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policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment of Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military and foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_and_foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military and foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_and_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_and_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire_and_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire and Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_and_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nikolaas I van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikolaas I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8B%E1%88%B5" title="1ኛ የሩስያ ኒኮላስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1ኛ የሩስያ ኒኮላስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I" title="Nikolai I – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nikolai I" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_Russena_C%C4%81sere" title="Nicholas I Russena Cāsere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nicholas I Russena Cāsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="نيكولاي الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاي الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_I_de_Rusia" title="Nicolau I de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicolau I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_I_de_Rusia" title="Nicolás I de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicolás I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Nikolay_(Rusiya_imperatoru)" title="I Nikolay (Rusiya imperatoru) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Nikolay (Rusiya imperatoru)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="بیرینجی نیکلای (روسیه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی نیکلای (روسیه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Мікалай I (імператар расійскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікалай I (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Мікалай I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікалай I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Николай I (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николай I (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I,_car_Rusije" title="Nikola I, car Rusije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikola I, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaz_Ia%C3%B1_(tsar)" title="Nikolaz Iañ (tsar) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikolaz Iañ (tsar)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_I_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Nicolau I de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolau I de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_I._Pavlovi%C4%8D" title="Mikuláš I. Pavlovič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mikuláš I. Pavlovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclas_I,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Niclas I, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niclas I, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_1._af_Rusland" title="Nikolaj 1. af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikolaj 1. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I._(Russland)" title="Nikolaus I. (Russland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikolaus I. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I" title="Nikolai I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikolai I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Νικόλαος Α΄ της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικόλαος Α΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_I_de_Rusia" title="Nicolás I de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolao_la_1-a_(Rusio)" title="Nikolao la 1-a (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikolao la 1-a (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_I.a_Errusiakoa" title="Nikolas I.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas I.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="نیکلای یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلای یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Ier_(empereur_de_Russie)" title="Nicolas Ier (empereur de Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas Ier (empereur de Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_I_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Nikolaas I fan Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikolaas I fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niocl%C3%A1s_I_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Nioclás I na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nioclás I na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolao_I_de_Rusia" title="Nicolao I de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolao I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_1%EC%84%B8" title="니콜라이 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라이 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5_I" title="Նիկոլայ I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլայ I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="निकोलस प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलस प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I.,_ruski_car" title="Nikola I., ruski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikola I., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_la_1ma_di_Rusia" title="Nikolai la 1ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikolai la 1ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I_dari_Rusia" title="Nikolai I dari Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikolai I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikul%C3%A1s_1._R%C3%BAssakeisari" title="Nikulás 1. Rússakeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikulás 1. Rússakeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_I_di_Russia" title="Nicola I di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicola I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="ניקולאי הראשון, קיסר רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאי הראשון, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96_I_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ნიკოლოზ I (რუსეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლოზ I (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="I Николай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Николай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_I_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Nicolaus I (imperator Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus I (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajs_I_Romanovs" title="Nikolajs I Romanovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolajs I Romanovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolajus_I" title="Nikolajus I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikolajus I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I" title="Nikolai I – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikolai I" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mikl%C3%B3s_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="I. Miklós orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Miklós orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Николај I (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николај I (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I_an%27_i_Rosia" title="Nikolai I an' i Rosia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikolai I an' i Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="रशियाचा पहिला निकोलस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचा पहिला निकोलस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96_I_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ნიკოლოზ I (რუსეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლოზ I (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="نيكولاى الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاى الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I_dari_Rusia" title="Nikolai I dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikolai I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="I Николай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Николай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_I_van_Rusland" title="Nicolaas I van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolaas I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A41%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ニコライ1世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコライ1世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_I._(Ruslun)" title="Nikolaus I. (Ruslun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikolaus I. (Ruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_I_av_Russland" title="Nikolaj I av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikolaj I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_I_av_Russland" title="Nikolaj I av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikolaj I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_I%C3%A8r_de_Russia" title="Nicolau Ièr de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau Ièr de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_I" title="Nikolay I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikolay I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜ਼ਾਰ ਨਿਕੋਲਾਈ ਪਹਿਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਾਰ ਨਿਕੋਲਾਈ ਪਹਿਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_I_Romanow" title="Mikołaj I Romanow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikołaj I Romanow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_I_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Nicolau I da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolau I da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_I" title="Nikolay I – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nikolay I" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_I_al_Rusiei" title="Nicolae I al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolae I al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_o_Roushie" title="Nicholas I o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicholas I o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolla_I" title="Nikolla I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolla I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_I_di_Russia" title="Nicola I di Russia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicola I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicholas I of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_I._(Rusko)" title="Mikuláš I. (Rusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mikuláš I. (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_I._Ruski" title="Nikolaj I. Ruski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikolaj I. Ruski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیکۆلاسی یەکەمی ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلاسی یەکەمی ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98_I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Николај I Павлович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николај I Павлович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_I.,_ruski_car" title="Nikola I., ruski car – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikola I., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I" title="Nikolai I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikolai I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_I_av_Ryssland" title="Nikolaj I av Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikolaj I av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் நிக்கலாசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் நிக்கலாசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_I" title="Николай I – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Николай I" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดินีโคไลที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดินีโคไลที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8_I" title="Николайи I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николайи I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Nikolay" title="I. Nikolay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Nikolay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_I_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Микола I (російський імператор) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Микола I (російський імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Nikolai I của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikolai I của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%89" title="尼古拉一世（俄罗斯） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉一世（俄罗斯）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="尼古拉一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼古拉一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉一世 (俄罗斯) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉一世 (俄罗斯)" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Imperator Nikolai I" redirects here. For ships with this name, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_ship_Imperator_Nikolai_I" title="Russian ship Imperator Nikolai I">Russian ship <i>Imperator Nikolai I</i></a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Pavlovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nicholas I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_(cropped)_(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/220px-Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/330px-Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg/440px-Botman_-_Emperor_Nicholas_I_%28cropped%29_%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2318" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Bothmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Bothmann (page does not exist)">Georg von Bothmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Bothmann" class="extiw" title="de:Georg von Bothmann">de</a>]</span>, 1855</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1825 – <span class="nowrap">2 March 1855</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 1826</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1825 – 2 March 1855</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1829</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1796-07-06</span>)</span>6 July 1796<br /><a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1855<span style="display:none">(1855-03-02)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Charlotte of Prussia</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="13 July 1817">1817</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II,_Emperor_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander II, Emperor of Russia">Alexander II, Emperor of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1819%E2%80%931876)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)">Maria Nikolaevna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Olga Nikolaevna, Queen of Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia">Alexandra, Princess of Hesse-Kassel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Никола́й Па́влович Рома́нов</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp">Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Nikolaus_I._(Russland).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicholas I's signature"><img alt="Nicholas I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Signatur_Nikolaus_I._%28Russland%29.PNG/125px-Signatur_Nikolaus_I._%28Russland%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Signatur_Nikolaus_I._%28Russland%29.PNG/188px-Signatur_Nikolaus_I._%28Russland%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Signatur_Nikolaus_I._%28Russland%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nicholas I</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>pron 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (6 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 February] 1855) was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">King of Congress Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a>. He was the third son of <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> and younger brother of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>. Nicholas's thirty-year reign began with the failed <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a>. He is mainly remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, centralisation of administrative policies, and <a href="/wiki/Repression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression of dissent">repression of dissent</a> both in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and among its neighbors. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family; with all of their seven children surviving childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas's biographer <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky" title="Nicholas V. Riasanovsky">Nicholas V. Riasanovsky</a> said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as a military engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">autocracy</a> personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas I was instrumental in helping to create an <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek state</a> and resumed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a> by seizing <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır Province</a> and the remainder of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a>. He ended the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a> successfully as well. He crushed the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in 1831 and decisively aided <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution</a> of 1848. Later on, however, he led <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856), with disastrous results. Historians emphasize that his <a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">micromanagement</a> of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Several historians have concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of his death, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_road_to_power">Early life and road to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and road to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy,_circa_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg/170px-Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg/255px-Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg/340px-Tsar_Nicholas_I_Pavlovich_as_a_boy%2C_circa_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1808), by anonymous painter after <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_August_Tischbein" title="Johann Friedrich August Tischbein">Johann Friedrich August Tischbein</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholas was born at <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, the ninth child of <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Grand Duke Paul</a>, heir to the Russian throne, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a>). He had six older sisters and two older brothers, namely the future <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Emperor Alexander I of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia</a>. </p><p>Four months after Nicholas's birth, his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, died and his parents became Emperor and Empress of Russia. In 1800, at the age of four years, Nicholas was named Grand Prior of Russia and entitled to wear the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Maltese cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas grew up to be a fine young man. Riasanovsky says of him that he is "the most handsome man in Europe, but also a charmer who enjoyed feminine company and was often at his best with the men."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 July 1817, Nicholas married <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Princess Charlotte of Prussia</a> (1798–1860), who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna when she converted to Orthodoxy. Charlotte's parents were <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>. Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a>. </p><p>With two older brothers, it initially seemed unlikely Nicholas would ever become Tsar. However, as Alexander and Constantine both failed to produce legitimate sons, Nicholas first came to attention as being likely to rule one day, or at least that his children may succeed. In 1825, when Tsar Alexander died suddenly of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to Constantine and accepting the throne for himself. The interregnum lasted until Constantine, who was in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> at that time, officially forfeited his right to succession. This had been required by Tsar Alexander as a condition of Constantine's marriage to his second wife <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Grudzinska" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna Grudzinska">Joanna Grudzinska</a>. On 25 (13 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>) December, Nicholas issued the manifesto proclaiming his accession to the throne. That manifesto retroactively named 1 December (19 November <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>), the date of Alexander I's death, as the beginning of his reign. During this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and seize power. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> on 26 (14 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">Old Style</a>) December 1825, an uprising Nicholas quickly suppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor_and_principles">Emperor and principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emperor and principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia,_Variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg/100px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg/150px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg/200px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Nicholas_I_of_Russia%2C_Variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Imperial monogram</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Category:Conservatism in Russia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Russia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/90px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/135px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/180px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Russia" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_autocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Russia" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism#Praise" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#Russia" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Orthodoxy" title="Nuclear Orthodoxy">Nuclear Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></i></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">Zemstvo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Aksakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boot" title="Alexander Boot">Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Chudinova" title="Elena Chudinova">Chudinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Katkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Obolensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Rozanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Semyonov">Semyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shcherbatov" title="Mikhail Shcherbatov">Shcherbatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Strakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Shevkunov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Shevkunov)">Tikhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vikulov" title="Sergey Vikulov">Vikulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Organic_Theory_of_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Organic Theory of Societies">The Organic Theory of Societies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Revolution" title="Sociology of Revolution">Sociology of Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">1925</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notre_Dame_de_Paris_Mosque" title="The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque">The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Butina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin" title="Alexander Dubrovin">Dubrovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gryzlov" title="Boris Gryzlov">Gryzlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Kornilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Luzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Malyshkin" title="Oleg Malyshkin">Malyshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Mizulina" title="Yelena Mizulina">Mizulina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pikhno" title="Dmitry Pikhno">Pikhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Rodzianko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Rogozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sadovnichiy" title="Viktor Sadovnichiy">Sadovnichiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Shulgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(politician)" title="Leonid Slutsky (politician)">Slutsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy" title="Dmitry Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">von Ungern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia_(political_party)" title="Great Russia (political party)">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces" title="Union of Right Forces">Union of Right Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Truth" title="For Truth">For Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_People%27s_Front" title="All-Russia People's Front">All-Russia People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izborsky_Club" title="Izborsky Club">Izborsky Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krepostniki" title="Krepostniki">Krepostniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People_(2005)" title="Union of the Russian People (2005)">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elementy" title="Elementy">Elementy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kievlyanin" title="Kievlyanin">Kievlyanin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kozma_Minin_(newspaper)" title="Kozma Minin (newspaper)">Kozma Minin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Sovremennik" title="Nash Sovremennik">Nash Sovremennik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Znamya" title="Russkoye Znamya">Russkoye Znamya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zavtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavtra">Zavtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Znamya_(newspaper)" title="Znamya (newspaper)">Znamya</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Anti-Chechenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Polonism">Anti-Polonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia#Russia" title="Tatarophobia">Anti-Tatarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a></li> <li><a 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">autocrat</a> ruling his people by whatever means necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unlucky days.<sup id="cite_ref-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular Monday dawned very cold, with temperatures of −8 degrees Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was regarded by the Russian people as a bad omen for the coming reign. </p><p>The accession of Nicholas I was marred by a demonstration of 3000 young <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">army officers</a> and other liberal-minded citizens. This demonstration was an attempt to force the government to accept a constitution and a representative form of government. Nicholas ordered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> to smash the demonstration. The "uprising" was quickly put down and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a>. Having experienced the trauma of the Decembrist revolt on the first day of his reign, Nicholas I was determined to restrain Russian society. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">Third Section</a> of the <a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">Imperial Chancellery</a> ran a huge network of spies and informers with the help of <a href="/wiki/Separate_Corps_of_Gendarmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate Corps of Gendarmes">Gendarmes</a>. The government exercised <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">censorship</a> and other forms of control over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life. </p><p>Nicholas appointed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Benckendorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Benckendorff">Alexander Benckendorff</a> to head this Chancellery. Benckendorff employed 300 gendarmes and 16 staff in his office. He began collecting informers and intercepting mail. Soon, the saying that "it was impossible to sneeze in one's house before it is reported to the emperor" became Benckendorff's creed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_policies">Local policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Livonia" title="Abolition of serfdom in Livonia">Abolition of serfdom in Livonia</a></div> <p>Tsar Nicholas abolished several areas of local autonomy. <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia's</a> autonomy was removed in 1828, Poland's in 1830 and the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Qahal" title="Qahal">Qahal</a> was abolished in 1843. As an exception to this trend, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> was able to keep its autonomy partly due to Finnish soldiers' loyal participation in crushing the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's first railway was opened in 1837, a 26 km (16 mi) line between <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and the suburban residence of <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>. The second was the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway" title="Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway">Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway</a>, built-in 1842–51. Nevertheless, by 1855 there were only 920 km (570 mi) of Russian railways.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg/250px-Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg/375px-Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg/500px-Russia_1836_1%C2%BD_Ruble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4996" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas I "Family Ruble" (1836) depicting the Tsar on the obverse and his family on the reverse: <a href="/wiki/Tsarina" title="Tsarina">Tsarina</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a> (center) surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich" title="Tsarevich">Tsarevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1819%E2%80%931876)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)">Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Olga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Nicholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Konstantin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia">Alexandra</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Sergey Uvarov</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Russian_Empire)" title="Ministry of National Education (Russian Empire)">Ministry of National Education</a>, devised a program of "<a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a>" as the guiding principle of the regime. It was a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> policy based on orthodoxy in religion, autocracy in government, and the state-founding role of the Russian nationality and equal citizen rights for all other peoples inhabiting Russia, with the exclusion of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people were to show loyalty to the unrestricted authority of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>, to the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. These romantic and conservative principles outlined by Uvarov were also espoused by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a>, one of the tutors of the Grand Duke Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of these <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophile</a> principles led, broadly speaking, to increasing repression of all classes, excessive censorship, and surveillance of independent-minded intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Pushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushkin">Pushkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lermontov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lermontov">Lermontov</a> and to the persecution of non-Russian languages and non-Orthodox religions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, later to become known as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national poets">national poet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> by a direct order of Tsar Nicholas after composing a poem that mocked the Tsar, his wife, and his domestic policies. By order of the Tsar, Shevchenko was kept under strict surveillance and prevented from writing or painting. </p><p>From 1839, Tsar Nicholas also used a former <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholic">Byzantine Catholic</a> priest named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Semashko" title="Joseph Semashko">Joseph Semashko</a> as his agent to force Orthodoxy upon the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. This caused Tsar Nicholas to be condemned by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Pontiff">Roman Pontiffs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Custine" title="Marquis de Custine">Marquis de Custine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Western governments. (See also <a href="/wiki/Cantonist" title="Cantonist">Cantonists</a>.) </p><p>Nicholas disliked <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> and toyed with the idea of abolishing it in Russia, but declined to do so for reasons of state. He feared the aristocracy and believed they might turn against him if he abolished serfdom. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the help of his minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kiselyov" title="Pavel Kiselyov">Pavel Kiselyov</a>. During most of his reign he tried to increase his control over the landowners and other influential groups in Russia. In 1831, Nicholas restricted the votes in the Noble Assembly to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841, landless nobles were banned from selling <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> separate from the land.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1845, attainment of the 5th highest rank (out of 14) in the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Table of Ranks</a> was required to be ennobled, previously it had been the 8th rank.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Poland">King of Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas was crowned King of Poland in Warsaw on 12 (24) May 1829, per the Polish Constitution, a document he would not respect thereafter. He is the only Russian monarch ever crowned King of Poland<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—although <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">not the only</a> one bestowed with the title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> fueled a debate on Russia's place in the world, the meaning of Russian history, and the future of Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One group, the <a href="/wiki/Westernizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernizers">westernizers</a>, believed that Russia remained backward and primitive and could progress only through adopting European culture and institutions. Another group, the <a href="/wiki/Slavophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophiles">Slavophiles</a>, enthusiastically favored <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> culture and customs, and disdained <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogdan_Villevalde,_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg/220px-Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg/330px-Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg/440px-Bogdan_Villevalde%2C_Nicholas_I_of_Russia_and_Alexander_Nikolayevich_in_1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas I with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Willewalde" title="Bogdan Willewalde">Bogdan Willewalde</a>'s studio in Saint Petersburg in 1854, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/State_Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Russian Museum">State Russian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Slavophiles viewed <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> philosophy as a source of wholeness in Russia and were sceptical of Western <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and materialism. Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or <a href="/wiki/Mir_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (social)">Mir</a>, offered an attractive alternative to Western capitalism and could save Europe from social and moral revolution, thus representing a form of Russian <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a>. However the ministry of education had a policy of closing philosophy faculties to curb destabilizing speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the Decembrist revolt, the tsar moved to protect the status quo by centralizing education. He wanted to neutralize the threat of foreign ideas and "pseudo-knowledge." However, his minister of education, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Uvarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Uvarov">Sergei Uvarov</a>, quietly promoted academic freedom and autonomy, raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened higher education to the middle classes. By 1848 the tsar, fearing that political upheavals in the West might spread to Russia, ended Uvarov's innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The universities were small and closely monitored, especially the potentially dangerous philosophy departments. Their main mission was to train a loyal, vigorous, manly senior bureaucracy unspoiled by effeminate office work.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg became the main source of recognition and support for artists. Nicholas I decided to control it personally, reserving the final say on artistic honors. As the tsar reprimanded and humiliated artists whose works he found distasteful, the result was fear, insecurity, and artistic mediocrity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the repressions of this period, Russians outside official control produced a flowering of literature and the performing arts. Through the works of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Pushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Pushkin">Aleksandr Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a> and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition. <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a> took root in Russia after its importation from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> became firmly established with the compositions of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> (1804–1857).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Cancrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Cancrin">Georg von Cancrin</a> persuaded the emperor of the benefits of inviting Prussian scientist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> to Russia to investigate regions that could produce mineral wealth. The Russian government financed Humboldt's eight-month expedition through Russia in 1829, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> finds in the Ural mountains. Humboldt published multiple volumes on his Russian expedition, which he dedicated to Nicholas despite his increasing disapproval of the tsar's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_Jews">Treatment of Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment of Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1851 the Jewish population numbered at 2.4 million, including 212,000 in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian-controlled Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made them one of the largest <i><a href="/wiki/Inorodtsy" title="Inorodtsy">inorodtsy</a></i> (non-Slavic) minorities in the Russian Empire. </p><p>On 26 August 1827 the edict of military conscription (<i>Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti</i>) was introduced, which required Jewish boys to serve in the Russian military for 25 years from the age of 18. Before that many of them were forcibly conscripted into <a href="/wiki/Cantonist" title="Cantonist">Cantonist</a> schools from the age of 12, while being a Cantonist did not count into the time of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were sent far away from their families to serve in the military so that they would have difficulty practising <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and become <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a>, and sometimes compelled to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The poorer village Jews, those without families, and unmarried Jews were especially targeted for military service.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1827 and 1854 it is estimated that there were 70,000 Jews conscripted. </p><p>Under Nicholas I, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_agricultural_colonisation_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish agricultural colonisation of Ukraine">Jewish agricultural colonisation of Ukraine</a> continued with the transfer of Siberian Jews to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ukraine, Jews were offered the opportunity to buy land, which left very little to support their families. On the other hand, these Jews were exempt from forced military conscription. </p><p>Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of Jews with the object of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>. Study of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> was disfavored. Nicholas I further toughened censorship of Jewish books in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> by allowing these to be printed only in <a href="/wiki/Zhitomir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhitomir">Zhitomir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_foreign_policy">Military and foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military and foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestriannicholas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Equestriannicholas1.jpg/220px-Equestriannicholas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Equestriannicholas1.jpg/330px-Equestriannicholas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Equestriannicholas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Nicholas_I" title="Monument to Nicholas I">Monument to Nicholas I</a> on <a href="/wiki/St._Isaac%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Isaac's Square">St. Isaac's Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nicolas' aggressive <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> involved many expensive wars, having a disastrous effect on the empire's finances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nicholas lavished attention on his very large army; of a population of 60–70 million people, the army counted one million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. The glitter and braid masked profound weaknesses that he did not see. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. An <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> who won fame in cavalry charges was made supervisor of Church affairs. The army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland, and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals, and undesirables were punished by local officials by being enlisted for life in the Army. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. Curtiss finds that "The pedantry of Nicholas's military system, which stressed unthinking obedience and parade ground evolutions rather than combat training, produced ineffective commanders in time of war." His commanders in the Crimean War were old and incompetent, and indeed so were his muskets as the colonels sold the best equipment and the best food.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of Nicholas' reign, Russia was seen as a major military power, with considerable strength. The Crimean War, fought shortly before Nicholas' death, demonstrated to both Russia and the world what few had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite his grand ambitions toward the south and Turkey, Russia had not built railroad network in that direction, and communications were bad. The bureaucracy was unprepared for war being riddled with graft, corruption, and inefficiency. The Navy had few competent officers, the rank and file were poorly trained and most importantly of its vessels were outdated; the army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>. By the war's end, Russia's leaders were determined to reform their military and society. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean Peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_New_Archangel,_1837.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-270px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-405px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif/lossy-page1-540px-View_of_New_Archangel%2C_1837.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a>'s capital at New Archangel (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a>) in 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>An intensely militaristic man, Nicholas regarded the Army as the best and greatest institution in Russia and as a model for society, saying:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Here [in the Army] there is order. ... All things flow logically from one another. No one here commands without first learning to obey. No one rises above anyone else except through a clearly defined system. Everything is subordinated to a single, defined goal and everything has its precise designations. That is why I shall always hold the title of soldier in the highest esteem. I regard human life as service because everybody must serve."</p></blockquote> <p>Nicholas was often exasperated by the slow pace of the Russian bureaucracy and had a marked preference for appointing generals and admirals to high government rank because of their perceived efficiency, overlooking or ignoring whether or not they were actually qualified for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the men who served as Nicholas's ministers, 61% had previously served as a general or an admiral.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas liked to appoint generals who had seen combat, and at least 30 of the men who served as a minister under him had seen action in the wars against France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved to be something of a handicap in the sense that the sort of qualities that could make a man distinguished on the battlefields such as bravery did not necessarily make a man capable of running a ministry. The most notorious case was Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov">Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov</a>, a competent brigade commander in the Imperial Army who proved himself out of his depth as a Navy minister.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Emperor's ministers, 78% were ethnic Russians, 9.6% were Baltic Germans while the rest were foreigners in Russian service.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the men who served as ministers under Nicholas, 14 had graduated from university while another 14 had graduated from a <i>lycée</i> or a <i>gymnasium</i>, the rest had all been educated by private tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_(1843,_GIM)_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg/220px-Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg/330px-Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg/440px-Nicholas_I_of_Russia_by_Alexander_Schwabe_%281843%2C_GIM%29_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas I in an equestrian portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>In foreign policy, Nicholas I acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and as guardian against revolution. It has often been noted that such policies were linked with the <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich counter-revolutionary system</a> through the Austrian ambassador Count <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont" title="Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont">Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas's offers to suppress revolution on the European continent, trying to follow the pattern set by his eldest brother, Alexander I, earned him the label of "gendarme of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately on his succession Nicholas began to limit the liberties that existed under the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>. Nicholas was outraged when he learned of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian revolt against the Dutch in 1830</a> and ordered the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> to mobilize. Nicholas then petitioned the Prussian ambassador for Russian troops to be granted transit rights in order to march across Europe and restore Dutch hegemony over Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But at the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic was decimating Russian troops and the revolt in Poland tied down Russian soldiers which might have been deployed against the Belgians.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendall_pages_523-540_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rendall_pages_523-540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that Nicholas's hawkish stance was not a sincere prelude towards invasion of the Low Countries, but rather an attempt to apply pressure on the other European powers. Nicholas made it clear he would only act if Prussia and Britain also participated as he feared that a Russian invasion of Belgium would cause a war with France.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendall_pages_523-540_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rendall_pages_523-540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the Poles rose up, Nicholas had cancelled his plans for invading Belgium as it became clear that neither Britain nor Prussia would join in while the French openly threatened war if Nicholas should march.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1815, Nicholas arrived in France, where he stayed with the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, who soon become one of his best friends, with the grand duke being impressed with duke's personal warmth, intelligence, manners and grace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Nicholas the worst sort of characters were nobility who supported liberalism, and when the duc d'Orleans become the king of the French as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> in the July revolution of 1830, Nicholas took this as a personal betrayal, believing his friend had gone over as he saw it to the dark side of revolution and liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas hated Louis-Philippe, the self-styled <i>Le roi citoyen</i> ("the Citizen King") as a renegade nobleman and an "usurper," and his foreign policy starting in 1830 was primarily <a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">anti-French</a>, based upon reviving the coalition that had existed during the Napoleonic era of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Britain, to isolate France.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas detested Louis-Philippe to the point that he refused to use his name, referring to him merely as "the usurper".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain was unwilling to join the anti-French coalition, but Nicholas was successful in cementing existing close ties with Austria and Prussia and the three imperial states regularly held joint military reviews during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For much of the 1830s, a sort of "cold war" existed between the liberal "western bloc" of France and Britain vs. the reactionary "eastern bloc" of Austria, Prussia and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> broke out, in 1831 the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_Congress_Poland" title="Sejm of Congress Poland">Polish parliament</a> deposed Nicholas as king of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and brutally crushed the rebellion. Nicholas then proceeded to abrogate the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish constitution</a> in virtual entirety and reduced Poland to the status of a province called <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a>. Soon after, Nicholas embarked on a policy of repressing Polish culture beginning with suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Polish Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1840s, Nicholas reduced 64,000 Polish nobles to commoner status.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, when a <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">series of revolutions</a> convulsed Europe, Nicholas was at the forefront of reactionism. In 1849, he helped the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">revolution in Hungary</a>, and he also urged <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> not to adopt a liberal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire_and_Persia">Ottoman Empire and Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire and Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/270px-Navarino.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/405px-Navarino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/540px-Navarino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>, in October 1827, marked the effective end of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman rule in Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he followed a somewhat more aggressive policy toward the neighbouring empires to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>. Nicholas was widely believed at the time to be following the traditional Russian policy of resolving the so-called <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rendall_pages_37-63-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Nicholas was deeply committed to upholding the status quo in Europe and feared any attempt to devour the decaying Ottoman Empire would both upset his ally Austria, which also had interests in the Balkans, and bring about an Anglo-French coalition in defense of the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rendall_pages_37-63-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the war of 1828–29, the Russians defeated the Ottomans in every battle fought in the field and advanced deep into the Balkans, but the Russians discovered that they lacked the necessary logistical strength to take Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholas' policy towards the Ottoman Empire was to use the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> which gave Russia a vague right as protector of Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, as a way of placing the Ottoman Empire into the Russian sphere of influence, which was felt to be a more achievable goal than conquering the entire Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rendall_pages_37-63-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, which was felt to serve Russia's interests. Nicholas always thought of Russia as first and foremost a European power and regarded Europe as more important than the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Nesselrode</a> wrote in letter to his ambassador in Constantinople Nikolai Muravyov that the victory of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> over Mahmud II would lead to a new dynasty ruling the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nesselrode continued that if the able Muhammad Ali became sultan then it "could, with the elevation of a new personage to the Turkish throne, revive new strength in that declining empire and distract our attention and forces from European affairs, and thus the monarch [Nicholas] is especially concerned to keep the sultan on his tottering throne."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Nicholas argued that because of the economic importance to Russia of the Turkish straits, through which Russia exports its grain, that Russia had the "right" to intervene in Ottoman affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1833, Nicholas told the Austrian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Ficquelmont" title="Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont">Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont</a> that "Oriental affairs are above all a matter for Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time that Nicholas claimed the Ottoman Empire was within the Russian sphere of influence, he made it clear that he had no interest in annexing the empire. At another meeting with Ficquelmont in 1833, Nicholas, speaking with the "Greek Project" of Catherine the Great in mind said: "I know everything that has been said of the projects of the Empress Catherine, and Russia has renounced the goal she had set out. I wish to maintain the Turkish empire... It if falls, I do not desire its debris. I need nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Nicholas's policies in the Near East proved to be both costly and largely futile. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/270px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/405px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/540px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Erivan" title="Capture of Erivan">Capture of Erivan</a> fortress by Russian troops under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Paskevich" title="Ivan Paskevich">Ivan Paskevich</a> in 1827 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–28)">Russo-Persian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1826–28, Nicholas fought the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–28)">Russo-Persian War (1826–28)</a>, which ended with Persia forced to cede its last remaining territories in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Russia <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">had conquered</a> all the territories of Iran in both the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, comprising modern-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, through the course of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty further conceded extraterritoriality to Russian subjects in Iran (capitulation).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Professor Virginia Aksan adds, the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> "removed Iran from the military equation."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia fought a successful war against the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">1828–29</a>, but it did little to increase Russian power in Europe. Only a small Greek state became independent in the Balkans, with limited Russian influence. In 1833, Russia negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Unkiar-Skelessi" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi">Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi</a> with the Ottoman Empire. The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to transit warships through the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> straits. This misconception led to the <a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a> of 1841, which affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, from sending warships through them. Buoyed by his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 as well as his mistaken belief he could rely on British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the Ottomans, who declared war on Russia on 8 October 1853. On 30 November, Russian <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Nakhimov" title="Pavel Nakhimov">Admiral Nakhimov</a> caught the Turkish fleet in the harbor at Sinope and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan,_dated_A.D._1854_(interior_panel,_zoomed_in).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg/220px-Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg/330px-Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg/440px-Mirror_Case_Depicting_the_Meeting_of_Nasir_al-Din_Mirza_and_Tsar_Nicholas_I_in_Erivan%2C_dated_A.D._1854_%28interior_panel%2C_zoomed_in%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Interior panel of a mirror case commemorating the 1838 meeting of Iranian crown prince <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Mirza</a> (later, <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>) and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Erivan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Oblast" title="Armenian Oblast">Armenian Oblast</a>. The scene at the center shows the seven-year-old prince sitting on the tsar's lap, accompanied by an entourage. Created by Mohammad Esmail Esfahani in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, dated 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>Fearing the results of a total Ottoman defeat by Russia, in 1854 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Second Empire">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> formed a military coalition and joined forces with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. The preceding conflict became known as the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, but was labelled in Russia the "Eastern War" (Russian: Восточная война, <i>Vostochnaya Vojna</i>). In April 1854, Austria signed a defensive pact with Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Russia found herself in a war with every Great Power of Europe either allied against her militarily or diplomatically.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853 <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pogodin" title="Mikhail Pogodin">Mikhail Pogodin</a>, professor of history at Moscow University, wrote a memorandum to Nicholas. Nicholas himself read Pogodin's text and approvingly commented: "That is the whole point."<sup id="cite_ref-slate_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, "The memorandum clearly struck a chord with Nicholas, who shared Pogodin’s sense that Russia’s role as the protector of the Orthodox had not been recognized or understood and that Russia was unfairly treated by the West." Pogodin wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>France takes Algeria from Turkey, and almost every year England annexes another Indian principality: none of this disturbs the balance of power; but when Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, albeit only temporarily, that disturbs the balance of power. France occupies Rome and stays there several years during peacetime: that is nothing; but Russia only thinks of occupying Constantinople, and the peace of Europe is threatened. The English declare war on the Chinese, who have, it seems, offended them: no one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbor. England threatens Greece to support the <a href="/wiki/Don_Pacifico_affair" title="Don Pacifico affair">false claims</a> of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and malice...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mikhail Pogodin's memorandum to Nicholas I, 1853<sup id="cite_ref-slate_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Austria offered the Ottomans diplomatic support, and Prussia remained neutral, thus leaving Russia without any allies on the continent. The European allies landed in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and laid siege to the well-fortified Russian <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="Sevastopol Naval Base">Sevastopol Naval Base</a>. The Russians lost battles at Alma in September 1854<sup id="cite_ref-l425_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l425-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then at Inkerman.<sup id="cite_ref-l425_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l425-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the prolonged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)</a> the base fell, exposing Russia's inability to defend a major fortification on its own soil. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became emperor. On 15 January 1856, the new emperor took Russia out of the war on very unfavorable terms, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg/220px-Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg/330px-Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg/440px-Nicholas_I_on_his_deathbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas I on his deathbed (1855)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholas died on 2 March 1855, during the Crimean War, at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. He caught a chill, refused medical treatment and died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there were rumors he was committing a passive suicide by refusing treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> in St. Petersburg. He reigned for 30 years, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg/220px-Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg/330px-Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg/440px-Franz_Kr%C3%BCger_-_Portr%C3%A4t_Nikolaus_I._von_Russland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Franz Krüger">Franz Krüger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There have been many damning verdicts on Nicholas' rule and legacy, despite occasional efforts to revive his reputation. At the end of his life, one of his most devoted civil servants, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nikitenko" title="Aleksandr Nikitenko">Aleksandr Nikitenko</a>, opined, "the main failing of the reign of Nicholas Pavlovich was that it was all a mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891 <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Tolstoy">Lev Tolstoy</a> popularised the nickname Николай Палкин (Nicholas the Stick) in reference to the late emperor's passion for military discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Barbara Jelavich</a> points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances", the badly-equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kiev_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev University">Kiev University</a> was founded in 1834 by Nicholas. In 1854, there were 3600 university students in Russia, 1000 fewer than in 1848. Censorship was omnipresent; historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Seton-Watson" title="Hugh Seton-Watson">Hugh Seton-Watson</a> writes: "the intellectual atmosphere remained oppressive until the end of the reign."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Custine" title="Marquis de Custine">Marquis de Custine</a> wrote the widely-read travel book <i><a href="/wiki/La_Russie_en_1839" title="La Russie en 1839">La Russie en 1839</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVLd-1tVCigC"><i>Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia</i></a>). He speculated that Nicholas had a kind heart, but his sincere sense of duty forced him to impose severe discipline: "If the Emperor has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a popular <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">legend</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway">Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway</a> was planned in 1842, Nicholas drew a straight line between the cities on a map, and decreed this as the path of the new rail line. Some ridiculed this as the epitome of Nicholas' mindless despotism, while others praised the tsar for overcoming local interests that wanted the railway diverted their own way. In fact, however, the tsar had merely endorsed the straight path recommended by engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Nicholas I of Russia</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="His Imperial Majesty">His Imperial Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Almanach_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almanach-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>6 July 1797</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>6 July 1797</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>31 January 1809</i><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, <i>31 January 1809</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/21px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/32px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/42px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="525" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>4 September 1812</i><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>13 April 1817</i><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1823</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bayern1852_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayern1852-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>1824</i><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>24 January 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/23px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/35px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/45px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>15 April 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-Cibrario1869_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cibrario1869-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Grand Cross of the Military William Order</a>, <i>11 May 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Cross of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>3 November 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1854_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Württemberg1854-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1826</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order</a>, <i>6 October 1826</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a>, <i>1826</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_of_the_Reunion" title="Order of Saint George of the Reunion">Grand Cross of St. George of the Reunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>16 March 1827</i><sup id="cite_ref-p56_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p56-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1827</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Karl-Friedrich_Merit_Order" title="Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order">Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order</a>, <i>1827</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, <i>1827</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order</a>, <i>11 April 1830</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1836</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sachsen1854_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachsen1854-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/15px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/23px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png/30px-Flag_of_Anhalt_Duchies.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian duchies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Albert_the_Bear" title="Order of Albert the Bear">Grand Cross of Albert the Bear</a>, <i>12 June 1837</i><sup id="cite_ref-Anhalt-Köthen1851_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anhalt-Köthen1851-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/46px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown</a>, <i>17 January 1839</i><sup id="cite_ref-Oldenburg1854_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldenburg1854-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1840</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse-Kassel)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)">Grand Cross of the Golden Lion</a>, <i>4 May 1844</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hessen-Kassel1853_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hessen-Kassel1853-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>31 May 1850</i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholas I had seven legitimate children with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Emperor Alexander II</a> </td> <td>29 April 1818 </td> <td>13 March 1881 </td> <td>married 1841, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie of Hesse">Princess Marie of Hesse</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1819%E2%80%931876)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna</a> </td> <td>18 August 1819 </td> <td>21 February 1876 </td> <td>married 1839, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_de_Beauharnais,_3rd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1822-1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (1822-1892)">Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna</a> </td> <td>11 September 1822 </td> <td>30 October 1892 </td> <td>married 1846, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, King of Württemberg">Charles, King of Württemberg</a>; had no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna</a> </td> <td>24 June 1825 </td> <td>10 August 1844 </td> <td>married 1844, <a href="/wiki/Landgrave_Friedrich-Wilhelm_of_Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgrave Friedrich-Wilhelm of Hesse-Kassel">Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel</a>; had issue (died in infancy) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich</a> </td> <td>21 September 1827 </td> <td>25 January 1892 </td> <td>married 1848, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Iosifovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Iosifovna">Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a> </td> <td>8 August 1831 </td> <td>25 April 1891 </td> <td>married 1856, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Petrovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna">Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a> </td> <td>25 October 1832 </td> <td>18 December 1909 </td> <td>married 1857, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Feodorovna,_Grand_Duchess_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Feodorovna, Grand Duchess of Russia">Princess Cecilie of Baden</a>; had issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many sources state that Nicholas did not have an extramarital affair until after 25 years of marriage, in 1842, when the Empress's doctors prohibited her from having sexual intercourse, due to her poor health and recurring heart attacks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many facts dispute this claim. Nicholas fathered three known children with mistresses prior to 1842, including one with his most famous and well documented mistress, <a href="/wiki/Varvara_Nelidova" title="Varvara Nelidova">Varvara Nelidova</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Koberwein" title="Marianne Koberwein">Anna-Maria Charlota de Rutenskiold</a> (1791–1856)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Koberwein" class="mw-redirect" title="Joséphine Koberwein">Joséphine or Youzia Koberwein</a> (12 May 1825 – 23 February 1893)</li></ul> <p>With Varvara Yakovleva (1803–1831)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olga_Carlovna_Albrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olga Carlovna Albrecht (page does not exist)">Olga Carlovna Albrecht</a> (10 July 1828 – 20 January 1898)</li></ul> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Varvara_Nelidova" title="Varvara Nelidova">Varvara Nelidova</a> (d.1897)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Pashkine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Pashkine (page does not exist)">Alexis Pashkine</a> (17 April 1831 – 20 June 1863)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Nicholas I of Russia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Nicholas I of Russia</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Christian_August,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Elisabeth_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp">Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Nicholas I of Russia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg">Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Auguste_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis">Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_Dorothea_of_Prussia" title="Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia">Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Russie_en_1839" title="La Russie en 1839">La Russie en 1839</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">The Third Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsars_of_Russia_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsars of Russia family tree">Tsars of Russia family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Николай I Павлович</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Nikolay I Pavlovich</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[nʲɪkɐˈlaj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpʲervɨj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowles, Virginia. <i>The Romanovs</i>. Harper & Ross, 1971. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010908-0">978-0-06-010908-0</a> p.164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Riasanovsky, <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i> (1959). p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William C. Fuller, Jr., <i>Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914</i> (1998) p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeyrep1855" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ceyrep (21 April 1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/s1-XI/286/309/4535653?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><i>The grand master of the order of Malta</i></a>. Vol. s1-XI. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs1-XI.286.309c">10.1093/nq/s1-XI.286.309c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+master+of+the+order+of+Malta&rft.pages=309-310&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1855-04-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs1-XI.286.309c&rft.au=Ceyrep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fnq%2Farticle-abstract%2Fs1-XI%2F286%2F309%2F4535653%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015043530/http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/interest/interest.html">"An Official Statement from the Chancellery of the Head of the Russian Imperial House, H.I.H. the Grand Duchess Maria of Russia, on the activities of organizations which falsely refer to themselves as the "Order of Malta"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imperialhouse.ru/en/interest/interest.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span> – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030003235/http://www.orderstjohn.org/osj/pushkin.htm">orderstjohn.org</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. <q>mperors Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander III, and Nicholas II were all Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Official+Statement+from+the+Chancellery+of+the+Head+of+the+Russian+Imperial+House%2C+H.I.H.+the+Grand+Duchess+Maria+of+Russia%2C+on+the+activities+of+organizations+which+falsely+refer+to+themselves+as+the+%22Order+of+Malta%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperialhouse.ru%2Fen%2Finterest%2Finterest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|via=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Riasanovsky, <i> Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i> (1959) p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The Romanovs</i> (The Dial Press: New York, 1981) p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Crankshaw, <i>The Shadow of the Winter Palace</i> (Viking Press: New York, 1976) p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Bruce_Lincoln_p._409_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The Romanovs</i>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montefiore, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lifgardets 3 Finska Skarpskyttebataljon 1812–1905 ett minnesblad. 1905 Helsinki by Söderström & Co</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Reichman, <i>Railwaymen and Revolution: Russia</i>, 1905 p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Riasanovsky, <i>A History of Russia</i> (4th edition 1984) pp. 323–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The Romanovs</i>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The Romanovs</i>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Dickens, "The true story of the nuns of Minsk", <i><a href="/wiki/Household_Words" title="Household Words">Household Words</a></i>, Issue No. 216. Volume IX, pp. 290–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pipes, <i>Russia under the Old Regime</i>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geroid Tanquary Robinson, <i>Rural Russia under the Old Régime: A History of the Landlord-Peasant World</i>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Hosking, <i>Russia: People and Empire</i>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltunova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Boltunova, Ekaterina (Spring 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/790722">"The Last King of Poland: Nicholas I's Warsaw Coronation and Russian-Polish Historical Memory"</a>. <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 229–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2021.0013">10.1353/kri.2021.0013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=The+Last+King+of+Poland%3A+Nicholas+I%27s+Warsaw+Coronation+and+Russian-Polish+Historical+Memory&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-254&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2021.0013&rft.aulast=Boltunova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F790722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Seton-Watson, <i>The Russian Empire: 1801–1917</i> (1967) p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848," <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers</i> (2000), pp. 423–431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Friedman, <i>Masculinity, Autocracy and the Russian University, 1804–1863</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Friedman, "Masculinity, the Body, and Coming of Age in the Nineteenth-Century Russian Cadet Corps," <i>Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth</i> (2012) 5 #2 pp. 219–238 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_childhood_and_youth/v005/5.2.friedman.html">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etta L. Perkins, "Nicholas I and the Academy of Fine Arts." <i>Russian History</i> 18 #1 (1991): 5–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes, <i>Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia</i> (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut de Terra, <i>Humboldt: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt</i>. (1955) pp. 268, 283, 306–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner1978" class="citation book cs1">Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978). <i>History of the Jews in Modern Times</i>. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jews+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=Tel-Aviv+University&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner1979" class="citation book cs1">Gartner, Lloyd P. (1979). <i>History of Jews in Modern Times</i>. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jews+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=Tel-Aviv+University&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner1978" class="citation book cs1">Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978). <i>History of Jews in Modern Times</i>. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University press. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jews+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=Tel-Aviv+University&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner1978" class="citation book cs1">Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978). <i>History of Jews in Modern Times</i>. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Jews+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=Tel-Aviv+University&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gartner&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtiss1958" class="citation journal cs1">Curtiss, John Shelton (1958). "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>63</b> (4): 880–889 [p. 886]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1848945">10.2307/1848945</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848945">1848945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Army+of+Nicholas+I%3A+Its+Role+and+Character&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=880-889+p.+886&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1848945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1848945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=John+Shelton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller,_William_C.1998" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, William C. (1 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNF318Pgq9kC&pg=PA273"><i>Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439105771" title="Special:BookSources/9781439105771"><bdi>9781439105771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Power+in+Russia+1600%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft.isbn=9781439105771&rft.au=Fuller%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBNF318Pgq9kC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Jelavich, <i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i> (1974) p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Fuller, <i>Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914</i> (1998) pp. 252–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln,_W_pages_308-323_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from <i>The Russian Review</i>, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail" title="Why Nations Fail">Why Nations Fail</a></i>, Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James p. 224. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71921-8">978-0-307-71921-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hosking (1997), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from <i>Review of International Studies</i>, Volume 32, Issue #3 July 2006 p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rendall_pages_523-540-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rendall_pages_523-540_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rendall_pages_523-540_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pages 523–540 from <i>Review of International Studies</i>, Volume 32, Issue # 3 July 2006 p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from <i>Review of International Studies</i>, Volume 32, Issue #3 July 2006 pp. 535–536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An introduction to Russian history</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutyObolensky1980" class="citation book cs1">Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (7 July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxREnBcMFcEC&q=partitions+of+Poland+absolute+monarchies&pg=PA180"><i>Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521280389" title="Special:BookSources/9780521280389"><bdi>9780521280389</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Russian+Studies%3A+Volume+1%3A+An+Introduction+to+Russian+History&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980-07-07&rft.isbn=9780521280389&rft.aulast=Auty&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Obolensky%2C+Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxREnBcMFcEC%26q%3Dpartitions%2Bof%2BPoland%2Babsolute%2Bmonarchies%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. B. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848" <i>History Today</i> (Jan 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 1, pp 53–59 online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian W. Roberts, <i>Nicholas I and the Russian Intervention in Hungary</i> (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rendall_pages_37-63-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rendall_pages_37-63_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a> p. 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598849484" title="Special:BookSources/1598849484">1598849484</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2004" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBQZAQAAIAAJ&q=treaty+of+turkmenchay+capitulation"><i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume 13</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93327-395-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93327-395-5"><bdi>978-0-93327-395-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+13&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-93327-395-5&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBQZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bturkmenchay%2Bcapitulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aksan, Virginia. (2014). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged</i> p. 463. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317884033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317884033">978-1317884033</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Crankshaw, <i>The Shadow of the Winter Palace</i>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Crankshaw, <i>The Shadow of the Winter Palace</i>, pp. 135–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/03/russia-and-western-double-standards-the-long-history-of-russian-complaints-about-unfair-treatment.html">"The Long History of Russian Whataboutism"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. 21 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Long+History+of+Russian+Whataboutism&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2014%2F03%2Frussia-and-western-double-standards-the-long-history-of-russian-complaints-about-unfair-treatment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2011" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dimVhWPx_88C&pg=PA134"><i>The Crimean War: A History</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429997249" title="Special:BookSources/9781429997249"><bdi>9781429997249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781429997249&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdimVhWPx_88C%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l425-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l425_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l425_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The Romanovs</i>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Oxley, <i>Russia: from Tsars to Commissars</i>, Oxford University Press, (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-913418-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-913418-9">0-19-913418-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yevgeny Anismov, Rulers of Russia, Golden Lion Press, St. Petersburg Russia (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrankshaw1978" class="citation book cs1">Crankshaw, Edward (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowofwinterpa0000cran"><i>The Shadow of the Winter Palace: the Drift To Revolution 1825–1917</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowofwinterpa0000cran/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140046229" title="Special:BookSources/9780140046229"><bdi>9780140046229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+of+the+Winter+Palace%3A+the+Drift+To+Revolution+1825%E2%80%931917&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780140046229&rft.aulast=Crankshaw&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowofwinterpa0000cran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See Tolstoy's story <a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9)/%D0%94%D0%9E">Николай Палкин</a> (Nicholas the Stick), first published in 1891. – "— А ужъ палками — недѣли не проходило, чтобы не забивали на смерть человѣка или двухъ изъ полка. Нынче ужъ и не знаютъ, что такое палки, а тогда это словечко со рта не сходило. Палки, палки!.. У насъ и солдаты Николая Палкинымъ прозвали. Николай Павлычъ, а они говорятъ Николай Палкинъ. Такъ и пошло ему прозвище."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1974" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stpetersburgmosc00barb"><i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stpetersburgmosc00barb/page/119">119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253350503" title="Special:BookSources/9780253350503"><bdi>9780253350503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg+and+Moscow%3A+Tsarist+and+Soviet+Foreign+Policy%2C+1814%E2%80%931974&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780253350503&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstpetersburgmosc00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson1967" class="citation book cs1">Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianempire1800000seto"><i>The Russian Empire: 1801–1917</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianempire1800000seto/page/278">278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire%3A+1801%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=278&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianempire1800000seto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennan1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">Kennan, George F.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marquisdecustine00kenn_0"><i>The Marquis de Custine and his Russia in 1839</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05187-1"><bdi>978-0-691-05187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marquis+de+Custine+and+his+Russia+in+1839&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05187-1&rft.aulast=Kennan&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarquisdecustine00kenn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1978" class="citation journal cs1">Haywood, Richard Mowbray (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2496130">"The 'Ruler Legend': Tsar Nicholas I and the Route of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway, 1842–1843"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 640–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2496130">10.2307/2496130</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2496130">2496130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+%27Ruler+Legend%27%3A+Tsar+Nicholas+I+and+the+Route+of+the+St.+Petersburg-Moscow+Railway%2C+1842%E2%80%931843&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=640-650&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2496130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2496130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Richard+Mowbray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2496130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almanach-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Almanach_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817</i>. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61">61</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA76">76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+de+la+cour%3A+pour+l%27ann%C3%A9e+...+1817&rft.pages=61%2C+76&rft.pub=l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp.+des+Sciences&rft.date=1817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlien1846-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Berlien1846" class="citation book cs1">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog"><i>Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen Ordenskapitelsarchivs zu Kopenhagen</i></a>. Gedruckt in der Berlingschen Officin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog/page/n198">160</a>-161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Elephanten-Orden+und+seine+Ritter%3A+eine+historische+Abhandlung+%C3%BCber+die+ersten+Spuren+dieses+Ordens+und+dessen+fernere+Entwicklung+bis+zu+seiner+gegenw%C3%A4rtigen+Gestalt%2C+und+n%C3%A4chstdem+ein+Material+zur+Personalhistorie%2C+nach+den+Quellen+des+K%C3%B6niglichen+Geheimen-Staatsarchivs+und+des+K%C3%B6niglichen+Ordenskapitelsarchivs+zu+Kopenhagen&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Gedruckt+in+der+Berlingschen+Officin&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Johann+Heinrich+Friedrich+Berlien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fderelephantenor00berlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=26">p. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPer_Nordenvall1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". <i>Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-6744-7"><bdi>91-630-6744-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kungl.+Maj%3Ats+Orden&rft.btitle=Kungliga+Serafimerorden%3A+1748%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=91-630-6744-7&rft.au=Per+Nordenvall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en"><i>Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835</i></a> (in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+existentes+en+la+insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+de+forasteros+en+Madrid+para+el+a%C3%B1o+de+1835&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=En+la+Imprenta+Nacional&rft.date=1835&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000936054%26search%3D%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayern1852-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayern1852_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayern1852" class="citation book cs1">Bayern (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qC9RAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1852</i></a>. Landesamt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qC9RAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7">7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern%3A+1852&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Landesamt&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Bayern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqC9RAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeulet1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teulet, Alexandre (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f382.item.zoom">"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"</a> [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. <i>Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France</i> (in French) (2): 122<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eredi Botta. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&pg=PA104">104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizia+storica+del+nobilissimo+ordine+supremo+della+santissima+Annunziata.+Sunto+degli+statuti%2C+catalogo+dei+cavalieri&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Eredi+Botta&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Luigi+Cibrario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2aP6enNFoYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1826/05/11/romanov-nicolaas-i-pavlovitsj">"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Nicolaas I Pavlovitsj"</a> [Military William Order: Romanov, Nicholas I Pavlovich]. <i>Ministerie van Defensie</i> (in Dutch). 11 May 1826<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde%3A+Romanov%2C+Nicolaas+I+Pavlovitsj&rft.date=1826-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fonderscheidingen%2Fdapperheidsonderscheidingen%2Fdatabank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen%2F1826%2F05%2F11%2Fromanov-nicolaas-i-pavlovitsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1840), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00184597/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_11_0328.tif">p. 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607093315/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00184597/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_11_0328.tif">Archived</a> 7 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Württemberg1854-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Württemberg1854_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürttemberg1854" class="citation book cs1">Württemberg (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ"><i>Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854</i></a>. Guttenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32">32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA58">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich-W%C3%BCrttembergisches+Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch%3A+1854&rft.pages=32%2C+58&rft.pub=Guttenberg&rft.date=1854&rft.au=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VsAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p56-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p56_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n141/mode/2up">p. 53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1853), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870865">pp. 30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870871">36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870880">45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsb&pg=PR1">"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1854</i> (in German), Darmstadt, 1854, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPhSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8">8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzogliche+Orden+und+Ehrenzeichen&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogtums+Hessen%3A+f%C3%BCr+das+Jahr+...+1854&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbsb%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sachsen1854-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sachsen1854_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachsen1854" class="citation book cs1">Sachsen (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1854</i></a>. Heinrich. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen%3A+1854&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Heinrich&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Sachsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRBTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anhalt-Köthen1851-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anhalt-Köthen1851_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnhalt-Köthen1851" class="citation book cs1">Anhalt-Köthen (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851</i></a>. Katz. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staats-+und+Adre%C3%9F-Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Herzogth%C3%BCmer+Anhalt-Dessau+und+Anhalt-K%C3%B6then%3A+1851&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Katz&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Anhalt-K%C3%B6then&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI4AAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldenburg1854-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldenburg1854_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Oldenburg1854" class="citation book cs1">Staat Oldenburg (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bsb&pg=PR1"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1854</i></a>. Schulze. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RARTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogtums+Oldenburg%3A+f%C3%BCr+...+1854&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Schulze&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Staat+Oldenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbsb%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=np9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Königreich Hannover</i></a>. Berenberg. 1853. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=np9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32">32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=np9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA56">56</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover&rft.pages=32%2C+56&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnp9jAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hessen-Kassel1853-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hessen-Kassel1853_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessen-Kassel1853" class="citation book cs1">Hessen-Kassel (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_BSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1853</i></a>. Waisenhaus. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurf%C3%BCrstlich+Hessisches+Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch%3A+1853&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Waisenhaus&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Hessen-Kassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_BSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00245938/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1854_0000_00.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jpvolume_00265698">"Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden"</a>, <i>Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i> (in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1854, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00245938/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1854_0045.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00483206">29</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herzogliche+Sachsen-Ernestinischer+Hausorden&rft.btitle=Adre%C3%9F-Handbuch+des+Herzogthums+Sachsen-Coburg+und+Gotha&rft.place=Coburg%2C+Gotha&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Meusel&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzs.thulb.uni-jena.de%2Frsc%2Fviewer%2Fjportal_derivate_00245938%2FSachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1854_0000_00.tif%3FlogicalDiv%3Djportal_jpvolume_00265698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragançaEstrela2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35782766">"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"</a> [Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. <i>Pro Phalaris</i> (in Portuguese). <b>16</b>: 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Troca+de+Decora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+os+Reis+de+Portugal+e+os+Imperadores+da+R%C3%BAssia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft.au=Estrela%2C+Paulo+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35782766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, p. 475</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first draft of this article was taken with little editing from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Federal Research Division's Country Studies series. As their home page at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html</a> says, <i>"Information contained in the Country Studies On-Line is not copyrighted and thus is available for free and unrestricted use by researchers. As a courtesy, however, appropriate credit should be given to the series."</i> Please leave this statement intact so that credit can be given.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.ru"><i>Russia: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.ru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <ul><li>Bolsover, George H. "Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey." <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i> (1948): 115–145 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204004">online</a>.</li> <li>Cannady, Sean, and Paul Kubicek. "Nationalism and legitimation for authoritarianism: A comparison of Nicholas I and Vladimir Putin." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Eurasian_Studies" title="Journal of Eurasian Studies">Journal of Eurasian Studies</a></i> 5.1 (2014): 1–9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:9G2QHFpCOuYJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&scillfp=16430984853535952813&oi=lle">online</a>.</li> <li>Crisp, Olga. "The state peasants under Nicholas I." <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i> 37.89 (1959): 387–412 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4205065">online</a>.</li> <li>Curtiss, John Shelton. "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character." <i>American Historical Review</i> 63.4 (1958): 880–889 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848945">online</a>.</li> <li>Hamlin, Cyrus. "The Political Duel Between Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, the Great English Ambassador." <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i> Vol. 9. (1893) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44769420.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Hosking, Geoffrey A. <i>Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917</i>, (Harvard University Press, 1997)</li> <li>Kagan, Frederick W. <i>The military reforms of Nicholas I</i> (Palgrave Macmillan US, 1999).</li> <li>Kutscheroff, Samuel. "Administration of Justice under Nicholas I of Russia." <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i> (1948): 125–138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492189">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. "Nicholas I: Russia's Last Absolute Monarch," <i>History Today</i> (1971) 21 #2 pp. 79–88.</li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. <i>Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nicholasiemperor00linc">online</a></li> <li>Monas, Sidney. <i>The Third Section: police and society in Russia under Nicholas I</i> (Harvard University Press, 1961)</li> <li>Presni͡akov, A. E. <i>Emperor Nicholas I of Russia: the apogee of autocracy, 1825/1855</i> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperornicholasi0000pres">online</a></li> <li>Pintner, Walter McKenzie. <i>Russian economic policy under Nicholas I</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianeconomicp0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Rendall, Matthew. "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841." <i>International History Review</i> 24.1 (2002): 37–63.</li> <li>Rebecchini, Damiano. (2010). "An influential collector: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia." <i>Journal of the History of Collections.</i> V. 22, Issue 1, (May): 45–67.</li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. "'Nationality' in the State Ideology during the Reign of Nicholas I." <i>Russian Review</i> (1960): 38–46 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126191">online</a>.</li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. <i>Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nicholasiofficia00rias">online</a></li> <li>Roberts, Ian W. <i>Nicholas I and the Russian intervention in Hungary</i> (Springer, 1991).</li> <li>Stanislawski, Michael. <i>Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews : the transformation of Jewish society in Russia, 1825–1855</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tsarnicholasij00stan">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicholas_I_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nicholas I of Russia"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Nicholas I of Russia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicholas I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nicholas_I.">"Nicholas I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS5oCZvCdhM"><span class="plainlinks">Romanovs. Romanovs. The seventh film. Nicholas I; Alexander II</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Nicholas I of Russia </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 6 July 1796</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 2 March 1855</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> </b><br />1825–1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> </b><br />1825–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> </b><br />1831–1855 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template talk:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">Grand Dukes of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke John Konstantinovich</a></i> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a></i> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russification" title="Template:Russification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russification" title="Template talk:Russification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By annexed territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Azerbaijan" title="Russification">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Romania_(Bessarabia/Moldova)" title="Russification">Bessarabia/Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russification_program" title="Great Russification program">Great Russification program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Latvia" title="Russification">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Lithuania_and_Poland" title="Russification">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers of Russification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov" title="Nikolay Bobrikov">Nikolay Bobrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Russification activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastus Kalinouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n" title="Eduard Polón">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Razin" title="Albert Razin">Albert Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atner_Khuzangai" title="Atner Khuzangai">Atner Khuzangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_orthography_reform_of_1933" title="Belarusian orthography reform of 1933">Belarusian orthography reform of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Russia" title="Russification">Russification in modern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Ukrainian orthography of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valuev_Circular" title="Valuev Circular">Valuev Circular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Russification" title="Category:Russification">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130734#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130734#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120961552">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262930742">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16358/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwxpfQ83JR4cVKtDX68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118588079">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047917">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13573253r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13573253r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35386256">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020410003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1591590">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069989699">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90638022">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058170&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=142389">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwpp00zl2fh3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595834205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/48366">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266075105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000111273">Finland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11863723?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122390">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/460347">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/934267">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118588079.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118588079">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052665496">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582418">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66304">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/162943">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&oldid=1259860676">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_I_of_Russia&oldid=1259860676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russification" title="Category:Russification">Russification</a></li><li><a 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