]</a> Non-Abrahamic religions and other faiths are represented by only 1.2% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-95">[89]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Saint Petersburg as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<a href="#cite_note-2012ArenaAtlas-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-2012Arena-religion-maps-97">[91]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:50.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">50.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:MediumOrchid; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Christians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:3.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:20.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:15.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other and undeclared</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:7.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> There are 268 communities of confessions and religious associations in the city: the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (130 associations), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (23 associations), the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> (19 associations), <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> (13 associations), as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Buddhist, Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'í</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-95">[89]</a> 229 religious buildings in the city are owned or run by religious associations. Among them are architectural monuments of federal significance. The oldest cathedral in the city is the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, built between 1712 and 1733, and the largest is the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a>, completed in 1811. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Politics of Saint Petersburg">Politics of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersburg_German_architects_(42).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg/220px-Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg/330px-Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg/440px-Petersburg_German_architects_%2842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>The city assembly meets in the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Palace" title="Mariinsky Palace">Mariinsky Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> of Russia (a <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal city</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Charter of Saint Petersburg">Charter of Saint Petersburg</a> adopted by the city legislature in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> The superior executive body is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration" title="Saint Petersburg City Administration">Saint Petersburg City Administration</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Governor of Saint Petersburg">city governor</a> (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">single-chamber</a> legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly</a>, which is the city's <a href="/wiki/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia" title="Regional parliaments of Russia">regional parliament</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg/220px-RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg/330px-RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg/440px-RUS-2016-SPB-Smolny_Institute_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7188" data-file-height="4792" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny Institute</a>, seat of the governor</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">federal law</a> passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, were nominated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> and approved by local legislatures. Should the legislature disapprove the nominee, the President could dissolve it. The former governor, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Valentina Matviyenko</a>, was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in all of Russia until her resignation on 22 August 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as member of the Regional Council of Saint Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of rigging and ballot stuffing by the opposition. Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> has already backed her for the position of <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)">Speaker</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a> and her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Poltavchenko" title="Georgy Poltavchenko">Georgy Poltavchenko</a> was appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law,<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> restoring direct elections of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> On 3 October 2018, Poltavchenko resigned, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beglov" title="Alexander Beglov">Alexander Beglov</a> was appointed acting governor.<a href="#cite_note-beglov-102">[96]</a> Saint Petersburg is also the unofficial, de facto administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> (a separate federal subject), and of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Federal_District" title="Northwestern Federal District">Northwestern Federal District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a>, postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of Russia</a> moved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008. The relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of Russia</a> from Moscow to Saint Petersburg has been planned since 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Saint Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts: </td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative divisions of the city of Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Administrative divisions of the city of Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg/300px-Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg/450px-Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg/600px-Spb_all_districts_2005_abc_rus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3579" data-file-height="3437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Administrative divisions</a> of the city of Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralteysky_District" title="Admiralteysky District">Аdmiralteysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasileostrovsky_District" title="Vasileostrovsky District">Vasileostrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborgsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg">Vyborgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalininsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kalininsky District, Saint Petersburg">Kalininsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg">Кirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolpinsky_District" title="Kolpinsky District">Kolpinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogvardeysky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Krasnogvardeysky District, Saint Petersburg">Krasnogvardeysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoselsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Krasnoselsky District, Saint Petersburg">Кrasnoselsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronshtadtsky_District" title="Kronshtadtsky District">Kronshtadtsky</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="10"> <a href="/wiki/Kurortny_District" title="Kurortny District">Kurortny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Moskovsky District, Saint Petersburg">Moskovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevsky_District" title="Nevsky District">Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_District" title="Petrogradsky District">Petrogradsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodvortsovy_District" title="Petrodvortsovy District">Petrodvortsovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Primorsky District, Saint Petersburg">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkinsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg">Pushkinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunzensky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Frunzensky District, Saint Petersburg">Frunzensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Tsentralny District, Saint Petersburg">Tsentralny</a></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Within the boundaries of the districts, there are 111 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_divisions_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal divisions of Russia">intra-city municipalities</a>, 81 municipal districts, nine cities (<a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Zelenogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolpino,_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolpino, Saint Petersburg">Kolpino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoe_Selo" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoe Selo">Krasnoe Selo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov,_Russia" title="Lomonosov, Russia">Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Pavlovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petergof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushkin,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pushkin, Saint Petersburg">Pushkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a>) and 21 villages.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Economy of Saint Petersburg">Economy of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_(2022)_(41).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC_%282022%29_%2841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_International_Economic_Forum" title="St. Petersburg International Economic Forum">Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum</a> is a major Russian investment forum.</figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards; <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace industry</a>; technology, including radio, electronics, software, and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other <a href="/wiki/Military_technology_and_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military technology and equipment">military equipment</a>; mining; <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">instrument</a> manufacture; ferrous and nonferrous <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> (production of aluminium alloys); chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">pharmaceuticals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">medical equipment</a>; publishing and printing; food and catering; wholesale and retail; textile and <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">apparel</a> industries; and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along with <a href="/wiki/Russo-Balt" title="Russo-Balt">Russo-Baltic</a>); it was founded by machine tool and boilermaker G.A. Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky, and it survived until 1910.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg/220px-Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg/330px-Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg/440px-Admiralty_Shipyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Shipyard">Admiralty Shipyard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg/220px-Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg/330px-Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg/440px-Power_Machines_building_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Power Machines plant building on Sverdlovskaya embankment in Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> Ten per cent of the world's power <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> are made there at the <a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Metallichesky_Zavod" title="Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod">LMZ</a>, which built over two thousand turbines for <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a> across the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Major local industries are <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Shipyard">Admiralty Shipyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/LOMO" title="LOMO">LOMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Plant" title="Kirov Plant">Kirov Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektrosila" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrosila">Elektrosila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izhorskiye_Zavody" title="Izhorskiye Zavody">Izhorskiye Zavody</a>; also registered in Saint Petersburg are <a href="/wiki/Sovcomflot" title="Sovcomflot">Sovkomflot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_Fuel_Company" title="Petersburg Fuel Company">Petersburg Fuel Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibur" title="Sibur">SIBUR</a> among other major Russian and international companies. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Port_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Great Port of Saint Petersburg">Port of Saint Petersburg</a> has three large cargo <a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">terminals</a>, Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov,_Russia" title="Lomonosov, Russia">Lomonosov terminal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] International <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise liners</a> have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a>. In 2008, the first two berths opened at the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Port_of_St._Petersburg" title="Passenger Port of St. Petersburg">New Passenger Port</a> on the west of the island.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The new passenger terminal is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> and was due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] A complex system of riverports on both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva River</a> are interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the rest of Russia through the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mint" title="Saint Petersburg Mint">Saint Petersburg Mint</a> (Monetny Dvor), founded in 1724, is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mints</a> in the world, it mints <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian coins</a>, medals and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian foundry, Monumentskulptura, which made thousands of sculptures and statues that now grace the public parks of Saint Petersburg and many other cities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Monuments and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze statues</a> of the Tsars, as well as other important historic figures and dignitaries, and other world-famous monuments, such as the sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Clodt_von_J%C3%BCrgensburg" title="Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg">Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Troubetzkoy" title="Paolo Troubetzkoy">Paolo Troubetzkoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antokolsky" title="Mark Antokolsky">Mark Antokolsky</a>, and others, were made there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> opened a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Camry</a> plant after investing 5 billion rubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> and Nissan have also signed deals with the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russian government</a> to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] Saint Petersburg has a large brewery and distillery industry. Known as Russia's "beer capital" due to the supply and quality of local water, its five large breweries account for over 30% of the country's domestic beer production. They include Europe's second-largest brewery <a href="/wiki/Baltika_Breweries" title="Baltika Breweries">Baltika</a>, Vena (both operated by BBH), <a href="/wiki/Heineken_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken International">Heineken Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stepan Razin</a> (both by <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Pilsener">Heineken</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tinkoff_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinkoff brewery">Tinkoff brewery</a> (SUN-<a href="/wiki/InBev" title="InBev">InBev</a>). The city's many local <a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">distilleries</a> produce a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> brands. The oldest ones is <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" class="extiw" title="ru:Ливиз">LIVIZ</a> (founded in 1897). Among the youngest is <a href="/wiki/Russian_Standard_Vodka" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Standard Vodka">Russian Standard Vodka</a> introduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60 million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000 m2 (320,000 sq ft), production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour). In 2007, this brand was exported to over 70 countries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Saint Petersburg has the second largest <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction industry</a> in Russia, including commercial, housing, and road construction. In 2006, Saint Petersburg's city budget was 180 billion rubles (about 7 billion US$ at 2006 exchange rates).<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The federal subject's <a href="/wiki/Gross_Regional_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Regional Product">Gross Regional Product</a> as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit">[update]</a> was 3.7 trillion <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian rubles</a> (or around US$70 billion), ranked 2nd in Russia, after Moscow<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> and per capita of US$13,000, ranked 12th among Russia's federal subjects,<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> contributed mostly by wholesale and <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retail trade</a> and repair services (24.7%) as well as processing industry (20.9%) and transportation and telecommunications (15.1%).<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> (about 1.433 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates) In 2015, St. Petersburg was ranked in 4th place economically amongst all federal subjects of the Russian Federation, surpassed only by Moscow, the Tyumen and Moscow Region.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Landmarks of Saint Petersburg">Landmarks of Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralteystvo_on_water,_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg/220px-Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg/330px-Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg/440px-Admiralteystvo_on_water%2C_St.Petersburg_RUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Admiralty building in St. Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Kazan_Cathedral_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Isaac%27s_Square_SPB_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4902" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Square" title="Saint Isaac's Square">Saint Isaac's Square</a></figcaption></figure> The historic architecture of Saint Petersburg's city centre, mostly <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> and in recent years. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> in 1703 on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments</a> in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The ensemble of <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> takes a dominant position on <a href="/wiki/Zayachy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayachy Island">Zayachy Island</a> along the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva River</a>. Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque" title="Saint Petersburg Mosque">Saint Petersburg Mosque</a>, the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is on the right bank nearby. The <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Spit of Vasilievsky Island">Spit of Vasilievsky Island</a>, which splits the river into two largest armlets, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshaya Neva">Bolshaya Neva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaya Neva">Malaya Neva</a>, is connected to the northern bank (<a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_Island" title="Petrogradsky Island">Petrogradsky Island</a>) via the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Bridge" title="Exchange Bridge">Exchange Bridge</a> and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns">Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns</a>. The southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a> along the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Collegia" title="Twelve Collegia">Twelve Collegia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menshikov_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshikov Palace">Menshikov Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts" title="Imperial Academy of Arts">Imperial Academy of Arts</a>. It hosts one of two campuses of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a>. On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Bridge" title="Palace Bridge">Palace Bridge</a>, lie the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_building,_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty building</a>, the vast <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> complex stretching along the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Embankment" title="Palace Embankment">Palace Embankment</a>, which includes the Baroque <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, former official residence of Russian emperors, as well as the neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace" title="Marble Palace">Marble Palace</a>. The Winter Palace faces <a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a>, the city's main square with the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/220px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/330px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg/440px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter_and_Paul_Fortress_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6723" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg/220px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg/330px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg/440px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Field_of_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5611" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Mars_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Field of Mars (Saint Petersburg)">Field of Mars</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevsky Prospekt">Nevsky Prospekt</a>, also on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a>, is the city's main avenue. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses the <a href="/wiki/Moyka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyka River">Moika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Green Bridge (Saint Petersburg)">Green Bridge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Canal" title="Griboyedov Canal">Griboyedov Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazansky_Bridge" title="Kazansky Bridge">Kazansky Bridge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sadovaya_Street" title="Sadovaya Street">Garden Street</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anichkov_Bridge" title="Anichkov Bridge">Anichkov Bridge</a>), meets <a href="/wiki/Liteyny_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liteyny Prospekt">Liteyny Prospekt</a> and proceeds to <a href="/wiki/Vosstaniya_Square" title="Vosstaniya Square">Uprising Square</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Rail_Terminal_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Rail Terminal (Saint Petersburg)">Moskovsky railway station</a>, where it meets <a href="/wiki/Ligovsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligovsky Prospekt">Ligovsky Prospekt</a> and turns to the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Alexander Nevsky Lavra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Passage_(department_store)" title="Passage (department store)">The Passage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church of St. Catherine (Saint Petersburg)">Catholic Church of St. Catherine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singer_House" title="Singer House">Book House</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer Manufacturing Company</a> Building in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style), <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_Europe" title="Grand Hotel Europe">Grand Hotel Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul" title="Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul">Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Gostiny_Dvor" title="Great Gostiny Dvor">Great Gostiny Dvor</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">Russian National Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrinsky_Theatre" title="Alexandrinsky Theatre">Alexandrine Theatre</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mikeshin" title="Mikhail Mikeshin">Mikeshin</a>'s statue of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_Palace" title="Stroganov Palace">Stroganov Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anichkov_Palace" title="Anichkov Palace">Anichkov Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beloselsky-Belozersky_Palace" title="Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace">Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace</a> are all along that avenue. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg/220px-Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg/330px-Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg/440px-Nevsky_Avenue_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevsky Prospekt">Nevsky Prospekt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5626" data-file-height="3751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a> during Christmas</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Alexander Nevsky Lavra</a>, intended to house the relics of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, is an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Christian education</a> in Russia. It also contains the <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery" title="Tikhvin Cemetery">Tikhvin Cemetery</a> with graves of many notable Petersburgers. On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a>, Mikhailovsky Palace housing the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Mars_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Field of Mars (Saint Petersburg)">Field of Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_Castle" title="Saint Michael's Castle">St. Michael's Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Garden" title="Summer Garden">Summer Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Convent" title="Smolny Convent">Smolny Convent</a> are located.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_(20956466968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg/220px-The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg/330px-The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg/440px-The_Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Spilled_Blood_%2820956466968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a>, seen from <a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Canal" title="Griboyedov Canal">Griboyedov Canal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/220px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/330px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg/440px-Smolny_Cathedral_SPB_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smolny_Convent" title="Smolny Convent">Smolny Convent</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a></figcaption></figure>Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Trinity Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Palace" title="Mariinsky Palace">Mariinsky Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Astoria_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Hotel Astoria (Saint Petersburg)">Hotel Astoria</a>, famous <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>, the largest in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Senate Square (Saint Petersburg)">Senate Square</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a>, 18th-century equestrian monument to <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols. Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the <a href="/wiki/Weather_vane" title="Weather vane">weather vane</a> in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawn</a> at night is yet another symbol of the city. From April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> It was not until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which does not need to be drawn, <a href="/wiki/Big_Obukhovsky_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Obukhovsky Bridge">Big Obukhovsky Bridge</a>, was opened. The most remarkable bridges of our days are Korabelny and Petrovsky cable-stayed bridges, which form the most spectacular part of the city toll road, <a href="/wiki/Western_High-Speed_Diameter" title="Western High-Speed Diameter">Western High-Speed Diameter</a>. There are hundreds of smaller <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of bridges in Saint Petersburg">bridges in Saint Petersburg</a> spanning numerous canals and distributaries of the Neva, some of the most important of which are the <a href="/wiki/Moyka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyka River">Moika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontanka" title="Fontanka">Fontanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Canal" title="Griboyedov Canal">Griboyedov Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obvodny_Canal" title="Obvodny Canal">Obvodny Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpovka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpovka River">Karpovka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smolenka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Smolenka River">Smolenka</a>. Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called <a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a>. The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals by <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg/220px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg/330px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg/440px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peterhof_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4207" data-file-height="2804" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petergof</a>, with majestic fountain cascades and parks, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoe Selo</a>, with the baroque <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a> and the neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palace" title="Alexander Palace">Alexander Palace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk</a>, which has a domed palace of <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Emperor Paul</a> and one of Europe's largest English-style parks. Some other residences nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, actually belong to <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> with its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_Island" title="Kotlin Island">Kotlin Island</a> in the Gulf of Finland. Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses. Some of these structures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Commodity_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange">Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange</a> have been recognised as town-planning errors.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Friendship_in_Pavlovsk_Park_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The "Temple of Friendship" in <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Park" title="Pavlovsk Park">Pavlovsk Park</a></figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is home to many parks and gardens. Some of the most well-known are in the southern suburbs, including <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk</a>, one of Europe's largest <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English gardens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sosnovka" title="Sosnovka">Sosnovka</a> is the largest park within the city limits, occupying 240 ha. The <a href="/wiki/Summer_Garden" title="Summer Garden">Summer Garden</a> is the oldest, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is on the Neva's southern bank at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures. Among other notable parks are the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Victory_Park" title="Maritime Victory Park">Maritime Victory Park</a> on <a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Island" title="Krestovsky Island">Krestovsky Island</a> and the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory over <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the Second World War, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Scherbakov_Park_of_Culture_and_Leisure" title="Central Scherbakov Park of Culture and Leisure">Central Park of Culture and Leisure</a> occupying <a href="/wiki/Yelagin_Island" title="Yelagin Island">Yelagin Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Garden" title="Tauride Garden">Tauride Garden</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a>. The most common trees grown in the parks are the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">English oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_platanoides" title="Acer platanoides">Norway maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica">green ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">silver birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Larch" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Larch">Siberian Larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_pungens" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea pungens">blue spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salix_euxina" title="Salix euxina">crack willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">limes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplars</a>. Important <a href="/wiki/Xylotheque" title="Xylotheque">dendrological collections</a> dating back to the 19th century are hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden" title="Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden">Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden</a> and the Park of the Forestry Academy. In order to commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg a new park was laid out. The park is in the northwestern part of the city. The construction was started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory of <a href="/wiki/Lakhta_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhta Center">Lakhta Center</a>'s recreation areas. In the park 300 trees of valuable sorts, 300 decorative apple trees, 70 limes. 300 other trees and bushes were planted. These trees were presented to Saint Petersburg by non-commercial and educational organizations of the city, its sister-cities, the city of Helsinki, heads of other regions of Russia, German Savings Bank and other people and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameron gallery in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/192px-Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/288px-Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg/384px-Cameron_gallery_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cameron gallery in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grotto pavilion in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/180px-Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/270px-Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/360px-Grot_pavilion_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grotto pavilion in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg/181px-Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg/272px-Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg/363px-Liceum_building_in_Tsarskoe_Selo_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2119" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">The Imperial Lyceum</a> in Tsarskoye Selo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Menshikov Palace"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg/180px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg/270px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg/360px-RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Grand_Menshikov_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6717" data-file-height="4478" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand Menshikov Palace</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tall_structures">Tall structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tall structures">edit</a>]</div> Regulations forbid the construction of tall buildings in Saint Petersburg's city centre. Until the early 2010s, three <a href="/wiki/Skyscrapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyscrapers">skyscrapers</a> were built: Leader Tower (140 m), Alexander Nevsky (124 m), and Atlantic City (105 m) – all situated far from the historical centre. The 310-metre (1,020 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_TV_Tower" title="Saint Petersburg TV Tower">Saint Petersburg TV Tower</a>, constructed in 1962, was the tallest structure in the city. However, a controversial project endorsed by the city authorities was announced, known as the <a href="/wiki/Okhta_Center" title="Okhta Center">Okhta Center</a>, to build a 396-metre (1,299 ft) <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">supertall</a> skyscraper. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> included the Saint Petersburg historic skyline on the watch list of the 100 most endangered sites due to the expected construction, which threatened to alter it drastically.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> The Okhta Center project was cancelled at the end of 2010. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Lakhta_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhta Center">Lakhta Center</a> project began in the city's outskirts, to include a 463-metre (1,519 ft) tall office skyscraper and several low-rise mixed-use buildings. The latter project caused much less controversy. Unlike the previous unbuilt project, it was not seen by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a potential threat to the city's cultural heritage due to its remote location from the historic centre. The skyscraper was completed in 2019, and at 462.5 meters, it is currently the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">tallest in Russia and Europe</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakhta_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhta Center">Lakhta Center</a>, the tallest building in Europe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs discussion on how the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has affected tourism. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Saint Petersburg</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/260px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/390px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg/520px-Catherine_Palace_in_Tsarskoe_Selo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2451" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarskoe Selo">Tsarskoe Selo</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/540bis">540bis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1990 (14th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2013</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">3,934.1 ha (15.190 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> The city's 18th and 19th-century architectural ensemble and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centres of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped it retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city centre. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_(autochrome).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg/220px-Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg/330px-Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg/440px-Andrey_Zeest_-_Amber_Room_2_%28autochrome%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amber_Room" title="Amber Room">Amber Room</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a></figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage. The city has 221 museums, 2,000 libraries, more than 80 theatres, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas, and 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Peterhof,_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg/220px-Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg/330px-Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg/440px-Schloss_Peterhof%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Kaskade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Grand Peterhof Palace and the Grand Cascade</figcaption></figure> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">economic instability of the 1990s</a>, not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and Pushkin's Petersburg. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a> with its rich collection of <a href="/wiki/Russian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian art">Russian art</a>, but also the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so-called small-town museums and others like the museum of famous Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>; Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia_-_Bolshoi_Zal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>The Bolshoi Zal (Grand Hall) of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonia">Saint Petersburg Philharmonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns">Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">musical life</a> of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals. Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev" title="Rudolf Nureyev">Rudolf Nureyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school but also ballets by those like <a href="/wiki/Boris_Eifman" title="Boris Eifman">Boris Eifman</a>, who expanded the scope of strict classical <a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Russian ballet</a> to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at the <a href="/wiki/Vaganova_Academy_of_Russian_Ballet" title="Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet">Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet</a>), he combined <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">classical ballet</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde style</a>, and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">cinema</a>, color, light, and finally with spoken word. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has impacted on tourism. The British <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a> advises against travelling to Russia, including Saint Petersburg, noting there have been reports of fires and explosions in areas close to the city.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media and communications">edit</a>]</div> All major Russian newspapers are active in Saint Petersburg. The city has a developed telecommunications system. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a>, the national operator, announced the beginning of a major modernization of the fixed-line network in the city.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Society and culture in Saint Petersburg">Society and culture in Saint Petersburg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of museums in Saint Petersburg">List of museums in Saint Petersburg</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The State Hermitage Museum (Hermitage Theatre, Old Hermitage, Small Hermitage and Winter Palace, all part of the current museum complex)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/600px-Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/900px-Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/1200px-Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7617" data-file-height="3356" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermitage_Museum_in_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" title="File:Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/State_Hermitage_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Hermitage Museum">State Hermitage Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Theatre" title="Hermitage Theatre">Hermitage Theatre</a>, Old Hermitage, Small Hermitage and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, all part of the current museum complex)</div></div></div> Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them in historic buildings. The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> that features the interiors of the former imperial residence and a vast collection of art. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a> is a large museum devoted to Russian fine art. The apartments of some famous people, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zoshchenko" title="Mikhail Zoshchenko">Mikhail Zoshchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a>, as well as some palace and park ensembles of the southern suburbs and notable architectural monuments such as St. Isaac's Cathedral, have also been turned into public museums. The <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>, with its collection established in 1714 by Peter the Great to collect curiosities from all over the world, is sometimes considered the first museum in Russia, which has evolved into the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ethnography_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ethnography Museum">Russian Ethnography Museum</a>, which has been split from the Russian Museum, is devoted to the cultures of the people of Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a> and Russian Empire. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The State Hermitage Museum is the largest art museum in the world by gallery space.[122]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg/200px-Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg/300px-Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg/400px-Exterior_of_Hermitage_Museum-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The State Hermitage Museum is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest art museum</a> in the world by <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">gallery</a> space.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_museam.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The State Russian Museum is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_museam.JPG/200px-Russian_museam.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_museam.JPG/300px-Russian_museam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_museam.JPG/400px-Russian_museam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The State Russian Museum is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Russian Museum of Ethnography is one of the largest ethnographic museums in the world.[123]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg/200px-%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg/300px-%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg/400px-%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%28%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%91%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Russian Museum of Ethnography is one of the largest ethnographic museums in the world.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></div> </li> </ul> A number of museums provide insight into the Soviet history of Saint Petersburg, including the Museum of the Blockade, which describes the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> and the Museum of Political History, which explains many authoritarian features of the USSR. Other notable museums include the <a href="/wiki/Central_Naval_Museum" title="Central Naval Museum">Central Naval Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Museum_of_the_Zoological_Institute_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Zoological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Central_Soil_Museum_by_V._V._Dokuchaev" class="mw-redirect" title="The Central Soil Museum by V. V. Dokuchaev">Central Soil Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Museum" title="Russian Railway Museum">Russian Railway Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suvorov_Museum" title="Suvorov Museum">Suvorov Museum</a>, Museum of the Siege of Leningrad, <a href="/wiki/Erarta" title="Erarta">Erarta Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, the largest non-governmental museum of contemporary art in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Museum_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg Museum of History">Saint Petersburg Museum of History</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Historical_Museum_of_Artillery,_Engineers_and_Signal_Corps" title="Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps">Artillery Museum</a>, which includes not only artillery items, but also a huge collection of other military equipment, uniforms, and decorations. Amongst others, Saint Petersburg also hosts State Museum of the History of Religion, one of the eldest museums in Russia about religion depicting cultural representations from various parts of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_(18271919528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg/600px-Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg/900px-Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg/1200px-Profusion_of_gold_at_the_Mariinsky_Theatre_%2818271919528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11891" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>The main auditorium of the Mariinsky Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg/220px-2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg/330px-2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg/440px-2022-05-18_-_Panorama_of_Stalls_and_Boxes_at_the_Main_Mariinsky_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4581" data-file-height="3152" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of stalls and boxes at the Main Mariinsky Theatre</figcaption></figure> Among the city's more than fifty theatres is the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a> (formerly known as the Kirov Theatre), home to the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet" title="Mariinsky Ballet">Mariinsky Ballet</a> company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as <a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlova" title="Anna Pavlova">Anna Pavlova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev" title="Rudolf Nureyev">Rudolph Nureyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galina_Ulanova" title="Galina Ulanova">Galina Ulanova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a>, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet. The first music school, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory" title="Saint Petersburg Conservatory">Saint Petersburg Conservatory</a>, was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein</a>. The school alumni have included such notable composers as <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Kapp" title="Artur Kapp">Artur Kapp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, who taught at the conservatory during the 1960s, bringing it additional fame. The renowned Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> also taught at the conservatory from 1871 to 1905. Among his students were <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazounov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Glazounov">Alexander Glazounov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Liadov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Liadov">Anatoly Liadov</a> and others. The former St. Petersburg apartment of Rimsky-Korsakov has been faithfully preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov_Apartment_and_Museum" title="Rimsky-Korsakov Apartment and Museum">composer's only museum</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shou_alie_parusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shou_alie_parusa.jpg/220px-Shou_alie_parusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shou_alie_parusa.jpg/330px-Shou_alie_parusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Shou_alie_parusa.jpg/440px-Shou_alie_parusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sails_(tradition)" title="Scarlet Sails (tradition)">Scarlet Sails</a> celebration on the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva River</a></figcaption></figure> Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Shostakovich)">Seventh Symphony</a> to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony". He wrote the symphony while based in the city during the siege of Leningrad. It was premiered in Samara in March 1942; a few months later, it received its first <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_premi%C3%A8re_of_Shostakovich%27s_Symphony_No._7" title="Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7">performance</a> in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Eliasberg" title="Karl Eliasberg">Karl Eliasberg</a>. It was heard over the radio and was said to have lifted the spirits of the surviving population.<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> In 1992, the 7th Symphony was performed by the 14 surviving orchestral players of the Leningrad premiere in the same hall as half a century before.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra</a> remained one of the best known <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">symphony orchestras</a> in the world under the leadership of conductors <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Temirkanov" title="Yuri Temirkanov">Yuri Temirkanov</a>. Mravinsky's term as artistic director of the Leningrad Philharmonic – a term that is possibly the longest of any conductor with any orchestra in modern times – led the orchestra from a little-known provincial ensemble to one of the world's most highly regarded orchestras, especially for the performance of Russian music. The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal courts</a> of other European capitals. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_(Alexandrinsky_Theatre)_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%28Alexandrinsky_Theatre%29_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5..._2H1A8042WI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5360" data-file-height="3536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alexandrinsky_Theatre" title="Alexandrinsky Theatre">Alexandrinsky Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the country. The early Soviet <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> bands founded here included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Teplitsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Teplitsky (page does not exist)">Leopold Teplitsky</a>'s First Concert Jazz Band (1927,) <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Utyosov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Utyosov">Leonid Utyosov</a> 's TheaJazz (1928, under the patronage of composer <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Dunayevsky" title="Isaak Dunayevsky">Isaak Dunayevsky</a>) and Georgy Landsberg's Jazz Cappella (1929). The first jazz appreciation society in the Soviet Union was founded here in 1958 as J58, and later named <a href="/wiki/Jazz_club" title="Jazz club">jazz club</a> Kvadrat. In 1956 the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky and <a href="/wiki/Edita_Piekha" title="Edita Piekha">Edita Piekha</a> to become the first popular band in the USSR during the 1950s. In the 1960s student rock-groups Argonavty, Kochevniki and others pioneered a series of unofficial and <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground rock</a> concerts and festivals. In 1972 <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grebenshchikov" title="Boris Grebenshchikov">Boris Grebenshchikov</a> founded the band <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>, which later grew to huge popularity. Since then "Peter's rock" <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music style</a> was formed. In the 1970s many bands came out from the "underground" scene and eventually founded the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Rock_Club" title="Leningrad Rock Club">Leningrad Rock Club</a>, which provided a stage to bands such as <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemlyane" title="Zemlyane">Zemlyane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoopark_(band)" title="Zoopark (band)">Zoopark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Piknik">Piknik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secret_(Russian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret (Russian band)">Secret</a>. The first Russian-style happening show <a href="/wiki/Pop-Mechanics" title="Pop-Mechanics">Pop Mekhanika</a>, mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Sergey Kuryokhin</a> in the 1980s. The Sergey Kuryokhin International Festival (SKIF) is named after him. In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Kuryokhin_Center" title="Kuryokhin Center">Kuryokhin Center</a> was founded, where the SKIF and the Electro-Mechanica and Ethnomechanica festivals take place. SKIF focuses on <a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental pop music">experimental pop music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a>, Electro-Mechanica on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, and Ethnomechanica on <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>. Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shnurov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Shnurov">Sergei Shnurov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequilajazzz" title="Tequilajazzz">Tequilajazzz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splean" title="Splean">Splean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a>, to rock veterans <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shevchuk" title="Yuri Shevchuk">Yuri Shevchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Butusov" title="Vyacheslav Butusov">Vyacheslav Butusov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Boyarsky" title="Mikhail Boyarsky">Mikhail Boyarsky</a>. In the early 2000s the city saw a wave of popularity of <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapcore">rapcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emocore" class="mw-redirect" title="Emocore">emocore</a>, and there are bands such as <a href="/wiki/Amatory_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatory (band)">Amatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirpichi" title="Kirpichi">Kirpichi</a>, Psychea, <a href="/wiki/Stigmata_(Russian_band)" title="Stigmata (Russian band)">Stigmata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenouer" title="Grenouer">Grenouer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Jazz" title="Animal Jazz">Animal Jazz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/White_Nights_Festival" title="White Nights Festival">White Nights Festival</a> in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and a massive show celebrating the end of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">school year</a>. The rave band <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Big (group)">Little Big</a> also hails from Saint Petersburg. Their music video for "<a href="/wiki/Skibidi" title="Skibidi">Skibidi</a>" was filmed in the city, starting at Akademicheskiy Pereulok.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg/220px-Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg/330px-Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg/440px-Spb_Vasilievsky_Island_Pushkin_House_asv2019-09_img10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="3588" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_House" title="Pushkin House">Pushkin House</a></figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world-famous tradition in literature. <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a> called it "The most abstract and intentional city in the world", emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It often appeared to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian language writers">Russian writers</a> as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a>, the novels of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>, the verse of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelshtam</a>, and in the symbolist novel <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrey Bely</a>. According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of Saint Petersburg' in Universe and the Mind, these writers were inspired by symbolism from within the city itself. The effect of life in Saint Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important theme for authors such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a>, Gogol, and Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early Saint Petersburg literature is its mythical element, which incorporates <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> and popular <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost stories</a>, as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to Saint Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other fantastical elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of Saint Petersburg. Twentieth-century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, Andrey Bely and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, along with his apprentices, The <a href="/wiki/Serapion_Brothers" title="Serapion Brothers">Serapion Brothers</a>, created entirely new styles in literature and contributed new insights to the understanding of society through their experience in this city. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a> became an important leader for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian language poets">Russian poetry</a>. Her poem Requiem adumbrates the perils encountered during the Stalinist era. Another notable 20th-century writer from Saint Petersburg is <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a>, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1987). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in Saint Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as, "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic "In a Room and a Half".<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg/220px-Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg/330px-Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg/440px-Konstantin_Khabensky_%E2%80%94_2018_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5333" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Khabensky" title="Konstantin Khabensky">Konstantin Khabensky</a>, known for his roles in <a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(2004_film)" title="Night Watch (2004 film)">Night Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_Watch_(film)" title="Day Watch (film)">Day Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Admiral_(2008_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Admiral (2008 film)">Admiral</a>, is a native of Saint Petersburg.</figcaption></figure> Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Well over a thousand feature films about tsars, revolution, people and stories set in Saint Petersburg have been produced worldwide but not filmed in the city. The first <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">film studios</a> were founded in Saint Petersburg in the 20th century and since the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Lenfilm" title="Lenfilm">Lenfilm</a> has been the largest film studio based in Saint Petersburg. The first foreign feature movie filmed entirely in Saint Petersburg was the 1997 production of Tolstoy's <a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1997_film)" title="Anna Karenina (1997 film)">Anna Karenina</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Marceau" title="Sophie Marceau">Sophie Marceau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a> and made by an international team of British, American, French and Russian filmmakers. The cult comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Irony_of_Fate" title="The Irony of Fate">Irony of Fate</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 film <a href="/wiki/White_Nights_(1985_film)" title="White Nights (1985 film)">White Nights</a> received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye" title="GoldenEye">GoldenEye</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Midnight in Saint Petersburg">Midnight in Saint Petersburg</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Brother_(1997_film)" title="Brother (1997 film)">Brother</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a> romantic <a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller film</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dhaam_Dhoom" title="Dhaam Dhoom">Dhaam Dhoom</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin#Film" title="Eugene Onegin">Onegin</a> (1999) is based on the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a> poem and showcases many <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a>. In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, <a href="/wiki/Piter_FM" title="Piter FM">Piter FM</a>, intricately showcases the cityscape, almost as if it were a main character in the film. Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Festivals,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg">Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg</a>, as well as the Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights.<a href="#cite_note-Message_To_Man-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic_theatre">Dramatic theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dramatic theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of theatres in Saint Petersburg">List of theatres in Saint Petersburg</a></div> St Petersburg has a number of dramatic theatres and drama schools. These include the Student Theatre on <a href="/wiki/Mokhovaya_Street_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Mokhovaya Street (Saint Petersburg)">Mokhovaya Street</a>. <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="ru:Учебный театр «На Моховой»">Учебный театр «На Моховой»</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naliteinom.ru">Leteiny Theatre</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtfontanka.spb.ru/">Youth Theatre on the Fontanka</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_and_academic_institutions_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg">List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg</a></div> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit">[update]</a>–2007, there were 1,024 kindergartens, 716 <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> and 80 <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational</a> schools in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> The largest of the public higher education institutions is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a>, enrolling approximately 32,000 undergraduate students; and the largest non-governmental higher education institutions is the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Institute_of_International_Trade,_Economics_and_Law" title="St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics and Law">Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics, and Law</a>. Other famous universities are <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Polytechnic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University">Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herzen_University" title="Herzen University">Herzen University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics_and_Finance" title="Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance">Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering" title="Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering">Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering-technical_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineering-technical university">Saint Petersburg Military engineering-technical university</a>. However, the public universities are all federal property and do not belong to the city. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:828px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Twelve Collegia of Saint Petersburg State University"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg/820px-SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg" decoding="async" width="820" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg/1230px-SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg/1640px-SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9359" data-file-height="2231" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg" title="File:SPB-Univer-12kol.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Collegia" title="Twelve Collegia">Twelve Collegia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Sport in Saint Petersburg">Sport in Saint Petersburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg,_Russia_(43506287930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Petersburg%2C_Russia_%2843506287930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Stadium" title="Krestovsky Stadium">Gazprom Arena</a> on <a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Island" title="Krestovsky Island">Krestovsky Island</a></figcaption></figure> Leningrad hosted part of the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics">association football tournament</a> during the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a>. The 1994 <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a> were also held here. In boating, the first competition here was the 1703 <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish fleet</a>. The Russian Navy held <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">Yachting</a> events since the foundation of the city. <a href="/wiki/Yacht_club" title="Yacht club">Yacht clubs</a>:<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_River_Yacht_Club" title="St. Petersburg River Yacht Club">St. Petersburg River Yacht Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neva_Yacht_Club" title="Neva Yacht Club">Neva Yacht Club</a>, the latter is the oldest yacht club in the world. In the winter, when the sea and lake surfaces are frozen and yachts and dinghies cannot be used, local people sail <a href="/wiki/Ice_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice boat">ice boats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a> has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of <a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">military training</a>. Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh. <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> tradition was highlighted by the 1914 international tournament, partially funded by the Tsar, in which the title "Grandmaster" was first formally conferred by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Russian Tsar Nicholas II</a> to five players: <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">Capablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Tarrasch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Marshall</a>. The city's main football team is <a href="/wiki/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg" title="FC Zenit Saint Petersburg">FC Zenit Saint Petersburg</a>, who have been champions of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Top_League" title="Soviet Top League">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Russian</a> league nine times, most notably claiming the RPL title in four consecutive seasons from 2018–19 to 2021–22, along with winning the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Cup" title="Soviet Cup">Soviet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Russian_Cup_(football)" title="Russian Cup (football)">Russian Cup</a> five times. The club also won the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup" title="2007–08 UEFA Cup">2007–08 UEFA Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_UEFA_Super_Cup" title="2008 UEFA Super Cup">2008 UEFA Super Cup</a>, spearheaded by successful player and local hero <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Arshavin" title="Andrey Arshavin">Andrey Arshavin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Stadium" title="Kirov Stadium">Kirov Stadium</a> formerly existed as Zenit's home from 1950 to 1993 and again in 1995, being one of the largest stadiums in the world at the time. In 1951 a crowd of 110,000 set the single-game attendance record for Soviet football. The stadium was knocked down in 2006, with Zenit temporarily moving to the <a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_Stadium" title="Petrovsky Stadium">Petrovsky Stadium</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Stadium" title="Krestovsky Stadium">Krestovsky Stadium</a> was built on the same site as the Kirov Stadium. The Krestovsky Stadium opened in 2017, hosting four matches at the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2017 FIFA Confederations Cup">2017 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Final">final</a>. The stadium then hosted seven matches at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>, including a semi-final and the third-placed playoff. It also hosted seven matches at <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a>, including a quarter-final. The stadium was going to host the <a href="/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_final" title="2022 UEFA Champions League final">2022 UEFA Champions League final</a>, however UEFA removed St Petersburg as host in February 2022, citing the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Hockey teams in the city include <a href="/wiki/SKA_Saint_Petersburg" title="SKA Saint Petersburg">SKA Saint Petersburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/KHL" class="mw-redirect" title="KHL">KHL</a>, <a href="/wiki/HC_VMF_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="HC VMF St. Petersburg">HC VMF St. Petersburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/VHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VHL">VHL</a>, and junior clubs <a href="/wiki/SKA-1946" title="SKA-1946">SKA-1946</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Lions">Silver Lions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Major_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Major League">Russian Major League</a>. SKA Saint Petersburg is one of the most popular in the KHL, consistently being at or near the top of the league in attendance. Along with their popularity, they are one of the best teams in the KHL right now, as they have won the <a href="/wiki/Gagarin_Cup" title="Gagarin Cup">Gagarin Cup</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Well-known players on the team include <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Datsyuk" title="Pavel Datsyuk">Pavel Datsyuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Kovalchuk" title="Ilya Kovalchuk">Ilya Kovalchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Gusev" title="Nikita Gusev">Nikita Gusev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shirokov" title="Sergei Shirokov">Sergei Shirokov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tikhonov_(ice_hockey_b._1988)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Tikhonov (ice hockey b. 1988)">Viktor Tikhonov</a>. During the NHL lockout, stars Ilya Kovalchuk, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bobrovsky" title="Sergei Bobrovsky">Sergei Bobrovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tarasenko" title="Vladimir Tarasenko">Vladimir Tarasenko</a> also played for the team. They play their home games at <a href="/wiki/SKA_Arena" title="SKA Arena">SKA Arena</a>. The city's long-time basketball team is <a href="/wiki/BC_Spartak_Saint_Petersburg" title="BC Spartak Saint Petersburg">BC Spartak Saint Petersburg</a>, which launched the career of <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko" title="Andrei Kirilenko">Andrei Kirilenko</a>. BC Spartak Saint Petersburg won two championships in the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Premier_Basketball_League" title="USSR Premier Basketball League">USSR Premier League</a> (1975 and 1992), two <a href="/wiki/USSR_Basketball_Cup" title="USSR Basketball Cup">USSR Cups</a> (1978 and 1987), and a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Basketball_Cup" title="Russian Basketball Cup">Russian Cup</a> title (2011). They also won the <a href="/wiki/Saporta_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Saporta Cup">Saporta Cup</a> twice (1973 and 1975). Legends of the club include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belov" title="Alexander Belov">Alexander Belov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kondrashin" title="Vladimir Kondrashin">Vladimir Kondrashin</a>. <a href="/wiki/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg" title="BC Zenit Saint Petersburg">BC Zenit Saint Petersburg</a> also play in the city, being formed in 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg/220px-Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg/330px-Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg/440px-Spb_06-2017_img46_ZSD_bridge_at_Krestovsky_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4271" data-file-height="2669" /></a><figcaption>A section of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rapid_Diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Rapid Diameter">Western High-Speed Diameter</a></figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has kept pace with the city's growth. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg tram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Saint Petersburg Metro</a>, and is home to several riverine services that convey passengers around the city efficiently and in relative comfort. The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by several federal highways and national and international rail routes. <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Pulkovo Airport</a> serves most of the air passengers departing from or arriving to the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg/220px-Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg/330px-Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg/440px-Tram_LM-99AV_in_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>Tram passing by Kronverksy Avenue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg/220px-Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg/330px-Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg/440px-Metro_SPB_Line1_Narvskaya1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narvskaya" title="Narvskaya">Narvskaya</a> station of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Saint Petersburg Metro</a>, opened in 1955</figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses, <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Saint Petersburg">trams</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trolleybuses_in_St._Petersburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trolleybuses in St. Petersburg (page does not exist)">trolleybuses</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Санкт-петербургский троллейбус">ru</a>]) and several hundred routes served by <a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutkas</a>. In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutkas</a> have been mostly phased out in favor of publicly owned buses.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Saint Petersburg">Trams in Saint Petersburg</a> used to be the main means of transport; in the 1980s this was the largest tram network globally, but many tracks were dismantled in the 2000s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_(img2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/220px-AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/330px-AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg/440px-AKSM-32100D_in_SPB_%28img2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevsky Prospekt">Nevsky Prospekt</a></figcaption></figure> Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Saint Petersburg Metro</a> underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 72 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2.3 million passengers daily.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze. As of 2018, the Saint Petersburg Metro will include new stations: Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya, Shushary, Begovaya, and Novokrestovskaya, the latter built specifically to offer convenient access to the stadium during the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> games and games played by FC Zenit.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px solid #ddd; float:center; margin:5px auto 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:5px;">Saint Petersburg Metro map </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png/500px-Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="658" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png/750px-Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png/1000px-Saint_Petersburg_metro_map_ENG.png 2x" data-file-width="4609" data-file-height="6061" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic jams</a> are common in the city due to daily commuter traffic volumes, intercity traffic and excessive winter snow. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">freeways</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Ring_Road" title="Saint Petersburg Ring Road">Saint Petersburg Ring Road</a>, completed in 2011, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rapid_Diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Rapid Diameter">Western High-Speed Diameter</a>, completed in 2017, helped reduce the traffic in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_motorway" title="Moscow–Saint Petersburg motorway">M11 Neva</a>, also known as the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Motorway, is a <a href="/wiki/Russian_federal_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian federal highway">federal highway</a>, and connects Saint Petersburg to Moscow by a freeway. Saint Petersburg is an important <a href="/wiki/Transport_corridor" title="Transport corridor">transport corridor</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> to Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the <a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">international European routes</a> <a href="/wiki/European_route_E18" title="European route E18">E18</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_route_E20" title="European route E20">E20</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_route_E95" title="European route E95">E95</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E105" title="European route E105">E105</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes" title="Kirkenes">Kirkenes</a> (north) and towards Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> (south). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Waterways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg/220px-St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg/330px-St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg/440px-St._Petersburg_Russia_Hydrofoil_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a> docking in Saint Petersburg upon arrival from <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a> (2008)</figcaption></figure> The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the <a href="/wiki/Neva_Bay" title="Neva Bay">Neva Bay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the river port higher up the Neva and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal" title="White Sea–Baltic Canal">White Sea–Baltic</a> waterways. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, the 2,824-metre-long (9,265 ft) <a href="/wiki/Big_Obukhovsky_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Obukhovsky Bridge">Big Obukhovsky Bridge</a> opened in 2004. Meteor <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoils</a> link the city centre to the coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg" title="Shlisselburg">Shlisselburg</a> from May through October.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In the warmer months many smaller boats and water-taxis navigate the city's canals. The shipping company <a href="/wiki/St._Peter_Line" title="St. Peter Line">St. Peter Line</a> operates two ferries that sail from <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> to Saint Petersburg and from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> to Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Rail transport in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a> high-speed train runs between Saint Petersburg and Moscow.</figcaption></figure> The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (<a href="/wiki/Baltiysky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltiysky Rail Terminal">Baltiysky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finlyandsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlyandsky Rail Terminal">Finlyandsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladozhsky Rail Terminal">Ladozhsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Rail_Terminal_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Rail Terminal (Saint Petersburg)">Moskovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsky Rail Terminal">Vitebsky</a>),<a href="#cite_note-147">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> as well as dozens of non-terminal <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">railway stations</a> within the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, Berlin, Germany, and many former republics of the USSR. The <a href="/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki_%E2%80%93_Saint_Petersburg_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Riihimäki – Saint Petersburg Railway">Helsinki railway</a>, built in 1870 and 443 kilometres (275 mi) long, had until 2022 trains running five times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Trains_Class_Sm6" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian Trains Class Sm6">Allegro</a> train. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway" title="Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway">Moscow–Saint Petersburg Railway</a> opened in 1851, and is 651 kilometres (405 mi) long; the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> launched a high speed service for the Moscow–Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as <a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a>, is a derivative of the popular <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a> train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 kilometres per hour (175 mph)<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> and on 7 May 2009, travelling at 290 kilometres per hour (180 mph). From 12 December 2010 until March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Trains" title="Karelian Trains">Karelian Trains</a>, a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR (Finnish Railways)</a>, has been running <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Trains_Class_Sm6" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelian Trains Class Sm6">Alstom Pendolino</a> operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's <a href="/wiki/Finlyandsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlyandsky Rail Terminal">Finlyandsky</a> and Helsinki's <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Central railway station">Central</a> railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. "Allegro" is known for suffering some big technical problems from time to time, which sometimes result in significant delays and even cancellation of tourists' trips.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> The service has been suspended indefinitely in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and is not expected to resume. <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px solid #ddd; float:center; margin:5px auto 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:5px;">Intercity and suburban rail terminals of St. Petersburg </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px; height: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vitebsky Station"><img alt="Vitebsky Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg/136px-Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg/204px-Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg/272px-Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2578" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsky Rail Terminal">Vitebsky Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px; height: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moskovsky Station"><img alt="Moskovsky Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg/136px-Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg/204px-Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg/272px-Spb_06-2017_img19_Moskovsky_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4360" data-file-height="2453" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Rail_Terminal_(Saint_Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Rail Terminal (Saint Petersburg)">Moskovsky Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px; height: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baltiysky Station"><img alt="Baltiysky Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg/136px-Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg/204px-Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg/272px-Spb_06-2012_Baltic_Railway_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="1915" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baltiysky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltiysky Rail Terminal">Baltiysky Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px; height: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finlyandsky Station"><img alt="Finlyandsky Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg/136px-Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg/204px-Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg/272px-Finlandsky_Rail_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2386" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Finlyandsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlyandsky Rail Terminal">Finlyandsky Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px; height: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ladozhsky Station"><img alt="Ladozhsky Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg/136px-Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg/204px-Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg/272px-Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal_of_SPB_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2298" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ladozhsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladozhsky Rail Terminal">Ladozhsky Station</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/495px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/660px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7424" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption>Pulkovo International Airport</figcaption></figure> Saint Petersburg is served by <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Pulkovo International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Sheremetyevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Domodedovo International Airport">Domodedovo</a>. As a result, the steadily increasing passenger traffic has triggered a massive modernization of the entire airport infrastructure. A newly built Terminal 1 of the Pulkovo airport was put into operation on 4 December 2013 and integrated international flights of the former terminal Pulkovo-2. The renovated terminal Pulkovo-1 has been opened for domestic flights as an extension of Terminal 1 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> One of the oldest air carriers of the Russian Federation Rossiya is registered in Saint Petersburg and is the largest and the base carrier of Pulkovo Airport.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> There is a regular rapid-bus connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and the <a href="/wiki/Moskovskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Moskovskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Moskovskaya metro station</a> as well as 24/7 taxi service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of people from Saint Petersburg">List of people from Saint Petersburg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> List of sister cities to Saint Petersburg as it appears on the official portal of the City Government, listing both sister cities and partnership ties:<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a> Non CIS/Baltic states sister cities of Saint Petersburg (from official government list) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, Turkey (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandroupoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandroupoli">Alexandroupoli</a>, Greece (since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium (since 1958)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain (since 1984)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Palestine (since 2003)<a href="#cite_note-BethlehemTwinning-157">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (since 1991)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_twinnings-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_twinnings_2-159">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa (since 2001)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, Philippines (since 2010)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, Sri Lanka (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China (since 1998)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, South Korea (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (since 1961)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, United Kingdom (since 1995)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh-163">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden (since 1962)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (since 1957)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba (since 2000)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland (since 1993)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam (since 1977)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfah%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Esfahān">Isfahan</a>, Iran (since 1999)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (since 1990)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, Malaysia (since 2017)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, France (since 1965)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-TwinTowns-166">[159]</a></li> <li>Los Angeles, United States (since 1990)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France (since 1993)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyon-168">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, United Kingdom (since 1956)<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariupol'">Mariupol'</a>, Ukraine (since 2022)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a>, Finland (since 1996)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay (since 1998)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India (since 1963)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nice_Jumellage-171">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan (since 1961)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, Greece (since 1965)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greek_twinnings-173">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, Bulgaria (since 2001)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec City</a>, Canada (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil (since 1986)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands (since 1966)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a>, Cuba<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (since 1959)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden (since 1992)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland (since 1993)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-thessaloniki-176">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia (since 1968)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-zagreb_sister_cities-177">[170]</a></li></ul></div> Sister cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan (since 1996)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan (since 1998)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>, Latvia (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, Tajikistan (since 1999)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (since 2000)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (since 1997)<a href="#cite_note-saint_petersburg-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_partnerships-180">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_Sister_Cities-181">[174]</a></li></ul></div> Sister cities of Saint Petersburg (not included on official government list) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, Jordan (since 2003)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Palestine<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, Philippines (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungcheongbuk-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungcheongbuk-do">Chungcheongbuk-do</a>, South Korea (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Hungary (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy (since 2001)<a href="#cite_note-Sister_cities_international-184">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Guadalajara_sisters-186">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (since 2008)<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Phong">Hai Phong</a>, Vietnam (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan (since 2002)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, United States (since 1992)<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-Le_Havre_twinnings-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Havre_twins-190">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine (since 2006)<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a>, Argentina (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, Slovenia (since 2001)<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">State of Maryland</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nampho">Nampho</a>, North Korea (since 2002)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a>, Kyrgyzstan (since 2004)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, Vanuatu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil (since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-Porto_Alegre-195">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a>, Israel (since 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>, Tunisia (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy (since 2012)<a href="#cite_note-Turin_twinnings-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia (since 2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_twin_towns">Former twin towns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Former twin towns">edit</a>]</div> Italian cities <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> were formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St. Petersburg's ban on "gay propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on 23 November 2012<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> and Venice did so on 28 January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> Shortly after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> terminated or suspended the cooperation, affiliation or sister city relationship with Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> On 17 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a> joined the list of cities terminating the partnership. The cooperation began in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twinning_with_occupied_Mariupol">Twinning with occupied Mariupol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Twinning with occupied Mariupol">edit</a>]</div> Some Russian cities are twinned with ones in occupied Ukraine, in particular, Saint Petersburg is twinned with <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> An art symbol of the twinning was unveiled on <a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a> in Saint Petersburg, defaced and removed.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fences_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Fences in Saint Petersburg">Fences in Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Hotels in Saint Petersburg">Hotels in Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg">List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of museums in Saint Petersburg">List of museums in Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of people from Saint Petersburg">List of notable people from Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_stations" title="List of Saint Petersburg Metro stations">List of Saint Petersburg Metro stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_to_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sister cities to Saint Petersburg">List of Saint Petersburg sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of theatres in Saint Petersburg">List of theatres in Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Outline of Saint Petersburg">Outline of Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Timeline of Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Including parts of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Russian_8-0">^</a> Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpiːtərzbɜːrɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PEE-tərz-burg</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Russian: Санкт-Петербург, romanized: Sankt-Peterburg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg\/Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg/Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg" title="File:Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg">ⓘ</a>, often abbreviated locally as SPb (СПб) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Petrograd (1914–1924), Leningrad (1924–1991), see the <a href="#Toponymy">§Toponymy</a> section for details </li> <li id="cite_note-orth-26"><a href="#cite_ref-orth_26-0">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">pre-1918 Russian orthography</a>, these names were spelled Санктпетербургъ and Петроградъ with a trailing <a href="/wiki/Hard_sign" title="Hard sign">hard sign</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The level of flooding is measured near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Mining_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg Mining Institute">Saint Petersburg Mining Institute</a>, which is normally 11 cm (4.3 in) above sea level </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Until 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Varshavsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Varshavsky Rail Terminal">Varshavsky Rail Terminal</a> served as a major station; it now is a railway museum. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dates-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dates_1-0">^</a> Official website of St. Petersburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures">St. Petersburg in Figures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219033509/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures">Archived</a> 19 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-governor-2"><a href="#cite_ref-governor_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/15/putin-naznachil-chinovnika-iz-lnr-glavoi-chukotki-news">"Putin appointed an official from the "LPR" as the head of Chukotka"</a>. Novaya Gazeta Europe (in Russian). 15 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315211509/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/15/putin-naznachil-chinovnika-iz-lnr-glavoi-chukotki-news">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novaya+Gazeta+Europe&rft.atitle=Putin+appointed+an+official+from+the+%22LPR%22+as+the+head+of+Chukotka&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovayagazeta.eu%2Farticles%2F2023%2F03%2F15%2Fputin-naznachil-chinovnika-iz-lnr-glavoi-chukotki-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329200433/https://www.urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/perepis_aglomeracii.pdf">"Численность населения регионов и городских агломераций | Институт экономики города"</a> (PDF). www.urbaneconomics.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/perepis_aglomeracii.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urbaneconomics.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%7C+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbaneconomics.ru%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fperepis_aglomeracii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP-6"><a href="#cite_ref-GDP_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx">Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2022 гг.</a>, rosstat.gov.ru</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+2016-2022+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.pub=rosstat.gov.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FVRP_s_1998.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085"><bdi lang="ru">"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/petersburg">"Petersburg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304154712/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Petersburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpetersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenko2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shevchenko, Elizaveta (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.itmo.ru/en/features/experience_saint_petersburg/news/12166">"The Five Names of St. Petersburg"</a>. news.itmo.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.itmo.ru&rft.atitle=The+Five+Names+of+St.+Petersburg&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Shevchenko&rft.aufirst=Elizaveta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.itmo.ru%2Fen%2Ffeatures%2Fexperience_saint_petersburg%2Fnews%2F12166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobchak" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sobchak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034039/http://sobchak.org/rus/books/izlen/2.html">Город четырех революций – Дух преобразования...</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sobchak.org/rus/books/izlen/2.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%E2%80%93+%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F...&rft.aulast=Sobchak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsobchak.org%2Frus%2Fbooks%2Fizlen%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century">"18th Century in the Russian history"</a>. Rusmania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083640/https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rusmania&rft.atitle=18th+Century+in+the+Russian+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusmania.com%2Fhistory-of-russia%2F18th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McColl-15"><a href="#cite_ref-McColl_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl,_R.W.2005" class="citation book cs1">McColl, R.W., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA633">Encyclopedia of world geography</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 633–634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5786-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-5786-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073349/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA633">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=633-634&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJgnebGbAB8C%26pg%3DPA633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-7410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-7410-3"><bdi>978-1-5416-7410-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3%2C+308&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-7410-3&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-referendum-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-referendum_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-referendum_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsson2021" class="citation news cs1">Nelsson, Richard (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2021/sep/01/leningrad-becomes-st-petersburg-1991">"Leningrad becomes St Petersburg – archive, 1991"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713072758/https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2021/sep/01/leningrad-becomes-st-petersburg-1991">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Leningrad+becomes+St+Petersburg+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1991&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Nelsson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffrom-the-archive-blog%2F2021%2Fsep%2F01%2Fleningrad-becomes-st-petersburg-1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> V. Morozov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/?id=gY_yGwAACAAJ">The Discourses of Saint Petersburg and the Shaping of a Wider Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Copenhagen Peace Research Institute">Copenhagen Peace Research Institute</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1397-0895">1397-0895</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-petersburg-essentialguide.com/st-petersburg-tourism.html">"Saint Petersburg Tourism – A Look At The Growth of Tourism in Russia's Northern Capital"</a>. St Petersburg Essential Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811064015/https://www.st-petersburg-essentialguide.com/st-petersburg-tourism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg+Tourism+%E2%80%93+A+Look+At+The+Growth+of+Tourism+in+Russia%27s+Northern+Capital&rft.pub=St+Petersburg+Essential+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-petersburg-essentialguide.com%2Fst-petersburg-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFes2019" class="citation web cs1">Fes, Nick (4 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourism-review.com/number-of-tourists-in-saint-petersburg-went-up-news10930">"Saint Petersburg: Number Of Tourists Increased As Well As The Black Market"</a>. TourismReview. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929213322/https://www.tourism-review.com/number-of-tourists-in-saint-petersburg-went-up-news10930">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg%3A+Number+Of+Tourists+Increased+As+Well+As+The+Black+Market&rft.pub=TourismReview&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Fes&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism-review.com%2Fnumber-of-tourists-in-saint-petersburg-went-up-news10930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/13/world/leningrad-petersburg-and-the-great-name-debate.html">"Leningrad, Petersburg and the Great Name Debate"</a>. The New York Times. 13 June 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123091001/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/13/world/leningrad-petersburg-and-the-great-name-debate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leningrad%2C+Petersburg+and+the+Great+Name+Debate&rft.date=1991-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F13%2Fworld%2Fleningrad-petersburg-and-the-great-name-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastersRichmond2015" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Tom; Richmond, Simon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeJzBgAAQBAJ&q=saint+petersburg+named+after+dutch&pg=PT395">Lonely Planet St Petersburg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7436-0503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7436-0503-5"><bdi>978-1-7436-0503-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073409/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeJzBgAAQBAJ&q=saint+petersburg+named+after+dutch&pg=PT395">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+St+Petersburg&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-7436-0503-5&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHeJzBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsaint%2Bpetersburg%2Bnamed%2Bafter%2Bdutch%26pg%3DPT395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pospelow-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pospelow_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pospelow_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._M._Pospelow1993" class="citation book cs1">E. M. Pospelow (1993). Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917—1992): Топонимический словарь [City names: yesterday and today (1917–1992): Toponymic dictionary]. Moscow: Русские словари. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%281917%E2%80%941992%29%3A+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.date=1993&rft.au=E.+M.+Pospelow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonavia1990" class="citation book cs1">Bonavia, Michael (1990). London Before I Forget. The Self-Publishing Association Ltd. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8542-1082-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-8542-1082-3"><bdi>1-8542-1082-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Before+I+Forget&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=The+Self-Publishing+Association+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-8542-1082-3&rft.aulast=Bonavia&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nester-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nester_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nester_25-1">b</a> Nesterov, V. Знаешь ли ты свой город ("Do you know your city?"). Leningrad, 1958, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-vokrugsveta.ru-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vokrugsveta.ru_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vokrugsveta.ru_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4">"Петроград – Энциклопедия "Вокруг света""</a>. Vokrugsveta.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301190326/https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vokrugsveta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%E2%80%93+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vokrugsveta.ru%2Fencyclopedia%2F%3Ftitle%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825131522/http://radiokarnaval.ru/news/show/3042?radio=bd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86">"31 August 1914 St.Petersburg renamed to Petrograd"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiokarnaval.ru/news/show/3042?radio=bd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86">the original</a> on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=31+August+1914+St.Petersburg+renamed+to+Petrograd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiokarnaval.ru%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F3042%3Fradio%3Dbd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orttung-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orttung_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orttung_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrttung1995" class="citation book cs1">Orttung, Robert W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjbaxYyS2MYC&q=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg">"Chronology of Major Events"</a>. From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 273–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-2080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-2080-1"><bdi>978-0-3121-2080-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073310/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjbaxYyS2MYC&q=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Major+Events&rft.btitle=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=273-277&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-3121-2080-1&rft.aulast=Orttung&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjbaxYyS2MYC%26q%3DFrom%2BLeningrad%2Bto%2BSaint%2BPetersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruslinguaschool.com/post/saint-petersburg">"Some non-official names of Saint Petersburg"</a>. ruslinguaschool.com. 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ruslinguaschool.com&rft.atitle=Some+non-official+names+of+Saint+Petersburg&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruslinguaschool.com%2Fpost%2Fsaint-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-does-not-plan-close-window-europe-kremlin-says-2022-06-02">"Russia won't close Tsar Peter's 'window to Europe', Kremlin says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 2 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707140918/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-does-not-plan-close-window-europe-kremlin-says-2022-06-02">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. <q>Peter, who ruled from 1682 to 1725, oversaw Russia's transformation into a major European power and founded the city of Saint Petersburg, dubbed Russia's "window to Europe".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+won%27t+close+Tsar+Peter%27s+%27window+to+Europe%27%2C+Kremlin+says&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-does-not-plan-close-window-europe-kremlin-says-2022-06-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlancey2003" class="citation web cs1">Glancey, Jonathan (24 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/may/24/architecture.artsfeatures">"Window on the west"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707140916/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/may/24/architecture.artsfeatures">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. 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Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russlanderleben.de&rft.atitle=Reise+nach+St.+Petersburg+%E2%80%93+6+Tage+%26%23124%3B+Gruppen-+und+ma%C3%9Fgeschneiderte+Touren+%26%23124%3B+Pauschalreisen+nach+Russland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russlanderleben.de%2Fde%2Fdisplay_tour%2Fdiscover_the_beauty_of_the_russian_venice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505161650/https://www.autentic-distribution.com/68/pid/255/Winter-in-St-Petersburg.htm">"Winter in St. Petersburg"</a>. Autentic-distribution.com. 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Designcollector. 31 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174859/https://designcollector.net/likes/the-city-of-white-nights-saint-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Designcollector&rft.atitle=The+City+of+White+Nights+%E2%80%93+Saint+Petersburg&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesigncollector.net%2Flikes%2Fthe-city-of-white-nights-saint-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Olivia, Griese (January 2005). ""Palmyra des Nordens": St. Petersburg – eine nordosteuropäische Metropole?". 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Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=The+Russian+historian+giving+Stalin%27s+victims+back+their+identity&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20180129-russian-historian-giving-stalins-victims-back-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad">"Siege of Leningrad | Nazi Germany, World War II, Blockade"</a>. Britannica. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418084523/https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Siege+of+Leningrad+%7C+Nazi+Germany%2C+World+War+II%2C+Blockade&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSiege-of-Leningrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Baldack, Richard H. "Leningrad, Siege of", <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>, Chicago, 2002, vol. 12, p. 195.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTROUILLARD2021" class="citation news cs1">TROUILLARD, Stéphanie (8 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210908-an-unprecedented-humanitarian-catastrophe-the-siege-of-leningrad-80-years-on">"'An unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe': The siege of Leningrad, 80 years on"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27An+unprecedented+humanitarian+catastrophe%27%3A+The+siege+of+Leningrad%2C+80+years+on&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft.aulast=TROUILLARD&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20210908-an-unprecedented-humanitarian-catastrophe-the-siege-of-leningrad-80-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zubkova-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Zubkova_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubkova,_Elena_Yurievna1998" class="citation book cs1">Zubkova, Elena Yurievna (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNPwrLwmIcC&q=leningrad+affair&pg=PA132">"Chronology of Major Events"</a>. In Ragsdale, Hugh (ed.). Russia after the war: hopes, illusions, and disappointments, 1945–1957. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0227-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-0227-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073311/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNPwrLwmIcC&q=leningrad+affair&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. 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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 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Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1989Census-76"><a href="#cite_ref-1989Census_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php"><bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров</bdi></a> [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]</bdi> (in Russian). 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ROSSTAT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSSTAT&rft.atitle=Information+on+the+number+of+registered+births%2C+deaths%2C+marriages+and+divorces+for+January+to+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FEdn_12-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_3.xlsx">"Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022"</a>. ROSSTAT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSSTAT&rft.atitle=Birth+rate%2C+mortality+rate%2C+natural+increase%2C+marriage+rate%2C+divorce+rate+for+January+to+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FEdn_12-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gks.ru-tfr-79"><a href="#cite_ref-gks.ru-tfr_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810203543/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx"><bdi lang="ru">Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости</bdi></a> [Total fertility rate]. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Russian Federal State Statistics Service</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/SMD_7.1.xlsx">the original</a> (XLSX) on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FSMD_7.1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosstat-80"><a href="#cite_ref-rosstat_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207">"Демографический ежегодник России"</a> [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service of Russia</a> (Rosstat). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service+of+Russia+%28Rosstat%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Ffolder%2F210%2Fdocument%2F13207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=36">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617140319/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=36">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_39.php%3Freg%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=40">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705094652/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=40">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_59.php%3Freg%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=9">"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. Demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617133910/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=9">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. 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Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_89.php%3Freg%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17">"Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство"</a>. perepis2002.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126074108/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perepis2002.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Findex.html%3Fid%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-87"><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. 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Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gks.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2F2012%2Fdemo%2Fedn12-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Russian statistics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.spb.ru/helper/day/people/">Основные показатели социально-демографической ситуации в Санкт-Петербурге</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.dp.ru/a/2020/08/18/Pandemija_COVID-19_privela">"Пандемия COVID-19 привела к падению рождаемости в Петербурге"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mfspb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9E+%22%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%22+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfspb.ru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220016/http://www.russianstandard.com/corporation/press_center/press_releases/1.smx">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.spb.ru/law?d&nd=8421328&prevDoc=8421328&spack=000listid%3D010000000100%26listpos%3D0%26lsz%3D1%26nd%3D8372689%26nh%3D0%26">"Budget of Saint Petersburg (Russian document)"</a>. City of Saint Petersburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002005013/https://www.gov.spb.ru/law?d&nd=8421328&prevDoc=8421328&spack=000listid%3D010000000100%26listpos%3D0%26lsz%3D1%26nd%3D8372689%26nh%3D0%26">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budget+of+Saint+Petersburg+%28Russian+document%29&rft.pub=City+of+Saint+Petersburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.spb.ru%2Flaw%3Fd%26nd%3D8421328%26prevDoc%3D8421328%26spack%3D000listid%253D010000000100%2526listpos%253D0%2526lsz%253D1%2526nd%253D8372689%2526nh%253D0%2526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217021320/http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp">"Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 1998–2016гг. (в текущих основных ценах; млн.рублей)"</a>. Gks.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrd.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/mrd/ru/statistics/grp">the original</a> on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+1998%E2%80%932016%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%28%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%3B+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%BD.%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%29&rft.pub=Gks.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrd.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat_ts%2Fmrd%2Fru%2Fstatistics%2Fgrp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720211211/https://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/dusha98-05.htm">"Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения (в текущих основных ценах; рублей)"</a>. Gks.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/dusha98-05.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%3B+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%29&rft.pub=Gks.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fbgd%2Ffree%2Fb01_19%2FIssWWW.exe%2FStg%2Fd000%2Fdusha98-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720205208/https://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/stru05.htm">"Отраслевая структура ВРП по видам экономической деятельности (по ОКВЭД) за 2005 год"</a>. Gks.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/stru05.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%28%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%AD%D0%94%29+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2005+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.pub=Gks.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fbgd%2Ffree%2Fb01_19%2FIssWWW.exe%2FStg%2Fd000%2Fstru05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Data of the Government of Saint Petersburg </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226132014/http://www.regionen-russland.de/uploads/media/Preview_eng.pdf">"Passport of St. Petersburg Industrial Zones"</a> (PDF). regionen-russland.de. 2015. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regionen-russland.de/uploads/media/Preview_eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionen-russland.de&rft.atitle=Passport+of+St.+Petersburg+Industrial+Zones&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregionen-russland.de%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FPreview_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827013819/http://www.mr7.ru/info/most">"График разводки мостов на Неве в Санкт-Петербурге"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mr7.ru/info/most">the original</a> on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mr7.ru%2Finfo%2Fmost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudyakov2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hudyakov, Artyom (12 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bn.ru/articles/2008/12/03/39306.html"><bdi lang="ru">Виртуальная защита Петербурга</bdi></a> [Virtual protection of Petersburg] (in Russian). bn.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910223621/http://www.bn.ru/articles/2008/12/03/39306.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.aulast=Hudyakov&rft.aufirst=Artyom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bn.ru%2Farticles%2F2008%2F12%2F03%2F39306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> (in Russian)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.apmtri.ru/projects/blagoustrojstvo_v_sanktpeterburge/park_300letija_s_peterburga">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709132017/http://www.apmtri.ru/projects/blagoustrojstvo_v_sanktpeterburge/park_300letija_s_peterburga">Archived</a> 9 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607022939/http://wmf.org/watch2008/watch.php?id=S8352">"St. Petersburg Historic Skyline, Russian Federation"</a>. Wmf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmf.org/watch2008/watch.php?id=S8352">the original</a> on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wmf.org&rft.atitle=St.+Petersburg+Historic+Skyline%2C+Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmf.org%2Fwatch2008%2Fwatch.php%3Fid%3DS8352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203091505/http://www.visit-petersburg.ru/en">"Visit Saint Petersburg"</a>. Visit-Petersburg.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit-petersburg.ru/en">the original</a> on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Saint+Petersburg&rft.pub=Visit-Petersburg.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit-petersburg.ru%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.ispb.info">"Saint Petersburg Tourist Information Bureau"</a>. Petersburg.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012163108/http://eng.ispb.info">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg+Tourist+Information+Bureau&rft.pub=Petersburg.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.ispb.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-petersburg.com">"Welcome to Saint Petersburg!"</a>. Saint Petersburg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160926041001/http://www.saint-petersburg.com">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Saint+Petersburg%21&rft.pub=Saint+Petersburg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-petersburg.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/moscow">"National Geographic – Saint Petersburg, Russia"</a>. NationalGeographic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925164537/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/st-petersburg-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+%E2%80%93+Saint+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.pub=NationalGeographic.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestination%2Fmoscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/st-petersburg">"Saint Petersburg is a Stroll Along A Lovely Canal"</a>. LonelyPlanet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912065757/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/st-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg+is+a+Stroll+Along+A+Lovely+Canal&rft.pub=LonelyPlanet.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Frussia%2Fst-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/russia/st-petersburg">"Fodor's Travel – Saint Petersburg, Russia"</a>. Fodors.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924163741/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/russia/st-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Travel+%E2%80%93+Saint+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.pub=Fodors.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodors.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia%2Fst-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricksteves.com/europe/russia/st-petersburg">"Rick Steve's Europe – Saint Petersburg, Russia"</a>. RickSteves.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012151904/https://www.ricksteves.com/europe/russia/st-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rick+Steve%27s+Europe+%E2%80%93+Saint+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.pub=RickSteves.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricksteves.com%2Feurope%2Frussia%2Fst-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/russia/safety-and-security">"Foreign travel advice – Russia"</a>. HM Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229195907/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/russia/safety-and-security">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HM+Government&rft.atitle=Foreign+travel+advice+%E2%80%93+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fforeign-travel-advice%2Frussia%2Fsafety-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telecompaper.com/news/rostelecom-to-invest-rub-15-bln-in-st-petersburg--1011519">"Rostelecom to invest RUB 15 bln in St Petersburg"</a>. Telecom Paper. 2 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713232103/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/rostelecom-to-invest-rub-15-bln-in-st-petersburg--1011519">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telecom+Paper&rft.atitle=Rostelecom+to+invest+RUB+15+bln+in+St+Petersburg&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telecompaper.com%2Fnews%2Frostelecom-to-invest-rub-15-bln-in-st-petersburg--1011519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619051314/https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/about/facts_and_figures?lng=en">"Hermitage in Figures and Facts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/about/facts_and_figures/?lng=en">the original</a> on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermitage+in+Figures+and+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhermitagemuseum.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fhermitage%2Fabout%2Ffacts_and_figures%2F%3Flng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forumspb.com/en/archive/2022/programme/102598/?year=2022&ELEMENT_ID=102598">""The Heart of Yugra" exhibition at the Russian Museum of Ethnography"</a>. forumspb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812184934/https://forumspb.com/en/archive/2022/programme/102598/?year=2022&ELEMENT_ID=102598">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forumspb.com&rft.atitle=%22The+Heart+of+Yugra%22+exhibition+at+the+Russian+Museum+of+Ethnography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforumspb.com%2Fen%2Farchive%2F2022%2Fprogramme%2F102598%2F%3Fyear%3D2022%26ELEMENT_ID%3D102598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interfax-russia.ru/northwest/photo/vystavka-nerukotvornyh-ikon-hudozhnika-zhuravleva-otkrylas-v-peterburgskom-muzee-istorii-religii">"Выставка нерукотворных икон художника Журавлева открылась в петербургском Музее истории религии – Северо-Запад || Интерфакс Россия"</a>. Interfax-russia.ru (in Russian). 14 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215555/https://www.interfax-russia.ru/northwest/photo/vystavka-nerukotvornyh-ikon-hudozhnika-zhuravleva-otkrylas-v-peterburgskom-muzee-istorii-religii">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax-russia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4+%7C%7C+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-russia.ru%2Fnorthwest%2Fphoto%2Fvystavka-nerukotvornyh-ikon-hudozhnika-zhuravleva-otkrylas-v-peterburgskom-muzee-istorii-religii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose2005" class="citation news cs1">Close (16 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/oct/16/classicalmusicandopera.russia.stpetersburg">"Where a symphony silenced guns"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920024917/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/oct/16/classicalmusicandopera.russia.stpetersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+a+symphony+silenced+guns&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft.au=Close&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2005%2Foct%2F16%2Fclassicalmusicandopera.russia.stpetersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVulliamy2001" class="citation news cs1">Vulliamy, Ed (25 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/life/story/0,6903,605454,00.html">"Orchestral manoeuvres (part one)"</a>. The Observer. 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Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Orchestral+manoeuvres+%28part+one%29&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft.aulast=Vulliamy&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Flife%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C605454%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgazeta.com/news/reper-morgenshtern-snyalsya-v-klipe-gruppy-little-big-">"Рэпер Моргенштерн снялся в клипе группы Little Big"</a> [Rapper Morgenstern starred in a music video of the group Little Big]. mgazeta.com (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806053139/https://mgazeta.com/news/reper-morgenshtern-snyalsya-v-klipe-gruppy-little-big-">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. 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Retrieved 26 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+irony+of+fate+sat+in+st.petersburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveldk.com%2Fst-petersburg%2Ftopten%2Ffilms-set-in-st-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Message_To_Man-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Message_To_Man_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515190814/http://m2m.iffc.ru/index_E.htm">"The XIX International "Message To Man" Film Festival"</a>. IFC Centaur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m2m.iffc.ru/index_E.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2009. 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Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tr%C3%B3jmiasto+zrywa+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+rosyjskimi+miastami&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trojmiasto.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2FKoniec-wspolpracy-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a">"Gdańsk zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami. Na sali był konsul Ukrainy"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314170323/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gda%C5%84sk+zrywa+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+rosyjskimi+miastami.+Na+sali+by%C5%82+konsul+Ukrainy&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.wp.pl%2Ftrojmiasto%2Fgdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">"Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rada+Warszawy%3A+najwa%C5%BCniejszym+zadaniem+jest+stworzy%C4%87+uchod%C5%BAcom+drugi+dom&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Ftvnwarszawa%2Fnajnowsze%2Fwarszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/aarhus-dropper-russisk-venskabsby">"Aarhus dropper russisk venskabsby"</a>. TV2 ØSTJYLLAND (in Danish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310230358/https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/aarhus-dropper-russisk-venskabsby">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TV2+%C3%98STJYLLAND&rft.atitle=Aarhus+dropper+russisk+venskabsby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv2ostjylland.dk%2Faarhus%2Faarhus-dropper-russisk-venskabsby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3aw.com.au/melbourne-cuts-ties-with-sister-city-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine">"Melbourne cuts ties with sister city following Russia's invasion of Ukraine"</a>. 3AW 693. March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322103155/https://www.3aw.com.au/melbourne-cuts-ties-with-sister-city-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3AW+693&rft.atitle=Melbourne+cuts+ties+with+sister+city+following+Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3aw.com.au%2Fmelbourne-cuts-ties-with-sister-city-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-council-cuts-ties-with-russian-sister-city-over-ukraine-war-20230530-p5dcm2.html">"Melbourne council cuts ties with Russian sister city over Ukraine war"</a>. The Age. 30 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530104031/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-council-cuts-ties-with-russian-sister-city-over-ukraine-war-20230530-p5dcm2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Melbourne+council+cuts+ties+with+Russian+sister+city+over+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fmelbourne-council-cuts-ties-with-russian-sister-city-over-ukraine-war-20230530-p5dcm2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kotka.fi/2022/02/kotka-keskeyttaa-yhteistyon-venalaisten-kumppanien-kanssa">"Kotka keskeyttää yhteistyön venäläisten kumppanien kanssa"</a>. Kotkan kaupunki (in Finnish). 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230219/https://www.kotka.fi/2022/02/kotka-keskeyttaa-yhteistyon-venalaisten-kumppanien-kanssa">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotkan+kaupunki&rft.atitle=Kotka+keskeytt%C3%A4%C3%A4+yhteisty%C3%B6n+ven%C3%A4l%C3%A4isten+kumppanien+kanssa&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kotka.fi%2F2022%2F02%2Fkotka-keskeyttaa-yhteistyon-venalaisten-kumppanien-kanssa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2022-02-28_turku-keskeyttaa-ystavyyskaupunkitoiminnan-pietarin-kanssa">"Turku keskeyttää ystävyyskaupunkitoiminnan Pietarin kanssa"</a>. Turku.fi (in Finnish). 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404135634/https://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2022-02-28_turku-keskeyttaa-ystavyyskaupunkitoiminnan-pietarin-kanssa">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turku.fi&rft.atitle=Turku+keskeytt%C3%A4%C3%A4+yst%C3%A4vyyskaupunkitoiminnan+Pietarin+kanssa&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turku.fi%2Fuutinen%2F2022-02-28_turku-keskeyttaa-ystavyyskaupunkitoiminnan-pietarin-kanssa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riga.lv/lv/jaunums/rigas-dome-partrauc-sadarbibu-ar-sadraudzibas-pilsetam-baltkrievija-un-krievija">"Rīgas dome pārtrauc sadarbību ar sadraudzības pilsētām Baltkrievijā un Krievijā"</a>. Rīgas dome (in Latvian). 2 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230337/https://www.riga.lv/lv/jaunums/rigas-dome-partrauc-sadarbibu-ar-sadraudzibas-pilsetam-baltkrievija-un-krievija">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C4%ABgas+dome&rft.atitle=R%C4%ABgas+dome+p%C4%81rtrauc+sadarb%C4%ABbu+ar+sadraudz%C4%ABbas+pils%C4%93t%C4%81m+Baltkrievij%C4%81+un+Krievij%C4%81&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riga.lv%2Flv%2Fjaunums%2Frigas-dome-partrauc-sadarbibu-ar-sadraudzibas-pilsetam-baltkrievija-un-krievija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tallinn.ee/en/news/city-tallinn-supports-ukraine-and-ends-cooperation-moscow-and-st-petersburg">"City of Tallinn supports Ukraine and ends cooperation with Moscow and St Petersburg"</a>. Tallinn City Council. 8 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230905/https://www.tallinn.ee/en/news/city-tallinn-supports-ukraine-and-ends-cooperation-moscow-and-st-petersburg">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tallinn+City+Council&rft.atitle=City+of+Tallinn+supports+Ukraine+and+ends+cooperation+with+Moscow+and+St+Petersburg&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tallinn.ee%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcity-tallinn-supports-ukraine-and-ends-cooperation-moscow-and-st-petersburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasr.sk/tasr-clanok/TASR:2022031700000104">"Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky – TASR.sk"</a>. www.tasr.sk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125093248/https://www.tasr.sk/tasr-clanok/TASR:2022031700000104">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tasr.sk&rft.atitle=Tla%C4%8Dov%C3%A1+agent%C3%BAra+Slovenskej+republiky+%E2%80%93+TASR.sk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasr.sk%2Ftasr-clanok%2FTASR%3A2022031700000104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenisheva2022" class="citation web cs1">Tenisheva, Anastasia (8 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/08/russian-towns-get-ukrainian-twins-in-pr-drive-political-deflection-tactic-a78195">"Russian Towns Get Ukrainian 'Twins' in PR Drive, Political Deflection Tactic"</a>. The Moscow Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731185241/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/08/russian-towns-get-ukrainian-twins-in-pr-drive-political-deflection-tactic-a78195">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Towns+Get+Ukrainian+%27Twins%27+in+PR+Drive%2C+Political+Deflection+Tactic&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.aulast=Tenisheva&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F08%2Frussian-towns-get-ukrainian-twins-in-pr-drive-political-deflection-tactic-a78195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.txtreport.com/news/2022-12-19-%22murderers--you-bombed-it%22--a-schoolgirl-was-detained-in-st--petersburg-for-writing-on-an-installation-about-mariupol.HyB1fER_i.html">""Murderers, you bombed it": a schoolgirl was detained in St. Petersburg for writing on an installation about Mariupol"</a>. www.txtreport.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060204/https://www.txtreport.com/news/2022-12-19-%22murderers--you-bombed-it%22--a-schoolgirl-was-detained-in-st--petersburg-for-writing-on-an-installation-about-mariupol.HyB1fER_i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.txtreport.com&rft.atitle=%22Murderers%2C+you+bombed+it%22%3A+a+schoolgirl+was+detained+in+St.+Petersburg+for+writing+on+an+installation+about+Mariupol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.txtreport.com%2Fnews%2F2022-12-19-%2522murderers--you-bombed-it%2522--a-schoolgirl-was-detained-in-st--petersburg-for-writing-on-an-installation-about-mariupol.HyB1fER_i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Bibliography of the history of Saint Petersburg</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Amery, Colin, Brian Curran & Yuri Molodkovets. St. Petersburg. London: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lincoln" title="Frances Lincoln">Frances Lincoln</a>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2492-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7112-2492-7">0-7112-2492-7</a>.</li> <li>Bater, James H. St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change. Montreal: McGuill-Queen's University Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0266-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0266-1">0-7735-0266-1</a>.</li> <li>Berelowitch, Wladimir & Olga Medvedkova. Histoire de Saint-Pétersbourg. Paris: Fayard, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-2135-9601-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-2135-9601-8">2-2135-9601-8</a>.</li> <li>Brumfield, William Craft. The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5200-6929-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-5200-6929-3">0-5200-6929-3</a>.</li> <li>Buckler, Julie. Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6911-1349-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-6911-1349-1">0-6911-1349-1</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Katerina, Petersburg, Crucible of Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Cross, Anthony (ed.). St. Petersburg, 1703–1825. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1570-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-1570-9">1-4039-1570-9</a>.</li> <li>"San Pietroburgo, la capitale del nord" by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_D%27Amato" title="Giuseppe D'Amato">Giuseppe D'Amato</a> in Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica. L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 2004. pp. 27–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-8798-0355-7" title="Special:BookSources/8-8798-0355-7">8-8798-0355-7</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarussia.com/books/viaggio_nellhansa_baltica/travel-to-the-baltic-hansa">Travel to the Baltic Hansa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516034324/http://www.europarussia.com/books/viaggio_nellhansa_baltica/travel-to-the-baltic-hansa">Archived</a> 16 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The European Union and its enlargement to the East) Book in Italian.</li> <li>George, Arthur L. & Elena George. St. Petersburg: Russia's Window to the Future, The First Three Centuries. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5897-9017-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-5897-9017-0">1-5897-9017-0</a>.</li> <li>Glantz, David M. The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944. Lawrence: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1208-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1208-4">0-7006-1208-4</a>.</li> <li>Hellberg-Hirn, Elena. Imperial Imprints: Post-Soviet St. Petersburg. Helsinki: SKS <a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish literature</a> Society, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-5174-6491-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-5174-6491-6">9-5174-6491-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Lindsey (2004). Peter the Great: a Biography. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0300-7"><bdi>978-0-3001-0300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+a+Biography&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0300-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Fallowell" title="Duncan Fallowell">Duncan Fallowell</a>, One Hot Summer in St Petersburg (London, Jonathan Cape,1995)</li> <li>Knopf Guide: Sat. Petersburg. New York: Knopf, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6797-6202-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-6797-6202-7">0-6797-6202-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eyewitness Guide: St. Petersburg. London: DK Eyewitness Travel. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2414-1835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2414-1835-2"><bdi>978-0-2414-1835-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233315986">1233315986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Guide%3A+St.+Petersburg&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DK+Eyewitness+Travel&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1233315986&rft.isbn=978-0-2414-1835-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4650-8323-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4650-8323-4">0-4650-8323-4</a>.</li> <li>Orttung, Robert W. From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: Democratization in a Russian City. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3121-7561-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-3121-7561-2">0-3121-7561-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonHumphreys2004" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Daniel; Humphreys, Robert (2004) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mozWAAAAMAAJ">St. Petersburg: The Rough Guide</a> (5th ed.). New York, London & Delhi: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8582-8298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8582-8298-5"><bdi>978-1-8582-8298-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073805/https://books.google.com/books?id=mozWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.place=New+York%2C+London+%26+Delhi&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8582-8298-5&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmozWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ruble, Blair A. Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8777-2347-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8777-2347-8">0-8777-2347-8</a>.</li> <li>Shvidkovsky, Dmitry O. & Alexander Orloff. St. Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4">0-7892-0217-4</a>.</li> <li>Volkov, Solomon. St. Petersburg: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0287-4052-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-0287-4052-1">0-0287-4052-1</a>.</li> <li>St. Petersburg:Architecture of the Tsars. 360 pages. Abbeville Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4">0-7892-0217-4</a></li> <li>Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections: A Guide to the Lesser Known Treasures of St. Petersburg. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5937-3000-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-5937-3000-4">1-5937-3000-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2007" class="citation book cs1">Ivanov, S.V. (2007). Unknown Socialist Realism: The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9017-2421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9017-2421-7"><bdi>978-5-9017-2421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unknown+Socialist+Realism%3A+The+Leningrad+School&rft.place=Saint+Petersburg&rft.pub=NP-Print+Edition&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-9017-2421-7&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=S.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNezhikhovsky1981" class="citation book cs1">Nezhikhovsky, R.A. (1981). Река Нева и Невская губа [The Neva River and Neva Bay]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.place=Leningrad&rft.pub=Gidrometeoizdat&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Nezhikhovsky&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorhees2008" class="citation book cs1">Vorhees, Mara (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC">St. Petersburg</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Footscray,_Victoria" title="Footscray, Victoria">Footscray, Victoria</a>, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7405-9827-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7405-9827-9"><bdi>978-1-7405-9827-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073806/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-7405-9827-9&rft.aulast=Vorhees&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYVCQYIJafsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (3 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="200" data-mwtitle="En-Saint_Petersburg_(intro).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/En-Saint_Petersburg_%28intro%29.ogg/En-Saint_Petersburg_%28intro%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/En-Saint_Petersburg_%28intro%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Saint_Petersburg_(intro).ogg" title="File:En-Saint Petersburg (intro).ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 11 August 2011 (2011-08-11), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visit-petersburg.ru/?lang=en">City Tourist Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901073356/http://visit-petersburg.ru/?lang=en">Archived</a> 1 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haQJed3b7-Y">St. Petersburg – 2018 FIFA World Cup Host City</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jts6k">St Petersburg</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Saint-Petersburg-Virtual-Tour&set_language=2">St-Petersburg, Virtual Tour 360° Aerial Panorama</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtchinson2010" class="citation web cs1">Atchinson, Bob (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderpalace.org/petersburg1900">"Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia"</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Petersburg%2C+1900%3A+a+photographic+travelogue+of+the+capital+of+Imperial+Russia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Atchinson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexanderpalace.org%2Fpetersburg1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] 50 photographs of St. Petersburg from "<a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogues</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Burton_Holmes" title="Burton Holmes">Burton Holmes</a> (Vol. 8, 1914) and other sources</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231222926/http://eng.gov.spb.ru"><bdi lang="ru">Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга</bdi></a> [The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority] (in Russian). The Saint Petersburg City Authority: 191060, St. Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny</a> [Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный]. 2001–2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.gov.spb.ru">the original</a> on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.pub=The+Saint+Petersburg+City+Authority%3A+191060%2C+St.+Petersburg%2C+Smolny+%5B%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0+191060%2C+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1.%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%5D&rft.date=2001%2F2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.gov.spb.ru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encspb.ru/en">"Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg"</a>. St. Petersburg: The Likhachov Foundation. 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Saint+Petersburg&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=The+Likhachov+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encspb.ru%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"> 3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" (SPb., <a href="/wiki/Rosspen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosspen">Rosspen</a>, 2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Petersburg">"St Petersburg" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Petersburg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=38-40&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Petersburg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/13263164">Байков В.Д. Ленинградские хроники: от послевоенных 50-х до "лихих 90-х". М. Карамзин, 2017. – 486 с., илл. – in English: Leningrad Chronicles: from the postwar fifties to the "wild nineties"</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-0007-1516-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-0007-1516-1">978-5-0007-1516-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/peterburg/peterburg.html">Old Maps of Saint Petersburg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116221919/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/peterburg/peterburg.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template talk:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Petersburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Petersburg">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Floods in Saint Petersburg">Floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Demographics of Saint Petersburg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Economy of Saint Petersburg">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Flag of Saint Petersburg">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="History of Saint Petersburg">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Landmarks of Saint Petersburg">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of people from Saint Petersburg">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Geography of Saint Petersburg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Petersburg" title="Central Saint Petersburg">Central Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenny_Islands" title="Kamenny Islands">Kamenny Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhtinsky_Razliv" title="Lakhtinsky Razliv">Lakhtinsky Razliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyka" title="Moyka">Moyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_Island" title="Petrogradsky Island">Petrogradsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Canal" title="Winter Canal">Winter Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Society and culture in Saint Petersburg">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of museums in Saint Petersburg">Museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Sport in Saint Petersburg">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of theatres in Saint Petersburg">Theaters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Theatre" title="Hermitage Theatre">Hermitage Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Politics of Saint Petersburg">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration" title="Saint Petersburg City Administration">City Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Saint_Petersburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of Saint Petersburg government">Heads of Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Police" title="Saint Petersburg Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_and_academic_institutions_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg">Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of bridges in Saint Petersburg">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Buses in Saint Petersburg">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trams in Saint Petersburg">Trams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" title="Category:Saint Petersburg">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Outline of Saint Petersburg">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Administrative divisions</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Admiralteysky_District" title="Admiralteysky District">Admiralteysky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Admiralteysky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Admiralteysky Municipal Okrug">Admiralteysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmaylovskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Izmaylovskoye Municipal Okrug">Izmaylovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomna_Municipal_Okrug" title="Kolomna Municipal Okrug">Kolomna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyonovsky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Semyonovsky Municipal Okrug">Semyonovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennoy_Municipal_Okrug" title="Sennoy Municipal Okrug">Sennoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekateringofsky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Yekateringofsky Municipal Okrug">Yekateringofsky</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="18" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Administrative okrugs of Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spb-locator.svg/150px-Spb-locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spb-locator.svg/225px-Spb-locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spb-locator.svg/300px-Spb-locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3579" data-file-height="3437" /></a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frunzensky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Frunzensky District, Saint Petersburg">Frunzensky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Okrug_72" title="Municipal Okrug 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Okrug_75" title="Municipal Okrug 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkansky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkansky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Balkansky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgiyevsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgiyevsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Georgiyevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupchino_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupchino Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Kupchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkovskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Volkovskoye Municipal Okrug">Volkovskoye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalininsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kalininsky District, Saint Petersburg">Kalininsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Okrug_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal Okrug 21 (page does not exist)">21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademicheskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademicheskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Akademicheskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finlyandsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finlyandsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Finlyandsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazhdanka_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grazhdanka Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Grazhdanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piskaryovka_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piskaryovka Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Piskaryovka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prometey_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prometey Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Prometey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severny_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severny Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Severny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kirovsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kirovsky District, Saint Petersburg">Kirovsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avtovo_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avtovo Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Avtovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dachnoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dachnoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Dachnoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knyazhevo_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knyazhevo Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Knyazhevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnenkaya_Rechka_Municipal_Okrug" title="Krasnenkaya Rechka Municipal Okrug">Krasnenkaya Rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morskiye_Vorota_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morskiye Vorota Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Morskiye Vorota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narvsky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Narvsky Municipal Okrug">Narvsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulyanka_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulyanka Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Ulyanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolpinsky_District" title="Kolpinsky District">Kolpinsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal cities: <a href="/wiki/Kolpino,_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolpino, Saint Petersburg">Kolpino</a></li> <li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Metallostroy" title="Metallostroy">Metallostroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Slavyanka" title="Petro-Slavyanka">Petro-Slavyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontonny" title="Pontonny">Pontonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapyorny,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Sapyorny, Saint Petersburg">Sapyorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ust-Izhora" title="Ust-Izhora">Ust-Izhora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krasnogvardeysky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Krasnogvardeysky District, Saint Petersburg">Krasnogvardeysky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshaya_Okhta_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshaya Okhta Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Bolshaya Okhta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaya_Okhta_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaya Okhta Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Malaya Okhta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyustrovo_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyustrovo Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Polyustrovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porokhovye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Porokhovye Municipal Okrug">Porokhovye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rzhevka_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rzhevka Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Rzhevka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoselsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Krasnoselsky District, Saint Petersburg">Krasnoselsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal towns: <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Selo" title="Krasnoye Selo">Krasnoye Selo</a></li> <li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorelovo_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorelovo Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Gorelovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantinovskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantinovskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Konstantinovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosnovaya_Polyana_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosnovaya Polyana Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Sosnovaya Polyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uritsk_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uritsk Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Uritsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-Zapad_Municipal_Okrug" title="Yugo-Zapad Municipal Okrug">Yugo-Zapad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhno-Primorsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhno-Primorsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Yuzhno-Primorsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kronshtadtsky_District" title="Kronshtadtsky District">Kronshtadtsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal towns: <a href="/wiki/Kronshtadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronshtadt">Kronshtadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurortny_District" title="Kurortny District">Kurortny District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal towns: <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogorsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Zelenogorsk</a></li> <li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Beloostrov" title="Beloostrov">Beloostrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarovo,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Komarovo, Saint Petersburg">Komarovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodyozhnoye,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Molodyozhnoye, Saint Petersburg">Molodyozhnoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesochny,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pesochny, Saint Petersburg">Pesochny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repino,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Repino, Saint Petersburg">Repino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serovo" title="Serovo">Serovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyachkovo" title="Smolyachkovo">Smolyachkovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solnechnoye,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Solnechnoye, Saint Petersburg">Solnechnoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkovo,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Ushkovo, Saint Petersburg">Ushkovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Moskovsky District, Saint Petersburg">Moskovsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagarinskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagarinskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Gagarinskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskovskaya_zastava_Municipal_Okrug" title="Moskovskaya zastava Municipal Okrug">Moskovskaya zastava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novoizmaylovskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novoizmaylovskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Novoizmaylovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovsky_meridian_Municipal_Okrug" title="Pulkovsky meridian Municipal Okrug">Pulkovsky meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvyozdnoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvyozdnoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Zvyozdnoye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevsky_District" title="Nevsky District">Nevsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Okrug_54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal Okrug 54 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivanovsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivanovsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Ivanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodny_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodny Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Narodny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevskaya_zastava_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevskaya zastava Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Nevskaya zastava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obukhovsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obukhovsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Obukhovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okkervil_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okkervil Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Okkervil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravoberezhny_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravoberezhny Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Pravoberezhny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybatskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Rybatskoye Municipal Okrug">Rybatskoye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrodvortsovy_District" title="Petrodvortsovy District">Petrodvortsovy District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal towns: <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petergof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov,_Russia" title="Lomonosov, Russia">Lomonosov</a></li> <li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Strelna" title="Strelna">Strelna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_District" title="Petrogradsky District">Petrogradsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Aptekarsky_Ostrov_Municipal_Okrug" title="Aptekarsky Ostrov Municipal Okrug">Aptekarsky Ostrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chkalovskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chkalovskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Chkalovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronverkskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Kronverkskoye Municipal Okrug">Kronverkskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrovsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrovsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posadsky_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posadsky Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Posadsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vvedensky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Vvedensky Municipal Okrug">Vvedensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Primorsky District, Saint Petersburg">Primorsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Lisy_Nos" title="Lisy Nos">Lisy Nos</a></li> <li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Okrug_65" title="Municipal Okrug 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chyornaya_rechka_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chyornaya rechka Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Chyornaya rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolomyagi_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolomyagi Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Kolomyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komendantsky_Aerodrom_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komendantsky Aerodrom Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Komendantsky Aerodrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhta-Olgino_Municipal_Okrug" title="Lakhta-Olgino Municipal Okrug">Lakhta-Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozero_Dolgoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozero Dolgoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Ozero Dolgoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuntolovo_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuntolovo Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Yuntolovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pushkinsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pushkinsky District, Saint Petersburg">Pushkinsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal towns: <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Pavlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkin,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pushkin, Saint Petersburg">Pushkin</a></li> <li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Alexandrovskaya,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Alexandrovskaya, Saint Petersburg">Alexandrovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushary,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Shushary, Saint Petersburg">Shushary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyarlevo" title="Tyarlevo">Tyarlevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Tsentralny District, Saint Petersburg">Tsentralny District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Okrug_78" title="Municipal Okrug 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvortsovy_Municipal_Okrug" title="Dvortsovy Municipal Okrug">Dvortsovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligovka-Yamskaya_Municipal_Okrug" title="Ligovka-Yamskaya Municipal Okrug">Ligovka-Yamskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liteyny_Municipal_Okrug" title="Liteyny Municipal Okrug">Liteyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolninskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Smolninskoye Municipal Okrug">Smolninskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimirsky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Vladimirsky Municipal Okrug">Vladimirsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vasileostrovsky_District" title="Vasileostrovsky District">Vasileostrovsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Okrug_7" title="Municipal Okrug 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavan_Municipal_Okrug" title="Gavan Municipal Okrug">Gavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morskoy_Municipal_Okrug" title="Morskoy Municipal Okrug">Morskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrov_Dekabristov_Municipal_Okrug" title="Ostrov Dekabristov Municipal Okrug">Ostrov Dekabristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Municipal_Okrug" title="Vasilyevsky Municipal Okrug">Vasilyevsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vyborgsky_District,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg">Vyborgsky District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Municipal settlements: <a href="/wiki/Levashovo,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Levashovo, Saint Petersburg">Levashovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargolovo" title="Pargolovo">Pargolovo</a></li> <li>Municipal okrugs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Okrug_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal Okrug 15 (page does not exist)">15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergiyevskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergiyevskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Sergiyevskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsoniyevskoye_Municipal_Okrug" title="Sampsoniyevskoye Municipal Okrug">Sampsoniyevskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuvalovo-Ozerki_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuvalovo-Ozerki Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Shuvalovo-Ozerki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosnovskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosnovskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Sosnovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svetlanovskoye_Municipal_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetlanovskoye Municipal Okrug (page does not exist)">Svetlanovskoye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Template:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Subdivisions of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Federal_subjects"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a> (48)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Ivanovo Oblast">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast" title="Kurgan Oblast">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast" title="Ryazan Oblast">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Oblast" title="Sakhalin Oblast">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsk Oblast">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_Oblast" title="Vologda Oblast">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Yaroslavl Oblast">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporozhye</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Krai" title="Kamchatka Krai">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a> (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty-Mansi</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia#Types" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Autonomous oblast</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1Considered by most of the international community to be part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>2Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>3Administratively subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Non-constitutional_official_divisions_by_various_institutions">Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic Development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_districts_of_Russia" title="Judicial districts of Russia">Judicial districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, Perm Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>4 A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Template:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Ladoga</a> (862–864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> (864–882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (882–1160s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> (1160s–1320s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1320s–1547)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1547–1712)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Petersburg</a> (1712–1721)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Petersburg</a> (1721–1728; 1730–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (de facto 1728–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> (1917–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1918–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1922–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Kuybyshev</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1943–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1991–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Infrastructure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pedestrian_zones_of_Saint_Petersburg_by_creation_year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pedestrian_zones_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Template:Pedestrian zones of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pedestrian_zones_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Template talk:Pedestrian zones of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pedestrian_zones_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pedestrian zones of Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pedestrian_zones_of_Saint_Petersburg_by_creation_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zones</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a> by creation year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedestrian zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaya_Konushennaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaya Konushennaya Street (page does not exist)">Malaya Konushennaya Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Sadovaya_Street" title="Malaya Sadovaya Street">Malaya Sadovaya Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planernaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planernaya Street (page does not exist)">Planernaya Street</a> (Avenue to Liquidators Chernobyl Accidents)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near <a href="/wiki/Avtovo_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Avtovo (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Avtovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasya_Alekseev_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasya Alekseev Street (page does not exist)">Vasya Alekseev Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litseiskiy_pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litseiskiy pereulok (page does not exist)">Litseiskiy pereulok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospitalniy_pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospitalniy pereulok (page does not exist)">Gospitalniy pereulok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-7_Liniya_of_Vasilievsky_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island (page does not exist)">6-7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finskiy_pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finskiy pereulok (page does not exist)">Finskiy pereulok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulvar_Novatorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulvar Novatorov (page does not exist)">Bulvar Novatorov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_ninth_of_January_Prospekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On ninth of January Prospekt (page does not exist)">On ninth of January Prospekt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tankistov_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tankistov Street (page does not exist)">Tankistov Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volodarskogo_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volodarskogo Street (page does not exist)">Volodarskogo Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_5_(Kosygina-Nastavnikov-Entuziastov-Industrialniy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter 5 (Kosygina-Nastavnikov-Entuziastov-Industrialniy) (page does not exist)">Quarter 5 (Rzhevka)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_11_(Riharda_Zorge-Kuznetsova-Marshala_Zakharova-Brestskiy_Bulvar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter 11 (Riharda Zorge-Kuznetsova-Marshala Zakharova-Brestskiy Bulvar) (page does not exist)">Quarter 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svoboda_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svoboda Square (page does not exist)">Svoboda Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubakina_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubakina Street (page does not exist)">Rubakina Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandrovskaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandrovskaya Street (page does not exist)">Alexandrovskaya Street</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Zvyozdnaya" title="Zvyozdnaya">Zvyozdnaya</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Lomonosovskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Lomonosovskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Lomonosovskaya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matushenko_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matushenko Street (page does not exist)">Matushenko Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhnaya_Doroga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhnaya Doroga (page does not exist)">Nizhnaya Doroga</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Derevnya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Staraya Derevnya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Staraya Derevnya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademitheskiy_Prodpekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademitheskiy Prodpekt (page does not exist)">Akademitheskiy Prodpekt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_Square" title="Arts Square">Arts Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuvalovo_Railway_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuvalovo Railway Station (page does not exist)">Shuvalovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_18_%E2%80%93_18%D0%90_area_of_Grazhdanskiy_Prospekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter 18 – 18А area of Grazhdanskiy Prospekt (page does not exist)">Quarter 18 – 18А</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burenin_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burenin Street (page does not exist)">Burenin Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blagodatnaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blagodatnaya Street (page does not exist)">Blagodatnaya Street</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommunarov_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommunarov Street (page does not exist)">Kommunarov Street</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Gorkovskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Gorkovskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Gorkovskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Park_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Alexander Park (Saint Petersburg)">Alexander Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadovaya_Street,_Tsarskoye_Selo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadovaya Street, Tsarskoye Selo (page does not exist)">Sadovaya Street, Tsarskoye Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turku_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turku Street (page does not exist)">Turku Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_24_(Bukharestskaya-Zagrebskiy-Dunaiskiy-Dimitrova)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter 24 (Bukharestskaya-Zagrebskiy-Dunaiskiy-Dimitrova) (page does not exist)">Quarter 24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konushenniy_Pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konushenniy Pereulok (page does not exist)">Konushenniy Pereulok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuznechniy_Pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuznechniy Pereulok (page does not exist)">Kuznechniy Pereulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreevskie_Dvoriki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreevskie Dvoriki (page does not exist)">Andreevskie Dvoriki</a>: 27, 6 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island</li> <li>32, 7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island</li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Udelnaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Udelnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Udelnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizhskaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizhskaya Street (page does not exist)">Rizhskaya Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quarter_5_(Marshala_Zakharova-Marshala_Zshukova-Petergofskoye-Desantnikov)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quarter 5 (Marshala Zakharova-Marshala Zshukova-Petergofskoye-Desantnikov) (page does not exist)">Quarter 5 (South-West)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blagodatnaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blagodatnaya Street (page does not exist)">Blagodatnaya Street</a> (second stage)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shlisselburgskiy_Prospekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shlisselburgskiy Prospekt (page does not exist)">Shlisselburgskiy Prospekt</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Petrogradskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Petrogradskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Petrogradskaya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezimyanniy_Pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezimyanniy Pereulok (page does not exist)">Bezimyanniy Pereulok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klenovaya_Alleya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klenovaya Alleya (page does not exist)">Klenovaya Alleya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionnaya_Street" title="Millionnaya Street">Millionnaya Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Canal" title="Griboyedov Canal">Griboyedov Canal Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshaya_Konushennaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshaya Konushennaya Street (page does not exist)">Bolshaya Konushennaya Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solyanoy_Pereulok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solyanoy Pereulok (page does not exist)">Solyanoy Pereulok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efimova_street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efimova street (page does not exist)">Efimova street</a></li> <li>near <a href="/wiki/Ozerki_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)" title="Ozerki (Saint Petersburg Metro)">Ozerki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blagodatnaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blagodatnaya Street (page does not exist)">Blagodatnaya Street</a> (third stage)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgradskaya_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgradskaya Street (page does not exist)">Belgradskaya Street</a> (apple orchards)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blagoeva_street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blagoeva street (page does not exist)">Blagoeva street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Leningrad_the_Hero_City_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="To Leningrad the Hero City Obelisk">Hero-City Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Glory" title="Column of Glory">Column of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora">Cruiser Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Peter_I_(St._Michael%27s_Castle)" title="Monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle)">Peter I near St. Michael's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Alexander_Pushkin_in_Arts_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Alexander Pushkin in Arts Square (page does not exist)">Alexander Pushkin in Arts Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Nikolai_Gogol_in_Arts_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Nikolai Gogol in Arts Square (page does not exist)">Nikolai Gogol in Konushennaya Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesme_Column" title="Chesme Column">Chesme Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagul_Obelisk" title="Kagul Obelisk">Kagul Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Nicholas_I" title="Monument to Nicholas I">Monument to Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piskaryovskoye_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery">Mother Motherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Triumphal_Gate" title="Moscow Triumphal Gate">Moscow Triumphal Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_Triumphal_Arch" title="Narva Triumphal Arch">Narva Triumphal Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Korchmin,_Monument_to&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Korchmin, Monument to (page does not exist)">Vasily Korchmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquidators_Chernobyl_Accidens,_Monument_to&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquidators Chernobyl Accidens, Monument to (page does not exist)">Liquidators Chernobyl Accidens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genio_loci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genio loci (page does not exist)">Genio loci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barometer_clock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barometer clock (page does not exist)">Barometer clock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburgs_policeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Petersburgs policeman (page does not exist)">Saint Petersburgs policeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphere fountain">Sphere fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_photographer,_Monument_to&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The photographer, Monument to (page does not exist)">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_reproduct,_Monument_to&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The reproduct, Monument to (page does not exist)">Reproduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_Fleet_of_Russian_Navy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_fleet" title="Template:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_fleet" title="Template talk:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_fleet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic fleet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_Fleet_of_Russian_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> of fleet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nosatov" title="Aleksandr Nosatov">Aleksandr Nosatov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign"><img alt="Russian Baltic Fleet sleeve ensign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/105px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/158px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg/210px-Great_emblem_of_the_Baltic_fleet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="277" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Naval_Base" title="Leningrad Naval Base">Leningrad Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltiysk_Naval_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltiysk Naval base (page does not exist)">Baltiysk Naval base</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separate_Guards_brigade_of_marines_of_the_Baltic_fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet (page does not exist)">Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=127_separate_sea_engineering_battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="127 separate sea engineering battalion (page does not exist)">127 separate sea engineering battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strazh_Balticy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strazh Balticy (page does not exist)">Strazh Balticy</a> (newspaper)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy bases in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fleet command: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li>Marine base: <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a></li> <li>Air bases: <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsk_(air_base)" title="Chernyakhovsk (air base)">Chernyakhovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Chkalovsk" title="Kaliningrad Chkalovsk">Kaliningrad Chkalovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donskoye_(air_base)" title="Donskoye (air base)">Donskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Khrabrovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy base in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysotsk" title="Vysotsk">Vysotsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former naval bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porkkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porkkala">Porkkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suomenlinna" title="Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.ru/eng/1862/12068/12088/12222/12246/index.shtml">Baltic Fleet page</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.ru/eng/">official Ministry of Defence website</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saint_Petersburg_Navy_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Petersburg_Navy_structures" title="Template:Saint Petersburg Navy structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saint_Petersburg_Navy_structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saint Petersburg Navy structures (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Petersburg_Navy_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Petersburg Navy structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Petersburg_Navy_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian navy">Navy structures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military educational institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Kuznetsov_Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy">N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ship on the Admiralty spire, the emblem of Saint Petersburg"><img alt="A ship on the Admiralty spire, the emblem of Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg/70px-Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg/105px-Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg/140px-Saint_Petersburg_Admiralty_Spire_Ship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="188" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military research institutes and design offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malakhit_Marine_Engineering_Bureau" title="Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau">Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The military ship-building and ship-repair enterprises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Shipyard">Admiralty Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Almaz Shipbuilding Company">Almaz Shipbuilding Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shipyard" title="Baltic Shipyard">Baltic Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Design_Bureau" title="Rubin Design Bureau">Rubin Design Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Verf" title="Severnaya Verf">Severnaya Verf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severnoye_Design_Bureau" title="Severnoye Design Bureau">Severnoe Design Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Naval_Base" title="Leningrad Naval Base">Leningrad Naval base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petergof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priozersk" title="Priozersk">Priozersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysotsk" title="Vysotsk">Vysotsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139487820">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212867/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJht6XQPdpF7Qq8Q9jkMT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4267026-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81039599">United 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