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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbian_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbian_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Columbian Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbian_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Seas_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Seas_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>South Seas expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Seas_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trent_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trent_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Trent</i> Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trent_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Indies_Squadron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Indies_Squadron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>West Indies Squadron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Indies_Squadron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_martial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_martial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Court martial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_martial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Wilkes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تشارلز ويلكيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز ويلكيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Vilks" title="Çarlz Vilks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Vilks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чарлз Уилкс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Уилкс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="چارلز ویلکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز ویلکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס וילקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס וילקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ უილქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ უილქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Уилкс Чарлз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уилкс Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Vilkss" title="Čārlzs Vilkss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Vilkss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تشارلز ويلكيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز ويلكيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="チャールズ・ウィルクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ウィルクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Уилкс, Чарлз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уилкс, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чарлс Вилкс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Вилкс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Wilkes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чарлз Вілкс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Вілкс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·威尔克斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·威尔克斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q119329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American explorer (1798–1877)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Wilkes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Wilkes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles-Wilkes.jpg/220px-Charles-Wilkes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles-Wilkes.jpg/330px-Charles-Wilkes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles-Wilkes.jpg/440px-Charles-Wilkes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1798-04-03</span>)</span>April 3, 1798<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">February 8, 1877<span style="display:none">(1877-02-08)</span> (aged 78)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">US Exploring Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years</th><td class="infobox-data">1818–1866</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">Rear admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wachusett_(1861)" title="USS Wachusett (1861)">USS <i>Wachusett</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tioga" title="USS Tioga">USS <i>Tioga</i></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sonoma_(1862)" title="USS Sonoma (1862)">USS <i>Sonoma</i></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Wilkes_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Charles_Wilkes_signature.png/150px-Charles_Wilkes_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Charles_Wilkes_signature.png/225px-Charles_Wilkes_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Charles_Wilkes_signature.png/300px-Charles_Wilkes_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Wilkes</b> (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer, ship's captain, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_explorers" title="List of explorers">explorer</a>. He led the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> (1838–1842). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> between 1861 and 1865, he commanded <i><a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a> in which he stopped a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> ship and removed two Confederate diplomats, which almost led to war between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles_Wilkes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Charles Wilkes</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilkes was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, on April 3, 1798, the great nephew of the former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes" title="John Wilkes">John Wilkes</a>. His mother was Mary Seton, who died in 1802 when Charles was just three years old. As a result, Charles was raised and home tutored by his aunt, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Ann Seton</a>, who was fluent in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> from her own upbringing in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle, New York</a> on a <a href="/wiki/French_Huguenots" class="mw-redirect" title="French Huguenots">French Huguenots</a> settlement. Charles became himself fluent, which served him throughout his career, including in dealing with officials during an extended stay in Europe in 1830 and 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fluency was also demonstrated during his exploration of <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> in 1841 with French-speaking guide Simon Plamondon.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seton later converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, becoming the first American-born woman canonized a saint by the Catholic Church. When Elizabeth was left widowed with five children, Charles was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>, and later attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a>, which is the present-day <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilkes entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> in 1818, and became a lieutenant in 1826. </p><p>In 1833, for his survey of <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>, he was placed in charge of the Navy's Department of Charts and Instruments, out of which developed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">Naval Observatory</a> and Hydrographic Office. Wilkes' interdisciplinary expedition (1838–1842) set a <a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">physical oceanography</a> benchmark for the office's first superintendent <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a>. </p><p>He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Columbian_Institute">Columbian Institute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Columbian Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1820s, Wilkes was a member of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Institute_for_the_Promotion_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences">Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences</a>, which counted among its members presidents <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical, and other professions.<sup id="cite_ref-rathbun_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rathbun-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Seas_expedition">South Seas expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South Seas expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Charles_Wilkes,_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg/220px-Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg/330px-Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg/440px-Commodore_Charles_Wilkes%2C_commander_of_the_United_States_Exploring_Expedition_1838_-_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">Exploring Expedition</a> 1838–1842</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincennes_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg/220px-Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg/330px-Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg/440px-Vincennes_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS </a></i><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">Vincennes<i></i></a> in Disappointment Bay, Antarctica, during the Wilkes Expedition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific-Northwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/220px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/330px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pacific-Northwest.jpg/440px-Pacific-Northwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10339" data-file-height="7014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>: 1841 Map of the Oregon Territory from <i>Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1838, although not yet a seasoned naval line officer, Wilkes was experienced in nautical survey work, and was working with civilian scientists. Upon this background, he was given command of the government exploring expedition "... for the purpose of exploring and surveying the Southern Ocean,... as well to determine the existence of all doubtful islands and shoals, as to discover, and accurately fix, the position of those which [lay] in or near the track of our vessels in that quarter, and [might] have escaped the observation of scientific navigators." The US Exploring Squadron was authorized by act of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on May 18, 1836. </p><p>The Exploring Expedition, commonly known as the Wilkes Expedition, included <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanists</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mineralogist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralogist">mineralogist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxidermist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxidermist">taxidermists</a>, artists, and a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>, and it was carried by <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></i> (780 tons) and <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Peacock_(1813)#USS_Peacock_.281828.29" title="USS Peacock (1813)">USS <i>Peacock</i></a></i> (650 tons), the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a></i> (230 tons), the store-ship <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Relief_(1836)" title="USS Relief (1836)">USS <i>Relief</i></a></i>, and two <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Gull_(1838)" title="USS Sea Gull (1838)">USS <i>Sea Gull</i></a></i> (110 tons) and <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Flying_Fish_(1838)" title="USS Flying Fish (1838)">USS <i>Flying Fish</i></a></i> (96 tons).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Departing from <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> on August 18, 1838, the expedition stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>; visited <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu">Tuamotu</a> Archipelago, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>; from Sydney sailed into the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ocean">Antarctic Ocean</a> in December 1839 and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>" of which it sighted the coast on January 25, 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After charting 1500 miles of Antarctic coastline, the expedition visited <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philbrick2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philbrick2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Fiji, the expedition kidnapped the chief Ro Veidovi, charging him with the murder of a crew of American whalers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, in July 1840, two sailors, one of whom was Wilkes' nephew, Midshipman Wilkes Henry, were killed while bartering for food on <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Malolo" title="Malolo">Malolo</a> Island. Wilkes' retribution was swift and severe. According to an old man from Malolo Island, nearly 80 Fijians were killed in the incident. </p><p>From December 1840 to March 1841, he employed hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">native Hawaiian</a> porters and many of his men to haul a <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> to the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> to measure gravity. Instead of using the existing trail, he blazed his own way, taking much longer than he anticipated. The conditions on the mountain reminded him of Antarctica. Many of his crew suffered snow blindness, altitude sickness and foot injuries from wearing out their shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-focus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-focus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He explored the west coast of North America, including the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a>, in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held the first <a href="/wiki/American_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="American Independence Day">American Independence Day</a> celebration west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dupont,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Dupont, Washington">Dupont, Washington</a>, on July 5, 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Exploring Expedition passed through the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Ellice Islands</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition returned by way of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, reaching New York on June 10, 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having completely encircled the globe as the last all-sail naval mission to do so, Wilkes had logged some 87,000 miles and lost two ships and 28 men. Wilkes was <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martialed</a> upon his return for the loss of one of his ships on the Columbia River bar, for the regular mistreatment of his subordinate officers, and for excessive punishment of his sailors. A major witness against him was ship doctor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guillou" title="Charles Guillou">Charles Guillou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was acquitted on all charges except illegally punishing men in his squadron. For a short time, he was attached to the Coast Survey, but from 1844 to 1861, he was chiefly engaged in preparing the report of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <i>Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition</i> (5 volumes and an atlas) was published in 1844. He edited the scientific reports of the expedition (19 volumes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11 atlases, 1844–1874) and was the author of Vol. XI (<a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a>) and Vol. XXIII (<a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a>). <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate" title="Alfred Thomas Agate">Alfred Thomas Agate</a>, engraver and illustrator, was the designated portrait and botanical artist of the expedition. His work was used to illustrate the <i>Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Narrative</i> contains much interesting material concerning the manners, customs, political and economic conditions in many places then little known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkes' 1841 Map of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> pre-dated <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Fremont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Fremont">John Charles Fremont</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> pathfinder expedition guided by <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> during 1842. </p><p>Other valuable contributions were the three reports of <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Zoophyte" title="Zoophyte">Zoophytes</a></i> (1846), <i>Geology</i> (1849) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></i> (1852–1854). Moreover, the specimens and artifacts brought back by expedition scientists ultimately formed the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> collection. In addition to many shorter articles and reports, Wilkes published the major scientific works <i>Western America, including California and Oregon</i> in 1849 and <i>Voyage round the world: embracing the principal events of the narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition in one volume: illustrated with one hundred and seventy-eight engravings on wood</i> in 1849, and <i>Theory of the Winds</i> in 1856. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/220px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/330px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/440px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6648" data-file-height="5160" /></a><figcaption>Capt. Charles Wilkes in <i>The Champions of the Union</i>, lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilkes was promoted to the rank of commander in 1843 and that of captain in 1855. At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, he was assigned to the command of <i><a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a></i> to search for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> commerce destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/CSS_Sumter" title="CSS Sumter">CSS <i>Sumter</i></a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trent_Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trent Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></div> <p>As part of these duties, he visited the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> in 1861. Acting on orders, Wilkes remained in port for nearly a week aboard his flagship<i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Wachusett_(1861)" title="USS Wachusett (1861)">USS <i>Wachusett</i></a>, violating the British rule that allowed American naval vessels (of either side) to remain in port for only a single day. While Wilkes remained in port, his gunboats </i><a href="/wiki/USS_Tioga" title="USS Tioga">USS <i>Tioga</i></a><i> and </i><a href="/wiki/USS_Sonoma_(1862)" title="USS Sonoma (1862)">USS <i>Sonoma</i></a><i> blockaded <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Saint George's</a> harbor, a key Confederate <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade runner</a> base. The gunboats opened fire at the </i>RMS<i> </i>Merlin<i>.</i> </p><p>When Wilkes learned that <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">James Murray Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>, two Confederate commissioners (to Britain and France, respectively), were bound for England on a British <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet boat</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/RMS_Trent" title="RMS Trent">RMS <i>Trent</i></a></i>, he ordered the steam frigate <i>San Jacinto</i> to stop them. On November 8, 1861, <i>San Jacinto</i> met <i>Trent</i> and fired two shots across its bow, forcing the ship to stop. A party from <i>San Jacinto</i> led by its captain then boarded <i>Trent</i> and arrested Mason and Slidell, a further violation of British <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>. The diplomats were taken to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Warren (Massachusetts)">Fort Warren</a> in Boston Harbor. </p><p>The actions of "The Notorious Wilkes," as Bermuda media branded him, were contrary to maritime law and convinced many that full-scale war between the United States and England was inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was officially thanked by Congress "for his brave, adroit and patriotic conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his action was later disavowed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a> due to diplomatic protests by the British government (Mason and Slidell were released). His next service was in the <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James River</a> flotilla and he was placed on the retired list on December 21, 1861. Subsequently, after reaching the rank of commodore on July 16, 1862, he was assigned to duty against blockade runners in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies_Squadron">West Indies Squadron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West Indies Squadron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As commander of the West Indies Squadron, Wilkes repeatedly complained of having an insufficient force, and he twice seconded to his own fleet ships ordered to other duties, even in spite of direct orders to release them. Though he had a degree of success in the capture of blockade runners, in which he profited personally, he drew criticism for failing in his primary task, the capture of the commerce raiders <i><a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS Alabama</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/CSS_Florida" title="CSS Florida">CSS Florida</a></i>. He also repeatedly exacerbated diplomatic relations with the British, Spanish, Dutch, French, Danes and Mexicans through his arrogant and illegal activities in the West Indies and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. In violation of international law regarding belligerent nations, he established coal depots on a number of neutral islands and frequently illegally hovered outside of neutral ports. The British accused him of establishing virtual blockades of the ports of <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's</a>, where his arrogant behavior even led to suspicions that he had been sent to intentionally insult the British, while the French similarly accused him of effectively blockading <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. </p><p>Wilkes justified his actions by calling the ports little short of operational bases for blockade runners. His capture of ships such as the <a href="/wiki/USS_Peterhoff_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Peterhoff (1863)"><i>Peterhoff</i></a>, <i>Dolphin</i>, <i>Springbok</i>, and <i>Victor</i> resulted in diplomatic remonstrations explicitly directed against Wilkes. He was recalled from his West Indies command in June 1863, a consequence of multiple factors. His failure to capture the Confederate commerce raiders certainly played a role, and his retention of the <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Vanderbilt" title="USS Vanderbilt">USS Vanderbilt</a></i> in direct contravention of explicit orders to release it to independently hunt the <i>Alabama</i> served as a justification, but he probably owed his removal primarily to the seeming never-ending stream of complaints from neutral nations over his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_martial">Court martial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Court martial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though supported by him in many of his actions in the West Indies, Wilkes frequently found himself in open conflict with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>. Welles had recommended that Wilkes had been too old to receive the rank of commodore under the act then governing promotions. </p><p>When Welles severely criticized Wilkes in his December 1863 annual report over his retention of the <i>Vanderbilt</i>, Wilkes wrote a scathing response that found its way into the newspapers. A court of inquiry accused Wilkes of responsibility for its publication, and he was brought before a March 1864 court martial, facing charges of disobedience of orders, insubordination, disrespect of a superior officer, disobedience of naval regulations, and conduct unbecoming an officer. He was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to public reprimand and suspension for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lincoln reduced the suspension to one year, and the balance of charges were dropped. On July 25, 1866, he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on the retired list.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg/220px-Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg/330px-Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg/440px-Rear_Admiral_Charles_Wilkes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4233" /></a><figcaption>Admiral Charles Wilkes, retired</figcaption></figure> <p>One historian speculated that Wilkes' obsessive behavior and harsh code of shipboard discipline shaped <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s characterization of Captain Ahab in <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such speculation is not mentioned in the United States Navy historical archives. </p><p>In addition to his contribution to United States naval history and scientific study in his official <i>Narrative of the Exploration Squadron</i> (6 volumes), Wilkes wrote his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>. </p><p>Wilkes died in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, with the rank of Rear Admiral. In August 1909, the United States moved his remains to <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>. His gravestone says that "He discovered the Ant-arctic continent." <i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg/220px-Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg/330px-Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg/440px-Admiral_Charles_Wilkes_plaque_at_United_States_National_Arboretum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at National Arboretum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The United States Navy named three ships for Wilkes: torpedo boat <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Wilkes_(TB-35)" title="USS Wilkes (TB-35)">USS <i>Wilkes</i> (TB-35)</a></i> that served around the turn of the 20th-century, destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Wilkes_(DD-67)" title="USS Wilkes (DD-67)">USS <i>Wilkes</i> (DD-67)</a></i> that served during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Wilkes_(DD-441)" title="USS Wilkes (DD-441)">USS <i>Wilkes</i> (DD-441)</a></i> that served during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An oceanographic survey vessel, the <i>USS Wilkes (T-AGS-33)</i>, was launched in 1969 with the sponsorship of Mrs. Hollis Lyons Joy (Deborah Wilkes Joy), Wilkes' great-granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is named after him.</li> <li>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Island" title="Wilkes Island">Wilkes Island</a>, one of the three islands surrounding the lagoon at <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Atoll</a>, was named for Wilkes by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Alexander Wetmore</a> who was the lead scientist of the <a href="/wiki/Tanager_Expedition" title="Tanager Expedition">Tanager Expedition</a>.</li> <li>Captain Charles Wilkes Elementary in <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainbridge Island">Bainbridge Island</a>, Washington was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed to x̌alilc (Halilts) Elementary in 2023 with mixed public reception.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wilkes Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia, Missouri</a> is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian</a> plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Wilkesia" title="Wilkesia">Wilkesia</a></i> was named in his honor<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a> – 1 January 1818</li> <li>Lieutenant – 28 April 1826</li> <li>Commander – 13 July 1843</li> <li>Captain – 14 September 1855</li> <li>Retired List, 21 December 1861</li> <li>Commodore, Retired List – 16 July 1862</li> <li>Rear Admiral, Retired List – 6 August 1866</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyageroundworl00wilkgoog"><i>Voyage Round the World: Embracing the Principal Events of the Narrative of the United States</i></a>. George W. Gorton. 1849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+Round+the+World%3A+Embracing+the+Principal+Events+of+the+Narrative+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=George+W.+Gorton&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyageroundworl00wilkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernamericai00wilkgoog">Western America, Including California and Oregon, with Maps of Those Regions ...</a> (1849)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defencecomcharl00wilkgoog">Defence of Com. Charles Wilkes</a> (1864)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration" title="European and American voyages of scientific exploration">European and American voyages of scientific exploration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?179909-1/sea-glory-voyage-discovery"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Nathaniel Philbrick on <i>Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842</i>, January 25, 2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBixby1966" class="citation book cs1">Bixby, William (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MlxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Forgotten Voyage of Charles Wilkes</i></a>. New York: David McKay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Voyage+of+Charles+Wilkes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+McKay&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bixby&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MlxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries1945" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffries, William W. (1945). "The Civil War Career of Charles Wilkes". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 324–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2197811">10.2307/2197811</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197811">2197811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+Career+of+Charles+Wilkes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-348&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2197811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2197811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney2002" class="citation book cs1">Gurney, Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_PbTJIKvhcC"><i>The Race to the White Continent: Voyages to the Antarctic</i></a>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32321-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32321-4"><bdi>978-0-393-32321-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+to+the+White+Continent%3A+Voyages+to+the+Antarctic&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32321-4&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_PbTJIKvhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Philbrick" title="Nathaniel Philbrick">Philbrick, Nathaniel</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5sTHSXlv5XAC"><i>Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200483-8"><bdi>978-0-14-200483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Glory%3A+America%27s+Voyage+of+Discovery%2C+The+U.S.+Exploring+Expedition%2C+1838%E2%80%931842&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200483-8&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5sTHSXlv5XAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Silverberg, Robert</a> (1968). <i>Stormy Voyager: The Story of Charles Wilkes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stormy+Voyager%3A+The+Story+of+Charles+Wilkes&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Silverberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilwell_Jenkins1852" class="citation book cs1">Stilwell Jenkins, John (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsMNAAAAQAAJ"><i>Explorations and Adventures in and Around the Pacific and Antarctic Oceans: Being the Voyage of the U.S. Exploring Squadron, Commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes ... in 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 ; Together with Explorations and Discoveries Made by Admiral D'Urville, Captain Ross, and Other Navigators and Travellers, and an Account of the Expedition to the Dead Sea, Under Lieutenant Lynch</i></a>. Hurst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+and+Adventures+in+and+Around+the+Pacific+and+Antarctic+Oceans%3A+Being+the+Voyage+of+the+U.S.+Exploring+Squadron%2C+Commanded+by+Captain+Charles+Wilkes+...+in+1838%2C+1839%2C+1840%2C+1841%2C+and+1842+%3B+Together+with+Explorations+and+Discoveries+Made+by+Admiral+D%27Urville%2C+Captain+Ross%2C+and+Other+Navigators+and+Travellers%2C+and+an+Account+of+the+Expedition+to+the+Dead+Sea%2C+Under+Lieutenant+Lynch&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Stilwell+Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsMNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/wilkes">"Charles Wilkes papers, 1816-1876 - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Wilkes+papers%2C+1816-1876+-+Archives+%26+Manuscripts+at+Duke+University+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.duke.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fwilkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacific-hwy.net/cowlitz_farms.htm">"Cowlitz Farm History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cowlitz+Farm+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacific-hwy.net%2Fcowlitz_farms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1843&year-max=1843&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1843%26year-max%3D1843%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rathbun-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rathbun_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbun1917" class="citation book cs1">Rathbun, Richard (October 18, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MY-5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22columbian+institute%22&pg=PA118"><i>The Columbian institute for the promotion of arts and sciences: A Washington Society of 1816–1838</i></a>. Bulletin of the United States National Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbian+institute+for+the+promotion+of+arts+and+sciences%3A+A+Washington+Society+of+1816%E2%80%931838.&rft.pub=Bulletin+of+the+United+States+National+Museum&rft.date=1917-10-18&rft.aulast=Rathbun&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMY-5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522columbian%2Binstitute%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler, David B (1968) <i>The Wilkes Expedition. The First United States Exploring Expedition</i> (1838–42). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood2020_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2020" class="citation web cs1">Wood, G.D. (26 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/charles-wilkes-antarctica-explorer-180974432/">"The Forgotten American Explorer Who Discovered Huge Parts of Antarctica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+American+Explorer+Who+Discovered+Huge+Parts+of+Antarctica&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fcharles-wilkes-antarctica-explorer-180974432%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philbrick2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philbrick2004_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Philbrick" title="Nathaniel Philbrick">Philbrick, N.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofgloryameric00phil/page/n21"><i>Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery : the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0142004838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0142004838"><bdi>978-0142004838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Glory%3A+America%27s+Voyage+of+Discovery+%3A+the+U.S.+Exploring+Expedition%2C+1838%E2%80%931842&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0142004838&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseaofgloryameric00phil%2Fpage%2Fn21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Antony (2014-07-03). "The Capture and Curation of the Cannibal 'Vendovi': Reality and Representation of a Pacific Frontier". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 255–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2014.914623">10.1080/00223344.2014.914623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3344">0022-3344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162900603">162900603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Capture+and+Curation+of+the+Cannibal+%27Vendovi%27%3A+Reality+and+Representation+of+a+Pacific+Frontier&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-282&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162900603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223344.2014.914623&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-focus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-focus_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple1973" class="citation web cs1">Apple, Russell A. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/74000295_text">"Wilkes Campsite Nomination form"</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=Wilkes+Campsite+Nomination+form&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Apple&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F74000295_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew_W._Crooks" class="citation web cs1">Drew W. Crooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160221/http://homeworkhelper.dupontmuseum.com/TheWilkesExploringExpedition.aspx">"The Wilkes Expedition and Southern Puget Sound: An 1841 Encounter With Lasting Effects"</a>. <i>History Homework Helpers</i>. Dupont Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeworkhelper.dupontmuseum.com/TheWilkesExploringExpedition.aspx">the original</a> on July 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Homework+Helpers&rft.atitle=The+Wilkes+Expedition+and+Southern+Puget+Sound%3A+An+1841+Encounter+With+Lasting+Effects&rft.au=Drew+W.+Crooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomeworkhelper.dupontmuseum.com%2FTheWilkesExploringExpedition.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1856" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, Charles (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbMNAAAAQAAJ"><i>Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842</i></a>. Vol. 4. G. P. Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+United+States+Exploring+Expedition+During+the+Years+1838%2C+1839%2C+1840%2C+1841%2C+1842&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbMNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The visit to the Ellice Islands (now known as <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) is described in Chapter 2 in volume 5, pp. 35–75, 'Ellice's and Kingsmill's Group' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/">sil.si.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_WilkesCharles_Fleury_GuilloûUnited_States_Navy_Court-martial1843" class="citation book cs1">Charles Wilkes; Charles Fleury Guilloû; United States Navy Court-martial (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXIjHQAACAAJ"><i>The following defense of Lieut. Charles Wilkes: to the charge which he has been tried</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+following+defense+of+Lieut.+Charles+Wilkes%3A+to+the+charge+which+he+has+been+tried&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Charles+Wilkes&rft.au=Charles+Fleury+Guillo%C3%BB&rft.au=United+States+Navy+Court-martial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXIjHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell,_Mary_Ann1911" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Mary Ann, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/checklistofunite01unitrich"><i>Checklist of United States public documents 1789–1909</i></a>. Govt. print. off. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/checklistofunite01unitrich/page/661">661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Checklist+of+United+States+public+documents+1789%E2%80%931909&rft.pages=661&rft.pub=Govt.+print.+off.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchecklistofunite01unitrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/usexex/learn/Overstreet-02.pdf">"The Publications of the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1844–1874, Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Collection — Volumes were numbered I through XXIV. Volumes XVIII, XIX, XXI, & XXII were not published. Only 2 chapters of Volume XXIV were published"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Publications+of+the+U.S.+Exploring+Expedition%2C+1844%E2%80%931874%2C+Smithsonian+Institution+Libraries+Digital+Collection+%E2%80%94+Volumes+were+numbered+I+through+XXIV.+Volumes+XVIII%2C+XIX%2C+XXI%2C+%26+XXII+were+not+published.+Only+2+chapters+of+Volume+XXIV+were+published.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.si.edu%2Fdigitalcollections%2Fusexex%2Flearn%2FOverstreet-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extensive report of the expedition has been digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. The visit to the Ellice Islands (now known as <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) is described in Chapter 2 in volume 5, pp. 35–75, 'Ellice's and Kingsmill's Group', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/">sil.si.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeichmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Deichmann, Catherine Lynch (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjhNAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Notorious+Wilkes%22"><i>Rogues & runners: Bermuda and the American Civil War</i></a>. Bermuda National Trust. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9693939-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9693939-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9693939-9-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogues+%26+runners%3A+Bermuda+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Bermuda+National+Trust&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9693939-9-3&rft.aulast=Deichmann&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjhNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Notorious%2BWilkes%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n283/mode/1up"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year%3A+1862&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1862appletonsan02newyuoft%23page%2Fn283%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1945_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffries1945">Jeffries 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Stormy Petrel and the Whale, by David Jaffe, Port City Press, c1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZ3aWxrZXMSB2NoYXJsZXM-/">Burial Detail: Wilkes, Charles (Section 2, Grave 1164)</a> – ANC Explorer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilkes-iii.htm">"USS Wilkes (DD-441)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Wilkes+%28DD-441%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw8%2Fwilkes-iii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilkes-i.htm">"USS Wilkes (TB-35)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Wilkes+%28TB-35%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw8%2Fwilkes-i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilkes-ii.htm">"USS Wilkes (DD-67)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Wilkes+%28DD-67%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw8%2Fwilkes-ii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilkes-iv.htm">"USS Wilkes (T-AGS-33)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Wilkes+%28T-AGS-33%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fw8%2Fwilkes-iv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisd303.org/Domain/12">"Bainbridge Island School District"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bainbridge+Island+School+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bisd303.org%2FDomain%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilling" class="citation web cs1">Pilling, Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/education/2023/03/31/bainbridge-island-washginton-wilkes-elementary-school-renamed-suquamish-tribe/70065504007/">"Bainbridge's Wilkes Elementary is getting a new name that recognizes the Suquamish Tribe"</a>. <i>Kitsap Sun</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitsap+Sun&rft.atitle=Bainbridge%27s+Wilkes+Elementary+is+getting+a+new+name+that+recognizes+the+Suquamish+Tribe&rft.aulast=Pilling&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitsapsun.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F2023%2F03%2F31%2Fbainbridge-island-washginton-wilkes-elementary-school-renamed-suquamish-tribe%2F70065504007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Wilkesia_gymnoxiphium">"Native Plants Hawaii – Viewing Plant : Wilkesia gymnoxiphium"</a>. <i>nativeplants.hawaii.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nativeplants.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Native+Plants+Hawaii+%E2%80%93+Viewing+Plant+%3A+Wilkesia+gymnoxiphium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnativeplants.hawaii.edu%2Fplant%2Fview%2FWilkesia_gymnoxiphium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/william-bixby-2/the-forgotten-voyage-of-charges-wilkes/">"Review: <i>The Forgotten Voyage of Charles Wilkes</i> by William Bixby"</a>. <i>Kirkus Reviews</i>. 1 March 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Forgotten+Voyage+of+Charles+Wilkes+by+William+Bixby&rft.date=1966-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fwilliam-bixby-2%2Fthe-forgotten-voyage-of-charges-wilkes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Robert_R.2003" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Robert R. (30 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/30/books/the-ex-ex-files.html">"Review: <i>Sea of Glory</i> by Nathaniel Philbrick"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Sea+of+Glory+by+Nathaniel+Philbrick&rft.date=2003-11-30&rft.au=Harris%2C+Robert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F11%2F30%2Fbooks%2Fthe-ex-ex-files.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wilkes,_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wilkes, Charles">Wilkes, Charles</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 642.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilkes%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=642&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> </i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a><i>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blumenthal, Richard W. <i>Charles Wilkes and the Exploration of Inland Washington Waters: Journals from the Expedition of 1841</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786443161" title="Special:BookSources/9780786443161">9780786443161</a></li> <li>Philbrick, Nathaniel. <i>Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery: the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842</i>. New York: Penguin Books, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0142004839" title="Special:BookSources/0142004839">0142004839</a></li> <li>Wolfe, Cheri. <i>Lt. Charles Wilkes and the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition</i>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791013200" title="Special:BookSources/0791013200">0791013200</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Wilkes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/follow-01.htm">Smithsonian Digital Library</a> <i>Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition</i>, Charles Wilkes USN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/wilkes/">Guide to the Charles Wilkes Papers, 1816–1876</a>, Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Rumsey" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Rumsey" title="David Rumsey">David Rumsey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps184.html">"1844 Map of the Oregon Territory"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/David_Rumsey_Historical_Map_Collection" title="David Rumsey Historical Map Collection">David Rumsey Historical Map Collection</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=David+Rumsey+Historical+Map+Collection&rft.atitle=1844+Map+of+the+Oregon+Territory&rft.au=David+Rumsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2Fmaps184.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Wilkes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Wilkes,+Charles">Works by Charles Wilkes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wilkes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Wilkes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilkes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Wilkes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wilkes%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Wilkes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wilkes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Wilkes%22%29%20OR%20%28%221798-1877%22%20AND%20Wilkes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Wilkes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.uncc.edu/repositories/4/resources/23">Wilkes Family Papers</a>, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cwilkes.htm">"Charles Wilkes Rear Admiral, United States Navy"</a>. <i>ArlingtonCemetery.net</i>. 17 December 2022. 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title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119329#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119329#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119329#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121180280">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2573964">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5459/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd8dHPyXGpBDF9F8T4yVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118837915">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017314">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124822464">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124822464">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35608282">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071463445">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2002771">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297845405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614884906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14829883">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Wilkes">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500117500">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=11928">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1013311">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118837915.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118837915">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027779041">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zk5jd8">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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173.720 31 Template:Ship"," 10.73% 160.853 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.21% 153.066 13 Template:Cite_book"," 7.57% 113.448 26 Template:USS"," 6.68% 100.073 2 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.780","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12626912,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApple1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBixby1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_WilkesCharles_Fleury_GuilloûUnited_States_Navy_Court-martial1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Rumsey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeichmann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrew_W._Crooks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurney2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris,_Robert_R.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartwell,_Mary_Ann1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffries1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilbrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilbrick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilling\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathbun1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverberg1968\"] = 1,\n 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rxt7p","timestamp":"20241125030539","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Charles Wilkes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Wilkes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q119329","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q119329","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-01T18:09:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T03:56:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Charles-Wilkes.jpg","headline":"naval officer and explorer from the United States (1798-1877)"}</script> </body> </html>