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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">Qalāwūn aṣ-Ṣāliḥī</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلاوون الصالحي</span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1222</span> – November 10, 1290) was the seventh Turkic <a href="/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks" title="Bahri Mamluks">Bahri Mamluk</a> sultan of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Egypt</a>; he ruled from 1279 to 1290. He was called <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn">al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn</span></span></b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المنصور قلاوون</span></span>, "Qalāwūn the Victorious").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having risen in power in the Mamluk court and elite circles, Qalawun eventually held the title of "the victorious king" and gained <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> authority over the sultanate. He is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Qalawunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalawunid dynasty">Qalawunid dynasty</a> that ruled Egypt for over a century. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>al-Malik al-Manṣūr</i> <ul><li><i>kassim amir al-mu'minin''</i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG/220px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG/330px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG/440px-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4928"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">For a time, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> sultans after him received their coronation <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mausoleum_of_Sultan_al-Mansur_Qalawun" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mausoleum of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun">here</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_sultans" title="List of Mamluk sultans">Sultan of Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1279 – 10 November 1290</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1222</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 10, 1290 (aged 67–68)<br><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Qalawun complex</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Fatima Khatun</li> <li>Qutqutiya Khatun</li> <li>Sitt Ashlun Khatun</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>As-Salih Ali</li><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">An-Nasir Muhammad</a></li><li>Amir Ahmad</li><li>Ghaziya Khatun</li><li>Dar Mukhtar al-Jawhari</li><li>Dar Anbar al-Kamili</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Royal name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الملك الْمَنْصُور سيف الدّين قَلَاوُونَ بن عبد الله الألفي العلائي الصَّالِحِي</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qalawunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalawunid dynasty">Qalawunid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks" title="Bahri Mamluks">Bahri Mamluks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The current sultan, <a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">Barakah</a> was exiled and rumored to have been poisoned by Qalawun. He would then wage war against the Crusaders, capturing lands held by the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>, and later totally defeating them in 1289. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, a major Crusader stronghold was besieged by Qalawun but would only be taken by his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a> as the former died before the siege was won in 1291. His son Khalil succeeded him as sultan. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography_and_rise_to_power"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography and rise to power</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Mamluk_diplomacy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Mamluk diplomacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Wars_against_the_Crusader_states"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Wars against the Crusader states</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Biography_and_rise_to_power">Biography and rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography and rise to power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Qalawun was a <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> people living between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea) from the Burj Oghli (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">برج اغلي</span>) tribe, the same tribe as the earlier Mamluk sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a>. They were both probably sold into slavery during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Mongol invasions of Kipchak territories</a> in the 1220s and 1230s. When he was 14 years old, Qalawun was brought by slave merchants to Egypt, which was under <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> rule at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199865–66_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199865%E2%80%9366-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then purchased as a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a> (slave soldier) sometime in the 1230s or 1240s, by a mamluk <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">amir</a> (commander) whom different historical sources name as either 'Ala al-Din Aqsunqur al-Kamili (a mamluk of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Kamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan al-Kamil">Sultan al-Kamil</a>) or 'Ala al-Din Aqsunqur al-Saqi al-'Adili (a mamluk of <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_II" title="Al-Adil II">Sultan al-Adil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was bought for the unusually high price of a thousand <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a>, which earned him the nickname <i>al-Alfī</i> ("the Thousander").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qalawun initially barely spoke <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, but he rose in power and influence where he then became an <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">al-Said Barakah</a>, was married to Qalawun's daughter. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Barakah. In early 1279, as Barakah and Qalawun invaded the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>, there was a revolt in Egypt that forced Barakah to abdicate upon his return home. He was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, but it was Qalawun, acting as <a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">atabeg</a>, who was the true holder of power. Because <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a> was only seven years old, Qalawun argued that Egypt needed an adult ruler, and Solamish was sent into exile in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in late 1279.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobrowolski2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobrowolski2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Qalawun took the title <i>al-Malik al-Manṣūr</i> ("the victorious king"). </p><p>The governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunqur_al-Ashqar" title="Sunqur al-Ashqar">Sunqur al-Ashqar</a>, did not agree with Qalawun's ascent to power and declared himself sultan. Sunqur's claim of leadership, however, was repelled in 1280, when Qalawun defeated him in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1281, Qalawun and Sunqur reconciled as a matter of convenience when <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, invaded Syria. Qalawun and Sunqur, working together, successfully repelled Abaqa's attack at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Second Battle of Homs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">Barakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, and their brother Khadir were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">al-Karak</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Crusader castle</a>. Barakah died there in 1280 (it was rumored that Qalawun had him poisoned), and Khadir gained control of the castle, until 1286 when Qalawun took it over directly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1282 he founded <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sultan_al-Mansur_Qalawun" title="Ribat of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun">Ribat al-Mansuri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a> (hospice) next to the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4aram_ash-Shar%C4%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥaram ash-Sharīf">Ḥaram ash-Sharīf</a></i></span> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ar-Latn"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ribat_of_Kurt_al-Mansuri" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ribat of Kurt al-Mansuri">Ribāṭ Kurt al-Manṣūrī</a></span></span> was founded by Kurd al-Manṣūrī, a mamluk of Qalawun.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgoyne1973_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgoyne1973-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Mamluk_diplomacy">Mamluk diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mamluk diplomacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_(1289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 349px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="349" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Tripoli_Painting_%281289%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">siege of Tripoli</a> by the Mamluks of Qalawun in 1289.</figcaption></figure> <p>As Baibars had done previously, Qalawun entered into land control treaties with the remaining <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(monastic_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (monastic society)">military orders</a> and individual lords who wished to remain independent; he recognized <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> as separate from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, now centered on <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holt1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaties were always in Qalawun's favor, and his treaty with Tyre mandated that the city would not build new fortifications, would stay neutral in conflicts between the Mamluks and other Crusaders, and Qalawun would be allowed to collect half the city's taxes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1281 Qalawun also negotiated an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to bolster resistance against <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a>, who was threatening both the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1290, he concluded trade alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Wars_against_the_Crusader_states">Wars against the Crusader states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wars against the Crusader states" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qalawun" title="Special:EditPage/Qalawun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun,_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="3439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 373px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="373" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/330px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG/440px-Cairo%2C_madrasa_del_sultano_qalaun%2C_04.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Qalawun complex</a> (mausoleum-madrasa-maristan) on <a href="/wiki/Muizz_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Muizz Street">Muizz Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayn_al-Qasrayn" title="Bayn al-Qasrayn">Bayn al-Qasrayn</a>, Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>Undeterred by the terms of these newly formed peace treaties, Qalawun sacked the "impregnable" <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a> in 1285, and established a Mamluk garrison there. He also captured and destroyed the castle of <a href="/wiki/Maraclea" title="Maraclea">Maraclea</a>. He captured <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> in 1287 and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> on April 27, 1289, thus ending the Crusader <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">Fall of Tripoli</a> in 1289 was spurred by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisans</a>, who opposed rising Genoese influence in the area. In 1290, reinforcements of King Henry arrived in Acre and drunkenly slaughtered peaceable merchants and peasants, Christians and Muslims alike. </p><p>Qalawun sent an emissary to ask for an explanation and above all to demand that the murderers be handed over for punishment. The Frankish response was divided between those who sought to appease him and those who sought a new war. Having received neither an explanation nor the murderers themselves, Qalawun decided that the ten-year truce he had formed with <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Arab_rule_and_the_crusades" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in 1284 had been broken by the Franks. He subsequently besieged the city that same year. He died in Cairo on 10 November 1290, before taking the city, but Acre was captured the next year by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a>. </p><p>Despite Qalawun's distrust of his son, Khalil succeeded him following his death. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, which eventually led to conflict within the Mamluk ranks. Khalil was assassinated by the Turks in 1293, but Qalawun's legacy continued when his younger son, <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">an-Nasir Muhammad</a>, claimed power. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Qalawun's first wife was Fatima Khatun, known as Umm Salih.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Karmun (Karamūm), a Mongol commander from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> who had integrated the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1265–66. She was the mother of his eldest son, as-Salih Ali<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (died 2 September 1288<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Ghaziya Khatun.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauden_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauden-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1283–84, and was buried in her own mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">Southern Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her death, he married her sister, the widow of Sayf ad-Din Kunduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116–17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116%E2%80%9317-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was Qutqutiya Khatun. She was the mother of his second son, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Bassat_2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Bassat_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another wife was Sitt Ashlun Khatun (Ašlūn), the daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> notable named Suktay bin Qarajin bin Jighan Nuwan (Šaktāy) who also had joined the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-UV_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1282. She was the mother of his third son, Sultan <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nasir Muhammad">an-Nasir Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998117_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998117-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UV_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An-Nasir Muhammad was raised and behaved in Mongol fashion until the age of 29, until he had a change of mood after an illness in 1315, which led him and his followers to "shave their heads [...] and give up their flowing locks".<sup id="cite_ref-UV_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another wife was the daughter of Amir Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Takriti al-Zahiri. They married in 1288–89. Qalawun, however, dissolved the marriage shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son was Amir Ahmad, who died during the reign of his brother al-Ashraf Khalil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qalawun's daughter Ghaziya Khatun was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/As-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Said Barakah">as-Said Barakah</a> (son of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>) on 28 May 1276, with a dowry of five thousand dinars. The wedding took place on 8 June 1277.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199875_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199875-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in August 1288,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998142_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998142-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in the mausoleum of her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauden_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauden-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another daughter was Dar Mukhatar al-Jawhari (Altumish). She was the wife of Mukhtar al-Jawhari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another daughter was Dar Anbar al-Kamili. She was the wife of Anbar al-Kamili.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Qalawun complex</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Faris_ad-Din_Aktai" class="mw-redirect" title="Faris ad-Din Aktai">Faris ad-Din Aktai</a> in 1254, Bahri Mamluks (including Baibars and Qalawun) fled to <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Yusuf" title="An-Nasir Yusuf">an-Nasir Yusuf</a> in Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977326_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then returned to Egypt during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabbat2021" class="citation book cs1">Rabbat, Nasser O. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>The Citadel of Cairo</i></a>. Brill. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49248-6"><bdi>978-90-04-49248-6</bdi></a>. <q>When Qalāwūn assumed the throne in 1280, he took the regnal title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-manṣūr</i></span> (the victorious).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citadel+of+Cairo&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49248-6&rft.aulast=Rabbat&rft.aufirst=Nasser+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWxPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199865–66-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199865%E2%80%9366_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199866_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977326-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1977326_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumphreys1977">Humphreys 1977</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobrowolski2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobrowolski2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobrowolski2001" class="citation book cs1">Dobrowolski, Jarosław (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFIFAp0cERoC&pg=PA18"><i>The Living Stones of Cairo</i></a>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-632-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-632-6"><bdi>978-977-424-632-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Stones+of+Cairo&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-977-424-632-6&rft.aulast=Dobrowolski&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFIFAp0cERoC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford2003_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfNqgYlo9fMC"><i>The 'Templar of Tyre': Part III of the 'Deeds of the Cypriots'<span></span></i></a>. Ashgate. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84014-618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84014-618-9"><bdi>978-1-84014-618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Templar+of+Tyre%27%3A+Part+III+of+the+%27Deeds+of+the+Cypriots%27&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84014-618-9&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfNqgYlo9fMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain2002_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Chamberlain2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael Chamberlain (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIe-azPhuo0C&pg=PP16"><i>Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52594-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Social+Practice+in+Medieval+Damascus%2C+1190-1350&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52594-7&rft.au=Michael+Chamberlain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIe-azPhuo0C%26pg%3DPP16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgoyne, 1987, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgoyne1973-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgoyne1973_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._H._Burgoyne1973" class="citation journal cs1">M. H. Burgoyne (1973). "The Continued Survey of the Ribāt Kurd/Madrasa Jawhariyya Complex in Ṭarīq Bāb Al-Ḥadīd, Jerusalem". <i>Levant</i>. <b>5</b>: 12–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.1973.5.1.12">10.1179/lev.1973.5.1.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=The+Continued+Survey+of+the+Rib%C4%81t+Kurd%2FMadrasa+Jawhariyya+Complex+in+%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABq+B%C4%81b+Al-%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABd%2C+Jerusalem&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=12-35&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Flev.1973.5.1.12&rft.au=M.+H.+Burgoyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt1995-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt1995_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter M. Holt">Holt, Peter M.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2oeolaGUCEC"><i>Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260-1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 106–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10246-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10246-9"><bdi>90-04-10246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mamluk+Diplomacy%2C+1260-1290%3A+Treaties+of+Baybars+and+Qal%C4%81w%C5%ABn+with+Christian+Rulers&rft.pages=106-17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10246-9&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2oeolaGUCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2008_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2008_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, C. (2008). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i>. American University in Cairo Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-205-3"><bdi>978-977-416-205-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-416-205-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulenSmet1995" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, Urbain; Smet, Daniel De (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grvIugwjRJQC&pg=PA313"><i>Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-683-4"><bdi>978-90-6831-683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+and+Syria+in+the+Fatimid%2C+Ayyubid+and+Mamluk+Eras&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-683-4&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=Urbain&rft.au=Smet%2C+Daniel+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrvIugwjRJQC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998143_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauden-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauden_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauden_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauden" class="citation web cs1">Bauden, Frédéric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/qalawunids/qalawunid-pedigree.pdf">"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Chicago<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Qalawunids%3A+A+Pedigree&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.aulast=Bauden&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmamluk.uchicago.edu%2Fqalawunids%2Fqalawunid-pedigree.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116–17-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998116%E2%80%9317_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, pp. 116–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, H.N. (2001). <i>The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950 - 1800)</i>. Sinica Leidensia. Brill. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11794-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11794-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11794-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Islamic+Egypt%3A+%28c.+950+-+1800%29&rft.series=Sinica+Leidensia&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11794-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=H.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Bassat_2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Bassat_2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Bassat2017" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Bassat, Y. (2017). <i>Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni</i>. Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34505-8"><bdi>978-90-04-34505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Perspectives+in+Mamluk+History%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Amalia+Levanoni&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34505-8&rft.aulast=Ben-Bassat&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UV-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UV_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UV_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UV_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulenSmet1995" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, Urbain; Smet, Daniel De (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grvIugwjRJQC&pg=PA314"><i>Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-683-4"><bdi>978-90-6831-683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+and+Syria+in+the+Fatimid%2C+Ayyubid+and+Mamluk+Eras&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-683-4&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=Urbain&rft.au=Smet%2C+Daniel+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrvIugwjRJQC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998117-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998117_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199875-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup199875_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998142-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998142_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorthrup1998">Northrup 1998</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyne,_Michael_Hamilton1987" class="citation book cs1">Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_qAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mamluk Jerusalem</i></a>. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem by the World of Islam Festival Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/090503533X" title="Special:BookSources/090503533X"><bdi>090503533X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mamluk+Jerusalem&rft.pub=British+School+of+Archaeology+in+Jerusalem+by+the+World+of+Islam+Festival+Trust&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=090503533X&rft.au=Burgoyne%2C+Michael+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR_qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Travels of Ibn Battuta</i> translated by <a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">H.A.R. Gibb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1977" class="citation cs2">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC"><i>From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</i></a>, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-263-4"><bdi>0-87395-263-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193%E2%80%931260&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87395-263-4&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXl5kvabhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup1998" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, Linda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC"><i>From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.)</i></a>. Stuttgart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9"><bdi>3-515-06861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Slave+to+Sultan%3A+The+Career+of+Al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+Qal%C4%81w%C5%ABn+and+the+Consolidation+of+Mamluk+Rule+in+Egypt+and+Syria+%28678-689+A.H.%2F1279-1290+A.D.%29&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-515-06861-9&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDivRsJGJaKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQalawun" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>The American University in Cairo - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001955/http://www.aucegypt.edu/walking_tours/cairo/walk1/qalawun/qalawun.html">Complex of Qalawun</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Qalawun </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_Mamluks" title="Bahri Mamluks">Bahri Mamluks</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1222</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 10 November 1290</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_sultans" title="List of Mamluk sultans">Sultan of Egypt and Syria</a> </b><br>November 1279 – 10 November 1290 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&oldid=1252664108">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&oldid=1252664108</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Qalawun&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729598690"> <span>Last edited on 22 October 2024, at 12:04</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Al-Mansur Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="المنصور سيف الدين قلاوون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنصور سيف الدين قلاوون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavun" title="Kalavun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalavun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="قالاوون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالاوون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8" title="কালাউন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালাউন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal%C3%A0wun" title="Qalàwun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qalàwun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="منصور قلاوون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منصور قلاوون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mans%C3%BBr_Sayf_ad-D%C3%AEn_Qala%27%C3%BBn_al-Alfi" title="Al-Mansûr Sayf ad-Dîn Qala'ûn al-Alfi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Mansûr Sayf ad-Dîn Qala'ûn al-Alfi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C_%EB%A7%8C%EC%88%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4" title="알 만수르 칼라운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알 만수르 칼라운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մանսուր Կալաուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանսուր Կալաուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Mansur Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קלאוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלאוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansz%C3%BAr_Kal%C3%A1%C3%BAn_egyiptomi_szult%C3%A1n" title="Al-Manszúr Kaláún egyiptomi szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Manszúr Kaláún egyiptomi szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="قلاوون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلاوون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Mansur Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="カラーウーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラーウーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="منصور قلاوون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منصور قلاوون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawun" title="Kalawun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalawun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavuno" title="Calavuno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calavuno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Аль-Мансур Калаун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Мансур Калаун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Калаван – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калаван" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qalawun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavun" title="Kalavun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalavun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Калаун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калаун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="سیف الدین قلاوون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیف الدین قلاوون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%89%E6%8B%89%E6%BA%AB" title="嘉拉溫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="嘉拉溫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 12:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb5db9db6-tkkbv","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.907","walltime":"1.177","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5283,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":84500,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8095,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":74498,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1084.155 1 -total"," 28.29% 306.694 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 26.42% 286.442 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.25% 186.969 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.71% 148.657 12 Template:Cite_book"," 13.53% 146.737 2 Template:Lang"," 10.94% 118.621 1 Template:Mamluk_Sultans_of_Egypt"," 10.64% 115.321 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.60% 93.203 14 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