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<span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Russian_Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Russian_Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Free Russian Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Russian_Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_the_19th_and_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_the_19th_and_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence in the 19th and 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_the_19th_and_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Herzen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ألكسندر هيرزن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر هيرزن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Hertsen_(yaz%C4%B1%C3%A7%C4%B1)" title="Aleksandr Hertsen (yazıçı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Hertsen (yazıçı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Аляксандр Іванавіч Герцэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Іванавіч Герцэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александър Херцен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Херцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Герцен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Герцен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gercen" title="Alexandr Ivanovič Gercen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Ivanovič Gercen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Herzen" title="Alexander Iwanowitsch Herzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Iwanowitsch Herzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Αλεξάντρ Γκέρτσεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντρ Γκέρτσεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Herzen" title="Aleksander Herzen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86" title="آلکساندر هرتسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکساندر هرتسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herzen" title="Alexandre Herzen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Herzen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Herzen" title="Aleksander Herzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aleksander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EC%B2%B8" title="알렉산드르 게르첸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 게르첸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ալեքսանդր Գերցեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Գերցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Hercen" title="Aleksandr Ivanovič Hercen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandr Ivanovič Hercen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gercen" title="Aleksandr Ivanovič Gercen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Ivanovič Gercen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="אלכסנדר הרצן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר הרצן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александр Герцен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр Герцен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Hercens" title="Aleksandrs Hercens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Hercens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Gercenas" title="Aleksandras Gercenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Gercenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekszandr_Ivanovics_Herzen" title="Alekszandr Ivanovics Herzen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alekszandr Ivanovics Herzen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александар Херцен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Херцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="الكسندر هيرزن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر هيرزن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александр Герцен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Герцен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Herzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3" title="アレクサンドル・ゲルツェン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・ゲルツェン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Gersen" title="Aleksandr Gersen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr Gersen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਹਰਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਗਜ਼ੈਂਡਰ ਹਰਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="الیگزینڈر ہرجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزینڈر ہرجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86" title="الکساندر هرتسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکساندر هرتسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Hercen" title="Aleksandr Hercen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Hercen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Ivanovitch_Herzen" title="Alexandr Ivanovitch Herzen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandr Ivanovitch Herzen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Герцен, Александр Иванович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герцен, Александр Иванович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gercen" title="Alexandr Ivanovič Gercen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Ivanovič Gercen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Gercen" title="Aleksander Ivanovič Gercen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander Ivanovič Gercen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александар Херцен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Херцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Herzen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Александр Ҳертсен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Ҳертсен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Герцен Олександр Іванович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герцен Олександр Іванович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%B2%91" title="亞歷山大·赫爾岑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞歷山大·赫爾岑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201221#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian author and revolutionary (1812–1870)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Herzen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzen_ge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Herzen_ge.png/220px-Herzen_ge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Herzen_ge.png/330px-Herzen_ge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Herzen_ge.png/440px-Herzen_ge.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Herzen by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ge" title="Nikolai Ge">Nikolai Ge</a> (1867)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen</div><br />6 April 1812<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1812-04-06</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Uyezd" title="Moskovsky Uyezd">Moskovsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1870<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1870-01-22</span>)</span> (aged 57)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow University">Moscow University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">Westernizers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg/150px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg/225px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg/300px-%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD1._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84._%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B._8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Ivanovich Herzen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aleksándr Ivánovich Gértsen</i></span>; 6 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 March] 1812 – 21 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 January] 1870) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Narodniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodniki">Narodniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionaries">Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trudoviks" title="Trudoviks">Trudoviks</a> and the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">American Populist Party</a>). With his writings, many composed while exiled in London, he attempted to influence the situation in Russia, contributing to a political climate that led to the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation of the serfs</a> in 1861. He published the important <a href="/wiki/Social_novel" title="Social novel">social novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Who_is_to_Blame%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is to Blame?">Who is to Blame?</a></i> (1845–46). His autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Past_and_Thoughts" title="My Past and Thoughts">My Past and Thoughts</a></i> (written 1852–1870),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often considered one of the best examples of that genre in <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_(7)_(1830s,_GIM).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg/220px-Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg/330px-Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg/440px-Alexandr_Herzen_in_youth_by_A.Zbruev_%287%29_%281830s%2C_GIM%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Alexandr Herzen in youth by Alexey Zbruyev (1830s)</figcaption></figure> <p>Herzen (or Gertsen) was an illegitimate son of a rich Russian landowner, Ivan Yakovlev, and Henriette Wilhelmina Luisa Haag from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. Yakovlev gave his son the surname Herzen because he was a "child of his heart" (German <i>Herz</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was first cousin to Count <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lvovich_Levitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lvovich Levitsky">Sergei Lvovich Levitsky</a>, considered the patriarch of Russian photography and one of Europe's most important early photographic pioneers, inventors and innovators. In 1860, Levitsky would immortalize Herzen in a famous photograph. </p><p>Herzen was born in Moscow, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a> and brief occupation of the city. His father, after a personal interview with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, was allowed to leave Moscow after agreeing to bear a letter from the French to the Russian emperor in St. Petersburg. His family accompanied him to the Russian lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911402_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911402-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, the family returned to Moscow and stayed there until after Herzen had completed his studies at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow University</a>. In 1834, Herzen and his lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ogarev" title="Nikolay Ogarev">Nikolay Ogarev</a> were arrested and tried for attending a festival where verses by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Matveyevich_Sokolovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Matveyevich Sokolovsky">Sokolovsky</a>, that were uncomplimentary to the tsar, were sung. He was found guilty, and in 1835 banished to <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Vyatka</a>, now Kirov, in north-eastern European Russia. He remained there until 1837, when the tsar's son, Grand Duke Alexander (who later became become tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>), accompanied by the poet <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a>, visited the city and intervened on his behalf. Herzen was allowed to leave Vyatka for <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, where he was appointed editor of the city's official gazette.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, he eloped with his cousin Natalya Zakharina,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secretly marrying her. </p><p>In 1839 he was set free and returned to Moscow in 1840, where he met literary critic <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a>, who was strongly influenced by him. Upon arrival, he was appointed as secretary to Count <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stroganov" title="Alexander Stroganov">Alexander Stroganov</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the ministry of the interior at <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>; but due to complaining about a death caused by a police officer, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> where he was a state councillor until 1842. In 1846, his father died, leaving him a large inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1847, Alexandr emigrated with his wife, mother and children, to Italy never to return to Russia. From Italy, on hearing of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolution of 1848</a>, he hastened to Paris and then to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, but was bitterly disillusioned with European socialist movements after their failure. Herzen gained his reputation as a political writer. His assets in Russia were frozen due to his emigration, but <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mayer Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a>, with whom his family had a business relationship, negotiated the release of the assets, which were nominally transferred to Rothschild. </p><p>Alexandr and his wife Natalia had four children together. His mother and one of his sons died in a shipwreck in 1851. His wife carried on an affair with the German poet <a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852 Natalia died from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alexandr left Geneva for London, where he settled for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hired <a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a> to educate his daughters. With the publications of his <a href="/wiki/Free_Russian_Press" title="Free Russian Press">Free Russian Press</a>, which he founded in London in 1853, he tried to influence the situation in Russia and improve the situation of the Russian peasantry he idolized. </p><p>In 1856 he was joined in London by his old friend <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ogarev" title="Nikolay Ogarev">Nikolay Ogarev</a>. They worked together on their Russian periodical <a href="/wiki/Kolokol_(newspaper)" title="Kolokol (newspaper)"><i>Kolokol</i></a> ("<i>Bell</i>"). Soon Alexandr began an affair with Natalia Tuchkova, Ogarev's wife, daughter of the war hero general <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Tuchkov" title="Nikolay Tuchkov">Tuchkov</a>. Tuchkova and Alexandr had three children. Ogarev found a new wife and the friendship between Herzen and Ogarev survived.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herzen spent time in London organising with the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>, becoming well acquainted with revolutionary circles including the likes of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during his time in London that Herzen began to make a name for himself for "scandal-mongering" when he told Bakunin, freshly arriving after having escaped imprisonment in Siberia, that Marx had accused him of being a Russian agent; in reality, the two were on very good terms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, Herzen returned to Geneva and, after some time, went to Paris where he died in 1870 of tuberculosis complications. Originally buried in Paris, his remains were taken to Nice a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herzen promoted the ideas of Westernizer <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a> after his death in 1848. He was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Feuerbach</a>. Herzen started as a liberal but increasingly adopted socialism. He left Russia permanently in 1847, but his newsletter <i>Kolokol </i> published in London from 1857 to 1867, was widely read. Herzen combined key ideas of the French Revolution and German idealism. He disliked bourgeois or middle-class values, and sought authenticity among the peasantry. He fought for the emancipation of the Russian serfs, and after that took place in 1861 he escalated his demands regarding constitutional rights, common ownership of land, and government by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herzen was disillusioned with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> but not disillusioned with revolutionary thought. He became critical of those 1848 revolutionaries who were "so revolted by the Reaction after 1848, so exasperated by everything European, that they hastened on to Kansas or California".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzen had always admired the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and broadly adopted its values. In his early writings, he viewed the French Revolution as the end of history, the final stage in social development of a society based on humanism and harmony. Throughout his early life, Herzen saw himself as a revolutionary radical called to fight the political oppression of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>. Essentially, Herzen fought against the ruling elites in Europe, against Christian hypocrisy and for individual freedom and self-expression. </p><p>He promoted both socialism and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and argued that the full flowering of the individual could best be realized in a socialist order. However, he would always reject <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">grand narratives</a> such as a predestined position for a society to arrive at and his writings in exile promoted small-scale communal living with the protection of individual liberty by a non-interventionist government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His literary career began in 1842 with the publication of an essay, in Russian, on <i>Dilettantism in Science</i>, under the pseudonym of Iskander, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> form of his Christian name. His second work, also in Russian, was his <i>Letters on the Study of Nature</i> (1845–46). In 1847 appeared his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Who_is_to_Blame%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is to Blame?">Who is to Blame?</a></i> This is a story about how the domestic happiness of a young tutor, who marries the unacknowledged daughter of a Russian <a href="/wiki/Sensualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensualist">sensualist</a> of the old type, dull, ignorant and genial, is troubled by a Russian sensualist of the new school, intelligent, accomplished, and callous, with there being no possibility of saying who is most to blame for the tragic ending.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1847 were published in Russian periodicals the stories which were afterwards collected and printed in London in 1854, under the title of <i>Prervannye Razskazy</i> (<i>Interrupted Tales</i>). In 1850 two works appeared, translated from the Russian manuscripts, <i>From Another Shore</i> and <i>Lettres de France et d'Italie</i>. In French also appeared his essay <i>Du Developpement des idées revolutionnaires en Russie</i>, and his <i>Memoirs</i>, which, after being printed in Russian, were translated under the title of <i>Le Monde russe et la Révolution</i> (3 vols., 1860–1862), and were in part translated into English as <i>My Exile to Siberia</i> (2 vols., 1855).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Legend</i> (Легенда, 1836)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Elena</i> (Елена, 1838)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Notes of a Young Man</i> (1840)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Diletantism in Science</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1843)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_is_to_Blame%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who is to Blame?">Who is to Blame?</a></i> (Кто виноват?, 1846)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mimoezdom</i> (Мимоездом, 1846)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dr. Krupov</i> (Доктор Крупов, 1847)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thieving_Magpie_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thieving Magpie (novel) (page does not exist)">Thieving Magpie (novel)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Сорока-воровка (повесть)">ru</a>]</span></i> (Сорока-воровка, 1848)<sup id="cite_ref-libru_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Russian People and Socialism</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Русский народ и социализм, 1848)</li> <li><i>From the Other Shore</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1848–1850)</li> <li><i>Letters from France and Italy</i> (1852)</li> <li><i>Selected Philosophical Works</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1956</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Past_and_Thoughts" title="My Past and Thoughts">My Past and Thoughts</a></i>: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_Russian_Press">Free Russian Press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Free Russian Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Herzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alexander_Herzen.jpg/220px-Alexander_Herzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alexander_Herzen.jpg/330px-Alexander_Herzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Alexander_Herzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Herzen, by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lvovich_Levitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lvovich Levitsky">Sergei Lvovich Levitsky</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Having founded in London in 1853 his <a href="/wiki/Free_Russian_Press" title="Free Russian Press">Free Russian Press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fortunes of which he gave an interesting account in a book published (in Russian) in 1863, he published a large number of Russian works, all against the system of government prevailing in Russia. Some of these were essays, such as his <i>Baptized Property</i> (1853), an attack on <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>; others were periodical publications, the <i>Polyarnaya Zvyezda</i> (or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Star_(Herzen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polar Star (Herzen) (page does not exist)"><i>Polar Star</i></a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Kolokol_(newspaper)" title="Kolokol (newspaper)">Kolokol</a></i> (or <i>Bell</i>), and the <i>Golosa iz Rossii</i> (or <i>Voices from Russia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first independent Russian political publisher, Herzen began publishing <i>The Polar Star</i>, a review which appeared infrequently and was later joined by <i>The Bell</i>, a journal issued between 1857 and 1867 at Herzen's personal expense. Both publications acquired great influence via an illegal circulation in Russian territory; it was said the Emperor himself read them. Both publications gave Herzen influence in Russia reporting from a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> perspective about the incompetence of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. </p><p>For its first three years, the Russian Free Press went on printing without selling a single copy and scarcely able to get a single copy into Russia; so when at last a bookseller bought 10 shillings worth of <i>Baptized Property</i>, the half-sovereign was set aside by the surprised editors in a special place of honor. The death of emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a> in 1855 led to a complete change. Herzen's writings, and the magazines he edited, were smuggled wholesale into Russia, and their words resounded throughout the country, and all over Europe. Their influence grew.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1855 gave Herzen reason to be optimistic; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> had ascended the throne and reforms seemed possible. Herzen urged the Tsarist regime 'Onward, onward' towards reform in <i>The Polar Star</i> in 1856. Writing in 1857 Herzen became excited by the possibility of social change under Alexander II, "A new life is unmistakably boiling up in Russia, even the government is being carried away by it".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Bell</i> broke the story that the government was considering serf emancipation in July 1857, adding that the government lacked the ability to resolve the issue. Yet by 1858, full serf emancipation had not been achieved and Herzen grew impatient with reform. By May 1858 <i>The Bell</i> restarted its campaign for the comprehensive emancipation of the serfs. Once the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia">Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia</a> was achieved, <i>The Bell'</i>s campaign changed to 'Liberty and Land', a program that tried to achieve further social change in support of serf rights. Alexander II granted serfs their freedom, the law courts were remodelled, trial by jury was established, and liberty was, to a great extent, conceded to the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_reputation">Contemporary reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque,_Judd_Street,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG/220px-Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG/330px-Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG/440px-Alexander_Herzen_blue_plaque%2C_Judd_Street%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Herzen plaque in London's Judd Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>Herzen drew criticism from both liberals who opposed violence and from radicals who thought Herzen was too soft.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberals led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Chicherin" title="Boris Chicherin">Boris Chicherin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kavelin" title="Konstantin Kavelin">Konstantin Kavelin</a> believed individual freedom would be achieved through the rationalisation of social relations. Their statist variety of liberalism was opposed by Herzen as it supposed that Russian society would evolve to an ideal state based on a <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> view of reason. They believed the revolutionaries would merely postpone the establishment of the ideal state, while Herzen thought that, on the contrary, they were blind to historical reality. </p><p>Russian radicals disliked Herzen as too moderate. Radicals such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Chernyshevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Chernyshevsky">Nikolai Chernyshevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dobrolyubov" title="Nikolay Dobrolyubov">Nikolay Dobrolyubov</a> wanted more commitment to violent revolution and the withdrawal of any hope in the reformist <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>. Radicals asked Herzen to use <i>The Bell</i> as a mouthpiece for violent radical revolution, but Herzen rejected these requests. He argued that the Russian Radicals were not united and strong enough to create successful political change, stating, "You want happiness, I suppose? I dare say you do! Happiness has to be conquered. If you are strong, take it. If you are weak, hold your tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzen feared a new revolutionary government would merely replace the dictatorship with another dictatorship. </p><p>The radicals describe Herzen as a liberal for not wanting immediate change, but Herzen rejects their pleas arguing for change at a pace that will ensure success. Herzen briefly joined with other Russian liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kavelin" title="Konstantin Kavelin">Kavelin</a> to promote the peasant 'awakening' in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzen continued to use <i>The Bell</i> as an outlet to promote unity with all sections of the Russian society behind a demand for a national <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. </p><p>However his hopes of acting as a uniting force were ended by the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863/1864, when the liberal support for Tsarist revenge against the Poles ended Herzen's link with them; Herzen had pleaded the insurgents' cause. This breach resulted in a declining readership for <i>The Bell</i>, which ceased publication in 1867. By his death in 1870, Herzen was almost forgotten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_the_19th_and_20th_century">Influence in the 19th and 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence in the 19th and 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"There are two authors whom I make propaganda for: one is Herzen, the other is <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a>. They are both totally decent, open-minded, open-hearted human beings." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Herzen opposed the aristocracy that ruled 19th century Russia and supported an <a href="/wiki/Left_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left anarchism">agrarian collectivist</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rise in <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> by 1880 led to a favourable re-evaluation of his writings. In Russia the distinctly western notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative promise of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened Herzen who warned of a Russia governed by "<a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan_with_a_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghis Khan with a telegraph">Genghis Khan with a telegraph</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, Herzen is also remembered for his rejection of corrupt government of any political persuasion and for his support for individual rights. A <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> in his youth, this translated into no specific theory or single doctrine dominating his thought.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzen came to believe the complex questions of society could not be answered and that Russians must live for the moment and not a cause, essentially life is an end in itself. Herzen found greater understanding by not committing himself to an extreme but rather lived impartially enabling him to equally criticise competing ideologies. Herzen believed that <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">grand doctrines</a> ultimately result in enslavement, sacrifice and tyranny. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> declared that he had never met another man "with so rare a combination of scintillating brilliance and depth". Herzen was a hero of the 20th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>. The words of Herzen that Berlin repeated most insistently were those condemning the sacrifice of human beings on the altar of abstractions, the subordination of the realities of individual happiness or unhappiness in the present to glorious dreams of the future. Berlin, like Herzen, believed that "the end of life is life itself" and that each life and each age should be regarded as its own end and not as a means to some future goal. Berlin called Herzen's autobiography "one of the great monuments to Russian literary and psychological genius, worthy to stand beside the great novels of ... <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Turgenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Russian Thinkers</i> (The Hogarth Press, 1978), a collection of Berlin's essays in which Herzen features, was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coast_of_Utopia" title="The Coast of Utopia">The Coast of Utopia</a></i>, a trilogy of plays performed at London's National Theatre in 2002 and at New York's Lincoln Center in 2006–2007. Set against the background of the early development of Russian socialist thought, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and later exile, the plays examine the lives and intellectual development of, among other Russians, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a>, the novelist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> and Herzen, whose character dominates the plays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herzen is the lead character in <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s 2002 trilogy of plays <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coast_of_Utopia" title="The Coast of Utopia">The Coast of Utopia</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2007" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (2007-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/books/review/Grimes.t.html">"Rediscovering Alexander Herzen"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Alexander+Herzen&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F25%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FGrimes.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance Garnett, note in Alexander Herzen, <i>My Past and Thoughts</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 3, n1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911402-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911402_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShedden-Ralston1911">Shedden-Ralston 1911</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShedden-Ralston1911403_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShedden-Ralston1911">Shedden-Ralston 1911</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Letters from France and Italy, 1847–1851</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GEN-ROYAL/2009-02/1235251520">"Stroganov v. Strogonoff controversy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stroganov+v.+Strogonoff+controversy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2Fth%2Fread%2FGEN-ROYAL%2F2009-02%2F1235251520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.H. Carr, <i>The Romantic Exiles</i> (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1949) p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (2002-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PS3_6phMOS0C&q=Natalia+Tuchkova+herzen&pg=PA62"><i>Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-763-2"><bdi>978-0-85728-763-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Age+of+Alexander+II%2C+Tolstoy+and+Dostoevsky&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-763-2&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPS3_6phMOS0C%26q%3DNatalia%2BTuchkova%2Bherzen%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeier2006" class="citation book cs1">Leier, Mark (2006). <i>Bakunin: The Creative Passion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-894-4"><bdi>978-1-58322-894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bakunin%3A+The+Creative+Passion&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-894-4&rft.aulast=Leier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mehring/1918/marx/ch13.htm">"Franz Mehring: Karl Marx (Chap.13a)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Franz+Mehring%3A+Karl+Marx+%28Chap.13a%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmehring%2F1918%2Fmarx%2Fch13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carr, 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir K. Kantor, "The tragedy of Herzen, or seduction by radicalism." <i>Russian Studies in Philosophy</i> 51.3 (2012): 40-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Herzen, "Ends and Beginnings: Letter to I.S. Turgenev" (1862), in <i>The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen</i>, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968). p. 1683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShedden-Ralston1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ralston_Shedden-Ralston" title="William Ralston Shedden-Ralston">Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hertzen,_Alexander" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hertzen, Alexander">Hertzen, Alexander</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hertzen%2C+Alexander&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=402-403&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Shedden-Ralston&rft.aufirst=William+Ralston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libru-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-libru_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://az.lib.ru/g/gercen_a_i/">Alexander Herzen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lib.ru" title="Lib.ru">Lib.ru</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedphilosop032757mbp">"Selected Philosophical Works"</a>. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Philosophical+Works&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedphilosop032757mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectedphilosop032757mbp#page/n343/mode/2up">"Selected Philosophical Works"</a>. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Philosophical+Works&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fselectedphilosop032757mbp%23page%2Fn343%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Partridge" title="Monica Partridge">Partridge, Monica</a>. <i>"Herzen, Ogarev and their Free Russian Press in London,"</i> The Anglo-Soviet Journal, March 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Herzen, "Another Variation on an Old Theme, A Letter to X" (I.S. Turgenev, 1857), in <i>The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen</i>, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968), p. 1561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, "A Glowing Footprint": Herzen, Proudhon, and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary, in <i>Modern Intellectual History</i> (2005), 2: 179-205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Herzen, "Bazarov Once More. Letter I" (1868), in <i>The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen</i>, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968), p. 1753.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Offord, <i>Portraits of Early Russian Liberals</i> (1985). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramin Jahanbegloo, <i>Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</i> (London 2000), pp. 201–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venturi, F., <i>Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia</i> (1960). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertram_D._Wolfe2018" class="citation book cs1">Bertram D. Wolfe (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AV5gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT349"><i>Revolution and Reality</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5020-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-5020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Reality&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-5020-3&rft.au=Bertram+D.+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAV5gDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Berlin, <i>Russian Thinkers</i> (1979). The Hogarth Press. London. pp. 191-192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Berlin, <i>Russian Thinkers</i> (1979). The Hogarth Press. London. p. 209.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Acton_(academic)" title="Edward Acton (academic)">Acton, Edward</a>. <i>Alexander Herzen And the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary,</i> Cambridge University Press, 1979.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Carr, E.H.</a> <i>The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait Gallery</i>, Victor Gollancz, 1933; Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1933.</li> <li>Coates, Ruth. "The Early Intellectual Careers of Bakhtin and Herzen: Towards a Philosophy of the Act," <i>Studies in East European Thought,</i> Vol. 52, No. 4, Dec., 2000.</li> <li>Eckardt, Julius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/modernrussiacom00eckagoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>Modern Russia,</i></a> Smith, Elder & Co., 1870.</li> <li>Gavin, W. J. "Herzen and James: Freedom as Radical," <i>Studies in Soviet Thought,</i> Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Sep./Dec., 1974.</li> <li>Grenier, Svetlana. "Herzen's Who Is to Blame?: The Rhetoric of the New Morality," <i>The Slavic and East European Journal,</i> Vol. 39, No. 1, Spring, 1995.</li> <li>Iskander, Fasil. <i>Alexandre Herzen (1812–1870): Russe de coeur, Europeen d'esprit, Suisse d'adoption. L'errance d'un temoin prophetique,</i> Meandre Editions, Fribourg 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88359-017-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-88359-017-6">2-88359-017-6</a></li> <li>Kelly, Aileen. "The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon," <i>Journal of the History of Ideas,</i> Vol. 41, No. 4, Oct./Dec., 1980.</li> <li>Kelly, Aileen M. <i>The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thought of Alexander Herzen,</i> Harvard University Press, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73711-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73711-2">978-0-674-73711-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Malia, Martin Edward</a>. <i>Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism,</i> Grosset & Dunlap, 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Saul_Morson" title="Gary Saul Morson">Morson, Gary Saul</a>. "Herzen: The Hero of Skeptical Idealism" (review of Aileen M. Kelly, <i>The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thought of Alexander Herzen</i>, Harvard University Press, 592 pp., $39.95), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), pp. 45–46, 48.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raisa_Orlova" title="Raisa Orlova">Orlova-Kopeleva, Raisa</a>: <i>Als die Glocke verstummte. Alexander Herzens letztes Lebensjahr,</i> Karin Kramer Verlag, Berlin 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87956-190-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-87956-190-7">3-87956-190-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Palmieri" title="Aurelio Palmieri">Palmieri, F. Aurelio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catholicworldvo01fathgoog#page/n504/mode/2up">"The Earliest Theorists of the Russian Revolution,"</a> <i>The Catholic World</i>, Vol. CVIII, October 1918/March 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Partridge" title="Monica Partridge">Partridge, Monica</a>. "Alexander Herzen and the English Press," <i>The Slavonic and East European Review,</i> Vol. 36, No. 87, Jun., 1958.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge1984" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Monica (1984-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vRoAAAAMAAJ&q=monica+partridge"><i>Alexander Herzen: 1812-1870 ("Alexander Herzen: collected studies")</i></a>. Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102255-5"><bdi>978-92-3-102255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Herzen%3A+1812-1870+%28%22Alexander+Herzen%3A+collected+studies%22%29&rft.pub=Unesco%2C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102255-5&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vRoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmonica%2Bpartridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rzhevsky, Nicholas. "The Shape of Chaos: Herzen and War and Peace," <i>Russian Review,</i> Vol. 34, No. 4, Oct., 1975.</li> <li>Smith-Peter, Susan. <i>Imagining Russian Regions: Subnational Identity and Civil Society in Nineteenth-Century Russia.</i> Brill, 2018.</li> <li>Weidemeier, William Cannon. "Herzen and Nietzsche: A Link in the Rise of Modern Pessimism," <i>Russian Review,</i> Vol. 36, No. 4, Oct., 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._AndreevD._Tsygankov2010" class="citation book cs1">A. Andreev; D. Tsygankov, eds. (2010). <i>Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: encyclopedic dictionary</i>. Moscow: Russian political encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). pp. 153–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-1429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-1429-8"><bdi>978-5-8243-1429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Moscow+University%3A+1755-1917%3A+encyclopedic+dictionary&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=153-155&rft.pub=Russian+political+encyclopedia+%28ROSSPEN%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-5-8243-1429-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Herzen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Herzen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,726099,00.html">Tom Stoppard's article on Herzen in the London Observer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.emich.edu/wmoss/publications/">ALEXANDER II AND HIS TIMES: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky (with several chapters on Herzen)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060112121614/http://www.praiseofglory.com/taleantichrist.htm">Archived</a> 2006-01-12 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/30/the-revolutionist">Herzen : The revolutionist by Keith Gessen (The New Yorker)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~wu3t-kmy/">Alexander Herzen and Russian (spiritual) Landscape</a> (in Japanese)</li> <li>Archive of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00517">Aleksandr Ivanovič Gercen Papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Hertzen, Alexander"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Hertzen,_Alexander">"Hertzen, Alexander" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hertzen%2C+Alexander&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Herzen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201221#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/295141994">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/71074/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhpK8wRrjdB3gKwbyTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639218">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81041653">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119047551">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119047551">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440798">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VIAV094868">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35894053">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601764&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Iskander"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20201077049&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000085065&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1010917">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/57433">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1574258">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/452126">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068672160">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90093417">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027794&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000079719&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000507820">Chile</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000552413">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62039">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201822642">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpqt5t1nkkgft">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660509205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20378">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262784405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058601535606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00470445?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1135139">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118639218.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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