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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principale</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigazione </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" title="Visita la pagina principale [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principale</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:UltimeModifiche" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche del sito [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultime modifiche</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PaginaCasuale" title="Mostra una pagina a caso [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una voce a caso</span></a></li><li id="n-nearby-pages-title" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:NelleVicinanze"><span>Nelle vicinanze</span></a></li><li id="n-vetrina" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vetrina"><span>Vetrina</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Aiuto" title="Pagine di aiuto"><span>Aiuto</span></a></li><li id="n-Sportello-informazioni" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Sportello_informazioni"><span>Sportello informazioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunità" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunità" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunità </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portale:Comunit%C3%A0" title="Descrizione del progetto, cosa puoi fare, dove trovare le cose"><span>Portale Comunità</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bar"><span>Bar</span></a></li><li id="n-wikipediano" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipediano"><span>Il Wikipediano</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contatti"><span>Contatti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Pagina_principale" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="L'enciclopedia libera" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-it.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width 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class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciale:Ricerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ricerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Strumenti personali"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifica la dimensione, la larghezza e il colore del testo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aspetto" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aspetto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=MS-DOS" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=MS-DOS" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div 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</ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caratteristiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architettura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architettura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Architettura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architettura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaccia_dell'utente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaccia_dell'utente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interfaccia dell'utente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaccia_dell'utente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoria_RAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoria_RAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Memoria RAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoria_RAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Versioni</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versioni-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Versioni</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cloni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MS-DOS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 87 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إم إس-دوس - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إم إس-دوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ام-اس دوس - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ام-اس دوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8" title="এমএস-ডস - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এমএস-ডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3-%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ئێم ئێس-دۆس - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێم ئێس-دۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ام‌اس-داس - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌اس-داس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8.-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="एम.एस.-डॉस - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एम.एस.-डॉस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.-%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="എം.എസ്.-ഡോസ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം.എസ്.-ഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="डिस्क ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टीम - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिस्क ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टीम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA-%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အမ်အက်စ်-ဒေါ့စ် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမ်အက်စ်-ဒေါ့စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - slesiano" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="எம்எஸ்-டொஸ் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எம்எஸ்-டொஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎంఎస్-డాస్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎంఎస్-డాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MS-DOS" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/MS-DOS" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/MS-DOS" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&oldid=141185852" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=MS-DOS&id=141185852&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2">Microsoft MS-DOS<br /><span class="sinottico_sottotitolo"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistema operativo</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Msdos-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Msdos-icon.svg/100px-Msdos-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Msdos-icon.svg/150px-Msdos-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Msdos-icon.svg/200px-Msdos-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Logo</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MS-DOS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/7/7d/MS-DOS.svg/260px-MS-DOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/7/7d/MS-DOS.svg/390px-MS-DOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/it/thumb/7/7d/MS-DOS.svg/520px-MS-DOS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Schermata di MS-DOS 6.22 dopo il caricamento dei <a href="/wiki/Driver" title="Driver">driver</a> all'avvio. Il logo soprastante è l'<a href="/wiki/Icona_(informatica)" title="Icona (informatica)">icona</a> usata in vecchie versioni di Windows, ispirata alla copertina delle ultime versioni di MS-DOS.</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Sviluppatore_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviluppatore software">Sviluppatore</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Famiglia</th><td><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Release_(informatica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Release (informatica)">Release</a> iniziale</th><td>1.24 (giugno <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Release_(informatica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Release (informatica)">Release</a> corrente</th><td>8.0 (16 settembre <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>Tipo di <a href="/wiki/Kernel" title="Kernel">kernel</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Kernel#Kernel_monolitici" title="Kernel">Kernel monolitico</a>, <a href="/wiki/16_bit" title="16 bit">16 bit</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Piattaforma_(informatica)" title="Piattaforma (informatica)">Piattaforme</a> supportate</th><td><a href="/wiki/X86" class="mw-redirect" title="X86">x86</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Interfaccia_grafica" title="Interfaccia grafica">Interfacce grafiche</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Interfaccia_a_riga_di_comando" title="Interfaccia a riga di comando">CLI</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Tipo licenza</th><td><a href="/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario">Software proprietario</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(informatica)" title="Licenza (informatica)">Licenza</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario">Proprietario</a> (<a href="/wiki/EULA" title="EULA">MS-EULA</a>) </td></tr><tr><th>Stadio di sviluppo</th><td>Interrotto dal 2000 </td></tr><tr><th>Predecessore</th><td><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Successore</th><td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Sito_web" title="Sito web">Sito web</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064627/https://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/windows_dos_overview.mspx?mfr=true">Internet Archive MS-DOS overview</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604" class="extiw" title="d:Q47604"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce MS-DOS su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Sistema_operativo/man" title="Template:Sistema operativo/man"><span title="Manuale del template Sistema operativo">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>MS-DOS</b> (sigla di Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk Operating System</a>, in italiano solitamente letto "emme esse dòs"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) è un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistema operativo</a> di <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft</a>, non più in produzione, dedicato ai <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> con <a href="/wiki/Microprocessore" title="Microprocessore">microprocessore</a> <a href="/wiki/X86" class="mw-redirect" title="X86">x86</a>. Commercializzato dal 1982 al 2000, fu il principale esponente della famiglia di sistemi operativi <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> utilizzata nei <a href="/wiki/IBM_compatibile" title="IBM compatibile">PC IBM e compatibili</a>, che negli anni ottanta arrivarono a rappresentare l'80% del mercato mondiale. Fino all'avvento di <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, uscito nel 1995, è stato il sistema operativo per <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> più diffuso al mondo. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nell'ottobre del 1980 IBM stava cercando un sistema operativo per il suo nuovo personal computer, il <a href="/wiki/PC_IBM" title="PC IBM">PC IBM</a>, e si rivolse alla <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> di <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a>, già autore del <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> che allora era lo standard per i microcomputer. I negoziati però fallirono perché la IBM offriva il pagamento di una licenza fissa di 250.000 dollari indipendentemente dal numero di copie del sistema operativo realizzate, mentre Digital Research voleva un accordo basato sul pagamento di una <a href="/wiki/Royalty" title="Royalty">royalty</a> per ogni singola copia realizzata.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuando la ricerca, IBM chiese alla Microsoft di <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> - che allora produceva principalmente linguaggi di programmazione come il <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> - la quale prese contatti con la <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> (SCP) che pochi mesi prima aveva scritto un clone a 16 bit del CP/M chiamato <a href="/wiki/QDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="QDOS">QDOS</a> (<b>Q</b>uick & <b>D</b>irty <b>O</b>perating <b>S</b>ystem<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), poi distribuito come <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>, per i <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Gazelle" title="Seattle Computer Gazelle">Gazelle</a>, dei <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> che stava producendo, basati sull'<a href="/wiki/8086" class="mw-redirect" title="8086">8086</a> e sul bus <a href="/wiki/S-100" title="S-100">S-100</a>. Dopo una veloce revisione dei sorgenti, che consistevano in circa 4000 linee di codice <a href="/wiki/Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly">assembly</a>, il tutto fu mandato alla IBM per una valutazione. </p><p>IBM rimase soddisfatta, quindi Microsoft acquisì i diritti dell'86-DOS dalla SCP nel luglio 1981. Il mese dopo la prima versione di MS-DOS era sul mercato; IBM però, avendola sottoposta a un esteso controllo di qualità e avendo trovato oltre 300 bug, ne riscrisse alcune parti e ne cambiò il nome in <a href="/wiki/PC-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-DOS">PC-DOS</a> 1.0 e entrambe le versioni furono licenziate congiuntamente da Microsoft e da IBM. Le versioni successive furono licenziate separatamente, da Microsoft come MS-DOS e da IBM come PC-DOS, in genere in coincidenza con l'uscita sul mercato di una nuova linea di personal computer. </p><p>Inizialmente non era obbligatorio comprare una copia di MS-DOS insieme ai PC IBM, ma si poteva scegliere fra alcuni sistemi operativi come il <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> (poi DR-DOS), l'<a href="/wiki/UCSD_p-System" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD p-System">UCSD p-System</a>, l'IBM PC-DOS, lo XENIX (cioè lo UNIX di AT&T con licenza acquistata e riadattato da Microsoft per i microcomputer). Tuttavia il prezzo del CP/M era di 240 dollari, quello del p-System di poco meno, mentre l'MS-DOS costava 39,95 dollari, rendendolo una scelta praticamente preferibile in molti ambiti. La pratica di vendere l'MS-DOS e il PC-DOS solo insieme a un PC iniziò a partire dalla vendita degli AT/339, con la versione 3.0 del DOS. </p><p>Fino alla <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.x" title="Windows 3.x">versione 3.1 di Microsoft Windows</a> l'MS-DOS era il sistema operativo con il quale il computer si avviava e <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> veniva esplicitamente caricato dall'utente successivamente; a partire da <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, il processo di avvio del sistema IBM-compatibile venne modificato in modo da caricare l'MS-DOS e, in automatico, Windows. Ciò venne fatto per mantenere la retrocompatibilità con i programmi DOS, ma dando anche all'utente l'impressione di un ambiente totalmente grafico (viene visto in tal senso l'artificio di visualizzare una schermata grafica con il logo di Windows 95 durante l'avvio di MS-DOS). L'ultimo sistema operativo installabile tramite il DOS fu <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Service_Pack_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP Service Pack 1">Windows XP Service Pack 1</a>. </p><p>A differenza della linea di prodotti da Windows 95 a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a>, detta <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Win9x</a> (basata su MS-DOS a 16 bit ma con un numero di componenti via via maggiore a <a href="/wiki/32_bit" title="32 bit">32 bit</a> e non basati su DOS), la nuova linea <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> nacque sin dalla versione 3.1 non retrocompatibile, totalmente a 32 bit e priva di reale supporto MS-DOS (il prompt dei comandi fornito era in effetti un applicativo Win32 che emulava una console e i principali comandi DOS, senza però inglobare nulla del precedente sistema operativo). MS-DOS è stato reso definitivamente obsoleto con la nascita di <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, prima versione della linea di prodotti NT orientata al mercato consumer. Oggi Windows fornisce un limitato sottosistema DOS (NTVDM) che però, a partire da <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, non supporta neanche la modalità a schermo intero necessaria per eseguire gran parte dei giochi per DOS. Pertanto, l'emulazione del vecchio sistema è demandata a programmi di terze parti di livello utente, il più noto dei quali è <a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il 26 marzo 2014 Microsoft concede al <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> di pubblicare, sotto una licenza ad uso esclusivamente consultativo e non commerciale, i sorgenti delle versioni 1.1 e 2.0 di MS-DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fine 2018 i sorgenti condivisi quattro anni prima vengono ripubblicati da Microsoft sul <a href="/wiki/Portale_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Portale web">portale</a> <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> sotto <a href="/wiki/Licenza_MIT" title="Licenza MIT">licenza MIT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il 25 aprile 2024 Microsoft rilascia anche i sorgenti di MS-DOS 4.0 su GitHub sempre con licenza MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architettura">Architettura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Architettura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Architettura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MS-DOS era un sistema operativo monoutente e monotask, cioè capace di far lavorare un solo utente che poteva utilizzare un solo programma alla volta. Il mercato sviluppò, sfruttando una peculiarità del meccanismo di esecuzione dei programmi di DOS, i cosiddetti <a href="/wiki/Terminate_and_Stay_Resident" title="Terminate and Stay Resident">TSR</a> (<i>Terminate and Stay Resident</i>, termina e resta residente): programmi che, una volta caricati, restituivano il controllo alla shell senza però liberare la memoria allocata e, sovente, assumendo il controllo della tastiera o di un altro dispositivo, in modo da poter essere in qualche modo invocati dall'utente. Ciò consentiva una sia pur elementare simulazione di multitasking, anche se la pratica dimostrò che due o più TSR entravano spesso in conflitto o causavano instabilità al sistema. </p><p>I principali limiti del DOS sono stati la limitazione a 640KB di <a href="/wiki/RAM" title="RAM">RAM</a>, la mancanza di supporto per la <a href="/wiki/Codice_rientrante" title="Codice rientrante">rientranza</a>, l'architettura esclusivamente a 16 bit e il fatto che ogni processo, una volta avviato, avesse il controllo totale del sistema. Tali limitazioni erano dovute a scelte progettuali, basate sulle limitazioni del primo <a href="/wiki/PC_IBM" title="PC IBM">PC IBM</a>; essendo strutturali, questi limiti non furono in seguito superabili. Divenuti presto evidenti per la rapidissima evoluzione tecnologica di quegli anni, questi limiti vennero poi aggirati con stratagemmi software come i gestori di memoria EMS e XMS, e i cosiddetti DOS extender che gestivano il funzionamento a 32 <a href="/wiki/Bit_(informatica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit (informatica)">bit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Modalit%C3%A0_protetta" title="Modalità protetta">modalità protetta</a>, che MS-DOS non poteva supportare. Tuttavia non si trattava di modifiche strutturali al SO: in ogni caso la gestione del <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> e la risposta agli <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> restavano comunque in mano al vecchio MS-DOS e soffrivano dei suoi limiti. </p><p>Alla fine, la Microsoft fu costretta ad abbandonare l'MS-DOS e scrivere da zero una nuova famiglia di <a href="/wiki/Sistema_operativo" title="Sistema operativo">sistemi operativi</a>, cioè le varie versioni di <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> NT. </p><p>Il codice eseguibile fondamentale del DOS era contenuto in due file dal nome <a href="/wiki/IO.SYS" title="IO.SYS">IO.SYS</a> e MSDOS.SYS. Il primo conteneva le routine di servizio degli interrupt e la gestione delle periferiche fisiche e caricava il secondo, che conteneva il gestore di periferiche logiche e il gestore del file system FAT. MSDOS.SYS caricava a sua volta il COMMAND.COM, la shell interprete dei comandi. I file dovevano occupare le prime due posizioni nella <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">File Allocation Table</a> del disco ed essere contingui. Sul PC-DOS i file si chiamavano rispettivamente IBMBIO.COM e IBMDOS.COM ma svolgevano le medesime mansioni. Altri file di sistema rilevanti erano CONFIG.SYS e AUTOEXEC.BAT: il primo si occupava della configurazione dei dispositivi (periferiche) e delle applicazioni; il secondo, invece, era un eseguibile di tipo batch che gestiva i comandi automatici all'avvio del sistema. Tutti questi file di sistema si trovavano nella <a href="/wiki/Directory" title="Directory">directory</a> principale del disco di avvio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaccia_dell'utente"><span id="Interfaccia_dell.27utente"></span>Interfaccia dell'utente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Interfaccia dell'utente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Interfaccia dell'utente"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'interfaccia standard di MS-DOS, un'<a href="/wiki/Interfaccia_a_riga_di_comando" title="Interfaccia a riga di comando">interfaccia a riga di comando</a>, era una <a href="/wiki/Shell_(informatica)" title="Shell (informatica)">shell</a> (chiamata <i>command</i>), come su tutti i sistemi dell'epoca. In seguito divennero disponibili altre interfacce utente, basate su menu testuali (come, ad esempio, <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a>) o grafiche, come il <a href="/wiki/Graphical_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical Environment Manager">GEM</a> e le prime versioni di <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> fino alla 3.11. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoria_RAM">Memoria RAM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Memoria RAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Memoria RAM"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Memoria_(informatica)" title="Memoria (informatica)">memoria</a> <a href="/wiki/RAM" title="RAM">RAM</a> nel MS-DOS viene suddivisa in: </p> <ul><li><i>memoria convenzionale</i> (o memoria base), che indica i primi 640 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Kilobyte</a> di memoria, che sono gli unici che il sistema è in grado di utilizzare in maniera nativa. Questa rappresenta la prima quantità di memoria massima allocabile dal processore, in quanto il resto, 360 kB, era usata per altri scopi.</li> <li><i>memoria espansa</i>, che rappresenta la memoria compresa tra i primi 640 kB ed il primo <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Megabyte</a>. Questa può essere visualizzata solo attraverso una finestra di 64 Kb e per essere utilizzata è necessario un apposito tipogestore denominato <i><a href="/wiki/Expanded_Memory_Specification" title="Expanded Memory Specification">Expanded Memory Specification</a></i> (Uno dei più famosi è ad esempio <code><a href="/wiki/EMM386" title="EMM386">EMM386</a></code>).</li> <li><i>memoria estesa</i>, che indica la parte di memoria successiva al primo <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Megabyte</a> in un <a href="/wiki/PC_IBM" title="PC IBM">PC IBM</a> o compatibile con una <a href="/wiki/CPU" title="CPU">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a> o successiva.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versioni">Versioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Versioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Versioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Versione </th> <th>Data di distribuzione </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 1.24</td> <td>giugno <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a></td> <td>come il <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> 1.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 1.25</td> <td>luglio <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a></td> <td>prima <i>release</i> non IBM del PC DOS: la storia dell'MS-DOS propriamente detto inizia da qui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 2.01</td> <td>maggio <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a></td> <td>supporto iniziale per l'internazionalizzazione (comando COUNTRY) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 2.11</td> <td>dicembre <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a></td> <td>una via di mezzo tra MS-DOS 2.01 e PC DOS 2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 2.12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a></td> <td>versione speciale per TI pro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 3.05</td> <td>novembre <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a></td> <td>prima <i>release</i> non IBM di PC DOS versione 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 3.25</td> <td>ottobre <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a></td> <td>esteso il supporto alle lingue straniere </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 4.0</td> <td>aprile <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a></td> <td>lanciato solo in Europa; introdotto il <a href="/wiki/Multitasking#Multitasking_con_prelazione_(preemptive)" title="Multitasking">multitasking con prelazione</a> e della gui MS-DOS Shell; molto instabile e pieno di bug viene ritirato dal mercato poco tempo dopo. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 3.31</td> <td>novembre <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a></td> <td>supporto per partizioni maggiori di 32 MB; versioni diverse da parte di vari OEM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 2.11R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a></td> <td>versione bootabile da ROM per i PC Tandy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 4.01</td> <td>dicembre <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a></td> <td>corregge molti bug della catastrofica versione 4.0 ma è ancora instabile </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 3.21R.85</td> <td>settembre <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a></td> <td>ROM DOS, supporta il Flash file system per i portatili </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 3.3R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a></td> <td>ROM DOS, versione per i portatili TI </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 5.0</td> <td>giugno <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td> <td>introdotto l'uso della memoria alta; possibilità di usare fino a 8 hard disk; supporto ai floppy disk da 2,88 MB; versione decisamente più stabile e robusta delle precedenti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS V</td> <td>febbraio <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></td> <td>versione per il mercato giapponese con supporto per i caratteri Kanji a 16 bit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 6.0</td> <td>marzo <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></td> <td>compressione del disco on the fly (Doublespace); configurazioni multiple in AUTOEXEC.BAT e CONFIG.SYS </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 6.20</td> <td>settembre <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></td> <td>Doublespace riscritto per perdite di dati che occasionalmente causava </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 6.21</td> <td>febbraio <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a></td> <td>Doublespace rimosso dopo che la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stac_Electronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stac Electronics (la pagina non esiste)">Stac Electronics</a> aveva vinto la causa per violazione di copyright </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 6.22</td> <td>maggio <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a></td> <td>nuovo software di compressione del disco (Drivespace); ultima versione di DOS <a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_(informatica)" title="Stand-alone (informatica)">stand-alone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 7.0</td> <td>agosto <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a></td> <td>incorporata in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, introdotto il supporto al VFAT che consente l'uso di nomi di file lunghi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 7.10</td> <td>agosto <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a></td> <td>incorporata in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95B OSR2</a> e <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, introdotto il supporto al file system FAT32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS 8.0</td> <td>settembre <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a></td> <td>ultima versione di MS-DOS; incorporata in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Windows Me</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft MS-DOS</td> <td>31 dicembre <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a></td> <td>Fine del supporto </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloni">Cloni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Cloni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Cloni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeGEM.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeGEM.PNG/200px-FreeGEM.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeGEM.PNG/300px-FreeGEM.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeGEM.PNG/400px-FreeGEM.PNG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot di <a href="/wiki/FreeGEM" title="FreeGEM">FreeGEM</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dato il grande successo e la longevità del DOS, ci sono moltissimi sistemi operativi compatibili con varie versioni dell'MS-DOS o che cercano di estenderne le funzioni, alcuni commerciali, alcuni gratuiti, altri addirittura open source. </p><p>Cloni commerciali: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>MultiUserDOS-7 Gold</li> <li>DR Multiuser-DOS</li> <li>SuperDOS</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Cloni: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Cloni gratuiti: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>OpenDOS</li> <li>DOS-C</li> <li>TR-DOS</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Cloni <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li> <li>FreeGEM DOS</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Software" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Software"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/DOS#Software" title="DOS">DOS § Software</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Il software per MS-DOS coincide sostanzialmente con il software per <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, i due nomi venivano e vengono spesso usati in modo intercambiabile. Grazie al successo dei PC e compatibili, gli applicativi per MS-DOS ebbero enorme diffusione fino all'avvento dei sistemi <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, dominando presto l'ambito serio e professionale, e dagli anni '90 dominando anche il campo dei videogiochi per computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuance.com/products/help/dragon154/dragon-for-pc/ita/dpg-vla/Content/Vocabulary/about_word_properties.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Proprietà delle parole</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">nuance.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Tom Rolander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104052350/http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1"><span style="font-style:italic;">The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1</span></a>, The Scoble Show <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1">url originale</abbr> il 4 novembre 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Tony Bove, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0RB1Xxp-KAC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=ibm+cp/m+licensing&source=web&ots=dryptL9LAW&sig=KJqNIT1r_-yVcpe0fa0p9RI1BW4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA9,M1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Just Say No to Microsoft</span></a>, No Starch Press, 2005, pp. 9–11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-59327-064-X" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-59327-064-X">1-59327-064-X</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Raul Rojas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003530/http://www.patersontech.com/dos/encyclopedia.aspx"><span style="font-style:italic;">DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Paterson Technology</span>, aprile 2011. <small>URL consultato il 22 luglio 2018</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.patersontech.com/dos/encyclopedia.aspx">url originale</abbr> il 23 luglio 2018)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.it/gadget/computer/2017/01/17/ms-dos-ancora-vivo/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il DOS è ancora vivo, nascosto dentro Windows 10 - Wired</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Wired</span>, 17 gennaio 2017. <small>URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2017</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/_static/atchm/microsoft-ms-dos-early-source-code/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Microsoft MS-DOS early source code | Computer History Museum</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www.computerhistory.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2017</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Rich Turner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/re-open-sourcing-ms-dos-1-25-and-2-0/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Re-Open-Sourcing MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Windows Command Line</span>, 28 settembre 2018. <small>URL consultato il 14 maggio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Scott Hanselman, Jeff Wilcox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/opensource/2024/04/25/open-sourcing-ms-dos-4-0/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Open sourcing MS-DOS 4.0</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Microsoft Open Source Blog</span>, 25 aprile 2024. <small>URL consultato il 14 maggio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF''MCmicrocomputer''_95" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MC_microcomputer-095/page/n102?view=theater"><span style="font-style:italic;">Memoria estesa ed espansa</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="immagine in formato JPG">JPG</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MCmicrocomputer" title="MCmicrocomputer">MCmicrocomputer</a></span>, n. 95, Roma, Technimedia, aprile 1990, pp. 103-106, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1123-2714<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1123-2714&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1123-2714">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibmpcdos2.10manuale"><span style="font-style:italic;">IBM Personal Computer – DOS – Disk Operating System della Microsoft Corp. – Manuale di riferimento</span></a> (versione 2.10), IBM Italia, 1984.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MS-DOS-3.3"><span style="font-style:italic;">Guida introduttiva Microsoft MS DOS – Sistema Operativo – Versione 3.3</span></a>, Bit Computers, 1988.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/msdos3.10olivetti"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS - Guida utente</span></a> (3.10), Olivetti, 1986.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> Dan Gookin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dospersapernedipiusenzafatica"><span style="font-style:italic;">DOS - Per saperne di più senza fatica</span></a>, McGraw-Hill, 1994.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> Carl Siechert e Chris Wood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/il-manuale-ms-dos-3.30"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il manuale MS-DOS 3.30</span></a>, traduzione di Mauro Formaggio, Milano, McGraw-Hill, 1990, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-386-0159-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-386-0159-3">88-386-0159-3</a>.</cite></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articoli</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF''MCmicrocomputer''_100" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MC_microcomputer-100/page/n179?view=theater"><span style="font-style:italic;">10 anni di MS-DOS. E poi?</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="immagine in formato JPG">JPG</abbr></span>) (con intervista a Bill Gates), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MCmicrocomputer" title="MCmicrocomputer">MCmicrocomputer</a></span>, n. 100, Roma, Technimedia, ottobre 1990, pp. 180-189, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1123-2714<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1123-2714&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1123-2714">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''MCmicrocomputer''_88" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MC_microcomputer-088/page/n109?view=theater"><span style="font-style:italic;">Microsoft MS-DOS 4.01</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="immagine in formato JPG">JPG</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MCmicrocomputer" title="MCmicrocomputer">MCmicrocomputer</a></span>, n. 88, Roma, Technimedia, settembre 1989, pp. 110-115, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1123-2714<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1123-2714&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1123-2714">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''MCmicrocomputer''_113" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MC_microcomputer-113/page/n215?view=theater"><span style="font-style:italic;">Microsoft MS-DOS 5.0</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="immagine in formato JPG">JPG</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MCmicrocomputer" title="MCmicrocomputer">MCmicrocomputer</a></span>, n. 113, Roma, Technimedia, dicembre 1991, pp. 216-220, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1123-2714<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1123-2714&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1123-2714">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''MCmicrocomputer''_127" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MC_microcomputer-127/page/n123?view=theater"><span style="font-style:italic;">Anteprima MS-DOS 6.0</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="immagine in formato JPG">JPG</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/MCmicrocomputer" title="MCmicrocomputer">MCmicrocomputer</a></span>, n. 127, Roma, Technimedia, marzo 1993, p. 124, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 1123-2714<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1123-2714&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=1123-2714">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> – famiglia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> – antesignano dell'MS-DOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a> – emulatore open source di MS-DOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> – clone aggiornato, libero e open source, di MS-DOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comandi_di_MS-DOS" title="Comandi di MS-DOS">Comandi di MS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Software_per_DOS" title="Categoria:Software per DOS">Categoria:Software per DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Videogiochi_per_DOS" title="Categoria:Videogiochi per DOS">Categoria:Videogiochi per DOS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:MS-DOS"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MS-DOS?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sull'<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MS-DOS?uselang=it">MS-DOS</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MS-DOS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windows/xp/all/proddocs/en-us/windows_dos_overview.mspx"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sito ufficiale</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">microsoft.com</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P856" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ms-dos"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_delle_scienze_fisiche" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ms-dos_(Dizionario-delle-Scienze-Fisiche)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Dizionario delle scienze fisiche</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 1996.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P10017" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/MS-DOS.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_della_Matematica" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ms-dos_(Enciclopedia-della-Matematica)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia della Matematica</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2013.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P9621" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/MS-DOS"><span style="font-style:italic;">MS-DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Library" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/MS-DOS"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere riguardanti MS-DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P3847" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS"><span style="font-style:italic;">Repository sorgenti di MS-DOS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">github.com</span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47604#P1324" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFOLDOC" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Denis Howe, <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="https://foldoc.org/Microsoft_Disk_Operating_System" class="extiw" title="foldoc:Microsoft Disk Operating System">Microsoft Disk Operating System</a></span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a></span>.</cite> Disponibile con licenza <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a></li></ul> <style 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title="A/UX">A/UX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/SCO_UNIX" title="SCO UNIX">SCO UNIX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tru64" title="Tru64">Tru64</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XENIX" title="Microsoft XENIX">XENIX</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_operativo)" title="Darwin (sistema operativo)">Darwin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/DesktopBSD" title="DesktopBSD">DesktopBSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/M0n0wall" title="M0n0wall">m0n0wall</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/PfSense" title="PfSense">pfSense</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Hurd" title="Debian GNU/Hurd">GNU/Hurd</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Varianti_GNU" title="Varianti GNU">Varianti GNU</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD" title="Debian GNU/kFreeBSD">GNU/kFreeBSD</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/NexentaOS" title="NexentaOS">NexentaOS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX">MINIX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OS-9" title="OS-9">OS-9</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redox_(sistema_operativo)" title="Redox (sistema operativo)">Redox</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Mac OS">System Software</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_2" title="System 2">System 2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_3_(sistema_operativo)" title="System 3 (sistema operativo)">System 3</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_4_(sistema_operativo)" title="System 4 (sistema operativo)">System 4</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_4_(sistema_operativo)#System_4.2_e_4.3" title="System 4 (sistema operativo)">System 5</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Cheetah" title="Mac OS X Cheetah">Cheetah</a> (10.0)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Puma" title="Mac OS X Puma">Puma</a> (10.1)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Jaguar</a> (10.2)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther</a> (10.3)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger</a> (10.4)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard</a> (10.5)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard</a> (10.6)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" title="Mac OS X Lion">Lion</a> (10.7)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">OS X</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion</a> (10.8)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">Mavericks</a> (10.9)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite</a> (10.10)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">El Capitan</a> (10.11)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">Sierra</a> (10.12)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">High Sierra</a> (10.13)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">Mojave</a> (10.14)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina</a> (10.15)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">Big Sur</a> (11.0)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">Monterey</a> (12.0)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura</a> (13.0)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">Sonoma</a> (14.0)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">Sequoia</a> (15.0)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th 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href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Server 2008</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Server 2008 R2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">8.1</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_RT" title="Windows RT">RT</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Server 2012</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Server 2016</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Server 2019</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Server 2022</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">MS-DOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Web_operating_system" title="Web operating system">WebOS</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Desktoptwo" title="Desktoptwo">Desktoptwo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/EyeOS" title="EyeOS">eyeOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/YouOS" title="YouOS">YouOS</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altri</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a><b> ·</b> <a 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