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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterskaal" title="Richterskaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richterskaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مقياس ريختر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس ريختر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_sismol%C3%B3xica_de_Richter" title="Escala sismolóxica de Richter – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escala sismolóxica de Richter" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rixter_%C5%9Fkalas%C4%B1" title="Rixter şkalası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rixter şkalası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ریشتر سایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریشتر سایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="রিখটার মাপনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিখটার মাপনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_kui-b%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Richter kui-bô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richter kui-bô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रिक्टर पैमाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिक्टर पैमाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Скала на Рихтер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скала на Рихтер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterova_skala" title="Richterova skala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richterova skala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuliad_Richter" title="Skeuliad Richter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skeuliad Richter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Richter" title="Escala de Richter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala de Richter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterova_stupnice" title="Richterova stupnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richterova stupnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_di_Richter" title="Scala di Richter – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Scala di Richter" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graddfa_Richter" title="Graddfa Richter – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Graddfa Richter" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterskalaen" title="Richterskalaen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richterskalaen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterskala" title="Richterskala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richterskala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richteri_skaala" title="Richteri skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richteri skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Κλίμακα Ρίχτερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμακα Ρίχτερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_sismol%C3%B3gica_de_Richter" title="Escala sismológica de Richter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala sismológica de Richter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalo_de_Richter" title="Skalo de Richter – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skalo de Richter" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_eskala" title="Richter eskala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richter eskala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مقیاس ریشتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس ریشتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterstigin" title="Richterstigin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Richterstigin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Richter" title="Échelle de Richter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle de Richter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaal_fan_Richter" title="Skaal fan Richter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skaal fan Richter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scjale_Richter" title="Scjale Richter – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Scjale Richter" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A1la_Richter" title="Scála Richter – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scála Richter" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Richter" title="Escala de Richter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala de Richter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="રિકટર મેગ્નીટયુડ સ્કેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રિકટર મેગ્નીટયુડ સ્કેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AD%ED%84%B0_%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%A8" title="릭터 규모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="릭터 규모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ռիխտերի սանդղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիխտերի սանդղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रिक्टर पैमाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिक्टर पैमाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterova_ljestvica" title="Richterova ljestvica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richterova ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalo_di_Richter" title="Skalo di Richter – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skalo di Richter" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Richter" title="Skala Richter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala Richter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Richter" title="Scala Richter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala Richter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A8" title="סולם ריכטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולם ריכטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Richter" title="Skala Richter – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Skala Richter" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95" title="ರಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಮಾಪಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಮಾಪಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რიხტერის სკალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიხტერის სკალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitid" title="Mayitid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayitid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Richteriana" title="Scala Richteriana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scala Richteriana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihtera_skala" title="Rihtera skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rihtera skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaol_van_Richter" title="Sjaol van Richter – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjaol van Richter" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter-sk%C3%A1la" title="Richter-skála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richter-skála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рихтерова скала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рихтерова скала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="റിക്ടർ മാനകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിക്ടർ മാനകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4" title="रिश्टर मापनपद्धत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिश्टर मापनपद्धत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რიხტერიშ სკალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიხტერიშ სკალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جدول ريختر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جدول ريختر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Richter" title="Skala Richter – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala Richter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рихтерийн шаталбар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рихтерийн шаталбар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaal_van_Richter" title="Schaal van Richter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaal van Richter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8B%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ローカル・マグニチュード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローカル・マグニチュード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richters_skala" title="Richters skala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richters skala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterskalaen" title="Richterskalaen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richterskalaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_d%27un_t%C3%A8rratremol" title="Magnitud d'un tèrratremol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnitud d'un tèrratremol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ରିକ୍ଟର ସ୍କେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରିକ୍ଟର ସ୍କେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilzila_magnitudasi" title="Zilzila magnitudasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zilzila magnitudasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰਿਕਟਰ ਸਕੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਕਟਰ ਸਕੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_%C3%ABd_Richter" title="Scala ëd Richter – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scala ëd Richter" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Richtera" title="Skala Richtera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skala Richtera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_Richter" title="Escala de Richter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala de Richter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scara_de_magnitudine_Richter" title="Scara de magnitudine Richter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scara de magnitudine Richter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шкала Рихтера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шкала Рихтера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkalla_e_Rihterit" title="Shkalla e Rihterit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkalla e Rihterit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Richter" title="Scala Richter – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scala Richter" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richter scale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok%C3%A1lne_magnit%C3%BAdo" title="Lokálne magnitúdo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lokálne magnitúdo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterjeva_potresna_lestvica" title="Richterjeva potresna lestvica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richterjeva potresna lestvica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikter_Cabir" title="Rikter Cabir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rikter Cabir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Рихтерова скала магнитуде потреса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рихтерова скала магнитуде потреса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterova_skala" title="Richterova skala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richterova skala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterin_asteikko" title="Richterin asteikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richterin asteikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterskalan" title="Richterskalan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richterskalan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskalang_sismolohikong_Richter" title="Eskalang sismolohikong Richter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eskalang sismolohikong Richter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ரிக்டர் அளவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிக்டர் அளவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рихтер магнитуда шкаласы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рихтер магнитуда шкаласы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มาตราริกเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาตราริกเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҷадвали Рихтер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷадвали Рихтер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_%C3%B6l%C3%A7e%C4%9Fi" title="Richter ölçeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richter ölçeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шкала Ріхтера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкала Ріхтера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ریکٹر اسکیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریکٹر اسکیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sca%C5%82a_sismo%C5%82%C3%B2zega_de_Richter" title="Scała sismołòzega de Richter – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scała sismołòzega de Richter" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_Richter" title="Độ Richter – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ Richter" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A5le_di_Richter" title="Schåle di Richter – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schåle di Richter" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterschoale" title="Richterschoale – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Richterschoale" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_hin_magnitud_Richter" title="Escala hin magnitud Richter – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Escala hin magnitud Richter" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B0%8F%E9%9C%87%E7%BA%A7" title="里氏震级 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="里氏震级" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="ריכטער סקאלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריכטער סקאלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E5%88%B6" title="黎克特制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黎克特制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B0%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1" title="里氏地震規模 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里氏地震規模" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measure of an earthquake's strength</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the earthquake magnitude scale introduced by Charles Richter in 1935. For a review of earthquake magnitude scales, see <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">seismic magnitude scales</a>. For the musical scale used for tuning harmonicas, see <a href="/wiki/Richter_tuning" title="Richter tuning">Richter tuning</a>. For the single by EPMD, see <a href="/wiki/Richter_Scale_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter Scale (song)">Richter Scale (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth Sciences Portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes" title="Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes" title="Template talk:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Richter scale</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also called the <b>Richter magnitude scale</b>, <b>Richter's magnitude scale</b>, and the <b>Gutenberg–Richter scale</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a measure of the strength of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richter" title="Charles Richter">Charles Richter</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Beno Gutenberg</a>, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later revised and renamed the <b>local magnitude scale</b>, denoted as ML or M<sub>L</sub> .<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of various shortcomings of the original M<sub>L</sub>  scale, most seismological authorities now use other similar scales such as the <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a> (M<sub>w</sub> ) to report earthquake magnitudes, but much of the news media still erroneously refers to these as "Richter" magnitudes. All magnitude scales retain the <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithmic</a> character of the original and are scaled to have roughly comparable numeric values (typically in the middle of the scale). Due to the variance in earthquakes, it is essential to understand the Richter scale uses <a href="/wiki/Common_logarithm" title="Common logarithm">common logarithms</a> simply to make the measurements manageable (i.e., a magnitude 3 quake factors 10³ while a magnitude 5 quake factors 10<sup>5</sup> and has seismometer readings 100 times larger).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Richter_magnitudes">Richter magnitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Richter magnitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of waves recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included to compensate for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> of the earthquake. The original formula is:<sup id="cite_ref-Ellsworth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }=\log _{10}A-\log _{10}A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )=\log _{10}[A/A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )],\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }=\log _{10}A-\log _{10}A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )=\log _{10}[A/A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )],\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7690368e779e6224c83c3ec0a3ae8432a6c05c87" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {L} }=\log _{10}A-\log _{10}A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )=\log _{10}[A/A_{\mathrm {0} }(\delta )],\ }"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> is the maximum excursion of the <a href="/wiki/Wood-Anderson_seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-Anderson seismograph">Wood-Anderson seismograph</a>, the empirical function <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A<sub>0</sub></span> depends only on the <a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">epicentral distance</a> of the station, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"></span>. In practice, readings from all observing stations are averaged after adjustment with station-specific corrections to obtain the M<sub>L</sub>  value.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellsworth_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellsworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude. In terms of energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase of about 31.6 times the amount of energy released, and each increase of 0.2 corresponds to approximately a doubling of the energy released. </p><p>Events with magnitudes greater than 4.5 are strong enough to be recorded by a seismograph anywhere in the world, so long as its sensors are not located in the earthquake's <a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">shadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following describes the typical effects of earthquakes of various magnitudes near the epicenter.<sup id="cite_ref-GNSScience1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNSScience1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The values are typical and may not be exact in a future event because intensity and ground effects depend not only on the magnitude but also on (1) the distance to the epicenter, (2) the depth of the earthquake's focus beneath the epicenter, (3) the location of the epicenter, and (4) <a href="/wiki/Seismic_site_effects" title="Seismic site effects">geological conditions</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Magnitude </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Typical maximum <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">modified Mercalli intensity</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Average earthquake effects </th> <th>Average frequency of occurrence globally (estimated) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightskyblue;">1.0–1.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microearthquake" title="Microearthquake">Micro</a> </td> <td>I </td> <td>Microearthquakes, not felt. Recorded by seismographs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Continual/several million per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:paleturquoise;">2.0–2.9 </td> <td rowspan="1">Minor </td> <td>I </td> <td>Felt slightly by some people. No damage to buildings. </td> <td>Over one million per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;">3.0–3.9 </td> <td>Slight </td> <td>II to III </td> <td>Often felt by people, but very rarely causes damage. Shaking of indoor objects can be noticeable. </td> <td>Over 100,000 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:greenyellow;">4.0–4.9 </td> <td>Light </td> <td>IV to V </td> <td>Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and rattling noises. Felt by most people in the affected area. Slightly felt outside. Generally causes zero to minimal damage. Moderate to significant damage is very unlikely. Some objects may fall off shelves or be knocked over. </td> <td>10,000 to 15,000 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow;">5.0–5.9 </td> <td>Moderate </td> <td>VI to VII </td> <td>Can cause damage of varying severity to poorly constructed buildings. Zero to slight damage to all other buildings. Felt by everyone. </td> <td>1,000 to 1,500 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:gold;">6.0–6.9 </td> <td>Strong </td> <td>VII to IX </td> <td>Damage to a moderate number of well-built structures in populated areas. <a href="/wiki/Earthquake-resistant_structures" title="Earthquake-resistant structures">Earthquake-resistant structures</a> survive with slight to moderate damage. Poorly designed structures receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in wider areas; up to hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter. Strong to violent shaking in the epicentral area. </td> <td>100 to 150 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:white; background:darkorange;">7.0–7.9 </td> <td>Major </td> <td rowspan="3">VIII or higher </td> <td>Causes damage to most buildings, some to partially or completely collapse or receive severe damage. Well-designed structures are likely to receive damage. Felt across great distances with major damage mostly limited to 250 km from the epicenter. </td> <td>10 to 20 per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:white; background:red;">8.0–8.9 </td> <td rowspan="1">Great </td> <td>Major damage to buildings, and structures likely to be destroyed. Will cause moderate to heavy damage to sturdy or earthquake-resistant buildings. Damaging in large areas. Felt in extremely large regions. </td> <td>One per year </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:white; background:maroon;">9.0–9.9 </td> <td>Extreme </td> <td>Near total destruction – severe damage or collapse to all buildings. Heavy damage and shaking extend to distant locations. Permanent changes in ground topography. </td> <td>One to three per century<sup id="cite_ref-McCaffrey2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCaffrey2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(<i>Based on U.S. Geological Survey documents.</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intensity and death toll depend on several factors (earthquake depth, epicenter location, and population density, to name a few) and can vary widely. </p><p>Millions of minor earthquakes occur every year worldwide, equating to hundreds every hour every day.<sup id="cite_ref-IRIS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRIS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, earthquakes of magnitude ≥8.0 occur about once a year, on average.<sup id="cite_ref-IRIS_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRIS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest recorded earthquake was the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">Great Chilean earthquake</a> of May 22, 1960, which had a magnitude of 9.5 on the <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seismologist Susan Hough has suggested that a magnitude 10 quake may represent a very approximate upper limit for what the Earth's tectonic zones are capable of, which would be the result of the largest known continuous belt of faults rupturing together (along the Pacific coast of the Americas).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A research at the <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a> in Japan found that a magnitude 10 earthquake was theoretically possible if a combined 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of faults from the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Trench" title="Japan Trench">Japan Trench</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka_Trench" title="Kuril–Kamchatka Trench">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a> ruptured together and moved by 60 metres (200 ft) (or if a similar large-scale rupture occurred elsewhere). Such an earthquake would cause ground motions for up to an hour, with tsunamis hitting shores while the ground is still shaking, and if this kind of earthquake occurred, it would probably be a 1-in-10,000-year event.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnitude_10_tremblor_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnitude_10_tremblor-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesRichter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CharlesRichter.jpg/170px-CharlesRichter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CharlesRichter.jpg/255px-CharlesRichter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CharlesRichter.jpg/340px-CharlesRichter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Richter">Charles Francis Richter</a> (circa 1970)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the development of the magnitude scale, the only measure of an earthquake's strength or "size" was a subjective assessment of the intensity of shaking observed near the <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> of the earthquake, categorized by various <a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">seismic intensity scales</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel scale</a>. ("Size" is used in the sense of the quantity of energy released, not the size of the area affected by shaking, though higher-energy earthquakes do tend to affect a wider area, depending on the local geology.) In 1883, <a href="/wiki/John_Milne" title="John Milne">John Milne</a> surmised that the shaking of large earthquakes might generate waves detectable around the globe, and in 1899 E. Von Rehbur Paschvitz observed in Germany seismic waves attributable to an earthquake in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Harry_O._Wood" title="Harry O. Wood">Harry O. Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_August_Anderson" title="John August Anderson">John A. Anderson</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93Anderson_seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood–Anderson seismograph">Wood–Anderson seismograph</a>, one of the first practical instruments for recording seismic waves.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood then built, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institute</a>, a network of seismographs stretching across <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also recruited the young and unknown Charles Richter to measure the seismograms and locate the earthquakes generating the seismic waves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Kiyoo_Wadati" title="Kiyoo Wadati">Kiyoo Wadati</a> showed how he had measured, for several strong earthquakes in Japan, the amplitude of the shaking observed at various distances from the epicenter. He then plotted the logarithm of the amplitude against the distance and found a series of curves that showed a rough correlation with the estimated magnitudes of the earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richter resolved some difficulties with this method<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then, using data collected by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Beno Gutenberg</a>, he produced similar curves, confirming that they could be used to compare the relative magnitudes of different earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional developments were required to produce a practical method of assigning an absolute measure of magnitude. First, to span the wide range of possible values, Richter adopted Gutenberg's suggestion of a <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithmic</a> scale, where each step represents a tenfold increase of magnitude, similar to the magnitude scale used by astronomers <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">for star brightness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, he wanted a magnitude of zero to be around the limit of human perceptibility.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, he specified the Wood–Anderson seismograph as the standard instrument for producing seismograms. Magnitude was then defined as "the logarithm of the maximum trace amplitude, expressed in <a href="/wiki/Microns" class="mw-redirect" title="Microns">microns</a>", measured at a distance of 100 km (62 mi). The scale was calibrated by defining a magnitude 0 shock as one that produces (at a distance of 100 km (62 mi)) a maximum amplitude of 1 micron (1 μm, or 0.001 millimeters) on a seismogram recorded by a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Richter calculated a table of distance corrections,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that for distances less than 200 kilometers<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the attenuation is strongly affected by the structure and properties of the regional geology.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Richter presented the resulting scale in 1935, he called it (at the suggestion of Harry Wood) simply a "magnitude" scale.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Richter magnitude" appears to have originated when <a href="/wiki/Perry_Byerly" title="Perry Byerly">Perry Byerly</a> told the press that the scale was Richter's and "should be referred to as such."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, Gutenberg and Richter, while still referring to "magnitude scale", labelled it "local magnitude", with the symbol M<sub>L</sub> , to distinguish it from two other scales they had developed, the <a href="/wiki/Surface-wave_magnitude" title="Surface-wave magnitude">surface-wave magnitude</a> (M<sub>S</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Body_wave_magnitude" title="Body wave magnitude">body wave magnitude</a> (M<sub>B</sub>) scales.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg/220px-How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg/330px-How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg/440px-How-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale-is-determined.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>How Richter magnitude is determined – the larger the value on the log graph, the higher the damage caused.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Richter scale was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the particular circumstances refer to it being defined for Southern California and "implicitly incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuative</a> properties of Southern California crust and mantle."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particular instrument used would become saturated by strong earthquakes and unable to record high values. The scale was replaced in the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude scale</a> (MMS, symbol M<sub>w</sub> ); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Although values measured for earthquakes now are M<sub>w</sub> , they are frequently reported by the press as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, when the Richter scale becomes meaningless. </p><p>The Richter and MMS scales measure the energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity scale</a>, classifies earthquakes by their <i>effects</i>, from detectable by instruments but not noticeable, to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense in impact than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an isolated area. </p><p>Several scales have been historically described as the "Richter scale",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, especially the <i>local magnitude</i> M<sub>L</sub>  and the surface wave M<sub>s</sub>  scale. In addition, the <i>body wave magnitude</i>, mb , and the <i>moment magnitude</i>, M<sub>w</sub> , abbreviated MMS, have been widely used for decades. A couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage by seismologists. </p><p>All magnitude scales have been designed to give numerically similar results. This goal has been achieved well for M<sub>L</sub> , M<sub>s</sub> , and M<sub>w</sub> .<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mb  scale gives somewhat different values than the other scales. The reason for so many different ways to measure the same thing is that at different distances, for different <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocentral</a> depths, and for different earthquake sizes, the amplitudes of different types of elastic waves must be measured. </p><p>M<sub>L</sub>  is the scale used for the majority of earthquakes reported (tens of thousands) by local and regional seismological observatories. For large earthquakes worldwide, the moment magnitude scale (MMS) is most common, although M<sub>s</sub>  is also reported frequently. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seismic_moment" title="Seismic moment">seismic moment</a>, <i><b>M<sub><small>0</small></sub> </b></i>, is proportional to the area of the rupture times the average slip that took place in the earthquake, thus it measures the physical size of the event. M<sub>w</sub>  is derived from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to the M<sub>s</sub>  scale.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spectral analysis is required to obtain M<sub><small>0</small></sub> . In contrast, the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a precisely defined wave. </p><p>All scales, except M<sub>w</sub> , saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves that have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high-frequency waves) are too short a yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for M<sub>L</sub>  is about 7 and about 8.5<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for M<sub>s</sub> .<sup id="cite_ref-Local_magnitude_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_magnitude-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New techniques to avoid the saturation problem and to measure magnitudes rapidly for very large earthquakes are being developed. One of these is based on the long-period P-wave;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other is based on a recently discovered channel wave.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> release of an earthquake,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which closely correlates to its destructive power, scales with the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> power of the shaking amplitude (see <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">Moment magnitude scale</a> for an explanation). Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1.0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e01cd1cc5c869592c9809cbe05c4c6258a202453" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.899ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}}"></span>) in the energy released; a difference in magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2.0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b625394f6887757aa145e535251dfd980ef0b9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.899ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}}"></span>) in the energy released.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elastic energy radiated is best derived from an integration of the radiated spectrum, but an estimate can be based on mb  because most energy is carried by the high-frequency waves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnitude_empirical_formulae">Magnitude empirical formulae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Magnitude empirical formulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These formulae for Richter magnitude <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07328aa6eea9a615fcc38925cd7d98e7a5f8aea8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.539ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"></span> are alternatives to using Richter correlation tables based on Richter standard seismic event <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\big (}\ M_{\mathsf {L}}=0\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\big (}\ M_{\mathsf {L}}=0\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/536b6f51b857dd29ab1e3fbc23c6782e51f92c1c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.511ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\big (}\ M_{\mathsf {L}}=0\ ,}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ A=0.001\ {\mathsf {mm}}\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.001</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ A=0.001\ {\mathsf {mm}}\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c8325d67f1dee6e2d6937ed81da6758541cf86e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.218ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ A=0.001\ {\mathsf {mm}}\ ,}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ D=100\ {\mathsf {km}}\ {\big )}~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ D=100\ {\mathsf {km}}\ {\big )}~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/664c08e8359d033f6855d25059e23d88066810e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.527ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ D=100\ {\mathsf {km}}\ {\big )}~.}"></span> In the formulas below, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \Delta \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \Delta \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1841ed959cceea64075c1b0401bf89de4d014fd6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.097ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \Delta \ }"></span> is the epicentral distance in <a href="/wiki/Kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometer">kilometers</a>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00c32f868cf25a16ea3d41a07845c3c372e6128d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.151ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }"></span> is the same distance represented as sea level <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a> degrees. </p><p>The <b>Lillie empirical formula</b> is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A-2.48+2.76\ \log _{10}\Delta \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.48</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.76</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A-2.48+2.76\ \log _{10}\Delta \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/808eaa1e256c7f6963c8796c821214134fdd54b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.703ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A-2.48+2.76\ \log _{10}\Delta \ }"></span></dd> <dd>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>A</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ A\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43f04dfab7e46e02de7d1514e7865c549d29c09c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.904ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"></span> is the amplitude (maximum ground displacement) of the <a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers (μm)</a>, measured at 0.8 Hz.</dd></dl> <p><b>Lahr's empirical formula</b><sup id="cite_ref-Lahr_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahr-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposal is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.6\ \log _{10}D-0.15\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1.6</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.15</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.6\ \log _{10}D-0.15\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c4aad6e705804838805801d07e1d53952943d1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.176ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.6\ \log _{10}D-0.15\ ,}"></span></dd> <dd>where <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>A</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ A\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43f04dfab7e46e02de7d1514e7865c549d29c09c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.904ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"></span> is <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismograph</a> signal amplitude in <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">mm</a> and</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ D\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>D</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ D\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c9cb22fd491fa1da693745897760753c3f46116" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.086ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ D\ }"></span> is in <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>, for distances under 200 km .</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>and </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+3.0\ \log _{10}D-3.38\ ;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3.0</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3.38</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>;</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+3.0\ \log _{10}D-3.38\ ;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7629757bb1820c2d1837315290ec3ebfc9c6f521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.176ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+3.0\ \log _{10}D-3.38\ ;}"></span></dd> <dd>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ D\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>D</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ D\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c9cb22fd491fa1da693745897760753c3f46116" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.086ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ D\ }"></span> is in <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>, for distances between 200 km and 600 km .</dd></dl> <p>The <b>Bisztricsany empirical formula</b> (1958) for epicentre distances between 4° and 160° is:<sup id="cite_ref-al-Arifi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Arifi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=2.92+2.25\ \log _{10}\left(\tau \right)-0.001\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.92</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.25</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.001</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=2.92+2.25\ \log _{10}\left(\tau \right)-0.001\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9bfde9bb974da627166e53d93018c054a69ce4ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.927ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=2.92+2.25\ \log _{10}\left(\tau \right)-0.001\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}"></span></dd> <dd>where <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \tau \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>τ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \tau \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b14b53eb03c665d397f99fe9b7c6bab4c78709f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.363ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \tau \ }"></span> is the duration of the surface wave in seconds, and</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00c32f868cf25a16ea3d41a07845c3c372e6128d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.151ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \Delta ^{\circ }\ }"></span> is in degrees.</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07328aa6eea9a615fcc38925cd7d98e7a5f8aea8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.539ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"></span> is mainly between 5 and 8.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <b>Tsumura empirical formula</b> is:<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Arifi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Arifi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=-2.53+2.85\log _{10}\left(F-P\right)+0.0014\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.53</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2.85</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0014</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=-2.53+2.85\log _{10}\left(F-P\right)+0.0014\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a43e9a46203cf1044c1bfc3a46f10069b6992d14" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.442ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=-2.53+2.85\log _{10}\left(F-P\right)+0.0014\ \Delta ^{\circ }\ ,}"></span></dd> <dd>where <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ F-P\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>F</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ F-P\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85ec5e6d85e23be6ad7dd64062694e71e0b1664f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.488ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ F-P\ }"></span> is the total duration of oscillation in seconds.</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07328aa6eea9a615fcc38925cd7d98e7a5f8aea8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.539ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ }"></span> mainly takes on values between 3 and 5.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <b>Tsuboi</b> (University of Tokyo) <b>empirical formula</b> is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.73\ \log _{10}\Delta -0.83\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">L</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1.73</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.83</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.73\ \log _{10}\Delta -0.83\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d91ddf7c6eb07c9872337417e9919e89f0161b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.35ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}=\log _{10}A+1.73\ \log _{10}\Delta -0.83\ ,}"></span></dd> <dd>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>A</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ A\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/43f04dfab7e46e02de7d1514e7865c549d29c09c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.904ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ A\ }"></span> is the amplitude in <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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States inventions (1890–1945)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanamori1978">Kanamori 1978</a>, p. 411. <a href="#CITEREFHough2007">Hough (2007</a>, pp. 122–126) discusses the name at some length.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee1998" class="citation book cs1">McPhee, John (1998). <i>Annals of the Former World</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Former+World&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanamori1978">Kanamori 1978</a>, p. 411; <a href="#CITEREFRichter1935">Richter 1935</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGutenbergRichter1956b">Gutenberg & Richter 1956b</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stewartmath.com/precalc_7e_dp/precalc_7e_dp17.html">"Discovery Project 17: Orders of Magnitude"</a>. <i>stewartmath.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Wallace, Robert E. (ed.). <i>The San Andreas Fault System, California</i>. United States Geological Survey. p. 177. Professional Paper 1515. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_693.htm">the original</a> on April 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Richter+Scale+ML&rft.btitle=The+San+Andreas+Fault+System%2C+California&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ellsworth&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnmartin.com%2Fearthquakes%2Feqsafs%2Fsafs_693.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrush1980" class="citation journal cs1">Brush, Stephen G. (September 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.12026">"Discovery of the Earth's core"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>48</b> (9): 705–724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.12026">10.1119/1.12026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Earth%27s+core&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=705-724&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.12026&rft.issn=0002-9505&rft.aulast=Brush&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faapt.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1119%2F1.12026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Allaby2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Allaby (2008). <i>A dictionary of earth sciences</i> (3rd ed.). 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(September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02597222">"S-wave shadows in the Krafla Caldera in NE-Iceland, evidence for a magma chamber in the crust"</a>. <i>Bulletin Volcanologique</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 187–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02597222">10.1007/bf02597222</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815%2F4200">20.500.11815/4200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-8900">0258-8900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Volcanologique&rft.atitle=S-wave+shadows+in+the+Krafla+Caldera+in+NE-Iceland%2C+evidence+for+a+magma+chamber+in+the+crust&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=187-195&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11815%2F4200&rft.issn=0258-8900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02597222&rft.aulast=Einarsson&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf02597222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNSScience1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNSScience1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803200647/https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Monitoring-Earthquakes/Other-earthquake-questions/What-is-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale">"What is the Richter Magnitude Scale?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNS_Science" title="GNS Science">GNS Science</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Monitoring-Earthquakes/Other-earthquake-questions/What-is-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale">the original</a> on August 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Richter+Magnitude+Scale%3F&rft.pub=GNS+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gns.cri.nz%2FHome%2FLearning%2FScience-Topics%2FEarthquakes%2FMonitoring-Earthquakes%2FOther-earthquake-questions%2FWhat-is-the-Richter-Magnitude-Scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623113247/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.php">"Magnitude / Intensity Comparison"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.php">the original</a> on June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnitude+%2F+Intensity+Comparison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Ftopics%2Fmag_vs_int.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is what Richter wrote in his <i>Elementary Seismology</i> (1958), an opinion copiously reproduced afterward in Earth's science primers. Recent evidence shows that earthquakes with negative magnitudes (down to −0.7) can also be felt in exceptional cases, especially when the focus is very shallow (a few hundred meters). See: Thouvenot, F.; Bouchon, M. (2008). "What is the lowest magnitude threshold at which an earthquake can be felt or heard, or objects thrown into the air?," in Fréchet, J., Meghraoui, M. & Stucchi, M. (eds), <i>Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences</i> (vol. 2), <i>Historical Seismology: Interdisciplinary Studies of Past and Recent Earthquakes,</i> Springer, Dordrecht, 313–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCaffrey2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCaffrey2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey2008" class="citation journal cs1">McCaffrey, R. (2008). 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Vol. 80–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=HYPOELLIPSE%3A+A+computer+program+for+determining+local+earthquake+hypocentral+parameters%2C+magnitude%2C+and+first-motion+pattern&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Arifi-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-Arifi_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Arifial-Humidan2012" class="citation journal cs1">al-Arifi, Nassir S.; al-Humidan, Saad (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001">"Local and regional earthquake magnitude calibration of Tabuk analog sub-network, Northwest of Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>Journal of King Saud University – Science</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 257–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001">10.1016/j.jksus.2011.04.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+King+Saud+University+%E2%80%93+Science&rft.atitle=Local+and+regional+earthquake+magnitude+calibration+of+Tabuk+analog+sub-network%2C+Northwest+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-263&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001&rft.aulast=al-Arifi&rft.aufirst=Nassir+S.&rft.au=al-Humidan%2C+Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jksus.2011.04.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Arifi-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Arifi_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-ArifiAl-Humidan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Arifi, Nassir S.; Al-Humidan, Saad (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001">"Local and regional earthquake magnitude calibration of Tabuk analog sub-network, Northwest of Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>Journal of King Saud University – Science</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 257–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001">10.1016/j.jksus.2011.04.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+King+Saud+University+%E2%80%93+Science&rft.atitle=Local+and+regional+earthquake+magnitude+calibration+of+Tabuk+analog+sub-network%2C+Northwest+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-263&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jksus.2011.04.001&rft.aulast=Al-Arifi&rft.aufirst=Nassir+S.&rft.au=Al-Humidan%2C+Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jksus.2011.04.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolt1993" class="citation cs2">Bolt, B. A. (1993), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthquakesgeolo0000bolt"><i>Earthquakes and geological discovery</i></a></span>, Scientific American Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5040-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-5040-6"><bdi>0-7167-5040-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+and+geological+discovery&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7167-5040-6&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthquakesgeolo0000bolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoore1989" class="citation cs2">Boore, D. M. (September 1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w.daveboore.com/pubs_online/richter_scale_tectonophysics_1989.pdf">"The Richter scale: its development and use for determining earthquake source parameter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Tectonophysics</i>, <b>166</b> (1–3): 1–14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1951%2889%2990200-x">10.1016/0040-1951(89)90200-x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=The+Richter+scale%3A+its+development+and+use+for+determining+earthquake+source+parameter&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1989-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-1951%2889%2990200-x&rft.aulast=Boore&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw.daveboore.com%2Fpubs_online%2Frichter_scale_tectonophysics_1989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungBernreuter1980" class="citation cs2">Chung, D. H.; Bernreuter, D. L. (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/5073993/"><i>Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Relationships+Among+Earthquake+Magnitude+Scales.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft.au=Bernreuter%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fscitech%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F5073993%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>, NUREG/CR-1457.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutenbergRichter1936" class="citation cs2">Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (February 21, 1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.83.2147.183">"Discussion: Magnitude and energy of earthquakes"</a>, <i>Science</i>, <b>83</b> (2147): 183–185, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936Sci....83..183G">1936Sci....83..183G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.83.2147.183">10.1126/science.83.2147.183</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17770563">17770563</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Discussion%3A+Magnitude+and+energy+of+earthquakes&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2147&rft.pages=183-185&rft.date=1936-02-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17770563&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.83.2147.183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936Sci....83..183G&rft.aulast=Gutenberg&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Richter%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1126%2Fscience.83.2147.183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutenbergRichter1956b" class="citation cs2">Gutenberg, B.; Richter, C. F. (1956b), "Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration (Second Paper)", <i>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</i>, <b>46</b> (2): 105–145</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Earthquake+magnitude%2C+intensity%2C+energy%2C+and+acceleration+%28Second+Paper%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-145&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Gutenberg&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Richter%2C+C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2007" class="citation cs2">Hough, S. E. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvmDeAxEiO8C"><i>Richter's scale: measure of an earthquake, measure of a man</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12807-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12807-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richter%27s+scale%3A+measure+of+an+earthquake%2C+measure+of+a+man&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12807-8&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvmDeAxEiO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttonBoore1987" class="citation cs2">Hutton, L. K.; Boore, David M. (December 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKnat78.pdf">"The <i>M</i><sub>L</sub> scale in Southern California"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Nature</i>, <b>271</b>: 411–414, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.271..411K">1978Natur.271..411K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F271411a0">10.1038/271411a0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+M%3Csub%3EL%3C%2Fsub%3E+scale+in+Southern+California&rft.volume=271&rft.pages=411-414&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F271411a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.271..411K&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=L.+K.&rft.au=Boore%2C+David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpeople_personal_assets%2Fkanamori%2FHKnat78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanamori1978" class="citation cs2">Kanamori, Hiroo (February 2, 1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com/people_personal_assets/kanamori/HKnat78.pdf">"Quantification of Earthquakes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Nature</i>, <b>271</b> (5644): 411–414, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.271..411K">1978Natur.271..411K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F271411a0">10.1038/271411a0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Quantification+of+Earthquakes&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=5644&rft.pages=411-414&rft.date=1978-02-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F271411a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.271..411K&rft.aulast=Kanamori&rft.aufirst=Hiroo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgps-prod-storage.cloud.caltech.edu.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpeople_personal_assets%2Fkanamori%2FHKnat78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1935" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles F. Richter">Richter, C. F.</a> (January 1935), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710125050/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/47921/1/1.full%20(1).pdf">"An Instrumental Earthquake Magnitude Scale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</i>, <b>25</b> (1): 1–32, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/47921/1/1.full%20(1).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=An+Instrumental+Earthquake+Magnitude+Scale&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1935-01&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F47921%2F1%2F1.full%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichter+scale" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richter_scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iris.edu/seismon/">Seismic Monitor</a> – <a href="/wiki/IRIS_Consortium" title="IRIS Consortium">IRIS Consortium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504144754/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php">USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)</a> – USGS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXMKSOsv3QA">Perspective: a graphical comparison of earthquake energy release</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seismic_magnitude_scales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seismic_scales" title="Template:Seismic scales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seismic_scales" title="Template talk:Seismic scales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seismic_scales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seismic scales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seismic_magnitude_scales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intensity scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Weather_Administration_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale">Central Weather Administration seismic intensity scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Seismic_Intensity_scale" title="Environmental Seismic Intensity scale">Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_macroseismic_scale" title="European macroseismic scale">European Macroseismic Scale (EMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_seismic_intensity_scale" title="China seismic intensity scale">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Modified Mercalli (MM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIVOLCS_Earthquake_Intensity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale">PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency_seismic_intensity_scale" title="Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale">Shindo (Japanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnitude scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body-wave_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-wave magnitude">Body-wave magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_duration_magnitude" title="Earthquake duration magnitude">Duration magnitude</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local magnitude (Richter scale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">Moment magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-wave_magnitude" title="Surface-wave magnitude">Surface-wave magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_class" title="Energy class">Energy class</a> (K-class)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Sponheuer%E2%80%93Karnik_scale" title="Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale">GEOFIAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#History" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#History" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli–Wood–Neuman (MWN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omori_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omori scale (page does not exist)">Omori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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