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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_1755–1765" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_1755–1765"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins 1755–1765</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_1755–1765-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lunar_Circle_1765–1775" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lunar_Circle_1765–1775"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Lunar Circle 1765–1775</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lunar_Circle_1765–1775-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lunar_Society_1775–1780" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lunar_Society_1775–1780"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Lunar Society 1775–1780</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lunar_Society_1775–1780-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heyday_of_the_Society_1780–1789" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heyday_of_the_Society_1780–1789"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heyday of the Society 1780–1789</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heyday_of_the_Society_1780–1789-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_1789–1813" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_1789–1813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Decline 1789–1813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_1789–1813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Lunar_Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Lunar_Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern Lunar Societies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Lunar_Societies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Lunar Societies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Lunar_Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Birmingham_Lunar_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Birmingham_Lunar_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>University of Birmingham Lunar Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Birmingham_Lunar_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Society of Birmingham</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="المجتمع القمري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجتمع القمري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Месяцовае таварыства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месяцовае таварыства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лунно общество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лунно общество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_Lunar" title="Societat Lunar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat Lunar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Lunar" title="Sociedad Lunar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Lunar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Societo" title="Luna Societo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luna Societo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilargi-elkartea" title="Ilargi-elkartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilargi-elkartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انجمن قمری بیرمنگام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن قمری بیرمنگام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אגודת הירח של ברמינגהאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגודת הירח של ברמינגהאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="ルナー・ソサエティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルナー・ソサエティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Lunar" title="Sociedade Lunar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociedade Lunar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лунное общество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лунное общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham" title="Lunar Society of Birmingham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lunar Society of Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Society" title="Lunar Society – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lunar Society" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Місячне товариство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місячне товариство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E7%A4%BE" title="伯明翰月光社 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伯明翰月光社" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lunar Society" redirects here. For society on the Moon, see <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a>. For the society promoting colonization of the Moon, see <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohohouse1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sohohouse1.JPG/300px-Sohohouse1.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sohohouse1.JPG/450px-Sohohouse1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sohohouse1.JPG/600px-Sohohouse1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a>, Birmingham, a regular venue for meetings of the Lunar Society</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lunar Society of Birmingham</b> was a British dinner club and informal <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a> of prominent figures in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands Enlightenment</a>, including industrialists, <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophers</a> and intellectuals, who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. At first called the Lunar Circle, "Lunar Society" became the formal name by 1775. The name arose because the society would meet during the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, as the extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as <i>"lunaticks"</i>, a contemporary spelling of <a href="/wiki/Lunatic" title="Lunatic">lunatics</a>. Venues included <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_House" title="Erasmus Darwin House">home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>'s home, <a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a>, Bowbridge House in Derbyshire, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Barr_Hall" title="Great Barr Hall">Great Barr Hall</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership_and_status">Membership and status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Membership and status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/170px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/255px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/340px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organisation over a period of up to fifty years, but was only ever an informal group. No constitution, minutes, publications or membership lists survive from any period, and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the correspondence and notes of those associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_410–411_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_410–411-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians therefore disagree on what qualifies as membership of the Lunar Society, who can be considered to have been members, and even when the society can be said to have existed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, for example, is described by some commentators as being one of five "principal members" of the society,<sup id="cite_ref-ref11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others consider that he "cannot be recognized as [a] full member" at all.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dates given for the establishment of the society range from "sometime before 1760"<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians argue that it had ceased to exist by 1791;<sup id="cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-Hele_1998_166-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others that it was still operating as late as 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this uncertainty, fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive eras: these are <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Day_(writer)" title="Thomas Day (writer)">Thomas Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Galton,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Galton, Jr.">Samuel Galton, Jr.</a>, Robert Augustus Johnson, <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Small" title="William Small">William Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Stokes" title="Jonathan Stokes">Jonathan Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitehurst" title="John Whitehurst">John Whitehurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg/170px-Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg/255px-Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Benjamin_Franklin_by_Jean-Baptiste_Greuze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></figcaption></figure><p>While the society's meetings provided its name and social focus, however, they were relatively unimportant in its activities, and far more activity and communication took place outside the meetings themselves – members local to Birmingham were in almost daily contact, more distant ones in correspondence at least weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_410–411_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_410–411-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more loosely defined group has therefore been identified over a wider geographical area and longer time period, who attended meetings occasionally and who corresponded or co-operated regularly with multiple other members on group activities. These include <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pickford" title="Joseph Pickford">Joseph Pickford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moyes" title="Henry Moyes">Henry Moyes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Camper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Camper">Pieter Camper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R._E._Raspe" class="mw-redirect" title="R. E. Raspe">R. E. Raspe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes" title="Thomas Beddoes">Thomas Beddoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wyatt_(inventor)" title="John Wyatt (inventor)">John Wyatt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Jackson_(priest)" title="Cyril Jackson (priest)">Cyril Jackson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_1969_195_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_1969_195-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Ash_(divine)" title="John Ash (divine)">John Ash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Musson_1969_195_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson_1969_195-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_More" title="Samuel More">Samuel More</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bage" title="Robert Bage">Robert Bage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griffiths" title="Ralph Griffiths">Ralph Griffiths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Roebuck" title="John Roebuck">John Roebuck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Thomas Percival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(naturalist)" title="James Lind (naturalist)">James Lind</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Warltire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Warltire (page does not exist)">John Warltire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Fordyce" title="George Fordyce">George Fordyce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blair_(writer)" title="Alexander Blair (writer)">Alexander Blair</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Parr" title="Samuel Parr">Samuel Parr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph_d%27Albert_d%27Ailly" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly">Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly</a>, William Emes, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph_d%27Albert_d%27Ailly" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly">the seventh Duke of Chaulnes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Faujas_de_Saint-Fond" title="Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond">Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grossart_de_Virly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grossart de Virly (page does not exist)">Grossart de Virly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottling">Johann Gottling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This lack of a defined membership has led some historians to criticise a Lunar Society "legend", leading people to "confuse it and its efforts with the general growth of intellectual and economic activities in the provinces of eighteenth century Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have seen this both as real and as one of the society's main strengths: a paper read at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a> in London in 1963 claimed that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"of all the provincial philosophical societies it was the most important, perhaps because it was not merely provincial. All the world came to Soho to meet Boulton, Watt or Small, who were acquainted with the leading men of Science throughout Europe and America. Its essential sociability meant that any might be invited to attend its meetings."<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_160_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_160-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_1755–1765"><span id="Origins_1755.E2.80.931765"></span>Origins 1755–1765</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins 1755–1765"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg/170px-Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg/255px-Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg/340px-Erasmus_Darwin_-_Joseph_Wright_-_1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright of Derby</a>, 1770 (<a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the Lunar Society lie in a pattern of friendships that emerged in the late 1750s. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> met some time between 1757 and 1758, possibly through family connections, as Boulton's mother's family were patients of Darwin; or possibly though shared friendships, as both were admirers of the printer <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a> and friends of the astronomer and geologist <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a>, a regular visitor to Darwin's house in <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin was a physician and poet who had studied at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>; Boulton had left school at fourteen and started work in his father's business making metal goods in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> at the age of 21. Despite their different backgrounds they shared a common interest in experiment and invention, and their activities would show Darwin's theoretical understanding and Boulton's practical experience to be complementary.<sup id="cite_ref-ref11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon they were visiting each other regularly and conducting investigations into scientific subjects such as electricity, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and geology.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time the <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>-based clockmaker <a href="/wiki/John_Whitehurst" title="John Whitehurst">John Whitehurst</a> became a friend, first of Boulton and subsequently of Darwin, through his business supplying clock movements to Boulton's <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">ormolu</a> manufacturing operation. Although older than both Boulton and Darwin, by 1758 Whitehurst was writing to Boulton telling excitedly of a <a href="/wiki/Pyrometer" title="Pyrometer">pyrometer</a> he had built, and looking forward to visiting Birmingham "to spend one day with you in trying all necessary experiments".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boulton, Darwin and Whitehurst were in turn introduced by Michell to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> when he travelled to Birmingham in July 1758 "to improve and increase Acquaintance among Persons of Influence",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Franklin returned in 1760 to conduct experiments with Boulton on electricity and sound.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Michell seems to have withdrawn slightly from the group when he moved to Thornhill (near Dewsbury) in 1767,<sup id="cite_ref-ref9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin was to remain a common link among many of the early members.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lunar_Circle_1765–1775"><span id="The_Lunar_Circle_1765.E2.80.931775"></span>The Lunar Circle 1765–1775</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Lunar Circle 1765–1775"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg/170px-William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/William_Small_-_Tilly_Kettle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Small" title="William Small">William Small</a></figcaption></figure><p>The nature of the group was to change significantly with the move to Birmingham in 1765 of the Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/William_Small" title="William Small">William Small</a>, who had been Professor of Natural Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The College of William & Mary">The College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>. There he had taught and been a major influence over <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and had formed the focus of a local group of intellectuals. His arrival with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin was to have a galvanising effect on the existing circle, which began to explicitly identify itself as a group and actively started to attract new members.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of these was <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, who became a close friend of Darwin in 1765 while campaigning for the building of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal" title="Trent and Mersey Canal">Trent and Mersey Canal</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently closely modelled his large new <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> factory at <a href="/wiki/Etruria,_Staffordshire" title="Etruria, Staffordshire">Etruria, Staffordshire</a> on Boulton's <a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another new recruit, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a>, met Darwin, Small and Boulton in 1766 through a shared interest in carriage design, and he in turn introduced his friend and fellow <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>-admirer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Day_(writer)" title="Thomas Day (writer)">Thomas Day</a>, with whom he had studied at <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1767 <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a> visited Darwin in Lichfield, where he was introduced to Boulton, Small, Wedgwood and Whitehurst and subsequently decided to move to Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-ref8_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lunar Circle also attracted more distant involvement. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, then living in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and a close friend of John Michell, became associated with the Society in 1767 when Darwin and Wedgwood became involved with his work on electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1957_411-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> visited Birmingham on the recommendation of his business patron <a href="/wiki/John_Roebuck" title="John Roebuck">John Roebuck</a>, being shown around the Soho Manufactory by Small and Darwin in Boulton's absence. Although neither Priestley nor Watt were to move to Birmingham for several years, both were to be in constant communication with the Birmingham members and central to the circle's activities from 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1768 the core group of nine individuals who would form the nucleus of the Lunar Society had come together with Small at their heart.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the "Lunar circle", though this is a later description used by historians,<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1963_17_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1963_17-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the group themselves used a variety of less specific descriptions, including "Birmingham Philosophers" or simply "fellow-schemers".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lunar_Society_1775–1780"><span id="The_Lunar_Society_1775.E2.80.931780"></span>The Lunar Society 1775–1780</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Lunar Society 1775–1780"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Withering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/William_Withering.jpg/170px-William_Withering.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/William_Withering.jpg/255px-William_Withering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/William_Withering.jpg/340px-William_Withering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a></figcaption></figure><p>If William Small's arrival in 1765 had been the catalyst to the development of the Lunar Circle as a cohesive group, his death – probably from malaria<sup id="cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-Hele_1998_166-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in 1775 was to mark another change in its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small had been the key link between the members, and in his absence those remaining moved to place the group on a more organised footing. Meetings were to be held on the Sunday nearest the full moon,<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasting from two o'clock in the afternoon until eight o'clock in the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-ref10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was probably that held on 31 December 1775,<sup id="cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-Hele_1998_166-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Lunar" name is first recorded in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1963_17_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1963_17-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era also saw significant changes in membership. <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a> – like Small, a physician – was already an acquaintance of Darwin, Boulton and Wedgwood when he moved from <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a> to Birmingham and became a member of the Society in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Whitehurst's move to London in 1775 had a less dramatic effect: he kept in regular contact with other members of the society and remained an occasional attender of meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading figure behind the establishment of the society as a more organised body during this early period seems to have been <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>: his home at <a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a> was the principal venue for meetings, and in 1776 he is recorded as planning "to make many Motions to the Members respecting new Laws, and regulations, such as will tend to prevent the decline of a society which I hope will be lasting."<sup id="cite_ref-ref10_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reliance on Boulton was also to prove a weakness, however, as the period coincided with the peak of his work building up his steam engine business and he was frequently absent. Although the 1770s was one of the society's richest eras in terms of its collaborative achievements, the society's meetings declined from regular occurrences in 1775 to infrequent ones by the end of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heyday_of_the_Society_1780–1789"><span id="Heyday_of_the_Society_1780.E2.80.931789"></span>Heyday of the Society 1780–1789</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heyday of the Society 1780–1789"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PriestleyFuseli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/170px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/255px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/340px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, c. 1783</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1780 the nature of the society was to change again with the move to Birmingham of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>. Priestley had been closely associated with the group's activities for over a decade and was a strong advocate of the benefits of scientific societies. Shortly after his arrival Lunar meetings moved from Sunday afternoons to Mondays to accommodate Priestley's duties as a clergyman, while the society's dependence on Matthew Boulton was lessened by holding meetings at other members' houses in addition to Soho House. The result was to be the society's most productive era.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other major new figures became associated with the society during this period. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Galton,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Galton, Jr.">Samuel Galton, Jr.</a>, unusual as a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> who was also a gun-manufacturer, appears in the letters of other Lunar members as attending meetings from July 1781, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Schimmelpenninck" title="Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck">Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck</a> was to provide one of the few first-hand accounts of the Lunar Society's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The botanist and physician <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Stokes" title="Jonathan Stokes">Jonathan Stokes</a>, who had known <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a> as a child, moved to <a href="/wiki/Stourbridge" title="Stourbridge">Stourbridge</a> and started attending Lunar Society meetings from 1783. His contribution to the society was significant but short-lived: after collaborating with Withering on his <i>Botanical Arrangement of British Plants</i> the two quarrelled bitterly and Stokes severed his relations with the main Lunar members by 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The society also lost several major figures over the period: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a> ceased regular involvement in the society's activities when he returned to Ireland in 1782,<sup id="cite_ref-ref12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Whitehurst died in London in 1788,<sup id="cite_ref-ref12_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Day_(writer)" title="Thomas Day (writer)">Thomas Day</a> died the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-ref12_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most significantly, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> in 1781, but although he complained of being "cut off from the milk of science", he continued to attend Lunar Society meetings at least until 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_1789–1813"><span id="Decline_1789.E2.80.931813"></span>Decline 1789–1813</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline 1789–1813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg/220px-Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg/330px-Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg/440px-Priestley_Riots_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Priestley_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestley riots">Priestley riots</a> of 1791</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789 caused political strains between members of the society,<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1966_157_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1966_157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was the <a href="/wiki/Priestley_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestley riots">Priestley riots</a> of 1791 in Birmingham itself that saw a decisive falling off of the society's spirit and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> himself was driven from the town, leaving England entirely for the United States in 1794, <a href="/wiki/William_Withering" title="William Withering">William Withering</a>'s house was invaded by rioters and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> had to arm their employees to protect the Soho Manufactory.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield_1966_157_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1966_157-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lunar meetings were continued by the younger generation of the families of earlier Lunar members, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Watt (page does not exist)">Gregory Watt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Robinson_Boulton" title="Matthew Robinson Boulton">Matthew Robinson Boulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Thomas Wedgwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Watt_junior" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watt junior">James Watt junior</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tertius_Galton" title="Samuel Tertius Galton">Samuel Tertius Galton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular meetings are recorded into the nineteenth century – eight in 1800, five or six before August 1801 and at least one in 1802,<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while as late as 1809 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Horner" title="Leonard Horner">Leonard Horner</a> was describing "the remnant of the Lunar Society" as being "very interesting".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While individual members continued to produce work of importance, however, the collaborative activity that marked the heyday of the society was noticeably absent.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The society had definitely collapsed by 1813, however: in August of that year <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Galton,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Galton, Jr.">Samuel Galton, Jr.</a> is recorded as having won a ballot for possession of the scientific books from the society's library.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1962_160_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_1962_160-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Lunar_Societies">Modern Lunar Societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Lunar Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulton,_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg/220px-Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg/330px-Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg/440px-Boulton%2C_Watt_and_Murdoch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Bloye" title="William Bloye">William Bloye</a>'s gold-covered statue <i><a href="/wiki/Boulton,_Watt_and_Murdoch" title="Boulton, Watt and Murdoch">Boulton, Watt and Murdoch</a></i>, in central Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>Among memorials to the Society and its members are the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society_Moonstones" title="Lunar Society Moonstones">Moonstones</a>; two statues of Watt and a statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Boulton,_Watt_and_Murdoch" title="Boulton, Watt and Murdoch">Boulton, Watt and Murdoch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Bloye" title="William Bloye">William Bloye</a>; and the museum at <a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a> – all in Birmingham. </p><p>A new Lunar Society<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formed in Birmingham by a group led by Dame <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Waterhouse" title="Rachel Waterhouse">Rachel Waterhouse</a>. Its aim was to play a leading part in the development of the city and the wider region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its chair, appointed for a two-year term in 2019, was Deirdre LaBassiere.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society was still in operation in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Outside Birmingham</b> </p><p>In Australia, The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle was formed by leading digital entrepreneurs, software developers, educators, film producers, creatives, investors to encourage creative thinking and new ideas in a digital age.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Birmingham_Lunar_Society">University of Birmingham Lunar Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: University of Birmingham Lunar Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the latter part of the 20th century, the University of Birmingham Lunar Society met every Thursday to debate and discuss all manner of topics in the Guild bar. In 2011, steps were undertaken to reform the discussion society as an alternative to the more regulated debate options available at the university. This was agreed by the University's Guild of Students in autumn 2012. The society now hosts symposiums every two weeks. Any member has always been welcome to suggest a topic for discussion. These meetings occur in a variety of environments from University rooms to local bars. In 2013 the society attempted to change the name of one of the rooms in the Guild of Students to 'The Lunar Room' in honour of the original Birmingham Lunar Society. Like the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, the society has always traditionally put a huge emphasis on freedom of speech. The society has similar aims to <a href="/wiki/The_Speculative_Society" title="The Speculative Society">The Speculative Society</a> of Edinburgh University.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019, the society was rebranded as the Devil's Advocate Society, and retained the goals of the Lunar Society whilst changing much of its branding. </p><p>Today, the society is an informal <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">academic association</a> open to both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professional academics, from the University of Birmingham. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical material related to the Lunar Society is held in multiple collections. The University of Birmingham's Cadbury Research Library holds a series of portraits of the original Lunar Society members.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Birmingham holds a large collection of Joseph Priestley's publications.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both archives also hold various letters of society members.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_invention_in_Birmingham" title="Science and invention in Birmingham">Science and invention in Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_House" title="Erasmus Darwin House">Erasmus Darwin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society_Moonstones" title="Lunar Society Moonstones">Lunar Society Moonstones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schofield_1957_410–411-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_410–411_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_410–411_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1957">Schofield 1957</a>, pp. 410–411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUglow2008">Uglow 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonRobinson1969">Musson & Robinson 1969</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield_1957_411-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1957_411_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1957">Schofield 1957</a>, p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_1962_156-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_156_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson 1962</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Hele_1998_166-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-Hele_1998_166_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing-Hele1998">King-Hele 1998</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonRobinson1969">Musson & Robinson 1969</a>, pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonRobinson1969">Musson & Robinson 1969</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref9_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref9_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing-Hele1998">King-Hele 1998</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref5_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonRobinson1969">Musson & Robinson 1969</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson 1962</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musson_1969_195-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_1969_195_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musson_1969_195_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMussonRobinson1969">Musson & Robinson 1969</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson 1962</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter2000">Porter 2000</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2008">Jones 2008</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing-Hele1992" class="citation journal cs1">King-Hele, Desmond George (31 July 1992). 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href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43302716">43302716</a> – via The Royal Society Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Shelley+and+science&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1992-07-31&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43302716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11623027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1992.0025&rft.aulast=King-Hele&rft.aufirst=Desmond+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1992.0025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2008">Jones 2008</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, David. "Joseph Wright of Derby and the Lunar Society", in Egerton, Judy, Wright of Derby (London, 1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_1962_160-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_160_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1962_160_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson 1962</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUglow2002">Uglow 2002</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref6_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref6_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUglow2002">Uglow 2002</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUglow2002">Uglow 2002</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUglow2002">Uglow 2002</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 146–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing-Hele1998">King-Hele 1998</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref8-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref8_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref8_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield_1963_17-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1963_17_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1963_17_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1963">Schofield 1963</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref7_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref7_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref7_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref7_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref10-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref10_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref10_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1962">Robinson 1962</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1963">Schofield 1963</a>, pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1963">Schofield 1963</a>, pp. 219–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref12-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref12_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref12_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref12_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1963">Schofield 1963</a>, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield_1966_157-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1966_157_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield_1966_157_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1963">Schofield 1963</a>, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchofield1966">Schofield 1966</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunarsociety.org.uk">"The Lunar Society"</a>. <i>Lunar Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Society&rft.atitle=The+Lunar+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunarsociety.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunarsociety.org.uk/page/59.htm">Lunar Society award to Rachel Waterhouse</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630003515/http://www.lunarsociety.org.uk/page/59.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thephoenixnewspaper.com/lunar-societys-new-chair-pledges-to-protect-heritage-and-engage-with-young-people">"The Phoenix Newspaper"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phoenix+Newspaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthephoenixnewspaper.com%2Flunar-societys-new-chair-pledges-to-protect-heritage-and-engage-with-young-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lunarsociety.org.uk/executive-committee/">"Executive Board of Trustees"</a>. <i>Lunar Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Society&rft.atitle=Executive+Board+of+Trustees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flunarsociety.org.uk%2Fexecutive-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelunatickssociety.com.au">‘The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle’</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/135606923209137/">"Security Check Required"</a>. <i>facebook.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=facebook.com&rft.atitle=Security+Check+Required&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F135606923209137%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS624">"UoB Calmview5: Search results"</a>. <i>calmview.bham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UoB+Calmview5%3A+Search+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXMS624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calmview.birmingham.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=JP">"Search Results"</a>. <i>calmview.birmingham.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.birmingham.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.birmingham.gov.uk%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DJP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calmview.birmingham.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=MS+3782/12/57/51&pos=64">"Search Results"</a>. <i>calmview.birmingham.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.birmingham.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.birmingham.gov.uk%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DMS%2B3782%2F12%2F57%2F51%26pos%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calmview.birmingham.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=MS+3219">"Search Results"</a>. <i>calmview.birmingham.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.birmingham.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.birmingham.gov.uk%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DMS%2B3219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XJP">"UoB Calmview5: Search results"</a>. <i>calmview.bham.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calmview.bham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UoB+Calmview5%3A+Search+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalmview.bham.ac.uk%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Catalog%26id%3DXJP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation cs2">Jones, Peter M. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIHsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820</i></a>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7770-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-7770-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Enlightenment%3A+Science%2C+technology+and+culture+in+Birmingham+and+the+West+Midlands%2C+1760%E2%80%931820&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7770-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIHsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing-Hele1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_King-Hele" title="Desmond King-Hele">King-Hele, Desmond</a> (January 1998), "The 1997 Wilkins Lecture: Erasmus Darwin, the Lunaticks and Evolution", <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>, <b>52</b> (1): 153–180, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1998.0042">10.1098/rsnr.1998.0042</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149">0035-9149</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/532084">532084</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11619941">11619941</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27134915">27134915</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+1997+Wilkins+Lecture%3A+Erasmus+Darwin%2C+the+Lunaticks+and+Evolution&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-180&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27134915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1998.0042&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F532084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11619941&rft.aulast=King-Hele&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMussonRobinson1969" class="citation cs2">Musson, Albert Edward; Robinson, Eric (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution</i></a>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0370-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0370-9"><bdi>0-7190-0370-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7190-0370-9&rft.aulast=Musson&rft.aufirst=Albert+Edward&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0c-8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2000" class="citation cs2">Porter, Roy (2000), <i>Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World</i>, London: Penguin Books (published 2001), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025028-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025028-X"><bdi>0-14-025028-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment%3A+Britain+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-14-025028-X&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1962" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Eric (1962), "The Lunar Society: Its Membership and Organisation", <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Newcomen_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Newcomen Society">Transactions of the Newcomen Society</a></i>, <b>35</b>: 153–178, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftns.1962.009">10.1179/tns.1962.009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0372-0187">0372-0187</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Newcomen+Society&rft.atitle=The+Lunar+Society%3A+Its+Membership+and+Organisation&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=153-178&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftns.1962.009&rft.issn=0372-0187&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1957" class="citation cs2">Schofield, Robert E. (December 1957), "The Industrial Orientation of Science in the Lunar Society of Birmingham", <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>, <b>48</b> (4), The University of Chicago Press on behalf of <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Science_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Science Society">The History of Science Society</a>: 408–415, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F348607">10.1086/348607</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227513">227513</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144950413">144950413</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+Industrial+Orientation+of+Science+in+the+Lunar+Society+of+Birmingham&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=408-415&rft.date=1957-12&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144950413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F227513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F348607&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1963" class="citation cs2">Schofield, Robert E. (1963), <i>The Lunar Society of Birmingham : a social history of provincial science and industry in eighteenth-century England</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lunar+Society+of+Birmingham+%3A+a+social+history+of+provincial+science+and+industry+in+eighteenth-century+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1966" class="citation cs2">Schofield, Robert E. (December 1966), "The Lunar Society of Birmingham; A Bicentenary Appraisal", <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Records_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London">Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</a></i>, <b>21</b> (2): 144–161, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1966.0015">10.1098/rsnr.1966.0015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149">0035-9149</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531065">531065</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145397408">145397408</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Lunar+Society+of+Birmingham%3B+A+Bicentenary+Appraisal&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-161&rft.date=1966-12&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145397408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1966.0015&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUglow2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Uglow" title="Jenny Uglow">Uglow, Jenny</a> (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lunarmenfivefrie00uglo"><i>The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World</i></a></span>, London: Faber & Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-19440-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-19440-8"><bdi>0-374-19440-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lunar+Men%3A+Five+Friends+Whose+Curiosity+Changed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-374-19440-8&rft.aulast=Uglow&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flunarmenfivefrie00uglo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUglow2008" class="citation cs2">Uglow, Jenny (October 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/59220">"Lunar Society of Birmingham (act. c.1765–c.1800)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a> (Online ed.), Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lunar+Society+of+Birmingham+%28act.+c.1765%E2%80%93c.1800%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Uglow&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Ftheme%2F59220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207075746/http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/morelunar.htm">"More about ... the Lunar Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/morelunar.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+about+...+the+Lunar+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjquarter.members.beeb.net%2Fmorelunar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+Society+of+Birmingham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erasmusdarwin.org">Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5514/55">Article in Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514205345/http://www.birminghamstories.co.uk/story_page.php?id=11&type=fo&page=1&now=0">The Lunar Men who shaped the future</a> (from the Birmingham Stories website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214001443/http://www.bmag.org.uk/soho-house">Soho House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunarsociety.org.uk">The modern Lunar Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060308154827/http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm">Revolutionary Players website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030605.shtml">BBC Radio 4 <i>In Our Time</i> discussion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelunarsociety.it">The Lunar Society Italia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelunatickssociety.com.au">The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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