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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Normal modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlled_seismic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlled_seismic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controlled seismic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlled_seismic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_seismic_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_seismic_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Detection of seismic waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_seismic_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_Earth's_interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_Earth's_interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mapping Earth's interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_Earth's_interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismology_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismology_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Seismology and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seismology_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seismology and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seismology_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earthquake_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquake_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Earthquake prediction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_seismology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_seismology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Engineering seismology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_seismology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_seismologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_seismologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable seismologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_seismologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seismology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84" title="علم الزلازل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الزلازل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolox%C3%ADa" title="Sismoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sismoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seysmologiya" title="Seysmologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seysmologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভূকম্পবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূকম্পবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ch%C3%ACn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tē-chìn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-chìn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сейсмалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сейсмалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сэйсмалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэйсмалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolohiya" title="Sismolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sismolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сеизмология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сеизмология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmologija" title="Seizmologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Seizmologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologiezh" title="Seismologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seismologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismoleg" title="Seismoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seismoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismoloogia" title="Seismoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seismoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σεισμολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεισμολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolog%C3%ADa" title="Sismología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sismología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertremoscienco" title="Tertremoscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tertremoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لرزه‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لرزه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologie" title="Sismologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sismologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Seismology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismeola%C3%ADocht" title="Seismeolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seismeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolox%C3%ADa" title="Sismoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sismoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%ED%95%99" title="지진학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지진학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկրաշարժագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրաշարժագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूकम्पविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूकम्पविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmologija" title="Seizmologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seizmologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0skj%C3%A1lftafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Jarðskjálftafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðskjálftafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סייסמולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סייסמולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეისმოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეისმოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сейсмология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сейсмология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismoloji" title="Sismoloji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sismoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEsmoloj%C3%AE" title="Sîsmolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sîsmolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сейсмология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сейсмология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismolo%C4%A3ija" title="Seismoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Seismoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologija" title="Seismologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seismologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeizmol%C3%B3gia" title="Szeizmológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szeizmológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сеизмологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сеизмологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="സീസ്മോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സീസ്മോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-c%C4%ABng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Dê-cīng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-cīng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81lol%C4%ABnilizmatiliztli" title="Tlālolīnilizmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlālolīnilizmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6" title="地震学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地震学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seysmologiya" title="Seysmologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Seysmologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87_%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="زلزله ‌پوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زلزله ‌پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolog%C3%ACa" title="Sismologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sismologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejsmologia" title="Sejsmologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sejsmologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sismologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologie" title="Seismologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Seismologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сейсмология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сейсмология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizmologjia" title="Sizmologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sizmologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seismology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmol%C3%B3gia" title="Seizmológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Seizmológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmologija" title="Seizmologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seizmologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmologija" title="Seizmologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Seizmologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizmologija" title="Seizmologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seizmologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologia" title="Seismologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seismologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologi" title="Seismologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seismologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolohiya" title="Sismolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sismolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நில நடுக்கவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நில நடுக்கவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7" title="วิทยาแผ่นดินไหว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาแผ่นดินไหว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismoloji" title="Sismoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sismoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сейсмологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сейсмологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زلزلہ شناسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زلزلہ شناسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa chấn học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa chấn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sismolohiya" title="Sismolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sismolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="地震學 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地震學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="地震學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地震學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%A6" title="地震学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地震学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Seismology" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Seismology</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> σεισμός (<i>seismós</i>) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>" and -λογία (<i>-logía</i>) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> (or generally, <a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">quakes</a>) and the generation and propagation of <a href="/wiki/Linear_elasticity#Elastic_wave" title="Linear elasticity">elastic waves</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary body">planetary bodies</a>. It also includes studies of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_environmental_effects" title="Earthquake environmental effects">earthquake environmental effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a> as well as diverse <a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">seismic sources</a> such as volcanic, tectonic, glacial, <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_seismology" title="Fluvial seismology">fluvial</a>, oceanic <a href="/wiki/Microseism" title="Microseism">microseism</a>, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions and <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">human activities</a>. A related field that uses <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> to infer information regarding past earthquakes is <a href="/wiki/Paleoseismology" title="Paleoseismology">paleoseismology</a>. A recording of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> motion as a function of time, created by a <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismograph</a> is called a <a href="/wiki/Seismogram" title="Seismogram">seismogram</a>. A <b>seismologist</b> is a scientist works in basic or applied seismology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly interest in earthquakes can be traced back to antiquity. Early speculations on the natural causes of earthquakes were included in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a> of Miletus (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 585 BCE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes of Miletus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BCE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340 BCE</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a> (132 CE). </p><p>In 132 CE, Zhang Heng of China's <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> designed the first known <a href="/wiki/Seismoscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismoscope">seismoscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeweyByerly_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeweyByerly-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> argued that earthquakes were caused by the movement of fire within a system of channels inside the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lister" title="Martin Lister">Martin Lister</a> (1638–1712) and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lemery" title="Nicolas Lemery">Nicolas Lemery</a> (1645–1715) proposed that earthquakes were caused by chemical explosions within the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisbon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisbon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Lisbon earthquake of 1755</a>, coinciding with the general flowering of science in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, set in motion intensified scientific attempts to understand the behaviour and causation of earthquakes. The earliest responses include work by <a href="/wiki/John_Bevis" title="John Bevis">John Bevis</a> (1757) and <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> (1761). Michell determined that earthquakes originate within the Earth and were waves of movement caused by "shifting masses of rock miles below the surface".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to a series of earthquakes near <a href="/wiki/Comrie,_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Comrie, Perth and Kinross">Comrie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in 1839, a committee was formed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in order to produce better detection methods for earthquakes. The outcome of this was the production of one of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James David Forbes</a>, first presented in a report by <a href="/wiki/David_Milne-Home" title="David Milne-Home">David Milne-Home</a> in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-JamesForbes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesForbes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seismometer was an inverted pendulum, which recorded the measurements of seismic activity through the use of a pencil placed on paper above the pendulum. The designs provided did not prove effective, according to Milne's reports.<sup id="cite_ref-JamesForbes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesForbes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1857, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallet" title="Robert Mallet">Robert Mallet</a> laid the foundation of modern instrumental seismology and carried out seismological experiments using explosives. He is also responsible for coining the word "seismology."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889 <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Rebeur-Paschwitz" title="Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz">Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz</a> recorded the first teleseismic earthquake signal (an earthquake in Japan recorded at Pottsdam Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Emil Wiechert</a>'s theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">Earth's interior</a> consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Richard Dixon Oldham</a> identified the separate arrival of <a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P waves</a>, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms and found the first clear evidence that the Earth has a central core.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Andrija Mohorovičić">Andrija Mohorovičić</a>, one of the founders of modern seismology,<sup id="cite_ref-Penn_state_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penn_state-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discovered and defined the <a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLeish_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeish-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually referred to as the "Moho discontinuity" or the "<a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Moho</a>," it is the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismological waves as they pass through changing densities of rock.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, after studying the April <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Fielding_Reid" title="Harry Fielding Reid">Harry Fielding Reid</a> put forward the "<a href="/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory" title="Elastic-rebound theory">elastic rebound theory</a>" which remains the foundation for modern tectonic studies. The development of this theory depended on the considerable progress of earlier independent streams of work on the behavior of elastic materials and in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershocks</a> from a destructive earthquake came after the January <a href="/wiki/1920_Xalapa_earthquake" title="1920 Xalapa earthquake">1920 Xalapa earthquake</a>. An 80 kg (180 lb) Wiechert seismograph was brought to the Mexican city of Xalapa by rail after the earthquake. The instrument was deployed to record its aftershocks. Data from the seismograph would eventually determine that the mainshock was produced along a shallow crustal fault.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> was the first to claim, based on his study of earthquake waves, that below the mantle, the core of the Earth is liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Inge_Lehmann" title="Inge Lehmann">Inge Lehmann</a> determined that within Earth's liquid <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a> there is a solid <a href="/wiki/Inner_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">inner core</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Longuet-Higgins" title="Michael S. Longuet-Higgins">Michael S. Longuet-Higgins</a> elucidated the ocean processes responsible for the global background seismic <a href="/wiki/Microseism" title="Microseism">microseism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LonguetHiggins_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LonguetHiggins-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1960s, Earth science had developed to the point where a comprehensive theory of the causation of seismic events and geodetic motions had come together in the now well-established theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_seismic_wave">Types of seismic wave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of seismic wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic wave</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seismogram.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three lines with frequent vertical excursions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seismogram.gif/320px-Seismogram.gif" decoding="async" width="320" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seismogram.gif/480px-Seismogram.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Seismogram.gif 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Seismogram records showing the three components of <a href="/wiki/Ground_motion" title="Ground motion">ground motion</a>. The red line marks the first arrival of P-waves; the green line, the later arrival of S-waves. </figcaption></figure> <p>Seismic waves are <a href="/wiki/Elastic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic waves">elastic waves</a> that propagate in solid or fluid materials. They can be divided into <i>body waves</i> that travel through the interior of the materials; <i>surface waves</i> that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and <i>normal modes</i>, a form of standing wave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_waves">Body waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Body waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of body waves, pressure waves or primary waves (P-waves) and <a href="/wiki/Shearing_(physics)" title="Shearing (physics)">shear</a> or secondary waves (<a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S waves</a>). P-waves are <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal waves</a> that involve <a href="/wiki/Compression_(geology)" title="Compression (geology)">compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rarefaction" title="Rarefaction">expansion</a> in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids. <a href="/wiki/S-waves" class="mw-redirect" title="S-waves">S-waves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Transverse_wave" title="Transverse wave">transverse waves</a> that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support transverse elastic waves because of their low shear strength, so S-waves only travel in solids.<sup id="cite_ref-Gubbins1990_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gubbins1990-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_waves">Surface waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surface waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface waves are the result of P- and S-waves interacting with the surface of the Earth. These waves are <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersive</a>, meaning that different frequencies have different velocities. The two main surface wave types are <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_wave" title="Rayleigh wave">Rayleigh waves</a>, which have both compressional and shear motions, and <a href="/wiki/Love_wave" title="Love wave">Love waves</a>, which are purely shear. Rayleigh waves result from the interaction of P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves with the surface and can exist in any solid medium. Love waves are formed by horizontally polarized S-waves interacting with the surface, and can only exist if there is a change in the elastic properties with depth in a solid medium, which is always the case in seismological applications. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves because they are the result of these waves traveling along indirect paths to interact with Earth's surface. Because they travel along the surface of the Earth, their energy decays less rapidly than body waves (1/distance<sup>2</sup> vs. 1/distance<sup>3</sup>), and thus the shaking caused by surface waves is generally stronger than that of body waves, and the primary surface waves are often thus the largest signals on earthquake <a href="/wiki/Seismogram" title="Seismogram">seismograms</a>. Surface waves are strongly excited when their source is close to the surface, as in a shallow earthquake or a near-surface explosion, and are much weaker for deep earthquake sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Gubbins1990_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gubbins1990-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_modes">Normal modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Normal modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave#Free_oscillations_of_the_Earth" title="Seismic wave">Free oscillations of the Earth</a></div> <p>Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the entire Earth "ring" like a resonant bell. This ringing is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Normal_modes" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal modes">normal modes</a> with discrete frequencies and periods of approximately an hour or shorter. Normal mode motion caused by a very large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Gubbins1990_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gubbins1990-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a>. Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">Lists of earthquakes</a></div> <p>One of the first attempts at the scientific study of earthquakes followed the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Other notable earthquakes that spurred major advancements in the science of seismology include the <a href="/wiki/1857_Basilicata_earthquake" title="1857 Basilicata earthquake">1857 Basilicata earthquake</a>, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a>, the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Sumatra-Andaman_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra-Andaman earthquake">Sumatra-Andaman earthquake</a>, and the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku earthquake">Great East Japan earthquake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controlled_seismic_sources">Controlled seismic sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controlled seismic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a></div> <p>Seismic waves produced by <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> or vibrating controlled sources are one of the primary methods of <a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">underground exploration in geophysics</a> (in addition to many different <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic</a> methods such as <a href="/wiki/Induced_polarization" title="Induced polarization">induced polarization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetotellurics" title="Magnetotellurics">magnetotellurics</a>). Controlled-source seismology has been used to map <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt domes</a>, anticlines and other geologic traps in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>, rock types, and long-buried giant <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">craters</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub Crater">Chicxulub Crater</a>, which was caused by an impact that has been <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">implicated in the extinction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, was localized to Central America by analyzing ejecta in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_boundary" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary">Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary</a>, and then physically proven to exist using seismic maps from <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulte2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulte2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_of_seismic_waves">Detection of seismic waves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Detection of seismic waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seismometer-iceland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seismometer-iceland.JPG/220px-Seismometer-iceland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seismometer-iceland.JPG/330px-Seismometer-iceland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Seismometer-iceland.JPG/440px-Seismometer-iceland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Installation for a temporary seismic station, north Iceland highland.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometers</a> are sensors that detect and record the motion of the Earth arising from elastic waves. Seismometers may be deployed at the Earth's surface, in shallow vaults, in boreholes, or <a href="/wiki/Ocean-bottom_seismometer" title="Ocean-bottom seismometer">underwater</a>. A complete instrument package that records seismic signals is called a <a href="/wiki/Seismograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismograph">seismograph</a>. Networks of seismographs continuously record ground motions around the world to facilitate the monitoring and analysis of global earthquakes and other sources of seismic activity. Rapid location of earthquakes makes <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> warnings possible because seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves. Seismometers also record signals from non-earthquake sources ranging from explosions (nuclear and chemical), to local noise from wind<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or anthropogenic activities, to incessant signals generated at the ocean floor and coasts induced by ocean waves (the global <a href="/wiki/Microseism" title="Microseism">microseism</a>), to <a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">cryospheric</a> events associated with large <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a> and glaciers. Above-ocean meteor strikes with energies as high as 4.2 × 10<sup>13</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a> (equivalent to that released by an explosion of ten kilotons of TNT) have been recorded by seismographs, as have a number of industrial accidents and terrorist bombs and events (a field of study referred to as <a href="/wiki/Forensic_seismology" title="Forensic seismology">forensic seismology</a>). A major long-term motivation for the global seismographic monitoring has been for the detection and study of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">nuclear testing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapping_Earth's_interior"><span id="Mapping_Earth.27s_interior"></span>Mapping Earth's interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mapping Earth's interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's interior">Earth's interior</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_wave_paths.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram with concentric shells and curved paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/280px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/420px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Earthquake_wave_paths.svg/560px-Earthquake_wave_paths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Seismic velocities and boundaries in the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> sampled by seismic waves </figcaption></figure> <p>Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior. One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Richard Dixon Oldham</a> in 1906 and definitively shown by Harold Jeffreys in 1926) was that the <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a> of the earth is liquid. Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed. In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle. </p><p>Processing readings from many seismometers using <a href="/wiki/Seismic_tomography" title="Seismic tomography">seismic tomography</a>, seismologists have mapped the mantle of the earth to a resolution of several hundred kilometers. This has enabled scientists to identify <a href="/wiki/Convection_cell" title="Convection cell">convection cells</a> and other large-scale features such as the <a href="/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces" title="Large low-shear-velocity provinces">large low-shear-velocity provinces</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">core–mantle boundary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismology_and_society">Seismology and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seismology and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquake_prediction">Earthquake prediction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Earthquake prediction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Earthquake prediction</a></div> <p>Forecasting a probable timing, location, magnitude and other important features of a forthcoming seismic event is called <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">earthquake prediction</a>. Various attempts have been made by seismologists and others to create effective systems for precise earthquake predictions, including the <a href="/wiki/VAN_method" title="VAN method">VAN method</a>. Most seismologists do not believe that a system to provide timely warnings for individual earthquakes has yet been developed, and many believe that such a system would be unlikely to give useful warning of impending seismic events. However, more general forecasts routinely predict <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">seismic hazard</a>. Such forecasts estimate the probability of an earthquake of a particular size affecting a particular location within a particular time-span, and they are routinely used in <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a>. </p><p>Public controversy over earthquake prediction erupted after Italian authorities <a href="/wiki/Indicted" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicted">indicted</a> six seismologists and one government official for <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> in connection with <a href="/wiki/2009_L%27Aquila_earthquake" title="2009 L'Aquila earthquake">a magnitude 6.3 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy on April 5, 2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> stated that the indictment was widely seen in Italy and abroad as being for failing to predict the earthquake and drew condemnation from the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2011_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the magazine also indicated that the population of Aquila do not consider the failure to predict the earthquake to be the reason for the indictment, but rather the alleged failure of the scientists to evaluate and communicate risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2011_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indictment claims that, at a special meeting in <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a> the week before the earthquake occurred, scientists and officials were more interested in pacifying the population than providing adequate information about earthquake risk and preparedness.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2011_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In locations where a historical record exists it may be used to estimate the timing, location and magnitude of future seismic events. There are several interpretative factors to consider. The epicentres or foci and magnitudes of historical earthquakes are subject to interpretation meaning it is possible that 5–6 Mw earthquakes described in the historical record could be larger events occurring elsewhere that were felt moderately in the populated areas that produced written records. Documentation in the historic period may be sparse or incomplete, and not give a full picture of the geographic scope of an earthquake, or the historical record may only have earthquake records spanning a few centuries, a very short time frame in a <a href="/wiki/Seismic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic cycle">seismic cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_seismology">Engineering seismology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Engineering seismology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineering seismology is the study and application of seismology for engineering purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generally applied to the branch of seismology that deals with the assessment of the seismic hazard of a site or region for the purposes of earthquake engineering. It is, therefore, a link between <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two principal components of engineering seismology. Firstly, studying earthquake history (e.g. historical<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instrumental catalogs<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of seismicity) and <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assess the earthquakes that could occur in a region and their characteristics and frequency of occurrence. Secondly, studying strong ground motions generated by earthquakes to assess the expected shaking from future earthquakes with similar characteristics. These strong ground motions could either be observations from <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> or seismometers or those simulated by computers using various techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are then often used to develop ground motion prediction equations<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or ground-motion models)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gmpe.org.uk/">[1]</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seismological instruments can generate large amounts of data. Systems for processing such data include: </p> <ul><li>CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadExPro_seismic_software" title="RadExPro seismic software">RadExPro seismic software</a></li> <li>SeisComP3<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_seismologists">Notable seismologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable seismologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Seismologists" title="Category:Seismologists">Category:Seismologists</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiiti_Aki" title="Keiiti Aki">Aki, Keiiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ambraseys" title="Nicholas Ambraseys">Ambraseys, Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Anderson, Don L.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bolt" title="Bruce Bolt">Bolt, Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Beroza" title="Gregory Beroza">Beroza,Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Claerbout" title="Jon Claerbout">Claerbout, Jon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Dziewonski" title="Adam Dziewonski">Dziewonski, Adam Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Ewing, Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Borisovich_Galitzine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Borisovich Galitzine">Galitzine, Boris Borisovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_A._Gamburtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy A. Gamburtsev">Gamburtsev, Grigory A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Gutenberg, Beno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Hough" title="Susan Hough">Hough, Susan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Jeffreys, Harold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jones" title="Lucy Jones">Jones, Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroo_Kanamori" title="Hiroo Kanamori">Kanamori, Hiroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Keilis-Borok" title="Vladimir Keilis-Borok">Keilis-Borok, Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Knopoff" title="Leon Knopoff">Knopoff, Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_Lehmann" title="Inge Lehmann">Lehmann, Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Macelwane" title="James B. Macelwane">Macelwane, James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallet" title="Robert Mallet">Mallet, Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Mercalli, Giuseppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milne" title="John Milne">Milne, John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrija_Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Andrija Mohorovičić">Mohorovičić, Andrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dixon_Oldham" title="Richard Dixon Oldham">Oldham, Richard Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusakichi_Omori" title="Fusakichi Omori">Omori, Fusakichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo">Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Press, Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_G._Rautian" title="Tatyana G. Rautian">Rautian, Tatyana G.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Richards" title="Paul G. Richards">Richards, Paul G.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Richter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Francis Richter">Richter, Charles Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seikei_Sekiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Seikei Sekiya">Sekiya, Seikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Sieh" title="Kerry Sieh">Sieh, Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Silver" title="Paul Silver">Paul G. Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Stein" title="Ross Stein">Stein, Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tucker_(seismologist)" title="Brian Tucker (seismologist)">Tucker, Brian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vidale" title="John Vidale">Vidale, John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianxing_Wen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lianxing Wen">Wen, Lianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_(educator)" title="John Winthrop (educator)">Winthrop, John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Heng" title="Zhang Heng">Zhang Heng</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> – Study of oscillations in stars (starquakes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoseism" title="Cryoseism">Cryoseism</a> – Non-tectonic seismic event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">Earthquake swarm</a> – Series of localized seismic events within a short time period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a> – Application of geology to engineering practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a> – Sustained ground vibration associated with underground movement of magma or volcanic gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a> – Study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through its oscillation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_Consortium" title="IRIS Consortium">IRIS Consortium</a> – university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoseismal_map" title="Isoseismal map">Isoseismal map</a> – Type of map used in seismology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_seismic_inversion" title="Linear seismic inversion">Linear seismic inversion</a> – Interpretation of seismic data using linear model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a> – Study of ground motions of the Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a> – Seismic event occurring on Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quake (natural phenomenon)</a> – Surface shaking on 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-needham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1959" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1959). <i>Science and Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 626–635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959scc3.book.....N">1959scc3.book.....N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%2C+Volume+3%3A+Mathematics+and+the+Sciences+of+the+Heavens+and+the+Earth&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=626-635&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959scc3.book.....N&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeweyByerly-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeweyByerly_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeweyByerly1969" class="citation journal cs1">Dewey, James; Byerly, Perry (February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/59/1/183/101553/The-early-history-of-seismometry-to-1900">"The early history of seismometry (to 1900)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 183–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+early+history+of+seismometry+%28to+1900%29&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-227&rft.date=1969-02&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Byerly%2C+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fssa%2Fbssa%2Farticle%2F59%2F1%2F183%2F101553%2FThe-early-history-of-seismometry-to-1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2002" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, Duncan Carr (2002). "History of seismology". <i>International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology</i>. International Geophysics. <b>81A</b>: 3–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0074-6142%2802%2980203-0">10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80203-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124406520" title="Special:BookSources/9780124406520"><bdi>9780124406520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Handbook+of+Earthquake+and+Engineering+Seismology&rft.atitle=History+of+seismology&rft.volume=81A&rft.pages=3-11&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0074-6142%2802%2980203-0&rft.isbn=9780124406520&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Duncan+Carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisbon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisbon_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdíasArroyo2008" class="citation book cs1">Udías, Agustín; Arroyo, Alfonso López (2008). "The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 in Spanish contemporary authors". In Mendes-Victor, Luiz A.; Oliveira, Carlos Sousa; Azevedo, João; Ribeiro, Antonio (eds.). <i>The 1755 Lisbon earthquake: revisited</i>. Springer. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402086090" title="Special:BookSources/9781402086090"><bdi>9781402086090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lisbon+earthquake+of+1755+in+Spanish+contemporary+authors&rft.btitle=The+1755+Lisbon+earthquake%3A+revisited&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402086090&rft.aulast=Ud%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+Alfonso+L%C3%B3pez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMember_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Berlin2012" class="citation book cs1">Member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (2012). <i>The History and Philosophy of Earthquakes Accompanied by John Michell's 'conjectures Concerning the Cause, and Observations upon the Ph'nomena of Earthquakes'<span></span></i>. 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Earth sciences history: journal of the History of the Earth Sciences Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Researchgate&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Earthquakes+in+the+Hundred+Years+Following+Lisbon+Earthquake+of+1755&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Oldroyd&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261697732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety2005" class="citation journal cs1">Society, The Royal (2005-01-22). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthquake+Data+in+Engineering+Seismology%3A+Predictive+Models%2C+Data+Management+and+Networks&rft.series=Geotechnical%2C+Geological+and+Earthquake+Engineering&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0151-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VRFVONtHPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllabyAllaby2003" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael, eds. (2003). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Menahem1995" class="citation cs2">Ben-Menahem, Ari (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce597m/Handouts/ConciseHistory_BenMenahem.pdf">"A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy, and Perspectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</i>, <b>85</b> (4): 1202–1225</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=A+Concise+History+of+Mainstream+Seismology%3A+Origins%2C+Legacy%2C+and+Perspectives&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1202-1225&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ben-Menahem&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2F~ce597m%2FHandouts%2FConciseHistory_BenMenahem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBath1979" class="citation book cs1">Bath, M. (1979). <i>Introduction to Seismology</i> (2nd rev. ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser Basel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034852838" title="Special:BookSources/9783034852838"><bdi>9783034852838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Seismology&rft.place=Basel&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Basel&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9783034852838&rft.aulast=Bath&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2014" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Charles (2014). <i>The founders of seismology</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107691490" title="Special:BookSources/9781107691490"><bdi>9781107691490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founders+of+seismology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107691490&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwingJardetzkyPress1957" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, W. M.; Jardetzky, W. S.; Press, F. (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elasticwavesinla0000ewin"><i>Elastic Waves in Layered Media</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Book_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Book Company">McGraw-Hill Book Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elastic+Waves+in+Layered+Media&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft.au=Jardetzky%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Press%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felasticwavesinla0000ewin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubbins1990" class="citation book cs1">Gubbins, David (1990). <i>Seismology and Plate Tectonics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37141-4"><bdi>978-0-521-37141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seismology+and+Plate+Tectonics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37141-4&rft.aulast=Gubbins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Stephen S. 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(2009). <i>Introduction to Seismology</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70842-5"><bdi>978-0-521-70842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Seismology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70842-5&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinWysession2002" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Seth; Wysession, Michael (2002). <i>An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structure</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-078-6"><bdi>978-0-86542-078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Seismology%2C+Earthquakes+and+Earth+Structure&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86542-078-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.au=Wysession%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenHelmberger1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wen, Lianxing; Helmberger, Donald V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenHelmberger98Science.pdf">"Ultra-Low Velocity Zones Near the Core-Mantle Boundary from Broadband PKP Precursors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>279</b> (5357): 1701–1703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...279.1701W">1998Sci...279.1701W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.279.5357.1701">10.1126/science.279.5357.1701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9497284">9497284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ultra-Low+Velocity+Zones+Near+the+Core-Mantle+Boundary+from+Broadband+PKP+Precursors&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=5357&rft.pages=1701-1703&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9497284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.279.5357.1701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...279.1701W&rft.aulast=Wen&rft.aufirst=Lianxing&rft.au=Helmberger%2C+Donald+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeophysics.geo.sunysb.edu%2Fwen%2FReprints%2FWenHelmberger98Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeismology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seismology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seismologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4379341-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seismology"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119634">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sismologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933257q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sismologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933257q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span 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