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</div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tripoli, Lebanon</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Tripoli,_Lebanon" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Lebanon. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tripoli (disambiguation)">Tripoli (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli, Libya</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Tripoli</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TRIP</span>-əl-ee</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَرَابُلُس</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a>:</span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭarābulus</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[tˤaˈraːbulus]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/Ar-tarabulus.ogg\/Ar-tarabulus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-tarabulus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Ar-tarabulus.ogg/Ar-tarabulus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-tarabulus.ogg" title="File:Ar-tarabulus.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>: <span lang="apc-LB" dir="rtl">طرابلس</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Levantine Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="apc-Latn">Ṭrāblus</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="apc-LB-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">[ˈtˤrɔːblɪs]</a></span>; see <a href="#Names">below</a>) is the largest and most important city in <a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon" title="North Lebanon">northern Lebanon</a> and the second-largest city in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated 81 km (50 mi) north of the capital <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, it is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Governorate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli District, Lebanon">Tripoli District</a>. Tripoli overlooks the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and it is the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> in Lebanon. The city is predominantly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with smaller populations of <a href="/wiki/Alawites_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Lebanon">Alawites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenians</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tripoli</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طرابلس</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli,_Lebanon_photos,_Aug_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top left: Citadel of Tripoli, Mansouri Great Mosque minaret, Mamluk architecture, bay view, and a Syriac Catholic church"><img alt="Clockwise from top left: Citadel of Tripoli, Mansouri Great Mosque minaret, Mamluk architecture, bay view, and a Syriac Catholic church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg/275px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg/413px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg/550px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_photos%2C_Aug_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1123"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansouri_Great_Mosque" title="Mansouri Great Mosque">Mansouri Great Mosque</a> minaret, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a>, bay view, and a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a> church</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Knowledge and Scholars</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tripoli is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Tripoli is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Lebanon_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1141"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.063%;left:49.259%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tripoli"><img alt="Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tripoli</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tripoli,_Lebanon&params=34_26_12_N_35_50_04_E_region:LB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°26′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°50′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.43667°N 35.83444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.43667; 35.83444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_District,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli District, Lebanon">Tripoli District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ahmed Qamar Al-Din</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27.39 km<sup>2</sup> (10.58 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(January 2019)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">243,800</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tripolitan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+2</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">+3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">06</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripoli-lebanon.org/">tripoli-lebanon<wbr></wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg/220px-TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg/330px-TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg/440px-TripoliNahrAbuAli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024"></a><figcaption>The walled <a href="/wiki/Nahr_Abu_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahr Abu Ali">Nahr Abu Ali</a> at Tripoli</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of Tripoli dates back at least to the 14th century BCE. It was called Athar by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, and later <i>Tripolis</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> settlers, whence the modern Arabic name <i>Ṭarābulus</i> derives. In the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, Tripoli has been historically known as <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭarābulus ash-Shām</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طرابلس الشام</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Tripoli of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>'), to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">its Libyan counterpart</a>, known as <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭarābulus al-Gharb</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طرابلس الغرب‎</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Tripoli of the West'). </p><p>Landmarks of Tripoli include the <a href="/wiki/Mansouri_Great_Mosque" title="Mansouri Great Mosque">Mansouri Great Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a>, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Crusader_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader castle">crusader castle</a> in Lebanon. The city has the second highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a> after <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Tripoli also holds a string of four small islands offshore, the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands_Nature_Reserve" title="Palm Islands Nature Reserve">Palm Islands</a>, which were declared a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a> because of their status as a haven for endangered loggerhead turtles (<i>Caretta caretta</i>), rare monk seals and <a href="/wiki/Migratory_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory birds">migratory birds</a>. Tripoli borders the city of <a href="/wiki/El_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mina">El Mina</a>, the port of the Tripoli District, which it is geographically conjoined with to form the greater Tripoli conurbation. </p><p>With the formation of Lebanon and the 1948 breakup of the Syrian–Lebanese customs union, Tripoli, once on par in economic and commercial importance to Beirut, was cut off from its traditional trade relations with the Syrian hinterland and therefore declined in relative prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city faces recurrent sectarian clashes, high unemployment, economic disparities, and the infiltration of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">radical Islamist</a> groups in poorer neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Umayyad,_Abbasid_and_Fatimid_periods"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Crusader_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Crusader period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mamluk_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mamluk period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ottoman_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#French_Mandate"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">French Mandate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Independent_Lebanon"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Independent Lebanon</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Offshore_islands"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Offshore islands</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Citadel_of_Tripoli"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citadel of Tripoli</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Clock_Tower"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Clock Tower</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hammams"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hammams</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Oscar_Niemeyer's_Rachid_Karame_Fairground"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Oscar Niemeyer's Rachid Karame Fairground</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tripoli_Railway_Station"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Tripoli Railway Station</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Churches"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Churches</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Mosques"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Mosques</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Commerce"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commerce</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Inequality"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Inequality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#The_Soap_Khan"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Soap Khan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Khan_el-Khayyatin%E2%80%93the_Tailors'_Khan"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Khan el-Khayyatin–the Tailors' Khan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Arabic_sweets"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Arabic sweets</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Environmental_issues"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental issues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – Sister cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Names">Names <span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>According to classical writers <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the city was founded by combining colonies from three different Phoenician cities – <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a>. These colonies were each a <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadion</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180 m</span>) apart from each other, and the combined city became known as 'Triple City', or <i>Trípolis</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τρίπολις</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Murray_(Firm)_Porter_1868_p._549_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Murray_(Firm)_Porter_1868_p._549-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tripoli had a number of different names as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> age. In the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> the name <i>Derbly</i>, possibly a Semitic cognate of the city's modern Arabic name <i>Ṭarābulus</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (February 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> was mentioned, and in other places <i>Ahlia</i> or <i>Wahlia</i> are mentioned (14th century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an engraving concerning the invasion of Tripoli by the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> (888–859 BCE), it is called <i>Mahallata</i> or <i>Mahlata</i>, <i>Mayza</i>, and <i>Kayza</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, the name <i>Athar</i> was used to refer to Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> settled in the city they called it <i>Trípolis</i>, meaning 'triple city', influenced by the earlier phonetically similar but etymologically unrelated name <i>Derbly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> called it <i>Ṭarābulus</i> and <i>Ṭarābulus ash-Shām</i> (referring to <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)"><i>bilād ash-Shām</i></a>, or <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Libyan city with the same name</a>). </p><p>Once, Tripoli was also known as <i>al-Fayḥāʾ</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفيحاء</span></span>), which is a term derived from the Arabic verb <i>fāḥa</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فاح</span></span>) which is used to indicate the diffusion of a scent or smell. Tripoli was once known for its vast orange orchards. During the season of blooming, the pollen of orange flowers was said to be carried on the air, creating a splendid perfume that filled the city and suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png/300px-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png/300px-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png" data-width="300" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png/450px-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png/600px-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphic</a> representation of the nickname of Tripoli: "Tripoli, The City of Knowledge and Scholars"</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Tripoli is also given the title of "City of Knowledge and Scholars" (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طرابلس مدينة العلم والعلماء</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭarābulus madīnat al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿulamāʾ</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="History of Tripoli, Lebanon">History of Tripoli, Lebanon</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>with the newly created history article, this should be simplified.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Tripoli, Lebanon">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldTripoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/220px-OldTripoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/220px-OldTripoli.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/330px-OldTripoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/OldTripoli.jpg/440px-OldTripoli.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Overview of historical districts in Tripoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of settlement in Tripoli dates back as early as 1400 BCE. Tripoli was originally established as a Phoenician colony in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> established a trading station and later, under <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> rule, the city became the center of a confederation of the Phoenician city-states of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arados</a> Island. Under <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> rule, Tripoli was used as a naval shipyard and the city enjoyed a period of autonomy. It came under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule around 64 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">551 Beirut earthquake</a> and tsunami destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> city of Tripoli along with other Mediterranean coastal cities. </p><p>Tripoli was <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Conquest_of_Palestine" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquered by an Arab Muslim army</a> in 635. During <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> rule, Tripoli became a commercial and shipbuilding center. It achieved semi-independence under <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> rule, when it developed into a center of learning. The <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> laid siege to the city at the beginning of the 12th century and were able finally to enter it in 1109. This caused extensive destruction, including the burning of Tripoli's famous library, <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-%27Ilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-'Ilm">Dar al-'Ilm</a> (House of Knowledge), with its thousands of volumes. During the Crusaders' rule the city became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>. In 1289, it fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> and the old port part of the city was destroyed. A new inland city was then built near the old castle. During <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule from 1516 to 1918, it retained its prosperity and commercial importance. Tripoli and all of Lebanon was under <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Lebanon">French mandate</a> from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Many historians reject the presence of any <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> civilization in Tripoli before the 8th (or sometimes 4th) century BCE. Others argue that the north–south gradient of Phoenician port establishments on the Lebanese coast indicates an earlier age for the Phoenician Tripoli. </p><p>Tripoli has not been extensively excavated because the ancient site lies buried beneath the modern city of <a href="/wiki/El_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mina">El Mina</a>. However, a few accidental finds are now in museums. Excavations in El Mina revealed skeletal remains of ancient <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eels" class="mw-redirect" title="Eels">eels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gazelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazelles">gazelles</a>, part of the ancient southern port quay, <a href="/wiki/Grinding_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding mill">grinding mills</a>, different types of columns, wheels, bows, and a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. A sounding made in the Crusader castle uncovered <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> remains. At the Abou Halka area (at the southern entrance of Tripoli) refuges dating to the early (30,000 years old) and middle <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> were uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saliba,_R._1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarabulus_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tarabulus_ruins.jpg/220px-Tarabulus_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="816"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tarabulus_ruins.jpg/220px-Tarabulus_ruins.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tarabulus_ruins.jpg/330px-Tarabulus_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tarabulus_ruins.jpg/440px-Tarabulus_ruins.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ruins in Tripoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Tripoli became a financial center and main port of northern Phoenicia with sea trade (East Mediterranean and the West), and caravan trade (North Syria and hinterland). </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, Tripoli gained the right to mint its own coins (112 BCE); it was granted autonomy between 104 and 105, which it retained until 64 BCE. At the time, Tripoli was a center of shipbuilding and <a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">cedar</a> timber trade (like other Phoenician cities). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, Tripoli witnessed the construction of important public buildings including a municipal stadium or gymnasium due to the strategic position of the city midway on the imperial coastal highway leading from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a>. In addition, Tripoli retained the same configuration of three distinct and administratively independent quarters (<a href="/wiki/Aradians" class="mw-redirect" title="Aradians">Aradians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrians">Tyrians</a>). The territory outside the city was divided between the three quarters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyad,_Abbasid_and_Fatimid_periods"><span id="Umayyad.2C_Abbasid_and_Fatimid_periods"></span>Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tripoli gained in importance as a trading centre for the whole Mediterranean after it was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. Tripoli was the port city of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>; the second military port of the Arab Navy, following <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>; a prosperous commercial and shipbuilding center; a wealthy principality under the <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> Shia <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ammar" title="Banu Ammar">Banu Ammar</a> <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legally, Tripoli was part of the jurisdiction of the military province of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community of Tripoli traces its roots back to the seventh century, as recounted by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>-era historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a>. During the caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (644–655), the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, settled Jews in Tripoli, fostering amicable relations with the majority <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>. However, during the persecution of dhimmis by the Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> (996–1021), the synagogue faced conversion into a mosque. Notably, during the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> invasion in the 1070s, Tripoli served as a refuge for Jews from Palestine, as documented in <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> records.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_period">Crusader period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crusader period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg/210px-TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg/210px-TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg/315px-TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg/420px-TripoliLebCitadel1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a> period, the city became the chief town of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">Crusader state</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Saint-Gilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond of Saint-Gilles">Raymond of Saint-Gilles</a>) extending from <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and including the plain of <a href="/wiki/Akkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkar">Akkar</a> with the famous <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>. Tripoli was also the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishopric</a>. Tripoli was home to a busy port and was a major center of silk weaving, with as many as 4,000 looms. Important products of the time included lemons, oranges, and sugar cane. For 180 years, during the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> rule, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> was among the languages spoken in Tripoli and neighboring villages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Tripoli had a heterogeneous population including <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christians">Nestorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslims</a>. </p><p>During that time, Tripoli witnessed the growth of the inland settlement surrounding the "Pilgrim's Mountain" (the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a>) into a built-up suburb including the main religious monuments of the city such as: The "Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Pilgrim's Mountain" (incorporating the Shiite shrine), the Church of Saint Mary of the Tower, and the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite Church">Carmelite Church</a>. The state was a major base of operations for the military order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, who occupied the famous castle <a href="/wiki/Krak_Des_Chevaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Krak Des Chevaliers">Krak Des Chevaliers</a> (today a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> world heritage site). The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a>. </p><p>The mid-twelfth century earthquake led to the death of many Jews in Tripoli, as noted by Jewish explorer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mamluk period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg/210px-TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg/210px-TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg/315px-TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg/420px-TripoliLebGreatMosqueMinaret.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mansouri_Great_Mosque" title="Mansouri Great Mosque">Mansouri Great Mosque</a> (late 13th century). The arches and courtyard date from the Mamluk period but the <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> is believed to be an earlier Christian structure.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Tripoli,_Mamluk_style,_Tripoli,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/210px-Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/210px-Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/315px-Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/420px-Downtown_Tripoli%2C_Mamluk_style%2C_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Downtown historical Tripoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Tripoli was captured by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun">Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun</a> from the Crusaders in 1289. The Mamluks destroyed the old city and built a new city 4 km inland from it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> (bathhouses), and <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs (princes).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused Saint-Gille's citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Mamluk period, Tripoli became a central city and provincial capital of the six kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a>. Tripoli ranked third after <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was subdivided into six <i><a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">wilayahs</a></i> or provinces and extended from <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra">Aqra</a> mountains south, to <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Alawiyyin_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Alawiyyin mountains">al Alawiyyin mountains</a> north. It also included <a href="/wiki/Hermel" title="Hermel">Hermel</a>, the plain of <a href="/wiki/Akkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkar">Akkar</a>, and <i>Hosn al-Akrad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tadmouri,_O_1984_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadmouri,_O_1984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tripoli became a major trading port of Syria supplying Europe with candy, loaf and powdered sugar (especially during the latter part of the 14th century). The main products from agriculture and small industry included citrus fruits, olive oil, soap, and textiles (cotton and silk, especially <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> formed the ruling class holding main political, military and administrative functions. Arabs formed the population base (religious, industrial, and commercial functions) and the general population included the original inhabitants of the city, immigrants from different parts of the Levant, <a href="/wiki/North_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africans">North Africans</a> who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a>'s army during the liberation of Tripoli, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> families, and a minority of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Jews</a>. The population size of Mamluk Tripoli is estimated at 20,000–40,000; against 100,000 in each of Damascus and Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-Tadmouri,_O_1984_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadmouri,_O_1984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mamluk Tripoli witnessed a high rate of urban growth and a fast city development (according to traveler's accounts). It also had poles of growth including the fortress, the <a href="/wiki/Mansouri_Great_Mosque" title="Mansouri Great Mosque">Great Mosque</a>, and the river banks. The city had seven guard towers on the harbor site to defend the inland city, including what still stands today as the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Lion Tower</a>. During the period the castle of Saint-Gilles was expanded as the Citadel of Mamluk Tripoli. The "Aqueduct of the Prince" was reused to bring water from the Rash'in spring. Several bridges were constructed and the surrounding orchards expanded through marsh drainage. Fresh water was supplied to houses from their roofs. </p><p>The urban form of Mamluk Tripoli was dictated mainly by climate, site configuration, defense, and urban aesthetics. The layout of major thoroughfares was set according to prevailing winds and topography. The city had no fortifications, but heavy building construction characterized by compact urban forms, narrow and winding streets for difficult city penetration. Residential areas were bridged over streets at strategic points for surveillance and defense. The city also included many loopholes and narrow slits at street junctions. </p><p>The religious and secular buildings of Mamluk Tripoli comprise a fine example of the architecture of that time. The oldest among them were built with stones taken from 12th and 13th-century churches; the characteristics of the architecture of the period are best seen in the mosques and <a href="/wiki/Madrassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassas">madrassas</a>, the Islamic schools. It is the madrassas which most attract attention, for they include highly original structures as well as decoration: here a honeycombed ceiling, there a curiously shaped corniche, doorway or moulded window frame. Among the finest is the madrassa al-Burtasiyah, with an elegant façade picked out in black and white stones and a highly decorated lintel over the main door. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_city_of_Tripoli,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/210px-The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/210px-The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/315px-The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg/420px-The_city_of_Tripoli%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>East Tripoli</figcaption></figure> <p>Public buildings in Mamluk Tripoli were emphasized through sitting, façade treatment, and street alignment. Well-cut and well-dressed stones (local sandstone) were used as media of construction and for decorative effects on elevations and around openings (the <a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">ablaq</a> technique of alternating light and dark stone courses). Bearing walls were used as vertical supports. Cross vaults covered most spaces from prayer halls to closed rectangular rooms, to galleries around courtyards. Domes were constructed over conspicuous and important spaces like tomb chambers, <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>, and covered courtyards. Typical construction details in Mamluk Tripoli included cross vaults with concave grooves meeting in octagonal openings or concave rosettes as well as simple cupolas or ribbed domes. The use of double drums and corner <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> was commonly used to make the transition from square rooms to round domes.<sup id="cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saliba,_R._1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decorations in Mamluk buildings concentrated on the most conspicuous areas of buildings: <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, portals, windows, on the outside, and mihrab, <a href="/wiki/Qiblah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiblah">qiblah</a> wall, and floor on the inside. Decorations at the time may be subdivided into structural decoration (found outside the buildings and incorporate the medium of construction itself such as ablaq walls, plain or zigzag moldings, fish scale motifs, <a href="/wiki/Joggling_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joggling (architecture)">joggled</a> lintels or voussoirs, inscriptions, and <a href="/wiki/Muqarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqarna">muqarnas</a>) and applied decoration (found inside the buildings and include the use of marble marquetry, stucco, and glass mosaic).<sup id="cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saliba,_R._1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosques evenly spread with major concentration of madrasas around the Mansouri Great Mosque. All <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">khans</a> were located in the northern part of the city for easy accessibility from roads to Syria. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Hammams</a> (public baths) were carefully located to serve major population concentrations: one next to the Grand Mosque, the other in the center of the commercial district, and the third in the right-bank settlement. </p><p>About 35 monuments from the Mamluk city have survived to the present day, including mosques, madrasas, khanqahs, hammams, and caravanserais, many of them built by local Mamluk amirs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major buildings in Mamluk Tripoli included six congregational mosques (the Mansouri Great Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Al-Aattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aattar">al-Aattar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taynal_Mosque" title="Taynal Mosque">Taynal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Uwaysiyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Uwaysiyat">al-Uwaysiyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Burtasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Burtasi">al-Burtasi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tawbat">al-Tawbat</a> Mosques). Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a> (r. 1290–93) founded the city's first congregational mosque in memory of his father (Qalawun), in either late 1293 or 1294 (693 AH).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six madrasas were later built around the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluks did not fortify the city with walls but restored and reused a <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Raymond_de_Saint-Gilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles">Crusader citadel</a> on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there were two quarter mosques (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Wahed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Wahed (page does not exist)">Abd al-Wahed</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arghoun_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arghoun Shah (page does not exist)">Arghoun Shah</a>), and two mosques that were built on empty land (al-Burtasi and al-Uwaysiyat). Other mosques incorporated earlier structures (churches, khans, and shops). Mamluk Tripoli also included 16 madrasas of which four no longer exist (al-Zurayqiyat, al-Aattar, al-Rifaiyah, and al-Umariyat). Six of the madrasas concentrated around the Grand Mosque. Tripoli also included a <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a>, many secular buildings, five Khans, three hammams (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Turkish baths</a>) that are noted for their cupolas. Hammams were luxuriously decorated and the light streaming down from their domes enhances the inner atmosphere of the place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli Eyalet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="831"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/330px-Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/440px-Tripolis_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tripoli in 1690</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg/220px-Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="487"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg/220px-Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg/330px-Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg/440px-Tripoli_gold_bezant_in_Arabic_1270_1300_Tripoli_silver_gros_1275_1287.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tripoli gold <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (1270–1300), and Tripoli silver <a href="/wiki/Gros_(coinage)" title="Gros (coinage)">gros</a> (1275–1287), <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period, Tripoli became the provincial capital and chief town of the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Tripoli">Eyalet of Tripoli</a>, encompassing the coastal territory from Byblos to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> and the inland Syrian towns of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>; the two other eyalets were <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eam_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Şam Eyalet">Şam Eyalet</a>. Until 1612, Tripoli was considered as the port of Aleppo. It also depended on Syrian interior trade and tax collection from mountainous hinterland. Tripoli witnessed a strong presence of French merchants during the 17th and 18th centuries and became under intense inter-European competition for trade. Tripoli was reduced to a sanjak centre in the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Beirut">Vilayet of Beirut</a> in 19th century and retained her status until 1918 when it was captured by British forces. </p><p>Public works in Ottoman Tripoli included the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a>, the Magnificent. That was the only major project during 400 years of Ottoman Rule. Later governors brought further modifications to the original Crusader structure used as garrison center and prison. Khan al-Saboun (originally a military barrack) was constructed in the center of the city to control any uprising. Ottoman Tripoli also witnessed the development of the southern entrance of the city and many buildings, such as the al-Muallaq or "hanging" Mosque (1559), al-Tahhan Mosque (early 17th century), and al-Tawbah mosque (Mamluk construction, destroyed by 1612 flood and restored during early Ottoman Period). It also included several secular buildings, such as Khan al-Saboun (early 17th century) and Hammam al-Jadid (1740). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Mandate">French Mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French Mandate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a>, the French created the territory of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a>, whose borders forcibly separated Tripoli from Syria, a decision that was contested by Tripolitans.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tripoli's population - mostly Sunni Muslims - found itself isolated in this state dominated by Christians, and so Tripoli developed a strong identity as a bastion for Muslim Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, protests demanding reunification with Syria were backed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">Syrian National Bloc</a> until the French cut off their support, resulting in a massive 33 day general strike in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Lebanon">Independent Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independent Lebanon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since Lebanese independence was achieved, Tripoli has been mired in a period of extended economic and political decline. Beirut's rise as Lebanon's dominant port deprived Tripoli of its former preeminence as a trade hub, and globalization eroded the city's ability to compete in manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanon's civil war</a>, from 1975 to 1990, hit Tripoli hard. On 15 September 1985 intense fighting broke out between <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unification_Movement" title="Islamic Unification Movement">Tawheed al-Islami</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> militia which controlled the harbour and was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organisation">PLO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)">Arab Democratic Party</a>’s militia. The ADP were backed by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">communist</a> Red Knights as well as Syrian special forces. After a week of fighting which saw around 150 killed, 4500 wounded and 200,000 people leaving their homes, the Syrians brokered a truce which involved the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian army">Syrian army</a> occupying five key positions and the removal of heavy weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The truce broke down on 27 September and Tahweed al-Islami positions where bombarded from <a href="/wiki/SSNP" class="mw-redirect" title="SSNP">SSNP</a> and Syrian artillery positions in the surrounding hills. On 1 October, following an <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> diplomatic intervention, Tahweed agreed to surrender their heavy weapons and Syrian troops, on 6 October, were deployed throughout the city. A further 350 people had been killed and hundreds more wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Syrian army remained in the city for almost three decades until 2005:</p><blockquote><p>As a majority Sunni city with a growing strain of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militancy</a>, Tripoli suffered some of the Syrians’ cruelest predations at a time when then-President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> was engaged in the brutal suppression of Syria’s own <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wartime violence and instability triggered waves of emigration and capital flight. It also left Tripoli increasingly isolated, not least due to the dismantling of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Lebanon" title="Rail transport in Lebanon">Lebanon's rail network</a> and the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_railway_station" title="Tripoli railway station">Tripoli railway station</a>. The city, moreover, saw little of the post-war reconstruction funding that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a> ushered into Lebanon, with an overwhelming focus on the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg/220px-2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg/220px-2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg/330px-2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg/440px-2017-01-14_Tripoli_train_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rusted cars at the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_railway_station" title="Tripoli railway station">Tripoli railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the years since, living conditions in Tripoli have continued to decline. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">United Nation's Human Settlements Program</a> estimated that 58% of Tripoli's Lebanese residents lived in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That already high figure preceded Lebanon's 2019 <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">financial crisis</a>, which has ratcheted up poverty and food insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tripoli's stagnation is attributable, in part, to the city's dysfunctional politics, in which a fragmented array of Sunni political figures (such as <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Karami" title="Faisal Karami">Faisal Karami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Rifi" title="Ashraf Rifi">Ashraf Rifi</a>) vie for influence through competing networks of patronage: "No single leader has been able to assert dominance, leaving city politics to devolve into chaos."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">217,936</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">210,574</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">217,614</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">282,315</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.75%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tripoli has a majority <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a> population in neighborhoods such as Bab al-Tabbaneh, right next to the <sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> small <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Lebanese-Alawite community</a> that is concentrated in the Jabal Mohsen neighborhood. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a> constitute today less than 5 percent of the population of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor.org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian population in the city comprises <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians" title="Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians">Greek Orthodox Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronites</a> and Greek Catholics, along with <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tripoli stands as one of Lebanon's less stable cities, marked by recurrent <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Tabbaneh%E2%80%93Jabal_Mohsen_conflict" title="Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict">sectarian tensions among its communities</a>, notably the Sunni and Alawite populations. The impact of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, beginning in 2011, has extended into Tripoli, where local Alawites align with the Assad regime, while Lebanese Sunnis support the opposition, resulting in frequent and intense clashes between the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tripoli has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<i>Csa</i>) with mild wet winters and very dry, hot summers. Temperatures are moderated throughout the year due to the warm Mediterranean current coming from Western Europe. Therefore, temperatures are warmer in the winter by around 10 °C (18 °F) and cooler in the summer by around 7 °C (13 °F) compared to the interior of Lebanon. Although snow is an extremely rare event that only occurs around once every ten years, hail is common and occurs fairly regularly in the winter. Rainfall is concentrated in the winter months, with the summer typically being very dry. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tripoli, Lebanon (elevation: 6m, at <a href="/wiki/El_Mina,_Lebanon" title="El Mina, Lebanon">El Mina</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br>(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br>(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br>(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br>(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br>(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br>(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br>(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br>(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br>(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br>(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br>(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br>(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.2<br>(95.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br>(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br>(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br>(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br>(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br>(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br>(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br>(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br>(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br>(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br>(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br>(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br>(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.6<br>(74.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br>(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br>(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br>(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br>(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br>(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br>(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br>(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br>(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br>(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br>(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br>(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br>(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br>(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br>(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br>(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br>(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br>(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br>(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br>(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br>(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br>(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br>(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br>(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br>(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.1<br>(60.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br>(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br>(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br>(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br>(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br>(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br>(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br>(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br>(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br>(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br>(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br>(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br>(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.8<br>(30.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00DB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195<br>(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #3CFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119<br>(4.7) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114<br>(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br>(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br>(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br>(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br>(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108<br>(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #00F700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176<br>(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">852<br>(33.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a>(precipitation 1951-1980, precip days 1931-1964, humidity 1959-1967)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offshore_islands">Offshore islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Offshore islands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palms_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palms_Islands.jpg/220px-Palms_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="532"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palms_Islands.jpg/220px-Palms_Islands.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palms_Islands.jpg/330px-Palms_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Palms_Islands.jpg/440px-Palms_Islands.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands_Nature_Reserve" title="Palm Islands Nature Reserve">Palm Islands Nature Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tripoli has many offshore islands. <a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands_Nature_Reserve" title="Palm Islands Nature Reserve">The Palm Islands Nature Reserve</a>, or the Rabbits' Island, is the largest of the islands with an area of 20 ha (49 acres). The name "Araneb" or Rabbits comes from the great numbers of rabbits that were grown on the island during the time of the French mandate early in the 20th century. It is now a nature reserve for green turtles, rare birds and rabbits. Declared as a protected area by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1992, camping, fire building or other depredation is forbidden. In addition to its scenic landscape, the Palm Island is also a cultural heritage site. Evidence for human occupation, dated back to the Crusader period, was uncovered during 1973 excavations by the General Directorate of Antiquities. The Bakar Islands, also known as Abdulwahab Island, were leased to Adel and Khiereddine Abdulwahab as a shipyard, since the Ottoman rule and until this day a ship and marine contractor. It was also known as St Thomas Island during the Crusades. </p><p>The opposite of Palms Island, which is a large flat sandy beach, is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roydtrip.com/lebanon/swimming/5/ramkeen-island">Ramkin Island</a>. This island is largely made up of cliffs and rocks. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli,_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of modern Tripoli with its distinctive skyline"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg/1000px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11622" data-file-height="2650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg/1000px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg/1500px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg/2000px-Tripoli%2C_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli,_Lebanon_panromaic.jpg" title="File:Tripoli, Lebanon panromaic.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of modern Tripoli with its distinctive skyline</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citadel_of_Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citadel of Tripoli" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> is also known as the Castle of Saint-Gilles (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلعة سان جيل</span> <i>Qalʻat Sān Jīl</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Château Saint-Gilles</i>), in reference to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_de_Saint-Gilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond de Saint-Gilles">Raymond de Saint-Gilles</a>, who dominated the city in 1102 and commanded a fortress to be built in which he named Mont Pèlerin (Mount Pilgrim). The original castle was burnt down in 1289, and rebuilt again on numerous occasions and was rebuilt in 1307–08 by Emir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essendemir_Kurgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essendemir Kurgi (page does not exist)">Essendemir Kurgi</a>. </p><p>Later the citadel was rebuilt in part by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which can be seen today, with its massive Ottoman gateway, over which is an engraving from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent">Süleyman the Magnificent</a> who had ordered the restoration. In the early 19th century, the Citadel was extensively restored by the Ottoman Governor of Tripoli <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Agha_Barbar" title="Mustafa Agha Barbar">Mustafa Agha Barbar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock_Tower">Clock Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clock Tower" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TelClock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TelClock.jpg/220px-TelClock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TelClock.jpg/220px-TelClock.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TelClock.jpg/330px-TelClock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TelClock.jpg/440px-TelClock.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Al-Tell Clock Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The Clock Tower is one of the most iconic monuments in Tripoli. The tower is located in Al-Tell square, and was gifted to the city by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was erected in 1906 to celebrate the 30th year of Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire, like the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Clock_Tower" title="Jaffa Clock Tower">Jaffa Clock Tower</a> in Israel and many others throughout the Empire. </p><p>The Clock Tower underwent a renovation in 1992, and now the clock tower is again operational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammams">Hammams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hammams" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg/220px-AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg/220px-AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg/330px-AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg/440px-AnNuriHammamTripoliLebanon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hammam an-Nuri Tripoli Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>When Tripoli was visited by Ibn Batutah in 1355, he described the newly founded Mamluk city. "Traversed by water-channels and full of’ gardens", he writes, "the houses are newly built. The sea lies two leagues distant, and the ruins of the old town are seen on the sea-shore. It was taken by the Franks, but al-Malik ath-Tháhir (Qala’un) retook it from them, and then laid the place in ruins and built the present town. There are fine baths here.’’ </p><p>Indeed, the hammams built in Tripoli by the early Mamluk governors were splendid edifices and many of them are still present until today. Some of the more known are: </p> <ul><li>Abed</li> <li>Izz El-Din</li> <li>Hajeb</li> <li>Jadid</li> <li>An-Nouri, built 1333 by the Mamluk governor Nur El-Din, is located in the vicinity of the Grand Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oscar_Niemeyer's_Rachid_Karame_Fairground"><span id="Oscar_Niemeyer.27s_Rachid_Karame_Fairground"></span>Oscar Niemeyer's Rachid Karame Fairground</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oscar Niemeyer's Rachid Karame Fairground" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Rachid Karami International<br>Fair-Tripoli</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The helicopter landing apron (left) and the gateway arch to the open-air theatre at the Rashid Karami International Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg/200px-TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg/200px-TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg" data-alt="The helicopter landing apron (left) and the gateway arch to the open-air theatre at the Rashid Karami International Fair" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg/300px-TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg/400px-TripoliLebanonFair_OscarNiemeyer_OpenAirTheatre_HeliPort-RomanDeckert14102018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The helicopter landing apron (left) and the gateway arch to the open-air theatre at the Rashid Karami International Fair</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1702">1702</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 (45th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2023–present</td></tr></tbody></table><p> The International Fair of Tripoli site,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formally known as the Rachid Karami International Exhibition Center, is a complex of buildings designed by the Brazilian architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> who was commissioned for the project in 1962. The site was built for a World's Fair event to be held in the city, but construction was halted in 1975 due to the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war, and never resumed. The site contains 15 semi-completed Niemeyer buildings within an approximate 75.6 ha (187-acre) area near Tripoli's southern entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"More recent years have seen the fairground undermined by a mixture of periodic instability and nonsensical administrative procedures that make it virtually impossible to put the facility to use. If the city needed any more physical metaphors for decay, the fairground is flanked by a Quality Inn that is literally falling apart, and whose ownership is years overdue on payment to the site’s administrators."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2023, the Rashid Karami International Fair was added to both the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripoli_Railway_Station">Tripoli Railway Station</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tripoli Railway Station" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_railway_station" title="Tripoli railway station">Tripoli railway station</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Many churches in Tripoli are a reminder of the history of the city. These churches also show the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a> in Lebanon and particularly in Tripoli: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael</a> Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tripoli" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripoli">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy</a></li> <li>St. Elie Greek Orthodox Church</li> <li>St. <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem</a> Syriac Orthodox Church</li> <li>St Francis Roman Catholic Church</li> <li>St. Georges Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral</li> <li>Saint Hokekalousd Armenian Orthodox Church</li> <li>St. John of the Pilgrims Mount church Maronite Catholic Church</li> <li>Our Lady oof the Annunciation Melkite Greek Catholic Cathedral</li> <li>Then National Evangelical Church</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mosques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaynalMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/TaynalMosque.jpg/220px-TaynalMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/TaynalMosque.jpg/220px-TaynalMosque.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/TaynalMosque.jpg/330px-TaynalMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/TaynalMosque.jpg/440px-TaynalMosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Taynal Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Tripoli is a very rich city containing many mosques that are spread all over the city. In every district of the city there is a mosque. During the Mamluk era, a lot of mosques were built and many still remain until today. </p><p>Some of the more known mosques: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Attar_Mosque" title="Al-Attar Mosque">Al-Attar Mosque</a></li> <li>Abou Bakr Al Siddeeq</li> <li>Arghoun Shah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burtasi_Mosque" title="Al-Burtasi Mosque">Al-Burtasi Mosque</a></li> <li>Kabir al Aali</li> <li>Mahmoud Beik the Sanjak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouri_Great_Mosque" title="Mansouri Great Mosque">Mansouri Great Mosque</a></li> <li>Omar Ibn El-Khattab Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_Mosque" title="Abd al-Wahid Mosque">Sidi Abdel Wahed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawbat_Mosque" title="Al-Tawbat Mosque">Tawbah Mosque</a></li> <li>Tawjih Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taynal_Mosque" title="Taynal Mosque">Taynal Mosque</a></li> <li>Al Bachir Mosque</li> <li>Hamza Mosque</li> <li>Al Rahma Mosque</li> <li>Al Salam Mosque</li> <li>Al Ghandour Mosque</li> <li>Al Shokr Mosque</li> <li>Zafer Bellah Mosque</li> <li>Al Wafaa’ Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uwaysiyat_Mosque" title="Al-Uwaysiyat Mosque">Al-Uwaysiyat Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaq_Mosque_(Tripoli)" title="Mu'allaq Mosque (Tripoli)">Mu'allaq Mosque</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghuraba_cemetery" title="Al-Ghuraba cemetery">Al-Ghuraba cemetery</a> is located within the city. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 316px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">Universities in Tripoli and<br>North Lebanon Branches</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 350px; width: 316px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 316px; height: 350px;" 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data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 52px;height: 7px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="52" data-height="7" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 305.875px; left: 300px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 5km<br>3miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 281.76123457446px; left: 67.798825303791px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 282.76123457446px; left: 86.298825303791px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 281.76123457446px; left: 75.298825303791px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">14</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 281.76123457446px; left: 67.798825303791px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_University_of_Kaslik" title="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik"><noscript><img alt="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK)" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 208.34650338761px; left: 140.20700744079px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 209.34650338761px; left: 158.70700744079px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 208.34650338761px; left: 147.70700744079px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">13</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 208.34650338761px; left: 140.20700744079px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand"><noscript><img alt="University of Balamand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="University of Balamand" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 147.78230426547px; left: 175.89848192163px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 148.78230426547px; left: 194.39848192163px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 147.78230426547px; left: 183.39848192163px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">12</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 147.78230426547px; left: 175.89848192163px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University_of_Beirut" title="Saint Joseph University of Beirut"><noscript><img alt="Saint Joseph University (USJ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="Saint Joseph University (USJ)" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 164.36035517863px; left: 191.59645731173px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 165.36035517863px; left: 210.09645731173px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 164.36035517863px; left: 199.09645731173px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">11</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 181.25326479969px; left: 208.97895180012px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 182.25326479969px; left: 227.47895180012px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 181.25326479969px; left: 216.47895180012px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">10</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 181.28845633961px; left: 237.1801249801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 182.28845633961px; left: 255.6801249801px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 181.28845633961px; left: 244.6801249801px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">9</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 181.28845633961px; left: 237.1801249801px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Technology" title="American University of Technology"><noscript><img alt="American University of Technology (AUT)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="American University of Technology (AUT)" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 154.5756590604px; left: 227.87170479042px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 155.5756590604px; left: 246.37170479042px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 154.5756590604px; left: 235.37170479042px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">8</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 131.37840437375px; left: 234.08699939446px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 132.37840437375px; left: 252.58699939446px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 131.37840437375px; left: 241.58699939446px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">7</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 131.37840437375px; left: 234.08699939446px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_University_Lebanon" title="Jinan University Lebanon"><noscript><img alt="Jinan University Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="Jinan University Lebanon" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 122.15480820473px; left: 225.40301300845px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #7A0101; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 123.15480820473px; left: 243.90301300845px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 122.15480820473px; left: 232.90301300845px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 121.25706092418px; left: 210.76512291296px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 122.25706092418px; left: 229.26512291296px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 121.25706092418px; left: 218.26512291296px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 116.62741450338px; left: 218.76658862983px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 117.62741450338px; left: 237.26658862983px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 116.62741450338px; left: 226.26658862983px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 116.62741450338px; left: 218.76658862983px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Tripoli" title="City University of Tripoli"><noscript><img alt="City University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="City University" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 111.82158187818px; left: 241.72542220222px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 112.82158187818px; left: 260.22542220222px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 111.82158187818px; left: 249.22542220222px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 111.82158187818px; left: 241.72542220222px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tripoli_Lebanon" title="University of Tripoli Lebanon"><noscript><img alt="University of Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="University of Tripoli" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 68.949427416624px; left: 228.33639971409px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 69.949427416624px; left: 246.83639971409px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 68.949427416624px; left: 235.83639971409px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 92.08609640528px; left: 186.77524747869px; width: 16px; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #105396; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93.08609640528px; left: 205.27524747869px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #222211; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 92.08609640528px; left: 194.27524747869px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 92.08609640528px; left: 186.77524747869px; width: 16px; height: 16px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University" title="Beirut Arab University"><noscript><img alt="Beirut Arab University (BAU)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" data-alt="Beirut Arab University (BAU)" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/27px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/36px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 280px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/34.38961/35.78931/en" data-zoom="12" data-lat="34.38961" data-lon="35.78931" data-overlays='["_cd1053acb9e7668f742d073dfe615d19868fbe16"]'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Tripoli_Lebanon_Universities_Map" title="Template:Tripoli Lebanon Universities Map"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Tripoli_Lebanon_Universities_Map&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Tripoli Lebanon Universities Map (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tripoli_Lebanon_Universities_Map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tripoli Lebanon Universities Map"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> <b>Legend</b><br>(Red colour is only used for clarity)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">1</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University" title="Beirut Arab University">Beirut Arab University</a> (BAU)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">2</span></div> AZM University<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">3</span></div> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tripoli_Lebanon" title="University of Tripoli Lebanon">University of Tripoli</a><br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">4</span></div> <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Tripoli" title="City University of Tripoli">City University</a><br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">5</span></div> Lebanese University<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#7A0101"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">6</span></div> Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon (AUL)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">7</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Jinan_University_Lebanon" title="Jinan University Lebanon">Jinan University Lebanon</a><br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">8</span></div> Lebanese International University<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">9</span></div> <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Technology" title="American University of Technology">American University of Technology</a> (AUT)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">10</span></div> Notre Dame University (NDU)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">11</span></div> Lebanese-French University of Technology and Applied Sciences (ULF)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">12</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University_of_Beirut" title="Saint Joseph University of Beirut">Saint Joseph University</a> (USJ)<br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">13</span></div> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">University of Balamand</a><br><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#105396"><span style="color:white;font-size:88%;font-weight:bold">14</span></div> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_University_of_Kaslik" title="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik">Holy Spirit University of Kaslik</a> (USEK)</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Tripoli has a large number of schools of all levels, public and private. It is also served by several universities within the city limits as well as in its metro area. </p><p>The universities in Tripoli and its metro area are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tripoli_Lebanon" title="University of Tripoli Lebanon">University of Tripoli Lebanon</a></li> <li>The Lebanese University – North Lebanon Branch</li> <li>Universite St Joseph – North Lebanon</li> <li>Lebanese International University (Dahr el Ein, Just outside the city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manar_University_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Manar University of Tripoli">Al-Manar University of Tripoli</a> (changed to "City University")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_University_Lebanon" title="Jinan University Lebanon">Jinan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">University of Balamand</a> (Qelhat, in the Koura district, just outside the city)</li> <li>Notre Dame University (Barsa, in the Koura district, just outside the city)</li> <li>Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon-North Lebanon Branch</li> <li>Beirut Arab University – North Lebanon Branch</li> <li>Universite Saint Espirt de Kaslik – Chekka ( Just Outside The City )</li> <li>Université de Technologie et de Sciences Appliquées Libano-Française (chamber of commerce)</li> <li>Azm university</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Tripoli stands out as one of Lebanon's economically poorest cities, marked by a substantial divide between the affluent and poor residents. The city grapples with elevated unemployment rates, and certain impoverished neighborhoods have become strongholds for Islamist and other radical factions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commerce" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tripoli, while once economically comparable to Beirut, has declined in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafhoum.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations such as the Business Incubation Association in Tripoli (BIAT) are currently trying to revive traditional export businesses such as furniture production, artisanal copper goods, soaps, as well as expand new industries such as ICT offshoring and new technological invention.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tripoli Special Economic Zone (TSEZ) was established in 2008 to provide exemptions from many taxes and duties for investment projects that have more than $300,000 of capital and more than half their workers from Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a 55-hectare site adjacent to the Port of Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, a Tripoli development plan called "Tripoli Vision 2020" has been formulated and supported by a number of advisory councils including influential key government officials and prominent businessmen in the city. The goal of the project is to provides a comprehensive framework consisting of promoting investment, investing, training, re-skilling, talent placement and output promotion to reinvigorate the city's economy. The Tripoli Vision 2020 was sponsored by the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a> Office and the Tripoli MPs Joint Office with the comprehensive study conducted by Samir Chreim of SCAS Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inequality">Inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inequality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tripoli embodies Lebanon's extreme wealth inequality: Although it is one of the country's most concentrated centers of poverty, it is also the hometown of several extravagantly wealthy politicians, notably including Najib Mikati, <a href="/wiki/Taha_Mikati" title="Taha Mikati">Taha Mikati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Safadi" title="Mohammad Safadi">Mohammad Safadi</a> who are accused of accumulating their wealth by embezzling government funds.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Soap_Khan">The Soap Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Soap Khan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg/220px-SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg/220px-SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg/330px-SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg/440px-SoapkhanTripoliLebanon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Soap Khan of Tripoli Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>The khan, built around a square courtyard decorated with a fountain, houses soap making workshops and shops. At the end of the 15th century, the governor of Tripoli <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Sayfa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Sayfa Pasha">Yusuf Sayfa Pasha</a> established Khan Al Saboun (the hotel of soap traders). This market was finished at the beginning of the 16th century, the last days of the Mamluk rule. The raw material used for these kinds of soap is olive oil. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_souks_-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tripoli_souks_-1.png/150px-Tripoli_souks_-1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tripoli_souks_-1.png/150px-Tripoli_souks_-1.png" data-width="150" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tripoli_souks_-1.png/225px-Tripoli_souks_-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tripoli_souks_-1.png/300px-Tripoli_souks_-1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Tailors’ Khan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khan_el-Khayyatin–the_Tailors'_Khan"><span id="Khan_el-Khayyatin.E2.80.93the_Tailors.27_Khan"></span>Khan el-Khayyatin–the Tailors' Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Khan el-Khayyatin–the Tailors' Khan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Unlike other khans built around a square courtyard, el-Khayyatin, built in the 14th century, is a 60 meter long passage with arches on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_sweets">Arabic sweets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arabic sweets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tripoli is regionally known for its Arabic sweets. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Environmental issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_environmental_issues_in_Lebanon#Oil_pollution_from_ships" title="Marine environmental issues in Lebanon">Marine environmental issues in Lebanon § Oil pollution from ships</a></div> <p>Lebanese public opinion and Lebanese authorities rarely react to minor <a href="/wiki/Oil_spills" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil spills">oil spills</a> from <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant ships</a> calling at Lebanese ports. Being without inspection, and discharging close to the shore, <a href="/wiki/Oil_tankers" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil tankers">oil tankers</a> pollute the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pollutions have a direct effect on the marine life. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Tripoli, Lebanon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tripoli is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Cyprus" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>, Cyprus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro, Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toulouse,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse, France">Toulouse, France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miami,_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, USA">Miami, USA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Cyprus" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayia_Napa" title="Ayia Napa">Ayia Napa</a>, Cyprus</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tripoli_shooting" title="2019 Tripoli shooting">2019 Tripoli shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaari" title="Bazaari">Bazaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mina">El Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market (place)">Market (place)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli" title="Siege of Tripoli">Siege of Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6486705&fid=3654&c=lebanon">"طَرَابُلُس: Lebanon"</a>. <i>Geographical Names</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Names&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8F%D9%84%D9%8F%D8%B3%3A+Lebanon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D6486705%26fid%3D3654%26c%3Dlebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_KhalilNajem2021" class="citation book cs1">Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad; Najem, Tom (2021). <i>Historical Dictionary of Lebanon</i>. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham+Boulder+New+York+London&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9&rft.aulast=Najem&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Amore%2C+Roy+C.&rft.au=Abu+Khalil%2C+As%27ad&rft.au=Najem%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattatCohenNaor2024" class="citation journal cs1">Battat, Zach; Cohen, Ronen A.; Naor, Dan (2 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2023.2172405">"Salafism in Lebanon: the significance of Fathi Yakan and Al-Jamaʿa Al-Islamiyya"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 126–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2172405">10.1080/00263206.2023.2172405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+the+significance+of+Fathi+Yakan+and+Al-Jama%CA%BFa+Al-Islamiyya&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-138&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2172405&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft.aulast=Battat&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Ronen+A.&rft.au=Naor%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2172405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_Khalil2021" class="citation book cs1">Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021). <i>Historical Dictionary of Lebanon</i>. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham+Boulder+New+York+London&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9&rft.aulast=Najem&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Amore%2C+Roy+C.&rft.au=Abu+Khalil%2C+As%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafhoum.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mafhoum.com_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_C._Gambill2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Gary C. Gambill (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafhoum.com/press10/312P1.htm">"Islamist Groups in Lebanon"</a>. <i>MERIA</i>. Vol. 11, no. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MERIA&rft.atitle=Islamist+Groups+in+Lebanon&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Gary+C.+Gambill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafhoum.com%2Fpress10%2F312P1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Murray_(Firm)_Porter_1868_p._549-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Murray_(Firm)_Porter_1868_p._549_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Murray_(Firm)Porter1868" class="citation book cs1">John Murray (Firm); Porter, J.L. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YRRClTo3E4C&pg=PA549"><i>A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine: Including an Account of the Geography, History, Antiquities, and Inhabitants of These Countries, the Peninsula of Sinai, Edom, and the Syrian Desert; with Detailed Descriptions of Jerusalem, Petra, Damascus, and Palmyra</i></a>. p. 549<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Tripoli, according to ancient writers (Diodorus Siculus, Pliny, and Strabo), originally consisted of three quarters, a stadium distant from each other, and founded respectively by colonies from Aradus, Sidon, and Tyre – hence its name, "the Triple City."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+for+Travellers+in+Syria+and+Palestine%3A+Including+an+Account+of+the+Geography%2C+History%2C+Antiquities%2C+and+Inhabitants+of+These+Countries%2C+the+Peninsula+of+Sinai%2C+Edom%2C+and+the+Syrian+Desert%3B+with+Detailed+Descriptions+of+Jerusalem%2C+Petra%2C+Damascus%2C+and+Palmyra&rft.pages=549&rft.date=1868&rft.au=John+Murray+%28Firm%29&rft.au=Porter%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YRRClTo3E4C%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les peuples et les civilisations du Proche Orient</i> by Jawād Būlus. p. 308.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wanderings −2: History of the Jews</i> by Chaim Potok. p. 169.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Khuri Hitti">Philip Khuri Hitti</a>. p. 225.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lebanon in Pictures</i> by Peter Roop, Sam Schultz, Margaret J. Goldstein. p. 17.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazi_Omar_Tadmouri2009" class="citation web cs1">Ghazi Omar Tadmouri (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008092352/http://tripoli-city.org/namesoftripoli.html">"Names of Tripoli through the history"</a>. Tripoli City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripoli-city.org/namesoftripoli.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+of+Tripoli+through+the+history&rft.pub=Tripoli+City&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.au=Ghazi+Omar+Tadmouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripoli-city.org%2Fnamesoftripoli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityu.edu.lb/about-us/presidents-message/">"President's Message – City University"</a>. 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Message+%E2%80%93+City+University&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcityu.edu.lb%2Fabout-us%2Fpresidents-message%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">admin (14 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alquds.co.uk/%EF%BB%BF%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1/">"طرابلس الفيحاء مدينة العلم والعلماء والآثار... تمتاز بقلعتها وحلوياتها"</a>. <i>القدس العربي</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1...+%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alquds.co.uk%2F%EF%BB%BF%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFاللواء" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">اللواء, جريدة. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA/">"طرابلس، مدينة العلم والعلماء والإنتفاضات والثورات"</a>. <i>جريدة اللواء</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft.aufirst=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faliwaa.com.lb%2F%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9%2F%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdo2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abdo, Ibrahim (23 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqmmarket.com/ar/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1/">"طرابلس، مدينة العلم والعلماء!"</a>. <i>SQM Market</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SQM+Market&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%8C+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%21&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqmmarket.com%2Far%2F%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz2014" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Nimrod (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ9cAwAAQBAJ&dq=tripoli+originally+established+as+a+phoenician+colony&pg=PA36"><i>The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and the Urban Landscape</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04884-3"><bdi>978-1-107-04884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mamluk+City+in+the+Middle+East%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Urban+Landscape&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04884-3&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJ9cAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtripoli%2Boriginally%2Bestablished%2Bas%2Ba%2Bphoenician%2Bcolony%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saliba,_R._1995-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saliba,_R._1995_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saliba, R., Jeblawi, S., and Ajami, G., <i>Tripoli the Old City: Monument Survey – Mosques and Madrasas; A Sourcebook of Maps and Architectural Drawings</i>, Beirut: American University of Beirut Publications, 1995. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harris2012" class="citation book cs1">William Harris (19 July 2012). <i>Lebanon: A History, 600–2011</i> (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195181111" title="Special:BookSources/9780195181111"><bdi>9780195181111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+History%2C+600%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft.isbn=9780195181111&rft.au=William+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadmouri, O. AS., <i>Lubnan min al-fath al-islami hatta sukut al-dawla al-'umawiyya</i> (13–132 H/ 634–750 CE): Silsilat Dirasat fi Tarih AlSahel AlShami, Tripoli, 1990. Arabic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2010" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Kirsten (October 2010). "Sidon". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-SIM_0007390"><i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i></a>. Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidon&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2F%2A-SIM_0007390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Kevin James (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzMlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Occitan+spoken+in+Tripoli&pg=PA80"><i>The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05260-9"><bdi>978-1-317-05260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counts+of+Tripoli+and+Lebanon+in+the+Twelfth+Century%3A+Sons+of+Saint-Gilles&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-317-05260-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Kevin+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzMlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOccitan%2Bspoken%2Bin%2BTripoli%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:032_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze2010" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Kirsten (October 2010). "Tripoli, Lebanon". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-SIM_0007390"><i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i></a>. Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripoli%2C+Lebanon&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2F%2A-SIM_0007390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1702">"Jami' al-Mansuri al-Kabir"</a>. <i>Archnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Jami%27+al-Mansuri+al-Kabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F1702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz2002" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Nimrod (2002). "Tripoli Reinvented: A Case of Mamluk Urbanization". In Lev, Yaacov (ed.). <i>Towns and material culture in the medieval Middle East</i>. Brill. pp. 53–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004125434" title="Special:BookSources/9004125434"><bdi>9004125434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripoli+Reinvented%3A+A+Case+of+Mamluk+Urbanization&rft.btitle=Towns+and+material+culture+in+the+medieval+Middle+East&rft.pages=53-71&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004125434&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, <i>Tripoli (i)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Altan, Çetin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/iuturkiyat/article/dogu-akdenizde-memluk-hacli-mucadelesinde-trablus-sehri">"Tripoli City in the East Mediterranean in the Fight of Mamluk-Crusader"</a>. <i>Journal of Turkology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 185–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26650%2Fiuturkiyat.793525">10.26650/iuturkiyat.793525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Turkology&rft.atitle=Tripoli+City+in+the+East+Mediterranean+in+the+Fight+of+Mamluk-Crusader&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-197&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26650%2Fiuturkiyat.793525&rft.aulast=Altan&rft.aufirst=%C3%87etin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupress.istanbul.edu.tr%2Fen%2Fjournal%2Fiuturkiyat%2Farticle%2Fdogu-akdenizde-memluk-hacli-mucadelesinde-trablus-sehri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemir2020" class="citation journal cs1">Demir, Beyza Topuz (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/isad/issue/51571/650332">"The Mamluk City in the Middle East: History, Culture, and Urban Landscape"</a>. <i>İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi</i> (43): 198–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26570%2Fisad.650332">10.26570/isad.650332</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1301-3289">1301-3289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0slam+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=The+Mamluk+City+in+the+Middle+East%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Urban+Landscape&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=198-203&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26570%2Fisad.650332&rft.issn=1301-3289&rft.aulast=Demir&rft.aufirst=Beyza+Topuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fisad%2Fissue%2F51571%2F650332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadmouri,_O_1984-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadmouri,_O_1984_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadmouri,_O_1984_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadmouri, O. AS., <i>Tarikh Tarablus al-siyasi wa'-hadari Aabr al-'usour</i>, Tripoli, 1984. <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1702">"Jami' al-Mansuri al-Kabir"</a>. <i>Archnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bursa Uludağ University (Master's thesis). p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Development+and+Change+of+Tripoli+Bazaar+in+Lebanon&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Bursa+Uluda%C4%9F+University+%28Master%27s+thesis%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Mohamad&rft.aufirst=Danah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facikerisim.uludag.edu.tr%2Fbitstream%2F11452%2F15326%2F3%2FDanah%2520Mohamad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=347">"Qantara – Madrasa al-Qartâwîyya"</a>. <i>www.qantara-med.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_2.htm#_ftn1">Return of the Pink Panthers?</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219114105/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_2.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Mideast Monitor</i>. Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_401030_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Tripoli el-Mina / Libanon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dwd.de</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/German_Meteorological_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="German Meteorological Office">German Meteorological Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwd.de&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Tripoli+el-Mina+%2F+Libanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_401030_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112185331/http://www.tripoli-lebanon.com/nourihammam.html">"Hammam Al-Nouri"</a>. <i>Tripoli-Lebanon.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Three+sites+%27in+danger%27+added+to+UNESCO+World+Heritage+List&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites-special-session%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biatcenter.org/index.php/projects/index">"Projects :: BIAT"</a>. <i>biatcenter.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biatcenter.org&rft.atitle=Projects+%3A%3A+BIAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiatcenter.org%2Findex.php%2Fprojects%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsez.gov.lb/index.php/about-us/definition">"About us"</a>. <i>Tripoli Special Economic Zone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tripoli+Special+Economic+Zone&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsez.gov.lb%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us%2Fdefinition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704180547/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/05/c_137301749.htm">"Lebanon's former finance minister hails special economic zone achievements"</a>. <i>Xinhua Net</i>. 5 July 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/05/c_137301749.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+Net&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+former+finance+minister+hails+special+economic+zone+achievements&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2018-07%2F05%2Fc_137301749.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117005216/http://www.robertfadel.com/english/Tripoli-Vision-2020">"Robert Fadel – روبير فاضل"</a>. <i>www.robertfadel.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertfadel.com/english/Tripoli-Vision-2020">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.robertfadel.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Fadel+%E2%80%93+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertfadel.com%2Fenglish%2FTripoli-Vision-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornish2020" class="citation news cs1">Cornish, Chloe (5 October 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/049f55e5-061f-4f8b-9d44-1aff71916f98">"Billionaires and bankrupts: Lebanon's second city highlights inequality"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/049f55e5-061f-4f8b-9d44-1aff71916f98">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Billionaires+and+bankrupts%3A+Lebanon%27s+second+city+highlights+inequality&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F049f55e5-061f-4f8b-9d44-1aff71916f98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripoli-lebanon.com/khans.html">"Tripoli-Lebanon.com Tourism-Khans Page"</a>. <i>www.tripoli-lebanon.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tripoli-lebanon.com&rft.atitle=Tripoli-Lebanon.com+Tourism-Khans+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripoli-lebanon.com%2Fkhans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorientlejour.com/article/947890/grave-pollution-petroliere-a-jiyeh.html%7D">The inhabitants observe regularly oïl spills near Jiyeh</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <dl><dt>Published in the 19th–20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosiah_Conder1830" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(editor_and_author)" title="Josiah Conder (editor and author)">Josiah Conder</a> (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller20condiala#page/220/mode/2up">"(Tripoli)"</a>, <i>The Modern Traveller</i>, London: J.Duncan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Tripoli%29&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Traveller&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.Duncan&rft.date=1830&rft.au=Josiah+Conder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmoderntraveller20condiala%23page%2F220%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">Hogarth, David George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tripoli (Syria)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tripoli_(Syria)">"Tripoli (Syria)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripoli+%28Syria%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=291-292&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hogarth&rft.aufirst=David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Published in the 21st century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Edmund_Bosworth2007" class="citation book cs1">C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Tripoli, in Lebanon". <i>Historic Cities of the Islamic World</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Koninklijke Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripoli%2C+in+Lebanon&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Tripoli". <i>Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture</i>. Oxford University Press. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripoli&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA79"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span>* For further readings about the Fairground of Oscar Niemeyer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://re.public.polimi.it/cris/rp/rp116405">ZAATAR, JOE</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="commons:Tripoli, Lebanon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Tripoli, Lebanon</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Lebanon)#Q168954" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tripoli (Lebanon)">Tripoli (Lebanon)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripoli.gov.lb/">Official website of Tripoli</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twitter.com/Tripoli/">Tripoli on Twitter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripoli-lebanon.org">tripoli-lebanon.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripoli-lebanon.com/main.html">Tripoli-Lebanon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913062543/http://www.tripoli-lebanon.com/main.html">Archived</a> 2009-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/north/tripoli/view_saint-gilles2.php">Tripoli fortress and Panorama of the city at 360 on May 2012</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415013102/http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=28">"Tripoli"</a>. <i>Islamic Cultural Heritage Database</i>. Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php?page=Country&id=28">the original</a> on 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Cultural+Heritage+Database&rft.atitle=Tripoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org%2Fircica%2Findex2.php%3Fpage%3DCountry%26id%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchNet.org" class="citation web cs1">ArchNet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024041504/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2201">"Tripoli"</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2201">the original</a> on 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tripoli&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+US&rft.pub=MIT+School+of+Architecture+and+Planning&rft.au=ArchNet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fplaces%2Fone-place.jsp%3Fplace_id%3D2201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripoli%2C+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Tripoli,_Lebanon&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Groetjes, Peter" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732401784"> <span>Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 22:43</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="طرابلس (لبنان) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طرابلس (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB_(%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Թրիփոլի (Լիբանան) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թրիփոլի (Լիբանան)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99rab%C3%BCl%C3%BCs_%C9%99%C5%9F-%C5%9Eam" title="Tərabülüs əş-Şam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tərabülüs əş-Şam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="طرابلس (لبنان) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طرابلس (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8)" title="ত্রিপোলি (লেবানন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিপোলি (লেবানন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Трыпалі (Ліван) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыпалі (Ліван)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Триполи (Ливан) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Триполи (Ливан)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Liban)" title="Tripoli (Liban) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tripoli (Liban)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADpoli_(L%C3%ADban)" title="Trípoli (Líban) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trípoli (Líban)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Tripoli (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tripoli (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Libanon)" title="Tripolis (Libanon) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tripolis (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanus)" title="Tripoli (Libanus) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tripoli (Libanus)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Liibanon)" title="Tripoli (Liibanon) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tripoli (Liibanon)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7_(%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τρίπολη (Λίβανος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίπολη (Λίβανος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADpoli_(L%C3%ADbano)" title="Trípoli (Líbano) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trípoli (Líbano)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolo_(Libano)" title="Tripolo (Libano) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tripolo (Libano)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libano)" title="Tripoli (Libano) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tripoli (Libano)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="طرابلس (لبنان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طرابلس (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Liban)" title="Tripoli (Liban) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tripoli (Liban)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripil%C3%AD,_an_Liob%C3%A1in" title="Tripilí, an Liobáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tripilí, an Liobáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADpoli,_L%C3%ADbano" title="Trípoli, Líbano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trípoli, Líbano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC_(%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EB%85%BC)" title="트리폴리 (레바논) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리폴리 (레바논)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB_(%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Տրիպոլի (Լիբանան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրիպոլի (Լիբանան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="त्रिपोली (लेबनान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिपोली (लेबनान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libanon" title="Tripoli, Libanon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tripoli, Libanon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tripoli, Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libano)" title="Tripoli (Libano) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tripoli (Libano)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Триполи (Ливан) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Триполи (Ливан)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libano)" title="Tripoli (Libano) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tripoli (Libano)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F)" title="טריפולי (לבנון) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריפולי (לבנון)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ტრიპოლი (ლიბანი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიპოლი (ლიბანი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabl%C3%BBs,_Libnan" title="Trablûs, Libnan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trablûs, Libnan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripole_(Lib%C4%81na)" title="Tripole (Libāna) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tripole (Libāna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Libanas)" title="Tripolis (Libanas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tripolis (Libanas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="ട്രിപ്പൊളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രിപ്പൊളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="त्रिपोली, लेबेनॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्रिपोली, लेबेनॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ტრიპოლი (ლიბანი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრიპოლი (ლიბანი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="طرابلس (لبنان) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طرابلس (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="طرابلس (لبنان) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="طرابلس (لبنان)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lubnan" title="Tripoli, Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tripoli, Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA_(%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3)" title="トリポリ (レバノン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリポリ (レバノン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_i_Libanon" title="Tripoli i Libanon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tripoli i Libanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADpol_(Liban)" title="Trípol (Liban) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trípol (Liban)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarobulus_ash-Shom" title="Tarobulus ash-Shom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarobulus ash-Shom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypolis_(Liban)" title="Trypolis (Liban) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trypolis (Liban)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADpoli_(L%C3%ADbano)" title="Trípoli (Líbano) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trípoli (Líbano)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Liban" title="Tripoli, Liban – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tripoli, Liban" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Триполи (Ливан) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триполи (Ливан)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tripoli, Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Liban)" title="Tripoli (Liban) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tripoli (Liban)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ACpuli_(L%C3%ACbbanu)" title="Trìpuli (Lìbbanu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Trìpuli (Lìbbanu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tripoli, Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Libanon)" title="Tripolis (Libanon) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tripolis (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libanon" title="Tripoli, Libanon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tripoli, Libanon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تەرابلوس (لوبنان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەرابلوس (لوبنان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Триполи (Либан) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Триполи (Либан)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libanon" title="Tripoli, Libanon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tripoli, Libanon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Libanon)" title="Tripoli (Libanon) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tripoli (Libanon)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libanon" title="Tripoli, Libanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tripoli, Libanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libano" title="Tripoli, Libano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tripoli, Libano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D)" title="திரிப்போலி (லெபனான்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரிப்போலி (லெபனான்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACrables_(Lubnan)" title="Ṭrables (Lubnan) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭrables (Lubnan)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99)" title="ตริโปลี (เลบานอน) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตริโปลี (เลบานอน)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81-%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Таробулус-аш-Шом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таробулус-аш-Шом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trablus%C5%9Fam" title="Trablusşam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trablusşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Триполі (Ліван) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Триполі (Ліван)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طرابلس، لبنان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طرابلس، لبنان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84%DB%87%D8%B3_(%D9%84%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="تەرابۇلۇس (لۇبنان) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تەرابۇلۇس (لۇبنان)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_(Livan)" title="Tripoli (Livan) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tripoli (Livan)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Liban" title="Tripoli, Liban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tripoli, Liban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tripoli, Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%8E%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%88%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%EF%BC%89" title="的黎波里（黎巴嫩） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="的黎波里（黎巴嫩）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F)" title="טריפאלי (לבנון) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טריפאלי (לבנון)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%8E%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C_(%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9)" title="的黎波里 (黎巴嫩) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="的黎波里 (黎巴嫩)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 22:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a 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