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Toggle Four voyages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Four_voyages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 First voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antarctic_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctic_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Antarctic waters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctic_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_South_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_South_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 New South Greenland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_South_Greenland-sublist" 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Fourth voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Money-making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money-making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Books and journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" 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href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بنجامین موریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنجامین موریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB" title="ベンジャミン・モレル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンジャミン・モレル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Моррелл, Бенджамин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моррелл, Бенджамин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Benjamin Morrell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American explorer (1795 – c. 1839)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Benjamin Morrell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Morrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/220px-Morrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/330px-Morrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/440px-Morrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1288" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1832 engraving of Morrell</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1795-07-05)July 5, 1795 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1839 (aged 43–44) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">Sea captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abby_Jane_Morrell" title="Abby Jane Morrell">Abby Jane Wood</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1824)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr></tbody></table> Benjamin Morrell (July 5, 1795 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1839) was an American <a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">sea captain</a>, explorer and trader who made a number of voyages, mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Ghost-written" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost-written">ghost-written</a> memoir, A Narrative of Four Voyages, which describes his sea-going life between 1823 and 1832, Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement, many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians, and in some cases have been proven false. He ended his career as a fugitive, having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo. Morrell had an eventful early career, running away to sea at the age of 17 and being twice captured and imprisoned by the British during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. He subsequently sailed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/before_the_mast" class="extiw" title="wikt:before the mast">before the mast</a> for several years before being appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_mate" title="Chief mate">chief mate</a>, and later as captain, of the New York sealer Wasp. In 1823, he took Wasp for an extended voyage into <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> waters, and on his return made unsubstantiated claims to have travelled beyond 70°S and to have sighted new coastlines in the area now known as the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>. His subsequent voyages mainly centered on the Pacific, where he attempted to develop trading relations with the indigenous populations. Although Morrell wrote of the enormous potential wealth to be obtained from the Pacific trade, his endeavours were, in the main, commercially unprofitable. Despite his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth and fantasy, Morrell has been defended by some later commentators who, while questioning his general reliability, maintain that not all his life was fraud and exaggeration. They believe that aside from the bombast and boastful tone of the account that carries his name, there is evidence that he carried out useful work, such as his discovery of large-scale guano deposits which led to the development of a full-scale industry. He is believed to have died in 1838 or 1839, in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>; there is, however, evidence to suggest that this death might have been staged, and that he lived on in exile, possibly in South America. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png/220px-South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png/330px-South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png/440px-South_Shetland_Islands_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Map of the South Shetland Islands, scene of Morrell's first Antarctic adventures</figcaption></figure> Morrell was born at <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, on July 5, 1795.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Stonington,_Connecticut" title="Stonington, Connecticut">Stonington, Connecticut</a>, where his father, also named Benjamin, was employed as a shipbuilder.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> Morrell, after minimal schooling, ran away to sea at the age of 17 "without taking leave of any member of my family, or intimating my purpose to a single soul".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, which broke out while he was at sea, he was twice captured by the British; on his first voyage, his ship, carrying a cargo of flour, was intercepted off <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s,_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's, Newfoundland">St John's, Newfoundland</a>, and Morrell was detained for eight months. His second voyage landed him in <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor (HM Prison)">Dartmoor prison</a>, England, for two years.<a href="#cite_note-HRM104-3">[3]</a> After his release Morrell continued his seafaring career, sailing before the mast as an ordinary seaman since his lack of education prevented him advancing to officer rank.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> A sympathetic captain, Josiah Macy, taught him what he needed to know to qualify as an officer,<a href="#cite_note-ANB-4">[4]</a> and in 1821 he was appointed chief mate on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal hunter">sealer</a> Wasp, under Captain Robert Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-HRM104-3">[3]</a> Wasp was bound for the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, which had been discovered three years earlier by the British Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">William Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Morrell, who had evidently heard stories of these islands, was keen to go there.<a href="#cite_note-HRM104-3">[3]</a> On the ensuing voyage he was involved in a series of "remarkable adventures"<a href="#cite_note-HRM105-6">[6]</a> which included a narrow escape from drowning, then being lost at sea in a small boat during a gale that swept him 50 nautical miles (58 mi; 93 km) from the ship, and leading efforts to extricate Wasp when she became trapped in the ice.<a href="#cite_note-HRM105-6">[6]</a> On the day following his return to New York, Morrell was appointed captain of Wasp, while Johnson took over the schooner Henry.<a href="#cite_note-HRM105-6">[6]</a> The two ships were jointly commissioned to return to the South Seas for sealing, trading and exploration, and "to ascertain the practicality, under favourable circumstances, of penetrating to the South Pole."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_voyages">Four voyages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Four voyages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean">First voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland">New South Greenland</a></div> Wasp and Henry sailed from New York on June 21, 1822, and remained together as far as the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. They then separated, Wasp travelling east in search of sealing grounds. Morrell's account of the next few months of the voyage, in Antarctic and <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> waters, is controversial. His claims of distances he travelled, latitudes he reached, and discoveries he made have been challenged as inaccurate or impossible, giving substance to his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth, and leading to much criticism by later writers.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antarctic_waters">Antarctic waters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antarctic waters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_island_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/220px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/330px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/440px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (1898 photo)</figcaption></figure> Morrell's journal indicates that Wasp reached <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> on November 20, and then sailed eastwards towards the isolated <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, which lies approximately midway between Southern Africa and the Antarctic continent and is known as the world's remotest island.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It had been discovered in 1739 by the French navigator <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a> but his plotting of its position was inaccurate;<a href="#cite_note-Southpole-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>, in 1772, had been unable to find it and had assumed its nonexistence.<a href="#cite_note-Southpole-11">[11]</a> It had not been seen again until 1808, when the British sealing captains James Lindsay and Thomas Hopper reached it and recorded its correct position, although they were unable to land.<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-McG-13">[13]</a> Morrell, by his own account, found the island without difficulty—with "improbable ease", in the words of historian William Mills—<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a> before landing and hunting seals there. In his subsequent lengthy description, Morrell does not mention the island's most obvious physical feature, its permanent ice cover.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This has caused some commentators to doubt that he actually visited the island.<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SH60-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png/220px-Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png/330px-Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png/440px-Morrell_Antarctic_Voyage_1822.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Wasp's voyage track, November 20, 1822, to February 28, 1823, based on Morrell's claimed positions. Much of the return journey (continuous line) is within the Antarctic coastline.</figcaption></figure> After leaving <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, Wasp continued eastward, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> on December 31, 1822, where she remained for 11 days. The voyage then evidently continued to the south and east until February 1, 1823, when Morrell records his position as 65°52'S, 118°27'E.<a href="#cite_note-BM65-16">[16]</a> Here, Morrell says he took advantage of an eleven-knot breeze and turned the ship, to begin a passage westward.<a href="#cite_note-BM65-16">[16]</a> Apart from one undated position at 69°11'S, 48°15'E, Morrell's journal is silent until February 23, when he records crossing the Greenwich (0°) meridian.<a href="#cite_note-BM65-16">[16]</a> Historians have doubted that such a long passage from 118°E, about 3,500 nautical miles (4,000 mi; 6,500 km), could have been made so quickly in ice-strewn waters and against the prevailing winds.<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Although some writers, including former Royal Navy navigator <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a>, have argued that Morrell's claims as to speed and distance are plausible,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Morrell's undated interim latitude was later shown to be well inside the Antarctic mainland territory of <a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a>. Gould, writing in 1928 before the continental boundaries of this sector of Antarctica were known, based his support for Morrell on the premise that Enderby Land was an island with a sea channel south of it.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He added: "If at some future date Enderby Land is found to form part of the Antarctic continent, Morrell's most inveterate champions will, perforce, have to throw up the sponge."<a href="#cite_note-Gould281-20">[20]</a> According to Morrell, Wasp reached the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> on February 28. His presence there is corroborated by his descriptions of the harbour on <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule Island</a>, confirmed by the early 20th century expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-SH-22">[22]</a> In the next phase of the voyage Morrell records that he took Wasp southwards and, the sea being remarkably clear of ice, reached a latitude of 70°14'S before turning north on March 14 as fuel for the ship's stoves was running out.<a href="#cite_note-BM65-16">[16]</a> This journey, if Morrell's account is true, made him the first American sea-captain to penetrate the Antarctic Circle.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> He believed, he says, that but for this deficiency he could have "made a glorious advance directly to the South Pole, or to 85° without the least doubt".<a href="#cite_note-BM65-16">[16]</a> Some credence to his claimed southern latitude is provided by <a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">James Weddell</a>'s voyage on a similar track, a month earlier, which reached 74°15'S before retreating.<a href="#cite_note-Weddell-23">[23]</a> The words used by Weddell to express his belief that the South Pole lay in open water are replicated by Morrell, whose account was written nine years after the event. Thus it is suggested by geographer Paul Simpson-Housley that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell's experiences,<a href="#cite_note-SH-22">[22]</a> since Weddell's account had been published in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-Weddell-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_South_Greenland">New South Greenland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New South Greenland">edit</a>]</div> Morrell's account describes how on the day after turning north from his southernmost point, a large tract of land was sighted in the region of 67°52'S, 44°11'W. Morrell refers to this land as "<a href="/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland">New South Greenland</a>",<a href="#cite_note-BM69-24">[24]</a> and records that during the next few days Wasp explored more than 300 nautical miles (350 mi; 560 km) of coast. Morrell provided vivid descriptions of the land's features, with observations of its abundant wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-BM69-24">[24]</a> No such land exists; other appearances of land at or near this bearing, reported during the 1842 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Clark_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Clark Ross">Sir James Clark Ross</a>, have likewise proved imaginary.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1917, the British explorer <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William Speirs Bruce</a> wrote that the existence of land in this area "should not be rejected until absolutely disproved."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> By this time both <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Wilhelm Filchner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, in their respective ice-bound ships, had drifted close to the plotted positions of New South Greenland and reported no sign of it.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It has been suggested that what Morrell saw was actually the eastern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, some 400 nautical miles (460 mi; 740 km) further west from his sighting.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This would require a navigational error of at least 10°, and a complete revision of Morrell's timeline after leaving the South Sandwich Islands.<a href="#cite_note-SH-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Assuming that Morrell did not invent the experience, a possible explanation is that he witnessed a <a href="/wiki/Superior_mirage" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior mirage">superior mirage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SH-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_and_home">Pacific and home</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pacific and home">edit</a>]</div> On March 19, Morrell "bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland",<a href="#cite_note-BM69-24">[24]</a> and sailed away from the Antarctic never to return. The remaining stages of the voyage are uncontroversial, involving a year-long cruise in the Pacific Ocean. This took Wasp to the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> and also to the island of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Más a Tierra</a> where, a century earlier, the Scottish seaman Alexander Selkirk had been marooned, providing the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a> story.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Wasp returned to New York in May 1824. There, he found that his wife whom he had married in 1819, not named in any accounts of Morrell's life or career, and his two small children, likewise unnamed, had all died. He quickly married his 15-year-old cousin, <a href="/wiki/Abby_Jane_Morrell" title="Abby Jane Morrell">Abigail Jane Wood</a> ("Abby").<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_voyage:_North_and_South_Pacific">Second voyage: North and South Pacific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second voyage: North and South Pacific">edit</a>]</div> For his second voyage, Morrell took charge of a new ship, Tartar, which sailed from New York on July 19, 1824, for the Pacific Ocean. In the next two years, Tartar first explored the American coastline from the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Blanco_(Oregon)" title="Cape Blanco (Oregon)">Cape Blanco</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BM203-32">[32]</a> He then sailed westward to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, known at that time as the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> had met his death nearly 40 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-BM203-32">[32]</a> He claims to have discovered two new islands, <a href="/wiki/Byers%27s_Island" title="Byers's Island">Byers's Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morrell%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrell's Island">Morrell's Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Thereafter Tartar returned to the American coast and tracked slowly southwards back to the Straits of Magellan.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernandina_isabela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernandina_isabela.jpg/220px-Fernandina_isabela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernandina_isabela.jpg/330px-Fernandina_isabela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernandina_isabela.jpg/440px-Fernandina_isabela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina Island</a> in the Galápagos, where Morrell witnessed a spectacular volcanic eruption on February 14, 1825</figcaption></figure> Among the events witnessed and recorded in Morrell's journal were the siege of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, the main port of Peru, by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>'s liberators,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and a spectacular volcanic eruption on <a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos archipelago">Galápagos archipelago</a>, which Tartar visited during February 1825. Fernandina, then known as Narborough Island,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> exploded on February 14. In Morrell's words "The heavens appeared to be one blaze of fire, intermingling with millions of falling stars and meteors; while the flames shot upward from the peak of Narborough to the height of at least two thousand feet."<a href="#cite_note-Kricher-38">[38]</a> Morrell reports that the air temperature reached 123 °F (51 °C), and as Tartar approached the river of lava flowing into the sea, the water temperature rose to 150 °F (66 °C). Some of the crew collapsed in the heat.<a href="#cite_note-Kricher-38">[38]</a> Morrell also records how a hunting trip ashore in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> led to a skirmish with the locals which turned into a full-scale battle ending, he says, with seventeen natives dead and seven of Tartar's men wounded. Morrell claims that he was among the casualties, with an arrow in his thigh.<a href="#cite_note-BM203-32">[32]</a> Of a visit to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> Morrell writes: "The inhabitants are principally Mexicans and Spaniards who are very indolent and consequently very filthy."<a href="#cite_note-BM203-32">[32]</a> After revisiting the Galapagos Islands and gathering a harvest of <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrapin" title="Terrapin">terrapin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Tartar began a slow journey home on October 13, 1825. As they left the Pacific Morrell claimed to have personally inspected and identified every danger existing along the American Pacific coast.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Tartar finally reached New York Harbor on May 8, 1826, with a main cargo of 6,000 fur seals. This haul did not please Morrell's employers, who had evidently expected rather more. "The reception I met from my owners was cold and repulsive", he wrote. "The Tartar did not return home laden with silver and gold, and therefore my toils and dangers counted for nothing".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_voyage:_West_African_coast">Third voyage: West African coast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third voyage: West African coast">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ST-slaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ST-slaves.jpg/220px-ST-slaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ST-slaves.jpg/330px-ST-slaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ST-slaves.jpg/440px-ST-slaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century depiction of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a></figcaption></figure> In 1828, Morrell was engaged by Messrs. Christian Bergh & Co. to take command of the schooner Antarctic (named, he claims, in honour of his earlier Antarctic achievements).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Antarctic left New York on June 25, 1828, bound for Western Africa. During the following months Morrell carried out an extensive survey of the African coast between the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a>, and led several short excursions inland. He was impressed by the commercial potential of this coast, recording that "many kinds of skins may be procured about here, including those of the leopard, fox, bullock, together with ostrich feathers and valuable minerals".<a href="#cite_note-BM294-43">[43]</a> At Ichaboe Island he discovered huge deposits of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, 25 feet thick.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the face of such opportunity he records his belief that a $30,000 investment would produce in two years a profit "from ten to fifteen hundred per cent."<a href="#cite_note-BM294-43">[43]</a> During the voyage, Morrell experienced several encounters with the slave trade, first at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, then a centre for the trade because of its geographical position in relation to the Americas, Europe and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He found the slaves' conditions wretched, but was impressed by their passion for music which, he thought, "can alleviate even the pangs caused by the galling fetters of slavery".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Later in the voyage he witnessed what he describes as "horrid barbarity", including the spectacle of two women slaves in their death agonies as a result of floggings. A lengthy soliloquy in his journal on the evils of slavery concludes: "[T]he root, the source, the foundation of the evil is the ignorance and superstition of the poor negroes themselves".<a href="#cite_note-BM328-47">[47]</a> On June 8, 1829, Morrell wrote in his journal: "The voyage had been prosperous beyond our expectations, and any further stay on the African coast would have been a waste of time and money".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He arrived in New York on July 14.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_voyage:_South_Seas_and_Pacific_Ocean">Fourth voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fourth voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarleWarSpeech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EarleWarSpeech.jpg/220px-EarleWarSpeech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EarleWarSpeech.jpg/330px-EarleWarSpeech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/EarleWarSpeech.jpg/440px-EarleWarSpeech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>A Pacific <a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">war canoe</a>, with warriors. Morrell's party encountered similar armed vessels during its skirmishes in the Pacific isles.</figcaption></figure> According to Morrell, Antarctic's owners were unanimous that he should make another voyage with the ship,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and in September 1829 Antarctic left New York, bound for the South Atlantic and Pacific in search of seals. At her own insistence, and against Morrell's and the owners' advice, his wife <a href="/wiki/Abby_Jane_Morrell" title="Abby Jane Morrell">Abby Jane Morrell</a> accompanied him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> By January 1830, Antarctic had reached the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, south of New Zealand, where Morrell had hoped for a rich harvest of seal, but found the waters empty.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He sailed north for <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in the Philippines, hoping to find a commercial cargo there, and arrived in March 1830.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> No such cargo was available, but Morrell was persuaded by the American consul, George Hubbell, that a potentially profitable enterprise would be to collect <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumbers">sea cucumbers</a> (otherwise known as "Bêche-de-mer"), plentifully available in the islands now known as <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>. These could then be taken to China where they were much prized.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Abby_Jane_Morrell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="3137" /></a><figcaption>Abby Jane Morrell</figcaption></figure> Hubbell would not permit Antarctic to sail with Abby on board; possibly he had designs on her.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Morrell sailed from Manila without her, and initially had little luck in finding sea cucumbers in any quantity. Eventually Antarctic reached the <a href="/wiki/Carteret_Islands" title="Carteret Islands">Carteret Islands</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a> which now forms part of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and found sea cucumbers in abundance.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Morrell set up camp on one of the islands, where he faced a hostile reception from the population, who were nevertheless intrigued by their first sight of metal. There were thefts of tools; Morrell responded by holding several chiefs as hostages, at which the islanders mounted a full-scale attack on Morrell's shore base. Fourteen crew members were killed; Antarctic was forced to make a hasty withdrawal, leaving much equipment behind.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Morrell retreated to Manila, planning retaliation. He hired a large number of Manilans to augment his crew, and with a help of a loan from the British consul, adapted Antarctica and fitted her with guns and cannons. The ship, with Abby now on board, returned to the Carteret Islands and attacked with gunfire. After a series of such assaults and heavy casualties, the population sued for peace.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This enabled Morrell to occupy one of the islands in exchange for cutlery, trinkets, tools and other metal artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The peace was temporary; Morrell's shore camp was continually harassed by the population. Finally, Morrell decided to abandon the enterprise, citing the "unappeasable vindictiveness and incessant hostilities" of the native population.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On November 13, 1830, while returning to Manila, Antarctica anchored off the coast of the island of Uneapa (in today's <a href="/wiki/West_New_Britain_Province" title="West New Britain Province">West New Britain Province</a>).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A flotilla of native canoes approached the ship, full of apparently well-armed and aggressive islanders. After his experiences at Carteret Island, Morrell took no chances and ordered his crew to fire. The small craft were shattered; many died, while others manage to regain the shore. One man, who had clung to Antarctic's rudder, was hauled on board as a prisoner. The crew named him "Sunday"—his actual name was Dako.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> An account of this engagement was entered into the ship's log by John Keeler, the ship's young navigator.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Just over a week later, on November 22, a skirmish in the <a href="/wiki/Ninigo_Islands" title="Ninigo Islands">Ninigo Islands</a> brought Morrell another captive, whom the crew named "Monday" (his true name was never discovered).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> With two native prisoners, but little else to show from this venture, Antarctic returned to Manila in mid-December.<a href="#cite_note-F71-65">[65]</a> By now desperate for some profitable activity, Morrell made some money by displaying Dako and Monday to a fascinated public.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The only maritime opportunity available was to take a cargo to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, which he was obliged to accept. He left Manila on January 13, 1831, taking his captives with him. When Antarctic reached Cádiz five months later the port was under quarantine and closed. He was forced to discharge the cargo in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, where Dako and Monday, rumored in the town to be cannibals, again attracted great curiosity.<a href="#cite_note-F71-65">[65]</a> Antarctic finally reached New York on August 27, 1831; despite his lack of commercial success, Morrell remained upbeat about future prospects in the Pacific. "I could, with only a modest share of patronage ... open a new avenue of trade more lucrative than any that our country has ever yet enjoyed, and further, it would be in my power, and mine alone, to secure the monopoly for any term I pleased."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the final paragraph of his account of the Morrell records that his wife's father, her aunt and her aunt's child had all died during his absence, as had one of Morrell's cousins and her husband.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money-making">Money-making</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Money-making">edit</a>]</div> When he returned to New York after his profitless fourth voyage, Morrell was heavily in debt and in urgent need of funds.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Newspapers showed great interest in the story of the voyage, and Morrell was keen to cash in.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Within a few days of his arrival he had organised a stage show, entitled "Two Cannibals of the Islands of the South Pacific". This spectacle, embellished with accounts of the massacre at Carteret Island and other dramatic inclusions, played to large crowds at New York's <a href="/wiki/Rubens_Peale" title="Rubens Peale">Rubens Peale</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In October 1831 Morrell took the show on a tour, which began in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> on October 10. Among those who visited the show was the 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, the future author of <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a>, who may have based the character of <a href="/wiki/Queequeg" title="Queequeg">Queequeg</a> on his memory of Dako.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The tour proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Baltimore and finally <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, before ending in January 1832, at which point Morrell returned the show to Peale's.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Morrell's second projected source of funds was his account of his voyages, which the firm of <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">J. and J. Harper</a> were willing to publish.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> They engaged an experienced writer and dramatist, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodworth" title="Samuel Woodworth">Samuel Woodworth</a>, to make sense of Morrell's notes and sea journals,<a href="#cite_note-ANB-4">[4]</a> although Woodworth's role as ghost writer was not made public.<a href="#cite_note-F141-75">[75]</a> Abby Morrell's journals received similar treatment from another established author, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lorenzo_Knapp" title="Samuel Lorenzo Knapp">Samuel Knapp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ANB-4">[4]</a> His book was published in December 1832, hers early in 1833. Morrell's was very successful and sold well; the New York Mirror found it "a highly interesting and instructive work", with "stirring adventures and much geographical and nautical information".<a href="#cite_note-F141-75">[75]</a> France's leading explorer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> was complimentary, acknowledging Morrell as "courageous, skilled and dedicated";<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> the explorer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah Reynolds">Jeremiah Reynolds</a>, on the other hand, observed that the account contained more poetry than truth.<a href="#cite_note-SH60-15">[15]</a> Abby's book attracted less attention. It purported to be written to promote "the amelioration of the condition of the American seaman",<a href="#cite_note-Delaware-77">[77]</a> a subject in which she had not otherwise evinced interest.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Woodworth exploited the public's curiosity by preparing a stage play, The Cannibals, which opened at the Bowery Theatre, New York, in March 1833 and had a lengthy and successful run.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Morrell's ghosted account was one of the sources used by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> in his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Arthur_Gordon_Pym" class="mw-redirect" title="The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym">The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_Pacific">Return to the Pacific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to the Pacific">edit</a>]</div> With the restoration of his fortunes and his new-found fame, Morrell began plans for a further Pacific voyage, intending to return Dako and Monday to their islands and exploit further trading opportunities. Having lobbied unsuccessfully for Congressional funding,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Morrell eventually found backers who secured a converted brigantine, Margaret Oakley, in which he set sail from New York on March 9, 1834. Among the crew was Samuel Woodworth's 18-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Selim_E._Woodworth" title="Selim E. Woodworth">Selim Woodworth</a>, whose journals and letters provided a record of the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Monday was not with them; he had died a year previously.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Margaret Oakley took the westerly route to the Pacific, across the Atlantic to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, then south to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and across the Indian Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> arriving in the vicinity of Dako's home islands in November 1834. Dako was received rapturously by his people, as one who had returned from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Morrell remained in the area for several months, exploring and collecting artefacts, before departing in April 1835 for <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> (Sydney Harbour) in Australia for repairs and repainting.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> By June, Morrell was back among the Pacific islands, where he took his final leave of Dako.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> After a fruitless interval prospecting for gold on the New Guinea mainland, Morrell took the ship to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> in China,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> where he found a valuable cargo for New York on which he anticipated a profit of $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> After leaving Canton on November 14, Margaret Oakley was delayed in Singapore by bad weather, where some of the cargo was sold to pay for repairs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The ship left Singapore on December 31, 1835, and was seen off <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in early February 1836, but then disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> She was given up for lost with all her crew before, months later, news arrived in Mauritius that she had been wrecked on the coast of Madagascar. The crew was rescued, although much of the ship's cargo was lost in the wreck,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and more was used to pay off the rescuers and other of Morrell's debts. When representatives of the insurers arrived in Madagascar to assess the loss, they discovered that Morrell had departed, taking part of the remaining cargo with him. He found his way to South Africa, where he boarded a British ship, Rio Packet, bound for London.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Outside US jurisdiction, he was beyond the reach of the American authorities, who equated his actions with piracy.<a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a>]</div> In London early in 1837, Morrell attempted to convert some of the purloined cargo into cash, but word of his activities had spread, and the proceeds were immediately confiscated by agents acting for Margaret Oakley's insurers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> His reputation as a probable fraud prevented him from finding new employment; he sought work with the shipping firm of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Enderby_%26_Sons" title="Samuel Enderby & Sons">Enderby Brothers</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Charles_Enderby" title="Charles Enderby">Charles Enderby</a> said that "he had heard so much of [Morrell] that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him."<a href="#cite_note-Gould255-95">[95]</a> Thwarted in London, Morrell turned his attention to France. He had heard that d'Urville was organising an expedition to the Antarctic, and on June 20, 1837, wrote to the French Geographical Society in Paris to offer his services: "I will engage to place the Proud Banner of France ten degrees nearer the Pole than any other Banner has ever been planted, providing I can obtain the command of a Small schooner ... properly manned and equipped".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His offer was declined;<a href="#cite_note-HRM-97">[97]</a> Morrell was by now regarded as a fraud in France as well as in Britain and America.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It is not known how Morrell supported himself during his months in London; it is possible that Abby sent him funds from America.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Somehow, in the autumn of 1837, he made his way to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in Cuba, after which his movements are unclear. It appears that he eventually obtained command of a vessel, possibly the Christine, and that he sailed in September 1838,<a href="#cite_note-F268-100">[100]</a> probably planning a return to the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-ANB-4">[4]</a> He got no further than Mozambique on the East African coast; his ship was wrecked, and Morrell was stranded ashore. He is reported to have died, either of fever or during an insurrection, in late 1838 or early 1839.<a href="#cite_note-ANB-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-DAB-1">[1]</a> This story is complicated by an alternative account indicating that Christine was wrecked a year later, early in 1840, although whether Morrell was alive and in command by that date is unrecorded. Christine was known as a slave ship, which raises the possibility that in his final years Morrell was engaged with the slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-F268-100">[100]</a> Fairhead suggests an alternative hypothesis: that Morrell staged his death in Mozambique, to evade Margaret Oakley's insurers. In this scenario, he may have escaped to South America and lived out his days there. A letter dated August 11, 1843, to the editor of The New York Commercial Advertiser and signed "Morrell" could have been written, Fairhead maintains, only by someone with intimate knowledge of the Oakley voyage. Fairhead offers no explanation why Morrell, if alive, should break his silence other than: "Perhaps, like many criminals, he could not resist flaunting himself".<a href="#cite_note-F316-101">[101]</a> There is little documented history for Abby Morrell after 1838: two records, respectively dated 1841 and 1850, place her in New York, but details of her life and eventual death are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-F316-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> Despite Morrell's exposure as a fraud following the Margaret Oakley debacle, his contemporaries did not uniformly denounce him. To some, he was "the biggest liar in the Pacific",<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-McG-13">[13]</a> and d'Urville, who had earlier warmly praised Morrell's Four Voyages account, turned on the American and accused him of fabricating many of his supposed discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> However, Jeremiah Reynolds, who had expressed scepticism over the narrative, included Morrell's Pacific discoveries in his report to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> A Report in relation to islands, reefs, and shoals in the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This, says Simpson-Housley, was surely a compliment to the otherwise disgraced navigator.<a href="#cite_note-SH60-15">[15]</a> Later commentators and historians have tended to assess his career with a degree of sympathy. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Robert_Mill" title="Hugh Robert Mill">Hugh Robert Mill</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>, writing in 1905, considered that a man may be ignorant and boastful, yet still do solid work.<a href="#cite_note-HRM104-3">[3]</a> Mill thought Morrell "intolerably vain, and as great a braggart as any hero of autobiographical romance", but still found the narrative itself "most entertaining".<a href="#cite_note-HRM104-3">[3]</a> Rupert Gould, writing in 1928, thought that Morrell may have been boastful and self-aggrandizing, but that did not make him a deliberate liar.<a href="#cite_note-Gould281-20">[20]</a> Gould points to the accurate information provided by Morrell on the discovery of the guano deposits on Ichaboe Island, which laid the foundations of a flourishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> William Mills, a much more recent commentator, echoes the view that "something may be salvaged from Morrell's account, although much of it must be discarded".<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a> In regard to the Antarctic discoveries, which are Mills's particular concern, he points out that these are given no special emphasis. Morrell does not seem to regard the Antarctic expedition as particularly remarkable, and the discovery of "New South Greenland" is not claimed by Morrell himself but is credited to Captain Johnson in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-WJMills-10">[10]</a> In the preface to his Four Voyages book, Morrell admits that he incorporated the experiences of others into his account.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Paul Simpson-Housley suggests that as well as adapting Weddell's narrative as his own experience, Morrell may have taken the details of his 1823 visit to Bouvet Island from the records of an 1825 visit by Captain George Norris,<a href="#cite_note-SH60-15">[15]</a> As a reminder of Morrell's brief Antarctic exploits, <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Morrell Island</a>, at 59°27'S, 27°19'W, is an alternative name for Thule Island in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a> sub-group of the South Sandwich Islands.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> During his Pacific travels Morrell encountered groups of islands that were not on his charts, treated them as new discoveries and named them after various New York acquaintances – Westervelt, Bergh, Livingstone, Skiddy.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> One was named "Young William Group" after Morrell's infant son.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> None of these names appear in modern maps, although the "Livingstone Group" has been identified with <a href="/wiki/Namonuito_Atoll" title="Namonuito Atoll">Namonuito Atoll</a>, and "Bergh's Group" with the <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DAB-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAB_1-6">g</a> Dictionary of American Biography, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Morrell, Introduction, pp. ix–xi </li> <li id="cite_note-HRM104-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRM104_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM104_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM104_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM104_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM104_3-4">e</a> H. R. Mill, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANB_4-4">e</a> American National Biography (Vol. 15), p. 879 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> H. R. Mill, pp. 94–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-HRM105-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRM105_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM105_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM105_6-2">c</a> H. R. Mill, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Morrell, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Gould, pp. 255, 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJenssen,_Elin_Vinje2008" class="citation web cs1">Jenssen, Elin Vinje (January 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119063411/http://www.npolar.no/en/news/2008/2008-01-03-weather-wind-activity-bouvetoya.html">"Weather, wind and activity on Bouvetøya"</a>. Translated by Marte Lundberg. Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npolar.no/en/news/2008/2008-01-03-weather-wind-activity-bouvetoya.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather%2C+wind+and+activity+on+Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.au=Jenssen%2C+Elin+Vinje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2008%2F2008-01-03-weather-wind-activity-bouvetoya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WJMills-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJMills_10-7">h</a> Mills, pp. 434–435 </li> <li id="cite_note-Southpole-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southpole_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southpole_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000067.htm">"Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouver de Lozier, 1704–86"</a>. SouthPole.com. 1996–2014. Retrieved February 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Baptiste+Charles+Bouver+de+Lozier%2C+1704%E2%80%9386&rft.pub=SouthPole.com&rft.date=1996%2F2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000067.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> H. R. Mill, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-McG-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McG_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McG_13-1">b</a> McGonigal, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> H. R. Mill, pp. 106–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-SH60-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SH60_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH60_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH60_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH60_15-3">d</a> Simpson-Housley, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-BM65-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM65_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM65_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM65_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM65_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM65_16-4">e</a> Morrell, pp. 65–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> H. R. Mill, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Gould, pp. 260–262 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> See Gould, pp. 257, 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould281-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould281_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould281_20-1">b</a> Gould, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Gould, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-SH-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SH_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SH_22-3">d</a> Simpson-Housley, pp. 57–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weddell-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weddell_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weddell_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaigent2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baigent, Elizabeth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28950">"Weddell James"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28950">10.1093/ref:odnb/28950</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weddell+James&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28950&rft.aulast=Baigent&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F28950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-BM69-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM69_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM69_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM69_24-2">c</a> Morrell, pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Gould, pp. 272–274 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Bruce, in Scottish Geographical Magazine, June 1917, quoted in Gould, pp. 270–271 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000103.htm">"Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"</a>. South-pole.com. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Filchner+1877%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=South-pole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Shackleton. pp. 60–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> H. R. Mill, pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gould, pp. 276–282 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/oddities_europe.shtml">"Two extraordinary travellers: Alexander Selkirk – the real Robinson Crusoe?"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+extraordinary+travellers%3A+Alexander+Selkirk+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bthe+real+Robinson+Crusoe%3F&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fscottishhistory%2Feurope%2Foddities_europe.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM203-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM203_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM203_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM203_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM203_32-3">d</a> Morrell, pp. 203–215 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Morrell, pp. 218–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Morrell, pp. 246–248 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Rodriguez, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Morrell, pp. 177–178 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318220955/http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/turtles.php?menuentry=soorten&id=388">"Turtles of the World"</a>. University of Amsterdam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/turtles.php?menuentry=soorten&id=388">the original</a> on March 18, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turtles+of+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbd.etibioinformatics.nl%2Fbis%2Fturtles.php%3Fmenuentry%3Dsoorten%26id%3D388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kricher-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kricher_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kricher_38-1">b</a> Kricher, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Morrell uses the word "terrapin", presumably referring to the Galapagos tortoise. The terms were used interchangeably in Morrell's day; for example see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1979" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, R.D., ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rc6AAAAIAAJ&q=terrapin+galapagos&pg=PA312">The Beagle Record</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21822-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21822-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beagle+Record&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21822-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rc6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dterrapin%2Bgalapagos%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988">, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Morrell, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Morrell, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Morrell, pp. 253–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-BM294-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BM294_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BM294_43-1">b</a> Morrell, p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adu.org.za/ichaboe.php">"Ichaboe Island, Namibia"</a>. Animal Demography Unit, Namibia. Retrieved February 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ichaboe+Island%2C+Namibia&rft.pub=Animal+Demography+Unit%2C+Namibia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadu.org.za%2Fichaboe.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Stewart et al., p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Morrell, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-BM328-47"><a href="#cite_ref-BM328_47-0">^</a> Morrell, pp. 328–330 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Morrell, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Morrell, p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Morrell, p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> W. J. Mills, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 48–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Samuel White (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2036/2036-h/2036-h.htm#chap12">"Eight Years' Wandering in Ceylon"</a>. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+Years%27+Wandering+in+Ceylon&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Samuel+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2036%2F2036-h%2F2036-h.htm%23chap12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> Chapter 12, line 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 50–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Fairhead, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Fairhead, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Morrell, p. 440 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Morrell, p. 452 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Fairhead, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 22–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micsem.org/pubs/articles/historical/forships/pohnpei.htm">"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Pohnpei"</a>. Micronesian Seminar. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Ships+in+Micronesia%3A+Pohnpei&rft.pub=Micronesian+Seminar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micsem.org%2Fpubs%2Farticles%2Fhistorical%2Fforships%2Fpohnpei.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 57–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-F71-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F71_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F71_65-1">b</a> Fairhead, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Morrell, p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Morrell, p. 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Fairhead, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Fairhead, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 76–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Fairhead, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 107–109, 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-F141-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F141_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F141_75-1">b</a> Fairhead, pp. 141–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Fairhead, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaware-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Delaware_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/voyages/narrat.htm">"Two Hundred Years Before the Mast – Personal Narratives"</a>. University of Delaware. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Hundred+Years+Before+the+Mast+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BPersonal+Narratives&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.udel.edu%2Fud%2Fspec%2Fexhibits%2Fvoyages%2Fnarrat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Fairhead, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 144–146 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Peeples, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 101–102 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 164–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Fairhead, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 167–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 173–174 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 220–221 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 225–226 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 227–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 235–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Fairhead, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Fairhead, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 241–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 247–249 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 250–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould255-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Gould255_95-0">^</a> Gould, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 253–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-HRM-97"><a href="#cite_ref-HRM_97-0">^</a> H. R. Mill, pp. 110–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 256–257 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 272–273 </li> <li id="cite_note-F268-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F268_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F268_100-1">b</a> Fairhead, pp. 268–270 </li> <li id="cite_note-F316-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F316_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-F316_101-1">b</a> Fairhead, pp. 316–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Fairhead, pp. 286–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> House Document 105, 23rd Congress, Second Session 1835 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Gould, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Morrell, Preface ("advertisement") to A Narrative of Four Voyages </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/search.html?country=GS&q=">"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (item number 261)"</a>. Geonames. 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands+%28item+number+261%29&rft.pub=Geonames&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2Fsearch.html%3Fcountry%3DGS%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovatti1963" class="citation journal cs1">Novatti, Ricardo (1963). "Pelagic Distribution of Birds in the Weddell Sea". Polarforsch (33). German Society of Polar Research: 207–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polarforsch&rft.atitle=Pelagic+Distribution+of+Birds+in+the+Weddell+Sea&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=207-13&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Novatti&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Morrell, pp. 376, 381–82, 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Morrell, p. 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micsem.org/pubs/articles/historical/forships/chuuk.htm">"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Chuuk"</a>. Micronesian Seminar. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Ships+in+Micronesia%3A+Chuuk&rft.pub=Micronesian+Seminar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micsem.org%2Fpubs%2Farticles%2Fhistorical%2Fforships%2Fchuuk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_journals">Books and journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Morrell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books and journals">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Samuel White (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2036/2036-h/2036-h.htm#chap12">"Eight Years' Wandering in Ceylon"</a>. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+Years%27+Wandering+in+Ceylon&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Samuel+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2036%2F2036-h%2F2036-h.htm%23chap12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhead2015" class="citation book cs1">Fairhead, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/captainthecannib0000fair">The Captain and "the Cannibal"</a> (<a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a> ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3-2287036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3-2287036-6"><bdi>978-1-3-2287036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Captain+and+%22the+Cannibal%22&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=EPUB&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3-2287036-6&rft.aulast=Fairhead&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaptainthecannib0000fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarratyCarnes1999" class="citation book cs1">Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). American National Biography. Vol. 15. Garraty, John A. (general ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512794-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512794-3"><bdi>0-19-512794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512794-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Gould, Rupert T.</a> (1929). Enigmas. London: Philip Allan & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-31081-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-31081-3"><bdi>0-517-31081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigmas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Philip+Allan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=0-517-31081-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rupert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1979" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, R. D., ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rc6AAAAIAAJ&q=terrapin+galapagos&pg=PA312">The Beagle Record</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21822-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21822-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beagle+Record&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21822-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rc6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dterrapin%2Bgalapagos%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKricher2006" class="citation book cs1">Kricher, John C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fywDdCnuxQIC&q=Fernandina+volcanic+eruption+1825&pg=PA57">Galapagos: A Natural History</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12633-3"><bdi>978-0-691-12633-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galapagos%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.pub=Princeton%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12633-3&rft.aulast=Kricher&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfywDdCnuxQIC%26q%3DFernandina%2Bvolcanic%2Beruption%2B1825%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McGonigal" title="David McGonigal">McGonigal, David</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bFcJgX0lIUC&q=Benjamin+Morrell&pg=PA135">Antarctica</a>. London: Frances Lincoln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2980-8"><bdi>978-0-7112-2980-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pub=London%3A+Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-2980-8&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bFcJgX0lIUC%26q%3DBenjamin%2BMorrell%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1934" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Dumas, ed. (1934). Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. VI. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Alston_Rivers" title="Alston Rivers">Alston Rivers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+the+South+Pole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Alston+Rivers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FsiegeSouthpoles00Mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=Morrell+Land&pg=PA435">Exploring Polar Frontiers</a>. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-422-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-422-6"><bdi>1-57607-422-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-422-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26q%3DMorrell%2BLand%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrell1832" class="citation book cs1">Morrell, Benjamin (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Benjamin+Morrell%22+OR+%22Morrell%2C+Benjamin%22%29">A Narrative of Four Voyages ... etc</a>. New York: J & J Harper. Retrieved December 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+Four+Voyages%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...+etc&rft.pub=New+York%3A+J+%26+J+Harper&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3D%2528%2522Benjamin%2BMorrell%2522%2BOR%2B%2522Morrell%252C%2BBenjamin%2522%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovatti1963" class="citation journal cs1">Novatti, Ricardo (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/27886/1/Polarforsch1963_1-2_19.pdf">"Pelagic Distribution of Birds in the Weddell Sea"</a> (PDF). Polarforsch (33). German Society of Polar Research: 207–213. Retrieved February 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polarforsch&rft.atitle=Pelagic+Distribution+of+Birds+in+the+Weddell+Sea&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=207-213&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Novatti&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2F27886%2F1%2FPolarforsch1963_1-2_19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeeples1998" class="citation book cs1">Peeples, Scott (1998). Edgar Allan Poe Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-4572-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-4572-6"><bdi>0-8057-4572-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Allan+Poe+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8057-4572-6&rft.aulast=Peeples&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgely1970" class="citation journal cs1">Ridgely, J. V. (June 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/PS1960/P1970103.HTM">"The Continuing Puzzle of Arthur Gordon Pym: Some Notes and Queries"</a>. Poe Newsletter. III (1). Washington State University Press: 5–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-6095.1970.tb00131.x">10.1111/j.1754-6095.1970.tb00131.x</a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62673-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62673-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independence+of+Spanish+America&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62673-6&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Jaime+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQWJ4nzGNKMC%26q%3DCallao%2Bsiege%2B1824%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton, Ernest</a> (1983). South. London: Century Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-0111-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-0111-2"><bdi>0-7126-0111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7126-0111-2&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson-Housley1992" class="citation book cs1">Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctic&pg=PA51">Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08225-9"><bdi>978-0-415-08225-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3AExploration%2C+Perception+and+Metaphor&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08225-9&rft.aulast=Simpson-Housley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1ql3mx8xYgC%26q%3DNew%2BSouth%2BGreenland%2BAntarctic%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2014" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Murray; et al. 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Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsf.org/files/jolika/NeichNukuoro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 18, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+recently+revealed+tino+aitu+figure+from+Nukuoro+Island&rft.pub=Fine+Arts+Museum+of+San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsf.org%2Ffiles%2Fjolika%2FNeichNukuoro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenjamin+Morrell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725014409/http://ageofex.marinersmuseum.org/index.php?type=explorer&id=51">"Exploration Through the Ages: James Weddell"</a>. The Mariners' Museum. 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title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054257574">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39745062">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/254283/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXjCYyj9CPwkKFqJmfMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/101506791">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr89009040">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10590312q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10590312q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/136010">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p391862995">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532017605606">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kn4fjq">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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