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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Small, see <a href="/wiki/William_Small_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Small (disambiguation)">William Small (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>A circa 1765 portrait of Small by <a href="/wiki/Tilly_Kettle" title="Tilly Kettle">Tilly Kettle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>William Small</b> (1734–1775) was a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> physician and a professor of natural philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>. There he became an influential mentor of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who went on to be a leading proponent of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, principal author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, and the third President of the United States. From 1765, Small was an influential medical doctor in Birmingham, England, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham" title="Lunar Society of Birmingham">Lunar Society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small was born in <a href="/wiki/Carmyllie" title="Carmyllie">Carmyllie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus, Scotland</a>, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> minister James Small and his wife Lillias Scott, and younger brother to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Small_(minister)" title="Robert Small (minister)">Dr Robert Small</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Dundee" title="High School of Dundee">Dundee Grammar School</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, where he received an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> in 1755. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson's_professor"><span id="Jefferson.27s_professor"></span>Jefferson's professor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jefferson's professor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <p>In 1758, he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, then one of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">Britain's American colonies</a>. </p><p>Small was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s professor at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, and had an influence on the young Jefferson. Small introduced Jefferson to members of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> society who proved influential in Jefferson's life, including <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a>, a leading jurist in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Francis Fauquier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a>. </p><p>Recalling his years as a student, Jefferson described Small as: </p> <blockquote><p>a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communication, correct and gentlemanly manners, and a large and liberal mind... from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England">Return to England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1764, Small returned to Britain with a letter of introduction to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. Through this connection with Franklin, Small helped form the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Society">Lunar Society</a>, a club of scientists and industrialists. </p><p>In 1765, he received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a> degree and established a medical practice in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, where he shared a house with fellow physician <a href="/wiki/John_Ash_(physician)" title="John Ash (physician)">John Ash</a>, the chief campaigner for the Birmingham infirmary. Small was Boulton's physician and became a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Day_(writer)" title="Thomas Day (writer)">Thomas Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Anna Seward</a>, and others connected with the Lunar Society. Small was among the most popular members of the society and an active contributor to the society's debates. </p><p>Small helped to bring the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Birmingham" title="Theatre Royal, Birmingham">Theatre Royal</a> to Birmingham in 1774 and, together with Ash, was involved in planning and building <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_General_Hospital" title="Birmingham General Hospital">Birmingham General Hospital</a>, which was completed in 1779. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small died in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> on 25 February 1775 from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> contracted during his stay in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and was interred in <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St. Philip's churchyard</a> in Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_(39921835413).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Birmingham_Cathedral_-_floor_memorial_to_William_Small_%2839921835413%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A memorial to Small in <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">Birmingham Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The William Small Physical Laboratory, which houses the Physics Department at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, is named in Small's honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHull1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hull, Gillian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296150">"William Small 1734-1775: No Publications, Much Influence"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 102–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689709000214">10.1177/014107689709000214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1296150">1296150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9068443">9068443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=William+Small+1734-1775%3A+No+Publications%2C+Much+Influence&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=102-105&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1296150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107689709000214&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1296150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Small" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker" class="citation web cs1">Walker, William T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wm.edu/as/physics/about_physics/williamsmall/index.php">"Professor William Small 1734-1775"</a>. <i>William & Mary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary&rft.atitle=Professor+William+Small+1734-1775&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wm.edu%2Fas%2Fphysics%2Fabout_physics%2Fwilliamsmall%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Small" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walcot, Patrick <i>A Sketch of the Life of Dr William Small and his relationship with Matthew Boulton and James Watt</i>. 2016</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Small&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ganter, Herbert L. <i>William Small, Jefferson's Beloved Teacher</i> <a href="/wiki/William_and_Mary_Quarterly" title="William and Mary Quarterly">William and Mary Quarterly</a>, 3rd Ser., Vol. 4, No. 4 (Oct., 1947), pp. 505–511</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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