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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval era and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_particular_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_particular_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of particular surnames</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_of_particular_surnames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins of particular surnames subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_particular_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patronymic_and_matronymic_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronymic_and_matronymic_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Patronymic and matronymic surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronymic_and_matronymic_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognominal_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognominal_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cognominal surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognominal_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquired_and_ornamental_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired_and_ornamental_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Acquired and ornamental surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired_and_ornamental_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Occupational surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymic_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymic_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Toponymic surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymic_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Order of names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender-specific_versions_of_surname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-specific_versions_of_surname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gender-specific versions of surname</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender-specific_versions_of_surname-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender-specific versions of surname subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender-specific_versions_of_surname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indication_of_family_membership_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indication_of_family_membership_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indication of family membership status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indication_of_family_membership_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surname_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surname_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surname law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surname_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_name_discrimination_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_name_discrimination_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family name discrimination against women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_name_discrimination_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Compound surnames</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compound_surnames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compound surnames subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compound_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Multiple surnames</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multiple_surnames-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Multiple surnames subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Multiple_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Spanish-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informal_traditional_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_traditional_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Informal traditional names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_traditional_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_surnames_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_surnames_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Compound surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_surnames_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Portuguese-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture and prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Surname: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9" title="اسم العائلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم العائلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մականուն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մականուն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icinikasowin" title="Icinikasowin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Icinikasowin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyad" title="Soyad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soyad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%AF" title="سوی‌آد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوی‌آد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="পদবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-s%C3%A8%E2%81%BF" title="Jī-sèⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-sèⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фамилия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фамилия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Прозвішча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прозвішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Прозьвішча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прозьвішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelyido" title="Apelyido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Apelyido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Фамилно име – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фамилно име" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv-tiegezh" title="Anv-tiegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anv-tiegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognom" title="Cognom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cognom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Хушамат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хушамат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADjmen%C3%AD" title="Příjmení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příjmení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazita_eMhuri" title="Mazita eMhuri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mazita eMhuri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A6gtsnavn" title="Slægtsnavn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slægtsnavn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familienname" title="Familienname – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Familienname" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekonnanimi" title="Perekonnanimi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perekonnanimi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Επώνυμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επώνυμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apellido" title="Apellido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apellido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_nomo" title="Familia nomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Familia nomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitura" title="Deitura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نام خانوادگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام خانوادگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_famille" title="Nom de famille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom de famille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloinne" title="Sloinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sloinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelido" title="Apelido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apelido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F%E7%AE%8B%E9%87%8B" title="姓氏箋釋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="姓氏箋釋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%94%A8" title="성씨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성씨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգանուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգանուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="उपनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%B3jbne_mjeno" title="Swójbne mjeno – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swójbne mjeno" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezime" title="Prezime – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prezime" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familionomo" title="Familionomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Familionomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C3%A0_nn%C3%A0" title="Ahà nnà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ahà nnà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marga" title="Marga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Мыггаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыггаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognome" title="Cognome – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cognome" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%94" title="שם משפחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם משפחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გვარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="زات – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4zw%C3%ABsk%C3%B2" title="Nôzwëskò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nôzwëskò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Тек, ата-тек, әулет есім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тек, ата-тек, әулет есім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_fanmi" title="Non fanmi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Non fanmi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fnav" title="Paşnav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paşnav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkunya" title="Alkunya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alkunya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzv%C4%81rds" title="Uzvārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uzvārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familljennumm" title="Familljennumm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Familljennumm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csal%C3%A1dn%C3%A9v" title="Családnév – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Családnév" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="आडनाव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आडनाव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="گت نوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گت نوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_keluarga" title="Nama keluarga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nama keluarga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familienaam" title="Familienaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Familienaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="उपनां – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनां" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slektsnavn" title="Slektsnavn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slektsnavn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slektsnamn" title="Slektsnamn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slektsnamn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_d%E2%80%99ostal" title="Nom d’ostal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nom d’ostal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BB%D3%B1%D0%BC" title="Тукымлӱм – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тукымлӱм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiya" title="Familiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Familiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogn%C3%B2m_piemont%C3%A8is" title="Cognòm piemontèis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cognòm piemontèis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiennaam" title="Familiennaam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Familiennaam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazwisko" title="Nazwisko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nazwisko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrenome" title="Sobrenome – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sobrenome" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nume_de_familie" title="Nume de familie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nume de familie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Призвиско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Призвиско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фамилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фамилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name" title="Family name – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Family name" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ذات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ذات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priezvisko" title="Priezvisko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priezvisko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="نازناو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نازناو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Презиме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Презиме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezime" title="Prezime – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prezime" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukunimi" title="Sukunimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukunimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familjenamn" title="Familjenamn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Familjenamn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelyido" title="Apelyido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Apelyido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="குடும்பப் பெயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடும்பப் பெயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఇంటి పేర్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంటి పేర్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="นามสกุล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นามสกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Насаб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Насаб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyad%C4%B1" title="Soyadı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soyadı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lyoot_a%CC%B1tyia%CC%B1" title="A̱lyoot a̱tyia̱ – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lyoot a̱tyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Прізвище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прізвище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D" title="Họ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4rnimi" title="Väärnimi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Väärnimi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_d%27_famile" title="No d' famile – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="No d' famile" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F" title="姓氏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="姓氏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F" title="姓氏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="姓氏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2-%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="פאמיליע-נאמען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאמיליע-נאמען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%BAk%E1%BB%8D_%C3%ACd%C3%ADl%C3%A9" title="Orúkọ ìdílé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orúkọ ìdílé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93" title="姓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="姓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavardie" title="Pavardie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pavardie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F" title="姓氏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="姓氏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a 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diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surname&oldid=1212088765" title="Surname">Revision as of 03:15, 6 March 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surname&action=edit&oldid=1212088765" title="Surname">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-03-06T03:15:06Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/139.130.253.70" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/139.130.253.70" data-mw-revid="1212088765"><bdi>139.130.253.70</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:139.130.253.70" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User 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href="/w/index.php?title=Surname&action=edit&oldid=1212088887" title="Surname">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-03-06T03:15:50Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surname&action=edit&undoafter=1212088765&undo=1212088887" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Benison" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Benison" data-mw-revid="1212088887"><bdi>Benison</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Benison" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Benison">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Benison" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Benison">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_mover" title="Wikipedia:File mover">File movers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers" title="Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers">New page reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>43,578</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reverted edit by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/139.130.253.70" title="Special:Contributions/139.130.253.70">139.130.253.70</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:139.130.253.70" title="User talk:139.130.253.70">talk</a>) to last version by WikiEditor50</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-rollback"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollback</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surname&diff=next&oldid=1212088887" title="Surname" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places) is called [[onomastics]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places) is called [[onomastics]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>===Origin===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Surnames have not always existed and are still not universal in some cultures. The tradition has arisen separately in different cultures around the world. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Koon |first=Wee Kek |date=18 November 2016 |title=The complex origins of Chinese names demystified |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2046955/complex-origins-chinese-names-demystified |magazine=Post Magazine |access-date=3 October 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004035355/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2046955/complex-origins-chinese-names-demystified |url-status=live }}</ref> In Europe, the concept of surnames became popular in the [[Roman Empire]] and expanded throughout the [[Mediterranean]] and Western Europe as a result. During the Middle Ages, that practice died out as Germanic, Persian and other influences took hold. During the late Middle Ages surnames gradually re-emerged, first in the form of [[Epithet#Usage prior to surnames|bynames]], which typically indicated an individual's occupation or area of residence, and gradually evolving into modern surnames. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent.<ref name="Doll1992">{{Cite news |last=Doll |first=Cynthia Blevins |year=1992 |title=Harmonizing Filial and Parental Rights in Names: Progress, Pitfalls, and Constitutional Problems |volume=35 |page=227 |work=Howard Law Journal |publisher=Howard University School of Law |issn=0018-6813}} ''Note: content available by subscription only. The first page of content is available via [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:LBmZUSt6tbgJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&lr=&output=viewport&shm=1&pg=1 Google Scholar]''.</ref> Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. These descriptors often developed into fixed clan identifications that in turn became family names as we know them today.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor [[Fu Xi]] in 2000 BC.<ref name="Seng2008">{{Cite book |last=Seng |first=Serena |url=http://genealogy.about.com/ |title=About Genealogy |date=15 September 2008 |publisher=The New York Times Company |editor-last=Powell |editor-first=Kimberly |chapter=The Origin of Chinese Surnames |chapter-url=http://genealogy.about.com/library/authors/ucboey2a.htm |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616052403/http://genealogy.about.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2021}}<ref name="Danesi2007">{{Cite book |last=Danesi |first=Marcel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as6_qARSebIC |title=The Quest for Meaning |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8020-9514-5 |page=48 |access-date=21 September 2008}}</ref> His administration standardised the naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally, [[Chinese surname]]s were derived matrilineally,<ref name="naming">{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=Berkeley Linguistics |date=2004 |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-2004-names.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519142616/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-2004-names.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2011 |title=Naming practices |at=Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003)}}</ref> although by the time of the [[Shang dynasty]] (1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal.<ref name="naming" /><ref name="Zhimin">{{Cite journal |last=Zhimin |first=An |year=1988 |title=Archaeological Research on Neolithic China |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=753–759 [755, 758] |doi=10.1086/203698 |jstor=2743616 |s2cid=144920735}}</ref> Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. They can be referred to either by their full birth names or by their husband's surname plus the word for wife. In the past, women's given names were often not publicly known, and women were referred in official documents by their family name plus the character "Shi" and when married by their husband's surname, their birth surname, and the character "Shi".{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In the Middle East surnames have been and are still of great importance. An early form of tribal [[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]s is attested among [[Amorites|Amorite]] and [[Aramaeans|Aramean]] tribes in the early [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron]] ages as early as 1800 BC.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In [[ancient Iran]], surnames were used, but it is likely that most of them belonged to the aristocracy, nobility and military leaders.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In the early [[Islamic]] period (640–900 AD) and the [[Arab world]], the use of [[patronymics]] is well attested. The famous scholar [[Rhazes]] ({{circa|865–925 AD}}) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]], Iran. In the [[Levant]], surnames were in use as early as the [[High Middle Ages]] and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's [[tribe]], [[profession]], a famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example, [[Hunayn ibn Ishaq]] (fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in [[Mesopotamia]] prior to the advent of [[Islam]]. [[Hamdan Qarmat|Hamdan ibn al-Ash'ath]] (fl. 874 AD), the founder of [[Qarmatian]] [[Isma'ilism]], was surnamed "Qarmat", an [[Aramaic]] word which probably meant "red-eyed" or "short-legged".{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In Ancient Greece, as far back as the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic Period]] clan names and [[patronymic]]s ("son of") were also common, as in [[Aristides]] as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου – a genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example, [[Alexander the Great]] was known as [[Heracleidae|''Heracleides'']], as a supposed descendant of [[Heracles]], and by the dynastic name [[Caranus of Macedon|''Karanos''/''Caranus'']], which referred to the founder of the [[Argead dynasty|dynasty to which he belonged]]. These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of [[Homer]]. At other times formal identification commonly included the place of origin.<ref name="Gill2008">{{Cite book |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/ |title=About Ancient / Classical History |publisher=The New York Times Company |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=N.S. |chapter=Ancient Names – Greek and Roman Names |chapter-url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/nameetymologies/p/AncientNames.htm |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=28 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128112818/http://ancienthistory.about.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In none of these cases, though, were these names considered essential parts of the person's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner that is common in many cultures today.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. (''See [[Roman naming conventions]].'') The [[Nomen gentilicium|''nomen'']], the name of the [[gens]] (tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC.<ref name="Salway">[[Benet Salway]], "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in ''[[Journal of Roman Studies]]'', vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994).</ref> The ''nomen'' was to identify group kinship, while the ''[[praenomen]]'' (forename; plural ''praenomina'') was used to distinguish individuals within the group. Female ''praenomina'' were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the ''nomen'' alone. Some women were distinguished from relatives later on by the use of ''major''/''minor'', or by an ordinal number. Even for men, there were only a few commonly used ''praenomina'', with some falling out of use and very few new names gaining popularity. During the Republic, 99% of Roman citizens shared only 17 ''praenomina''.<ref name="Salway"/> Furthermore, eldest sons were frequently given the same ''praenomen'' as their father. This led to confusion between members of the same ''gens''. Therefore, from the 5th to the 2nd centuries BC the use of [[cognomen|''cognomina'']] arose, beginning in noble patrician families. These were originally personal names, frequently physical features. For example, the ''cognomen'' of Pūblius Ovidius '''Nāsō''' meant "nose". Before too long, ''cognomina'' were again inherited and ceased to be personal distinguishers. In the later centuries of the Empire, there was a proliferation of [[agnomen|''agnomina'']], a fourth name placed after the ''cognomen''.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>===Medieval era and beyond===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Later with the gradual influence of Greek and [[Christian culture]] throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional ''cognomina'', but eventually people reverted to single names.<ref name="Chavez2006">{{Cite web |last=Chavez |first=Berret |date=9 November 2006 |title=Personal Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the Later Byzantine Era |url=http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/byzantine/introduction.html |access-date=21 September 2008 |website=Official Web Page of the Laurel Sovereign of Arms for the Society for Creative Anachronism |publisher=Society for Creative Anachronism |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916180738/http://heraldry.sca.org/laurel/names/byzantine/introduction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy.<ref name="Chavez2006"/> The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe, although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited as they are today.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of ''zapato'', "shoe").<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the origin of the last name Molina? |url=https://www.last-names.net/lastname/molina/ |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=Last Name Meanings |language=en-US |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801151148/https://www.last-names.net/lastname/molina/ |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the [[Domesday Book]] in 1086, following the [[Norman conquest]]. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most [[English surnames|English]] and most [[Scottish surnames|Scottish]] people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/surnames_01.shtml#:~:text=Over%20time%20many%20names%20became,and%20to%20get%20passed%20on. | title=BBC - Family History - What's in a Name? Your Link to the Past | access-date=17 May 2022 | archive-date=17 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517182045/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/surnames_01.shtml#:~:text=Over%20time%20many%20names%20became,and%20to%20get%20passed%20on. | url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A four-year study led by the [[University of the West of England]], which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the [[British Isles]].<ref name="Origin study">{{Cite news |date=17 November 2016 |title=Most common surnames in Britain and Ireland revealed |agency=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38003201 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102104217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38003201 |url-status=live }}</ref> The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being [[Smith (surname)|Smith]], [[Jones (surname)|Jones]], [[Williams (surname)|Williams]], [[Brown (surname)|Brown]], [[Taylor (surname)|Taylor]], [[Davies]], and [[Wilson (name)|Wilson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001/acref-9780199677764 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |last2=Coates |first2=Richard |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967776-4 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526105824/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001/acref-9780199677764 |url-status=live }}</ref> The findings have been published in the ''Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland'', with project leader Richard Coates calling the study "more detailed and accurate" than those before.<ref name="Origin study" /> He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be [[Toponymic surname|linked to a place]], for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a [[village green]]. Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as [[Jackson (name)|Jackson]], or [[Jenkinson]]. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, [[Short stature|Short]], or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person."<ref name="Origin study"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>===Modern era===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the [[Japanese name]] was formalized by the government as ''family name'' + ''given name'' in 1868.<ref>Nagata, Mary Louise. "Names and Name Changing in Early Modern Kyoto, Japan." ''International Review of Social History'' 07/2002; 47(02):243 – 259. P. 246.</ref>  Nonetheless, the use of surnames is not universal: Icelanders, Burmese, Javanese, and many people groups in East Africa do not use family names.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Family names sometimes change or are replaced by non-family-name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} Examples are the cases with [[Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians|Chinese Indonesians]] and [[Chinese Thai surname|Chinese Thais]] after migration there during the 20th century or the Jews who fled to different European countries to avoid persecution from the Nazis during World War II. Other ethnic groups have been forced to change or adapt surnames to conform with the cultural norms of the dominant culture, such as in the case of slaves and indigenous people of the Americas.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Origins of particular surnames ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Origins of particular surnames ==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 03:15, 6 March 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hereditary portion of a personal name</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Last name" and "Family name" redirect here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Last_Name_(song)" title="Last Name (song)">Last Name (song)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Family_Name_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Family Name (disambiguation)">Family Name (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Surname" title="Special:EditPage/Surname">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Surname%22">"Surname"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Surname%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Surname%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Surname%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Surname%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Surname%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FML_names-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FML_names-2.png/300px-FML_names-2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FML_names-2.png/450px-FML_names-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FML_names-2.png/600px-FML_names-2.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>First/given/forename, middle, and last/family/surname with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John Fitzgerald Kennedy</a> as example. This shows a structure typical for Anglophonic cultures (and some others). Other cultures use other structures for full names.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>surname</b>, <b>family name</b>, or <b>last name</b> is the mostly hereditary portion of one's <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> that indicates one's family.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically combined with a <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> to form the full name of a person. </p><p>Depending on culture, the surname may be placed at either the start of a person's name, or at the end. The number of surnames given to an individual also varies: in most cases it is just one, but in many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames are used for legal purposes. Depending on culture, not all members of a <a href="/wiki/Family_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Family unit">family unit</a> are required to have identical surnames. In some countries, surnames are modified depending on gender and family membership status of a person. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in the 11th century by the <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a> in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of hereditary surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places) is called <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <p>Surnames have not always existed and are still not universal in some cultures. The tradition has arisen separately in different cultures around the world. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the concept of surnames became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and expanded throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and Western Europe as a result. During the Middle Ages, that practice died out as Germanic, Persian and other influences took hold. During the late Middle Ages surnames gradually re-emerged, first in the form of <a href="/wiki/Epithet#Usage_prior_to_surnames" title="Epithet">bynames</a>, which typically indicated an individual's occupation or area of residence, and gradually evolving into modern surnames. </p><p>While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent.<sup id="cite_ref-Doll1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doll1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. These descriptors often developed into fixed clan identifications that in turn became family names as we know them today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Fu_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Xi">Fu Xi</a> in 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Seng2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seng2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Danesi2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danesi2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration standardised the naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surnames</a> were derived matrilineally,<sup id="cite_ref-naming_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhimin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhimin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. They can be referred to either by their full birth names or by their husband's surname plus the word for wife. In the past, women's given names were often not publicly known, and women were referred in official documents by their family name plus the character "Shi" and when married by their husband's surname, their birth surname, and the character "Shi".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Middle East surnames have been and are still of great importance. An early form of tribal <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisbas</a> is attested among <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramean</a> tribes in the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> ages as early as 1800 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iran">ancient Iran</a>, surnames were used, but it is likely that most of them belonged to the aristocracy, nobility and military leaders. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> period (640–900 AD) and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Patronymics" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronymics">patronymics</a> is well attested. The famous scholar <a href="/wiki/Rhazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhazes">Rhazes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865–925 AD</span>) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, Iran. In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, surnames were in use as early as the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>, a famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a> (fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> prior to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan ibn al-Ash'ath</a> (fl. 874 AD), the founder of <a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, was surnamed "Qarmat", an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word which probably meant "red-eyed" or "short-legged".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Ancient Greece, as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Period</a> clan names and <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymics</a> ("son of") were also common, as in <a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου – a genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was known as <a href="/wiki/Heracleidae" title="Heracleidae"><i>Heracleides</i></a>, as a supposed descendant of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, and by the dynastic name <a href="/wiki/Caranus_of_Macedon" title="Caranus of Macedon"><i>Karanos</i>/<i>Caranus</i></a>, which referred to the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">dynasty to which he belonged</a>. These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. At other times formal identification commonly included the place of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In none of these cases, though, were these names considered essential parts of the person's name, nor were they explicitly inherited in the manner that is common in many cultures today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>.</i>) The <a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium"><i>nomen</i></a>, the name of the <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a> (tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>nomen</i> was to identify group kinship, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a></i> (forename; plural <i>praenomina</i>) was used to distinguish individuals within the group. Female <i>praenomina</i> were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the <i>nomen</i> alone. Some women were distinguished from relatives later on by the use of <i>major</i>/<i>minor</i>, or by an ordinal number. Even for men, there were only a few commonly used <i>praenomina</i>, with some falling out of use and very few new names gaining popularity. During the Republic, 99% of Roman citizens shared only 17 <i>praenomina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salway_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salway-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, eldest sons were frequently given the same <i>praenomen</i> as their father. This led to confusion between members of the same <i>gens</i>. Therefore, from the 5th to the 2nd centuries BC the use of <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen"><i>cognomina</i></a> arose, beginning in noble patrician families. These were originally personal names, frequently physical features. For example, the <i>cognomen</i> of Pūblius Ovidius <b>Nāsō</b> meant "nose". Before too long, <i>cognomina</i> were again inherited and ceased to be personal distinguishers. In the later centuries of the Empire, there was a proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen"><i>agnomina</i></a>, a fourth name placed after the <i>cognomen</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era_and_beyond">Medieval era and beyond</h3></div> <p>Later with the gradual influence of Greek and <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional <i>cognomina</i>, but eventually people reverted to single names.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez2006_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe, although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be explicitly inherited as they are today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of <i>zapato</i>, "shoe").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> in 1086, following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a>. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most <a href="/wiki/English_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="English surnames">English</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Scottish</a> people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A four-year study led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">University of the West of England</a>, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_study_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_study-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being <a href="/wiki/Smith_(surname)" title="Smith (surname)">Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jones_(surname)" title="Jones (surname)">Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williams_(surname)" title="Williams (surname)">Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_(surname)" title="Brown (surname)">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_(surname)" title="Taylor (surname)">Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davies" title="Davies">Davies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilson_(name)" title="Wilson (name)">Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings have been published in the <i>Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland</i>, with project leader Richard Coates calling the study "more detailed and accurate" than those before.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_study_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_study-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">linked to a place</a>, for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a <a href="/wiki/Village_green" title="Village green">village green</a>. Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as <a href="/wiki/Jackson_(name)" title="Jackson (name)">Jackson</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jenkinson" title="Jenkinson">Jenkinson</a>. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, <a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short</a>, or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person."<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_study_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_study-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a> was formalized by the government as <i>family name</i> + <i>given name</i> in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the use of surnames is not universal: Icelanders, Burmese, Javanese, and many people groups in East Africa do not use family names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Family names sometimes change or are replaced by non-family-name surnames under political pressure to avoid persecution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples are the cases with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian-sounding_names_adopted_by_Chinese_Indonesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Thai_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Thai surname">Chinese Thais</a> after migration there during the 20th century or the Jews who fled to different European countries to avoid persecution from the Nazis during World War II. Other ethnic groups have been forced to change or adapt surnames to conform with the cultural norms of the dominant culture, such as in the case of slaves and indigenous people of the Americas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_particular_surnames">Origins of particular surnames</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronymic_and_matronymic_surnames">Patronymic and matronymic surnames</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Patronymic surname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matronymic_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Matronymic surname">Matronymic surname</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habesha_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha name">Habesha name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Patronymic_surnames" title="Category:Patronymic surnames">Patronymic surnames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Matronymic_surnames" title="Category:Matronymic surnames">Matronymic surnames</a></div><p> These are the oldest and most common type of surname.<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be a first name such as "Wilhelm", a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/Andersen" title="Andersen">Andersen</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/Beaton_(surname)" title="Beaton (surname)">Beaton</a>", or a clan name such as "<a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">O'Brien</a>". Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name "<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_(name)" title="Giovanni (name)">Giovanni</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_Patronyms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/250px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/375px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/500px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>A family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system</figcaption></figure> <p>Patronymic surnames can be a parent's name without modification (Ali Mohamed is Mohamed's son), preceded by a modifying word/character (bin Abdulaziz, Mac Donald), or modified by affixes (Stefanović, Petrov, Jones, Olsen, López, Price, Dēmētrópoulos, Fitzgerald). There is a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Family_name_affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name affixes">family name affixes</a> with a patronymic function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Patronymic surnames can be actively changing with each generation (Senai Abraham father of Zerezghi Senai father of Afwerki Zerezghi) or derived from historical patronymics but now consistent between generations (as in Sarah Jones whose father is Benjamin Jones, and all her paternal grandfathers surnamed Jones back 200 years).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Patronymics can represent a single generation (Ali Mohamed is Mohamed's son) or multiple generations (Lemlem Mengesha Abraha is Lemlem son of Mengesha son of Abraha, his son could be Tamrat Lemlem Mengesha).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Patronymic surname</a> for specifics on cultural differences. See <a href="/wiki/Family_name_affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name affixes">family name affixes</a> for a list of specific prefixes and suffixes with their meanings and associated languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognominal_surnames">Cognominal surnames</h3></div> <p>This is the broadest class of surnames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar",<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which, according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate".<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cottle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquired_and_ornamental_surnames">Acquired and ornamental surnames</h3></div> <p><b>Ornamental surnames</b> are made up of names, not specific to any attribute (place, parentage, occupation, caste) of the first person to acquire the name, and stem from the middle class's desire for their own hereditary names like the nobles. They were generally acquired later in history and generally when those without surnames needed them. In 1526, King Frederik I of Denmark-Norway ordered that noble families must take up fixed surnames, and many of them took as their name some element of their coat of arms; for example, the Rosenkrantz ("rose wreath") family took their surname from a wreath of roses comprising the torse of their arms,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gyldenstierne (“golden star”) family took theirs from a 7-pointed gold star on their shield.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, many middle-class Scandinavian families desired names similar to those of the nobles and adopted “ornamental” surnames as well. Most other naming traditions refer to them as "acquired". They might be given to people newly immigrated, conquered, or converted, as well as those with unknown parentage, formerly enslaved, or from parentage without a surname tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ornamental surnames are more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-bowman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They occur commonly in Scandinavia, and among <a href="/wiki/Sinti_and_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinti and Roma">Sinti and Roma</a> and Jews in Germany and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include Steinbach ("stone brook"), Rosenberg ("rose mountain"), and Winterstein ("winter stone"). Forced adoption in the 19th century is the source of German, Polish and even Italian ornamental surnames for Latvians such as Rozentāls (Rosental, "rose valley"), Eizenbaums (Eisenbaum, "iron tree"), and Freibergs (Freiberg, "free mountain").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian-sounding_names_adopted_by_Chinese_Indonesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Thai_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Thai surname">Chinese Thais</a>, certain ethnic groups are subject to political pressure to change their surnames, in which case surnames can lose their family-name meaning. For instance, Indonesian business tycoon Liem Swie Liong (林绍良) "indonesianised" his name to <a href="/wiki/Sudono_Salim" title="Sudono Salim">Sudono Salim</a>. In this case, "Liem" (林) was rendered by "Salim", a name of Arabic origin, while "Sudono", a Javanese name with the honorific prefix "su-" (of Sanskrit origin), was supposed to be a rendering of "Swie Liong".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> many Africans lost their native names and were forced by their owners to take the owners' surnames and any given name the owner or slave master desired. In the Americas, the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (<i>i.e.</i> <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">slave name</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In regions with a strong religious influence, newly acquired names were often given by the religious leaders as part of naming ceremonies. The religion dictated the type of surname but these are traditionally surnames associated with the religion. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> names often follow the Arabic patronymic naming conventions but include names like Mohamed or ibn Abihi, "son of his father". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> names may have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> on whose <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> the person was christened, for instance <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_(name)" title="Toussaint (name)">Toussaint</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Los_Santos" title="De Los Santos">De Los Santos</a> may have been christened on <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Native Peoples of the Americas were assimilated by the conquering countries, they were often converted to the dominant religion, being christened with associated names (i.e. de la Cruz). Others maintained a historical name, title, or byname of an ancestor translated into the new language (i.e. RunningWolf). Yet others were simply given "appropriate sounding" invented names (as Markishtum for members of the <a href="/wiki/Makah" title="Makah">Makah</a> tribe).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another category of acquired names is <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">foundlings</a> names. Historically, children born to unwed parents or extremely poor parents would be abandoned in a public place or anonymously placed in a <a href="/wiki/Baby_hatch#History" title="Baby hatch">foundling wheel</a>. Such abandoned children might be claimed and named by religious figures, the community leaders, or adoptive parents. Some such children were given surnames that reflected their condition, like (Italian) <a href="/wiki/Esposito" title="Esposito">Esposito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innocenti_(surname)" title="Innocenti (surname)">Innocenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casagrande" title="Casagrande">Della Casagrande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trovato" title="Trovato">Trovato</a>, Abbandonata, or (Dutch) Vondeling, Verlaeten, Bijstand. Other children were named for the street/place they were found (Union, Liquorpond (street), di Palermo, Baan, Bijdam, van den Eyngel (shop name), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Stoep_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van der Stoep (surname) (page does not exist)">van der Stoep</a>, von Trapp), the date they were found (<a href="/wiki/Monday_(surname)" title="Monday (surname)">Monday</a>, Septembre, Spring, di Gennaio), or festival/feast day they found or christened (Easter, SanJosé). Some foundlings were given the name of whoever found them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Patronal</b> from patronage (<i>Hickman</i> meaning Hick's man, where Hick is a pet form of the name Richard) or strong ties of religion <i>Kilpatrick</i> (follower of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_(given_name)" title="Patrick (given name)">Patrick</a>) or <i>Kilbride</i> (follower of <a href="/wiki/Bridget_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridget (given name)">Bridget</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymics</a> or ancestral</b>, often from a person's given name. e.g., from male name: <i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_(surname)" title="Richardson (surname)">Richardson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson" title="Stephenson">Stephenson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jones_(surname)" title="Jones (surname)">Jones</a></i> (Welsh for Johnson), <i><a href="/wiki/Williams_(surname)" title="Williams (surname)">Williams</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_(name)" title="Jackson (name)">Jackson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson (surname)">Wilson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_(surname)" title="Thompson (surname)">Thompson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Benson_(surname)" title="Benson (surname)">Benson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Johnson" class="mw-disambig" title="Johnson">Johnson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harris_(surname)" title="Harris (surname)">Harris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Evans_(surname)" title="Evans (surname)">Evans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Simpson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpson (surname)">Simpson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Willis_(surname)" title="Willis (surname)">Willis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Davies" title="Davies">Davies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_(surname)" title="Reynolds (surname)">Reynolds</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Adams_(surname)" title="Adams (surname)">Adams</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dawson_(surname)" title="Dawson (surname)">Dawson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(surname)" title="Lewis (surname)">Lewis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_(surname)" title="Rogers (surname)">Rogers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Murphy" title="Murphy">Murphy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Morrow_(surname)" title="Morrow (surname)">Morrow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholson (surname)">Nicholson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_(name)" title="Robinson (name)">Robinson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Powell_(surname)" title="Powell (surname)">Powell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_(name)" title="Ferguson (name)">Ferguson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Davis_(surname)" title="Davis (surname)">Davis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_(surname)" title="Edwards (surname)">Edwards</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_(surname)" title="Hudson (surname)">Hudson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_(surname)" title="Roberts (surname)">Roberts</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_(name)" title="Harrison (name)">Harrison</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Watson_(surname)" title="Watson (surname)">Watson</a></i>, or female names <i>Molson</i> (from Moll for Mary), <i><a href="/wiki/Madison_(name)" title="Madison (name)">Madison</a></i> (from Maud), <i>Emmott</i> (from Emma), <i>Marriott</i> (from Mary) or from a clan name (for those of Scottish origin, e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Macdonald_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macdonald (name)">MacDonald</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clan_Forbes" title="Clan Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Henderson_(surname)" title="Henderson (surname)">Henderson</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_(surname)" title="Armstrong (surname)">Armstrong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grant_(surname)" title="Grant (surname)">Grant</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cameron_(surname)" title="Cameron (surname)">Cameron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stewart_(name)" title="Stewart (name)">Stewart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(surname)" title="Douglas (surname)">Douglas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crawford_(name)" title="Crawford (name)">Crawford</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_(surname)" title="Campbell (surname)">Campbell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter (name)">Hunter</a></i>) with "Mac" <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> for son.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_surnames">Occupational surnames <span class="anchor" id="Occupational"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_surnames" title="Category:Occupational surnames">Category:Occupational surnames</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Occupational</a> names include <i><a href="/wiki/Smith_(surname)" title="Smith (surname)">Smith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller (name)">Miller</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_(surname)" title="Farmer (surname)">Farmer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_(profession)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcher (profession)">Thatcher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd (surname)">Shepherd</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Potter_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Potter (surname)">Potter</a></i>, and so on, as well as non-English ones, such as the German <i>Eisenhauer</i> (iron <a href="/wiki/Hewer" title="Hewer">hewer</a>, later Anglicized in America as <i><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower (name)">Eisenhower</a></i>) or <i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_(surname)" title="Schneider (surname)">Schneider</a></i> (tailor) – or, as in English, <i><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_(surname)" title="Schmidt (surname)">Schmidt</a></i> (smith). There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer's occupation or first name as their last name,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> adding the letter <i>s</i> to the word, although this formation could also be a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>. For instance, the surname <i><a href="/wiki/Vickers_(surname)" title="Vickers (surname)">Vickers</a></i> is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar,<sup id="cite_ref-reaney_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reaney-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_(surname)" title="Roberts (surname)">Roberts</a></i> could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play#English_mystery_plays" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a>. The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include <i><a href="/wiki/King_(surname)" title="King (surname)">King</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_(surname)" title="Lord (surname)">Lord</a></i> and <i>Virgin</i>. The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymic_surnames">Toponymic surnames</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Toponymic surname</a></div> <p>Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element <i>tūn</i> may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of the family of Wassa",<sup id="cite_ref-cottle_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while "Lucci" means "resident of <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in <a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Creachmhaoil" title="Ó Creachmhaoil">Ó Creachmhaoil</a>, derived from a village in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname.<sup id="cite_ref-cottle_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bowman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-speaking countries">Portuguese-speaking countries</a>, it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain". </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese surnames</a> derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river" (and is also <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">the name of one of Japan's prefectures</a>), Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and Inoue (井上) means "above the well". </p><p>Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> al Tikriti,<sup id="cite_ref-saddam_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saddam-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning Saddam Hussein originated from <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, a city in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. This component of the name is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Nisbat_(onomastics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisbat (onomastics)">nisbah</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_2">Examples</h4></div> <ul><li><b>Estate names</b> For those descended from land-owners, the name of their holdings, castle, manor or estate, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ernle" title="Ernle">Ernle</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staunton_(surname)" title="Staunton (surname)">Staunton</a></li> <li><b>Habitation (place) names</b> e.g., <a href="/wiki/Burton_(name)" title="Burton (name)">Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint_(surname)" title="Flint (surname)">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(surname_and_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton (surname and title)">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_(name)" title="London (name)">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laughton_(surname)" title="Laughton (surname)">Laughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leighton_(surname)" title="Leighton (surname)">Leighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_(surname)" title="Murray (surname)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutton_(surname)" title="Sutton (surname)">Sutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremblay_(surname)" title="Tremblay (surname)">Tremblay</a></li> <li><b>Topographic names</b> (geographical features) e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(surname)" title="Bridge (surname)">Bridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bridges_(surname)" title="Bridges (surname)">Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brook_(surname)" title="Brook (surname)">Brook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brooks_(surname)" title="Brooks (surname)">Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_(surname)" title="Bush (surname)">Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camp_(surname)" title="Camp (surname)">Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_(surname)" title="Hill (surname)">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_(surname)" title="Lake (surname)">Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_(English_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee (English name)">Lee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leigh_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh (surname)">Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_(surname)" title="Wood (surname)">Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grove_(surname)" title="Grove (surname)">Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holmes_(surname)" title="Holmes (surname)">Holmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_(name)" title="Forest (name)">Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwood_(surname)" title="Underwood (surname)">Underwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hall_(surname)" title="Hall (surname)">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_(surname)" title="Field (surname)">Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_(surname)" title="Stone (surname)">Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morley_(name)" title="Morley (name)">Morley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moore_(surname)" title="Moore (surname)">Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_(surname)" title="Perry (surname)">Perry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <p>The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be the Irish name <a href="/wiki/Ryan_(surname)" title="Ryan (surname)">Ryan</a>, which means 'little king' in Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-cottle_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reaney_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reaney-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Celtic origin of the name Arthur, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Artur" title="Artur">bear</a>'. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name <a href="/wiki/DeLuca" title="DeLuca">De Luca</a>, for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius;<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-hanks_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization; the surname <a href="/wiki/Lee_(English_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee (English name)">Lee</a> is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)" title="Li (surname 李)">Li</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-reaney_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reaney-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surname origins have been the subject of much <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a> until the 19th century, several families adopted surnames that followed the family name to distinguish the various branches of a large family. Such a surname was preceded by the word <i>dit</i> ("so-called," lit. "said") and was known as a <i>nom-dit</i> ("said-name"). (Compare with some <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>.) While this tradition is no longer in use, in many cases the <i>nom-dit</i> has come to replace the original family name. Thus the Bourbeau family has split into Bourbeau dit Verville, Bourbeau dit Lacourse, and Bourbeau dit Beauchesne. In many cases, Verville, Lacourse, or Beauchesne has become the new family name. Likewise, the Rivard family has split into the Rivard dit Lavigne, Rivard dit Loranger and Rivard dit Lanoie. The Hus family split into Hus dit Cournoyer, Hus dit Lemoine, Hus dit Latraverse, Hus dit Millet, Hus dit Paul, and Hus dit Beauchemin. The origin of the <i>nom-dit</i> can vary. Often it denoted a geographical trait of the area where that branch of the family lived: Verville lived towards the city, Beauchesne lived near an oak tree, Larivière near a river, etc. Some of the oldest <i>noms-dits</i> are derived from the war name of a settler who served in the army or militia: Tranchemontagne ("mountain slasher"), Jolicœur ("braveheart"). Others denote a personal trait: Lacourse might have been a fast runner, Legrand was probably tall, etc. Similar in German it is with <i>genannt</i> – "Vietinghoff genannt Scheel".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_names">Order of names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Name_order" title="Personal name">Personal name § Name order</a></div> <p>In many cultures (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a> and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as West Asia/North Africa, South Asia, and most Sub-Saharan African cultures), the surname or family name ("last name") is placed after the personal, <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">forename</a> (in Europe) or given name ("first name"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the <a href="/wiki/Name_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Name order">Eastern naming order</a> because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a>, specifically, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Greater China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korea (both North and South)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnam</a>. This is also the case in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> people of south India also place surname before personal name. There are some parts of Europe, in particular <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Bavaria in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Samis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samis">Samis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>, that in some instances also follow the Eastern order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since family names are normally written last in European societies, the terms last name or surname are commonly used for the family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing) the family name may be referred to as "upper name" (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ue-no-namae</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">上の名前</span></span>)</span>). </p><p>When people from areas using Eastern naming order write their personal name in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">customary</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finnic peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>, but other <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic peoples</a> traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> structure of their societies. The <a href="/wiki/Samis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samis">Samis</a>, depending on the circumstances of their names, either saw no change or did see a transformation of their name. For example: Sire in some cases became Siri,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became <a href="/wiki/Aslak_H%C3%A6tta" title="Aslak Hætta">Aslak Jacobsen Hætta</a> – as was the <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">norm</a>. Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Indian surnames may often denote village, profession, and/or <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> and are invariably mentioned along with the personal/first names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-speaking families in south India, surname is placed before personal / first name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English and other languages like Spanish—although the usual order of names is "first middle last"—for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle," with the last and first names separated by a comma, and items are alphabetized by the last name.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Italy, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender-specific_versions_of_surname">Gender-specific versions of surname</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Gendered_surnames" title="Category:Gendered surnames">Category:Gendered surnames</a></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a> (such as Latvian, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, etc.) as well as in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, some surnames change form depending on the gender of the bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Forms of gendered names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Male form</th> <th>Female form</th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic surnames</a></td> <td>Suffix -son</td> <td>Suffix -dóttir</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_name#Family_names" title="Greek name">Greek surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -os, -as, -is</td> <td>Suffixes -ou, -a, -i</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_name#Surnames_and_prefixes" title="Irish name">Irish surnames</a></td> <td>Prefixes Mac, Ó, Ua, Mag</td> <td>Prefixes Bean Uí, Nic, Bean Mhic, Ní, Mhic, Nig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name#Feminine_forms" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -as, -ys, -is, -us</td> <td>Suffixes -ienė, -uvienė, -aitė, -utė, -iūtė, -ytė</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -us, -is, -s, -iņš</td> <td>Suffixes -a, -e, -iņa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic#Names" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic surnames</a></td> <td>Prefix Mac-</td> <td>Prefix Nic-</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian and</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian name">Macedonian surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -ov, -ev, -ski</td> <td>Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ska</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs#Grammar" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">East Slavic surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -ov, -ev, -in, -iy, -oy, -yy, Patronymics -ovich, -ovych, -yovych</td> <td>Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ina, -aya, Patronymics -ovna, -ivna, -yivna</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_name#Female_surnames" title="Czech name">Czech and</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -ov, -ý, -ský, -cký</td> <td>Suffixes -ová, -á, -ská, -cká</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_names" title="Polish names">Polish surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki</td> <td>Suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani surnames</a></td> <td>Suffixes -ov, -yev, Patronymic oğlu</td> <td>Suffixes -ova, -yeva, Patronymic qızı</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Slavic languages, substantivized adjective surnames have commonly symmetrical adjective variants for males and females (Podwiński/Podwińska in Polish, Nový/Nová in Czech or Slovak, etc.). In the case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). In Czech and Slovak, the pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evolved to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: examples in Czech are Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů. These are the archaic form of the possessive, related to the plural name of the family. Such rare surnames are also often used for transgender persons during transition because most common surnames are gender-specific.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The informal dialectal female form in Polish and Czech dialects was also -ka (Pawlaczka, Kubeška). With the exception of the -ski/-ska suffix, most feminine forms of surnames are seldom observed in Polish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, inflected languages use names and surnames as living words, not as static identifiers. Thus, the pair or the family can be named by a plural form which can differ from the singular male and female form. For instance, when the male form is Novák and the female form Nováková, the family name is Novákovi in Czech and Novákovci in Slovak. When the male form is Hrubý and the female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple has decided their offspring will take his surname), the genitive form, as if the daughter is "of" a man named Papadopoulos. Likewise, the surnames of daughters of males with surnames ending in -as will end in -a, and those of daughters of males with the -is suffix will have the -i suffix.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Latvian, like Lithuanian, use strictly feminized surnames for women, even in the case of foreign names. The function of the suffix is purely grammar. Male surnames ending -e or -a need not be modified for women. An exception is 1) the female surnames which correspond to nouns in the sixth declension with the ending "-s" – "Iron", ("iron"), "rock", 2) as well as surnames of both genders, which are written in the same nominative case because corresponds to nouns in the third declension ending in "-us" "Grigus", "Markus"; 3) surnames based on an adjective have indefinite suffixes typical of adjectives "-s, -a" ("Stalts", "Stalta") or the specified endings "-ais, -ā" ("Čaklais", "Čaklā") ("diligent").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Iceland, surnames have a gender-specific suffix (-dóttir = daughter, -son = son).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish used gender-specific suffixes up to 1929 when the Marriage Act forced women to use the husband's form of the surname. In 1985, this clause was removed from the act.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until at least 1850, women's surnames were suffixed with an -in in Tyrol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indication_of_family_membership_status">Indication of family membership status</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></div> <p>Some Slavic cultures originally distinguished the surnames of married and unmarried women by different suffixes, but this distinction is no longer widely observed. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use the form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. In the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> (a.k.a. Wends or Lusatians), <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> used different female forms for unmarried daughters (Jordanojc, Nowcyc, Kubašec, Markulic), and for wives (Nowakowa, Budarka, Nowcyna, Markulina). In Polish, typical surnames for unmarried women ended -ówna, -anka, or -ianka, while the surnames of married women used the possessive suffixes -ina or -owa. In Lithuania, if the husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his unmarried daughter will be named Vilkaitė. Male surnames have suffixes -as, -is, -ius, or -us, unmarried girl surnames aitė, -ytė, -iūtė or -utė, wife surnames -ienė. These suffixes are also used for foreign names, exclusively for grammar; the surname of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Welby" title="Justin Welby">the present Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, for example, becomes <i>Velbis</i> in Lithuanian, while his wife is <i>Velbienė</i>, and his unmarried daughter, <i>Velbaitė</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many surnames include prefixes that may or may not be separated by a space or punctuation from the main part of the surname. These are usually not considered true compound names, rather single surnames are made up of more than one word. These prefixes often give hints about the type or origin of the surname (patronymic, toponymic, notable lineage) and include words that mean from [a place or lineage], and son of/daughter of/child of.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Celtic_compound_names"></span>The common Celtic prefixes "Ó" or "Ua" (descendant of) and "Mac" or "Mag" (son of) can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, yielding "Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan". Other Irish prefixes include Ní, Nic (daughter of the son of), Mhic, and Uí (wife of the son of).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A surname with the prefix "Fitz" can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam" (like, for example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>). Note that "<a href="/wiki/Fitz" title="Fitz">Fitz</a>" comes from French (fils) thus making these surnames a form of patronymic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surname_law">Surname law</h2></div> <p>A family name is typically a part of a person's <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> and, according to law or custom, is passed or given to children from at least one of their parents' family names. The use of family names is common in most cultures around the world, but each culture has its own rules as to how the names are formed, passed, and used. However, the style of having both a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal (see <a href="#History">§History</a> below). In many cultures, it is common for people to have one name or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mononym" class="extiw" title="wikt:mononym">mononym</a>, with some cultures not using family names. Issues of family name arise especially on the passing of a name to a newborn child, the adoption of a common family name on marriage, the renunciation of a family name, and the changing of a family name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surname_law" title="Surname law">Surname laws</a> vary around the world. Traditionally in many European countries for the past few hundred years, it was the custom or the law for a woman, upon marriage, to use her husband's surname and for any children born to bear the father's surname. If a child's paternity was not known, or if the <a href="/wiki/Putative_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Putative father">putative father</a> denied paternity, the newborn child would have the surname of the mother. That is still the custom or law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, there has been a trend towards equality of treatment in relation to family names, with women being not automatically required, expected or, in some places, even forbidden, to take the husband's surname on marriage, with the children not automatically being given the father's surname. In this article, both family name and surname mean the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> surname, which is handed down from or inherited from the father, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term "maternal surname" means the <i>patrilineal</i> surname that one's mother inherited from either or both of her parents. For a discussion of <i><a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a></i> ('mother-line') surnames, passing from mothers to daughters, see <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal surname">matrilineal surname</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_name_discrimination_against_women">Family name discrimination against women</h2></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England (reigned 1509–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-Doll1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doll1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her <a href="/wiki/Name_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Name at birth">birth name</a> to her husband's family name. (See <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a>.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man's changing (or hyphenating) his family name, so that the name of the <a href="/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">testator</a> continued.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The United States followed the naming customs and practices of English common law and traditions until recent times. The first known instance in the United States of a woman insisting on the use of her birth name was that of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> in 1855, and there has been a general increase in the rate of women using their birth name. Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices (writes one commentator) were recognized as "com[ing] into conflict with current sensitivities about children's and women's rights".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those changes accelerated a shift away from the interests of the parents to a focus on the best interests of the child. The law in this area continues to evolve today mainly in the context of paternity and custody actions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naming conventions in the US have gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2006, more than 80% of American women adopted the husband's family name after marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take his wife's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Canadian aboriginal</a> groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gitxsan" title="Gitxsan">Gitxsan</a>). Upon marriage to a woman, men in the United States can change their surnames to that of their wives, or adopt a combination of both names with the federal government, through the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>. Men may face difficulty doing so on the state level in some states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is exceedingly rare but does occur in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new last name by going through a legal change of name. As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a <a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">double-barrelled name</a>. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as "John Smith-Jones" and "Mary Smith-Jones". A spouse may also opt to use their birth name as a middle name, and e.g. become known as "Mary Jones Smith".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An additional option, although rarely practiced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, is the adoption of the last name derived from a blend of the prior names, such as "Simones", which also requires a legal name change. Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the United Nations adopted the <i><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a></i> ("CEDAW"), which declared in effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name", as well as a profession and an occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California).<sup id="cite_ref-Risling2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risling2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a> law permits neither spouse to change surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, until 1 January 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. Article 311-21 of the French <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">Civil code</a> now permits parents to give their children the family name of either their father, mother, or hyphenation of both – although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, both names are used in alphabetical order.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar measures were adopted by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (1976), Sweden (1982), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1983), Finland (1985) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts. <i>Burghartz v. Switzerland</i> challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife's surname to his surname, which they had chosen as the family name when this option was available for women.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland</i> challenged a prohibition on foreign men married to Swiss women keeping their surname if this option was provided in their national law, an option available to women.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ünal Tekeli v. Turkey</i> challenged prohibitions on women using their surname as the family name, an option only available to men.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court found all these laws to be in violation of the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1945 to 2021 in the Czech Republic women by law had to use family names with the ending -ová after the name of their father or husband (so-called <i>přechýlení</i>). This was seen as discriminatory by a part of the public. Since 1 January 2022, Czech women can decide for themselves whether they want to use the feminine or neutral form of their family name.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compound_surnames">Compound surnames</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Surname" title="Special:EditPage/Surname">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While in many countries surnames are usually one word, in others a surname may contain two words or more, as described below.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name#British_tradition" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled name § British tradition</a></div> <p>Compound surnames in English and several other European cultures feature two (or occasionally more) words, often joined by a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> or hyphens. However, it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen, for example <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>, a former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservative Party</a>, whose surname is "Duncan Smith".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_compound_surname" title="Chinese compound surname">Chinese compound surname</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">Chinese surnames</a> use more than one <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">character</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_surnames">Multiple surnames</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish-speaking_countries">Spanish-speaking countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Naming customs of Hispanic America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country#The_Philippines" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country § The Philippines</a></div> <p>In Spain and in most <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish-speaking countries</a>, the custom is for people to have two surnames, with the first surname coming from the father and the second from the mother; the opposite order is now legally allowed in Spain but still unusual. In informal situations typically only the first one is used, although both are needed for legal purposes. A child's first surname will usually be their father's first surname, while the child's second surname will usually be their mother's first surname. For example, if José García Torres and María Acosta Gómez had a child named Pablo, then his full name would be Pablo García Acosta. One family member's relationship to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of surnames.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">José <b><span style="color:red;">García</span> Torres</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">María <b><span style="color:blue;">Acosta</span> Gómez</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Pablo <b><span style="color:red;">García</span> <span style="color:blue;">Acosta</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In some instances, when an individual's first surname is very common, such as for example in <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>, the second surname tends to gain preeminence over the first one in informal use. Rodríguez Zapatero, therefore is more often called just <i>Zapatero</i> and almost never <i>Rodríguez</i> only; in other cases, such as in writer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a person becomes usually called by both surnames. This changes from person to person and stems merely from habit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Spain, feminist activism pushed for a law approved in 1999 that allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they (and the child, if over 12) agree, although this order must be the same for all their children.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, especially <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the paternal and maternal surnames are often combined using the conjunction <i>y</i> ("and" in Spanish) or <i>i</i> ("and" in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>), see for example the economist <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Sala-i-Martin" title="Xavier Sala-i-Martin">Xavier Sala-i-Martin</a> or painter <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí i Domènech</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Spain, a woman does not generally change her legal surname when she marries. In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, a woman may, on her marriage, drop her mother's surname and add her husband's surname to her father's surname using the preposition <i>de</i> ("of"), <i>del</i> ("of the", when the following word is masculine) or <i>de la</i> ("of the", when the following word is feminine). For example, if "Clara Reyes Alba" were to marry "Alberto Gómez Rodríguez", the wife could use "Clara Reyes <i>de</i> Gómez" as her name (or "Clara Reyes Gómez", or, rarely, "Clara Gómez Reyes". She can be addressed as <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs." title="Mrs.">Sra</a>. de Gómez</i> corresponding to "Mrs Gómez"). Feminist activists have criticized this custom <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as they consider it sexist.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, this form may be mainly social and not an official name change, i.e. her name would still legally be her birth name. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only has legal validity <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and to a certain extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becoming obsolete), but is frowned upon by people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if <i>Rosa María Pérez Martínez</i> marries <i>Juan Martín De la Cruz Gómez</i>, she will be called <i>Rosa María Pérez Martínez de De la Cruz</i>, and if the husband dies, she will be called <i>Rosa María Pérez Martínez Vda. de De la Cruz</i> (Vda. being the abbreviation for <i>viuda</i>, "widow" in Spanish). The law in Peru changed some years ago, and all married women can keep their maiden last name if they wish with no alteration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historically, sometimes a father transmitted his combined family names, thus creating a new one e.g., the paternal surname of the son of <i>Javier</i> (given name) <i>Reyes</i> (paternal family name) <i>de la Barrera</i> (maternal surname) may have become the new paternal surname <i>Reyes de la Barrera</i>. For example, Uruguayan politician <a href="/wiki/Guido_Manini_Rios" class="mw-redirect" title="Guido Manini Rios">Guido Manini Rios</a> has inherited a compound surname constructed from the patrilineal and matrilineal surnames of a recent ancestor. <i>De</i> is also the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> used with Spanish surnames. This can not be chosen by the person, as it is part of the surname, for example, "Puente" and "Del Puente" are not the same surname.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sometimes, for single mothers or when the father would or could not recognize the child, the mother's surname has been used twice: for example, "Ana Reyes Reyes". In Spain, however, children with just one parent receive both surnames of that parent, although the order may also be changed. In 1973 in Chile, the law was changed to avoid stigmatizing illegitimate children with the maternal surname repeated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname, even if not formally, so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in. Similarly, foreigners with just one surname may be asked to provide a second surname on official documents in Spanish-speaking countries. When none (such as the mother's maiden name) is provided, the last name may simply be repeated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is done because American-born English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names and thus mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name. In doing so they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban Álvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be particularly troublesome in official matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban Álvarez Cobos, would become Esteban Álvarez-Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as a legal marriage, the wife is referred to as "<i>hermana</i>" [sister] plus the surname of her husband. And most records of the church follow that structure as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Informal_traditional_names">Informal traditional names</h4></div> <p>In many places, such as villages in Catalonia, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and in Cuba, people are often informally known by the name of their dwelling or collective family nickname rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives at Ca l'Elvira would be referred to as "Remei de Ca l'Elvira"; and Adela Barreira López who is part of the "Provisores" family would be known as "Adela dos Provisores".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in many places, such as <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, the family's nickname is used instead of the surname: if one family is known as "Ñecos" because of an ancestor who was known as "Ñecu", they would be "José el de Ñecu" or "Ana la de Ñecu" (collective: the Ñeco's). Some common nicknames are "Rubiu" (blond or red hair), "Roju" (reddish, referring to their red hair), "Chiqui" (small), "Jinchu" (big), and a bunch of names about certain characteristics, family relationship or geographical origin (<span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">pasiegu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">masoniegu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">sobanu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">llebaniegu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">tresmeranu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">pejinu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">naveru</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">merachu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">tresneru</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">troule</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">mallavia</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">marotias</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">llamoso</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">lipa</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">ñecu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">tarugu</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">trapajeru</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">lichón</span></span>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><span lang="ca" style="font-style: normal;">andarível</span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compound_surnames_2">Compound surnames</h4></div> <p>Beyond the seemingly "compound" surname system in the Spanish-speaking world, there are also true compound surnames. These true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds. For instance, former Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Supreme Military Junta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Luis_Telmo_Paz_y_Mi%C3%B1o" title="Luis Telmo Paz y Miño">Luis Telmo Paz y Miño</a> Estrella, has <a href="/wiki/Luis" title="Luis">Luis</a> as his first given name, Telmo as his middle name, the true compound surname Paz y Miño as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Estrella as his second (i.e. maternal) surname. Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (although other people use the "Paz" surname on its own).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, <a href="/wiki/Pazmi%C3%B1o" title="Pazmiño">Paz y Miño</a> is in fact the paternal surname, being a true compound surname. His children, therefore, would inherit the compound surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname, while Estrella would be lost, since the mother's paternal surname becomes the children's second surname (as their own maternal surname). "Paz" alone would not be passed on, nor would "Miño" alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To avoid ambiguity, one might often informally see these true compound surnames hyphenated, for instance, as Paz-y-Miño. This is true especially in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since many Hispanics are unfamiliar with this and other compound surnames, "Paz y Miño" might be inadvertently mistaken as "Paz" for the paternal surname and "Miño" for the maternal surname. Although Miño did start off as the maternal surname in this compound surname, it was many generations ago, around five centuries, that it became compounded, and henceforth inherited and passed on as a compound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. An example would be the surname <a href="/wiki/Pazmi%C3%B1o" title="Pazmiño">Pazmiño</a>, whose members are related to the Paz y Miño, as both descend from the "Paz Miño" family<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of five centuries ago. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, Spain is known for its incidence of true compound surnames, characterized for having the first portion of the surname as a patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic or more unusually a <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> patronymic, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> "de", with the second part of the surname being a placename from Álava.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese-speaking_countries">Portuguese-speaking countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a></div> <p>In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alpha sorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Each person usually has two family names: though the law specifies no order, the first one is usually the maternal family name, whereas the last one is commonly the paternal family name. In Portugal, a person's full name has a minimum legal length of two names (one given name and one family name from either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames – he or she may have up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his/her parents and grandparents' surnames). The use of any surname outside this lot, or of more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. Parents or the person him/herself must explain the claims they have to bear that surname (a family nickname, a rare surname lost in past generations, or any other reason one may find suitable). In Brazil, there is no limit of surnames used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, the traditions followed in countries like Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> are somewhat different from the ones in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually, the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname, whereas in Portuguese-speaking countries the father's name is the last, mother's coming first. A woman may adopt her husband's surname(s), but nevertheless, she usually keeps her birth name or at least the last one. Since 1977 in Portugal and 2012 in Brazil, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. When this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The custom of a woman changing her name upon marriage is recent. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their professional or informal life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The children usually bear only the last surnames of the parents (i.e., the paternal surname of each of their parents). For example, <i>Carlos da Silva Gonçalves</i> and <i>Ana Luísa de Albuquerque Pereira (Gonçalves)</i> (in case she adopted her husband's name after marriage) would have a child named <i>Lucas Pereira Gonçalves</i>. However, the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames, according to <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphony</a>, social significance, or other reasons. For example, is not uncommon for the firstborn male to be given the father's full name followed by "Júnior" or "Filho" (son), and the next generation's firstborn male to be given the grandfather's name followed by "Neto" (grandson). Hence <i>Carlos da Silva Gonçalves</i> might choose to name his first born son <i>Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Júnior</i>, who in turn might name his first born son <i>Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Neto</i>, in which case none of the mother's family names are passed on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Carlos <b>da Silva <span style="color:red;">Gonçalves</span></b></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ana Luísa <b>de Albuquerque <span style="color:blue;">Pereira</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucas <b><span style="color:blue;">Pereira</span> <span style="color:red;">Gonçalves</span></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used – surnames like <i>Gonçalves</i> ("son of <i>Gonçalo</i>"), <i>Fernandes</i> ("son of <i>Fernando</i>"), <i>Nunes</i> ("son of <i>Nuno</i>"), <i>Soares</i> ("son of <i>Soeiro</i>"), <i>Sanches</i> ("son of <i>Sancho</i>"), <i>Henriques</i> ("son of <i>Henrique</i>"), <i>Rodrigues</i> ("son of <i>Rodrigo</i>") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Medieval times, Portuguese nobility started to use one of their estates' names or the name of the town or village they ruled as their surname, just after their patronymic. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soeiro_Mendes_da_Maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soeiro Mendes da Maia (page does not exist)">Soeiro Mendes da Maia</a> bore a name "Soeiro", a patronymic "Mendes" ("son of Hermenegildo – shortened to Mendo") and the name of the town he ruled "<a href="/wiki/Maia,_Porto,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia, Porto, Portugal">Maia</a>". He was often referred to in 12th-century documents as "Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia", Soeiro Mendes, lord of Maia. Noblewomen also bore patronymics and surnames in the same manner and never bore their husband's surnames. First-born males bore their father's surname, other children bore either both or only one of them at their will.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Only during the Early Modern Age, lower-class males started to use at least one surname; married lower-class women usually took up their spouse's surname, since they rarely ever used one beforehand. After the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a>, Portuguese authorities realized the benefits of enforcing the use and registry of surnames. Henceforth, they became mandatory, although the rules for their use were very liberal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the end of the 19th century, it was common for women, especially those from a very poor background, not to have a surname and so to be known only by their first names. A woman would then adopt her husband's full surname after marriage. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal, along with the institution of civil registries, all children now have surnames. During the mid-20th century, under French influence and among upper classes, women started to take up their husbands' surname(s). From the 1960s onwards, this usage spread to the common people, again under French influence, this time, however, due to the forceful legal adoption of their husbands' surname which was imposed onto Portuguese immigrant women in France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> onwards the adoption of their husbands' surname(s) receded again, and today both the adoption and non-adoption occur, with non-adoption being chosen in the majority of cases in recent years (60%).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, it is legally possible for the husband to adopt his wife's surname(s), but this practice is rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_prevalence">Culture and prevalence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Lists of most common surnames</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_law_surnames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Power_law_surnames.jpg/450px-Power_law_surnames.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Power_law_surnames.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Rank and frequency of some US surnames</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, 1,712 surnames cover 50% of the population, and about 1% of the population has the surname Smith,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is also the most frequent English name and occupational name ("metal worker"), which is a suffix of <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">metalsmiths</a>. Several American surnames are a result of corruption or phonetic misappropriations of European surnames, perhaps as a result of the registration process at the immigration entry points. Spellings and pronunciations of names remained fluid in the United States until the Social Security System enforced standardization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Approximately 70% of Canadians have surnames that are of English, Irish, French, or Scottish derivation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to some estimates, 85% of China's population shares just 100 surnames. The names Wang (王), Zhang (张), and Li (李) are the most frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dit_name" title="Dit name">Dit name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">List of family name affixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Lists of most common surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_blending" title="Name blending">Name blending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li> <li>Names ending with <a href="/wiki/-ington" title="-ington">-ington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_law" title="Naming law">Naming law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-name_study" title="One-name study">One-name study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Patronymic surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin name">Skin name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Surname extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_law" title="Surname law">Surname law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_map" title="Surname map">Surname map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Tussenvoegsel" title="Tussenvoegsel">Tussenvoegsel</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name#Patronyms_and_other_additives" title="Irish name">Irish surname additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Nominal_conjunctions" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish nominal conjunctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">Von</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_(Dutch)" title="Van (Dutch)">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Toponymic surname</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+complex+origins+of+Chinese+names+demystified&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=Wee+Kek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Flong-reads%2Farticle%2F2046955%2Fcomplex-origins-chinese-names-demystified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doll1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doll1992_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doll1992_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoll1992" class="citation news cs1">Doll, Cynthia Blevins (1992). 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The first page of content is available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:LBmZUSt6tbgJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&lr=&output=viewport&shm=1&pg=1">Google Scholar</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seng2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seng2008_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeng2008" class="citation book cs1">Seng, Serena (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616052403/http://genealogy.about.com/">"The Origin of Chinese Surnames"</a>. In Powell, Kimberly (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.about.com/"><i>About Genealogy</i></a>. The New York Times Company. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Names+%E2%80%93+Greek+and+Roman+Names&rft.btitle=About+Ancient+%2F+Classical+History&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancienthistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fnameetymologies%2Fp%2FAncientNames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salway-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salway_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Benet Salway</a>, "What's in a Name? 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Your Link to the Past"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517182045/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/surnames_01.shtml#:~:text=Over%20time%20many%20names%20became,and%20to%20get%20passed%20on.">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Family+History+-+What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Your+Link+to+the+Past&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Ffamilyhistory%2Fget_started%2Fsurnames_01.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOver%2520time%2520many%2520names%2520became%2Cand%2520to%2520get%2520passed%2520on.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_study-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_study_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_study_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_study_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38003201">"Most common surnames in Britain and Ireland revealed"</a>. BBC. 17 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102104217/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38003201">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Most+common+surnames+in+Britain+and+Ireland+revealed&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-38003201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanksCoatesMcClure2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001/acref-9780199677764"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland</i></a>. 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P. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanks-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanks_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hanks" title="Patrick Hanks">Hanks, Patrick</a> and Hodges, Flavia. <i>A Dictionary of Surnames</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Names&rft.atitle=Ornamental+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordicnames.de%2Fwiki%2FOrnamental_Name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~deeskindredkorner/genealogy/History%20of%20Last%20Names.html">"The History of Last Names"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727044745/http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~deeskindredkorner/genealogy/History%20of%20Last%20Names.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch+Research+Wiki&rft.atitle=England+Regional%2C+Ethnic%2C+Foundling+Surnames+%28National+Institute%29&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fwiki%2Fen%2FEngland_Regional%2C_Ethnic%2C_Foundling_Surnames_%28National_Institute%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727044755/https://www.dutchancestrycoach.com/Deciphering%20Dutch%20Foundling%20Surnames">"Deciphering Dutch Foundling Surnames"</a>. <i>Dutch Ancestry Coach</i>. 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Rev. 3rd ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860092-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860092-5">0-19-860092-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saddam-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saddam_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm">"Saddam Hussein's top aides hanged"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302020820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6261965.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein%27s+top+aides+hanged&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6261965.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/Aslak_Jacobsen_H%C3%A6tta">"Guttorm"</a>. Snl.no. 29 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208182845/https://snl.no/Aslak_Jacobsen_H%C3%A6tta">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guttorm&rft.pub=Snl.no&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FAslak_Jacobsen_H%25C3%25A6tta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1857" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Charles Philip (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=name"><i>A Grammar of the Telugu Language</i></a>. printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Telugu+Language&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=printed+at+the+Christian+Knowledge+Society%27s+Press&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Charles+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnAIAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet27">"Filing Rules"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121153423/http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet27">Archived</a> 21 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/">"MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107033746/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/05/">Archived</a> 7 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Online_Writing_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue Online Writing Lab">Purdue Online Writing Lab</a> website, <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Donner, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.rclis.org/19542/"><i>Differences in publication behaviour between female and male scientists. Bibliometric analysis of longitudinal data from 1980 to 2005 with regard to gender differences in productivity and involvement, collaboration and citation impact</i></a> (Thesis). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144628/http://eprints.rclis.org/19542/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Differences+in+publication+behaviour+between+female+and+male+scientists.+Bibliometric+analysis+of+longitudinal+data+from+1980+to+2005+with+regard+to+gender+differences+in+productivity+and+involvement%2C+collaboration+and+citation+impact&rft.inst=Humboldt-Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Berlin&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.rclis.org%2F19542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeijnen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Heijnen, Adriënne (1 September 2010). "Relating through Dreams: Names, Genes and Shared Substance". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 307–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2010.499909">10.1080/02757206.2010.499909</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7206">0275-7206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143703825">143703825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Relating+through+Dreams%3A+Names%2C+Genes+and+Shared+Substance&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-319&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143703825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0275-7206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2010.499909&rft.aulast=Heijnen&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%ABnne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakri-Tsilipakou2003" class="citation journal cs1">Makri-Tsilipakou, Marianthi (November 2003). "Greek Diminutive Use Problematized: Gender, Culture and Common Sense". <i>Discourse & Society</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 699–726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09579265030146002">10.1177/09579265030146002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557628">145557628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discourse+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Greek+Diminutive+Use+Problematized%3A+Gender%2C+Culture+and+Common+Sense&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=699-726&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09579265030146002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145557628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makri-Tsilipakou&rft.aufirst=Marianthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Mathúna2006" class="citation book cs1">Mac Mathúna, Liam (2006). "What's in an irish name?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3908"><i>The Celtic Englishes IV: The interface between English and the Celtic languages; Proceedings of the Fourth International Colloquium on the "Celtic Englishes" held at the University of Potsdam in Golm (Germany) from 22-26 September 2004</i></a>. Potsdam: University of Potsdam. pp. 64–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410172819/https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3908">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+an+irish+name%3F&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Englishes+IV%3A+The+interface+between+English+and+the+Celtic+languages%3B+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Colloquium+on+the+%22Celtic+Englishes%22+held+at+the+University+of+Potsdam+in+Golm+%28Germany%29+from+22-26+September+2004&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.pages=64-87&rft.pub=University+of+Potsdam&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mac+Math%C3%BAna&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishup.uni-potsdam.de%2Ffrontdoor%2Findex%2Findex%2FdocId%2F3908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoriginaitė2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Smoriginaitė, Jovita (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:143533685/"><i>Visuomenės reakcijos į kalbinę lyčių problematiką. Nepriesaginių moteriškų pavardžių atvejis Lietuvoje, "hen" įvardžio – Švedijoje</i></a> (Thesis). Vilniaus universitetas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410174524/https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:143533685/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Visuomen%C4%97s+reakcijos+%C4%AF+kalbin%C4%99+ly%C4%8Di%C5%B3+problematik%C4%85.+Nepriesagini%C5%B3+moteri%C5%A1k%C5%B3+pavard%C5%BEi%C5%B3+atvejis+Lietuvoje%2C+%22hen%22+%C4%AFvard%C5%BEio+%E2%80%93+%C5%A0vedijoje&rft.inst=Vilniaus+universitetas&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Smoriginait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Jovita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepublications.vu.lt%2Fobject%2Felaba%3A143533685%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamSpadaro2005" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Katie; Spadaro, Katherine M. (11 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0uFAgAAQBAJ"><i>Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: The Complete Course for Beginners</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62415-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62415-7"><bdi>978-1-134-62415-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007170706/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0uFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Scottish+Gaelic%3A+The+Complete+Course+for+Beginners&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-62415-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Spadaro%2C+Katherine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0uFAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2022" class="citation journal cs1">Canada, Library and Archives (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/services/services-libraries/theses/Pages/item.aspx?idNumber=16024166">"Item – Theses Canada"</a>. <i>Library-archives.canada.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library-archives.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Item+%E2%80%93+Theses+Canada&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Library+and+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary-archives.canada.ca%2Feng%2Fservices%2Fservices-libraries%2Ftheses%2FPages%2Fitem.aspx%3FidNumber%3D16024166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolekValdrová2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kolek, Vít; Valdrová, Jana (6 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fslo2.0.2020.1.35-65">"Czech gender linguistics: Topics, attitudes, perspectives"</a>. <i>Slovenščina 2.0: Empirične, aplikativne in interdisciplinarne raziskave</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 35–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fslo2.0.2020.1.35-65">10.4312/slo2.0.2020.1.35-65</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2335-2736">2335-2736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225419103">225419103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina+2.0%3A+Empiri%C4%8Dne%2C+aplikativne+in+interdisciplinarne+raziskave&rft.atitle=Czech+gender+linguistics%3A+Topics%2C+attitudes%2C+perspectives&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-65&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225419103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2335-2736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Fslo2.0.2020.1.35-65&rft.aulast=Kolek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Valdrov%C3%A1%2C+Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4312%252Fslo2.0.2020.1.35-65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalibow1973" class="citation journal cs1">Nalibow, Kenneth L. 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Reykjavik Excursions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613145935/https://www.re.is/blog/icelandic-names/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandic+names+-+everything+you+need+to+know&rft.pub=Reykjavik+Excursions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.re.is%2Fblog%2Ficelandic-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 99 W Va L Rev at 10; see id. at 10 n 25 (The custom of taking the father's surname assumes that the child is born to parents in a "state-sanctioned marriage". The custom is different for children born to unmarried parents.). Cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/docs/A127262.htm#N_15_">Doherty v. Wizner, Oregon Court of Appeals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112032/http://www.publications.ojd.state.or.us/docs/A127262.htm#N_15_">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard H. Thornton, <i>The Controversy Over Children's Surnames: Familial Autonomy, Equal Protection, and the Child's Best Interests</i>, 1979 Utah L Rev 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writ.news.findlaw.com/grossman/20030812.html">Joanna Grossman, <i>Whose Surname Should a Child Have</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428155556/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/grossman/20030812.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FindLaw's Writ column (12 August 2003), (last visited 7 December 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Goldin, Claudia</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330041371268">"Making a Name: Women's Surnames at Marriage and Beyond"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 143–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0895330041371268">10.1257/0895330041371268</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3216895">3216895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Making+a+Name%3A+Women%27s+Surnames+at+Marriage+and+Beyond.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-160&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330041371268&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3216895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252F0895330041371268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5482928">"American Women, Changing Their Names"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004140220/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5482928">Archived</a> 4 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></i>. Retrieved 10 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniella Miletic (20 July 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.theage.com.au/victoria/most-women-say-i-do-to-husbands-name-20120719-22d5c.html">Most women say 'I do' to husband's name</a>. The Age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Convention, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm">"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110406123853/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm">Archived at WebCite on 1 April 2011.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risling2007-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Risling2007_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisling2007" class="citation news cs1">Risling, Greg (12 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127041401/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/01/12/man_files_lawsuit_to_take_wifes_name/">"Man files lawsuit to take wife's name"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe (Boston.com)</i>. Los Angeles. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/01/12/man_files_lawsuit_to_take_wifes_name">the original</a> on 27 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>. <q>Because of Buday's case, a California state lawmaker has introduced a bill to put a space on the marriage license for either spouse to change names.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe+%28Boston.com%29&rft.atitle=Man+files+lawsuit+to+take+wife%27s+name&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft.aulast=Risling&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F12%2Fman_files_lawsuit_to_take_wifes_name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=72ddc06b-4660-4b92-8b92-3a26ae24b377&k=5969">Québec newlywed furious she can't take her husband's name</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102072805/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=72ddc06b-4660-4b92-8b92-3a26ae24b377&k=5969">Archived</a> 2 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Marianne White, <i>CanWest News Service</i>, 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000027432045/">"Civil Code"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153305/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000027432045/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000027432045%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cdw.html">"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"</a>. Hrweb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421154002/http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cdw.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Elimination+of+All+Forms+of+Discrimination+against+Women&rft.pub=Hrweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrweb.org%2Flegal%2Fcdw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Burghartz v. Switzerland</i>, no. 16213/90, 22 February 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland</i>, no. 664/06, 9 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ünal Tekeli v Turkey</i>, no. 29865/96, 16 November 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/law_reviews/egelr_2012-1_final_web_en.pdf">"European Gender Equality Law Review – No. 1/2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ec.europa.eu. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122190442/http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/law_reviews/egelr_2012-1_final_web_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Gender+Equality+Law+Review+%E2%80%93+No.+1%2F2012&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Ec.europa.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fjustice%2Fgender-equality%2Ffiles%2Flaw_reviews%2Fegelr_2012-1_final_web_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/monitor/7284310.htm">"Novela zákona o matrikách, jménech a příijmeni"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403131654/https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/monitor/7284310.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novela+z%C3%A1kona+o+matrik%C3%A1ch%2C+jm%C3%A9nech+a+p%C5%99%C3%ADijmeni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakonyprolidi.cz%2Fmonitor%2F7284310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovan2017" class="citation news cs1">Govan, Fiona (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.es/20170601/spain-overhauls-tradition-of-sexist-double-barrelled-surnames">"Spain overhauls tradition of 'sexist' double-barrelled surnames"</a>. <i>The Local Spain</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017044322/https://www.thelocal.es/20170601/spain-overhauls-tradition-of-sexist-double-barrelled-surnames">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Spain&rft.atitle=Spain+overhauls+tradition+of+%27sexist%27+double-barrelled+surnames&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.aulast=Govan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.es%2F20170601%2Fspain-overhauls-tradition-of-sexist-double-barrelled-surnames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/index.php?doc=http%3A//noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/lrc.html"><i>Art. 55 Ley de Registro Civil</i> – Civil Register Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216035754/http://noticias.juridicas.com/index.php?doc=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.juridicas.com%2Fbase_datos%2FPrivado%2Flrc.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (article in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Carlos2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juan Carlos, R. (11 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/rd193-2000.html">"Real Decreto 193/2000, de 11 de febrero, de modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento del Registro Civil en materia relativa al nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos"</a>. <i>Base de Datos de Legislación</i> (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003040754/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/rd193-2000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Base+de+Datos+de+Legislaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+193%2F2000%2C+de+11+de+febrero%2C+de+modificaci%C3%B3n+de+determinados+art%C3%ADculos+del+Reglamento+del+Registro+Civil+en+materia+relativa+al+nombre+y+apellidos+y+orden+de+los+mismos.&rft.date=2000-02-11&rft.aulast=Juan+Carlos&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.juridicas.com%2Fbase_datos%2FPrivado%2Frd193-2000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Note: Google auto-translation of title into English</i>: Royal Decree 193/2000, of 11 February, to amend certain articles of the Civil Registration Regulations in the field on the name and order.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishdict.com/answers/219019/proper-married-name">"Proper married name?"</a>. <i>Spanish Dict</i>. 9 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093424/http://www.spanishdict.com/answers/219019/proper-married-name">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spanish+Dict&rft.atitle=Proper+married+name%3F&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanishdict.com%2Fanswers%2F219019%2Fproper-married-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankAnshen1985" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Francine; Anshen, Frank (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fvHy48GiIEC"><i>Language and the Sexes</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-882-0"><bdi>978-0-87395-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+the+Sexes&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-882-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft.au=Anshen%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fvHy48GiIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifestyle.publico.pt/artigos/341672_identidade-submissao-ou-amor-o-que-significa-adoptar-o-apelido-do-marido">"Identidade, submissão ou amor? O que significa adoptar o apelido do marido"</a>. Lifestyle.publico.pt. 18 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024656/http://lifestyle.publico.pt/artigos/341672_identidade-submissao-ou-amor-o-que-significa-adoptar-o-apelido-do-marido">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identidade%2C+submiss%C3%A3o+ou+amor%3F+O+que+significa+adoptar+o+apelido+do+marido&rft.pub=Lifestyle.publico.pt&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifestyle.publico.pt%2Fartigos%2F341672_identidade-submissao-ou-amor-o-que-significa-adoptar-o-apelido-do-marido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/genealogy/names/dist.all.last">Genealogy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20101012101346/http://www.census.gov/genealogy/names/dist.all.last">Archived</a> 12 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaFraniere S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/world/asia/21china.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper&pagewanted=all">Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025070924/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/21/world/asia/21china.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 25 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 20 April 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Blark. Gregory, et al. <i>The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility</i> (Princeton University Press; 2014) 384 pages; uses statistical data on family names over generations to estimate social mobility in diverse societies and historical periods.</li> <li>Bowman, William Dodgson. <i>The Story of Surnames</i> (London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932)</li> <li>Cottle, Basil. <i>Penguin Dictionary of Surnames</i> (1967)</li> <li>Hanks, Patrick and Hodges, Flavia. <i>A Dictionary of Surnames</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989)</li> <li>Hanks, Patrick, Richard Coates and Peter McClure, eds. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland</i> (Oxford University Press, 2016), which has a lengthy introduction with much comparative material.</li> <li>Reaney, P.H., and Wilson, R.M. <i>A Dictionary of English Surnames</i> (3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surname" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:surname">surname</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Names" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Names">Appendix:Names</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipl.org/div/pf/entry/48533">Comprehensive surname information and resource site</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeantosti.com/indexnoms.htm">Dictionnaire des noms de famille de France et d'ailleurs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113080912/http://www.jeantosti.com/indexnoms.htm">Archived</a> 13 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, French surname dictionary</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/learn/facts/default.aspx">Family Facts Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>, including UK & US census distribution, immigration, and surname origins (</i>Dictionary of American Family Names<i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.one-name.org/">Guild of One-Name Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104014832/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Kolomea/nameorigin.htm">History of Jewish family Names</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogytoday.com/names/origins/">Information on surname history and origins</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://italia.indettaglio.it/eng/cognomi/cognomi.html">Italian Surnames</a>, free searchable online database of Italian surnames</i>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishroots.org/Research/Surnames/tabid/360/Default.aspx">Short explanation of Polish surname endings and their origin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615042328/http://www.polishroots.org/Research/Surnames/tabid/360/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 15 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2006" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Neil (4 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120519115707/http://www.amlwchhistory.co.uk/newdata/welshsurnames.htm">"Welsh surnames and their meaning"</a>. <i>Amlwch history databases</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amlwchhistory.co.uk/newdata/welshsurnames.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amlwch+history+databases&rft.atitle=Welsh+surnames+and+their+meaning&rft.date=2006-11-04&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amlwchhistory.co.uk%2Fnewdata%2Fwelshsurnames.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Hugh E. (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170805/http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/scn.pdf.pdf">"Some Common English Surnames: Especially Those Derived from Personal Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aoyama Keiei Ronshu</i>. <b>45</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/scn.pdf.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aoyama+Keiei+Ronshu&rft.atitle=Some+Common+English+Surnames%3A+Especially+Those+Derived+from+Personal+Names&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.ocn.ne.jp%2F~wil%2Fscn.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurname" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101352#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Familienname"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016415-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="příjmení"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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