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Evolution of Measles Surveillance and Control Strategies – Vaccine Studies
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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-59" class="post-59 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-measles-surveillance tag-geographic-information-systems-gis-in-surveillance tag-measles-and-rubella-initiative tag-measles-control-strategies tag-measles-outbreaks tag-measles-surveillance tag-molecular-diagnostics tag-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr tag-public-health-campaigns tag-supplementary-immunization-activities-sias tag-vaccination-programs tag-vaccine-hesitancy tag-who-measles-initiatives" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_21_-min-scaled-e1725953721851.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Evolution of Measles Surveillance and Control Strategies</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-10T13:05:31+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">September 10, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-10T12:29:22+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 10, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Measles, a very contagious viral disease, has been posing a serious public health threat since ancient times. Despite the availability of the vaccine, outbreaks continue to occur, pointing out the pressing need for robust surveillance and control strategies. The evolution of these strategies over the years reflects progress made in medical science, public health policy, and global cooperation. The paper articulates both the history and present-day approaches toward surveillance and control of measles, showing what has been achieved in terms of progress and what remains to be done.</span></p> <h3><b>Historical Background of Surveillance against Measles</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The history of measles surveillance started early in the 20th century, when the pathogen was realized to be a significant public health concern. Initial efforts were directed towards recording cases and describing the epidemiology of measles. Such early records provided critical insight into the patterns of measles outbreaks with regard to seasonality and the different age groups affected.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the development of public health infrastructure, methods of tracking measles also developed. Indeed, in several countries, it was the introduction of compulsory notification of infectious diseases that provided conditions under which data could be collected. That is when the health departments started keeping systematic records of measles cases, from which understanding and control of outbreaks became better.</span></p> <h3><b>Introduction to the Measles Vaccination</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the most important events concerning measles control was the discovery of the measles vaccine in the 1960s. With the implementation of vaccination programs, there was a drastic fall in measles cases and deaths. However, attaining high vaccination coverage in most parts of the world proved to be quite challenging. Public health campaigns were conducted to sensitize the masses about the benefits of vaccination and tackle vaccine hesitancy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vaccination strategies evolved over time, and many countries instituted routine childhood immunization programs. The inclusion of measles vaccination by the World Health Organization in the Expanded Programme on Immunization EPI in 1974 marked a global effort towards the control of this disease. Success was evident in the programmes as the measles incidence declined significantly in countries with high vaccination coverage.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/measles surveillance" target="_blank" title="measles surveillance - yearwise publication trends">measles surveillance</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 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Molecular techniques, especially Polymerase Chain Reaction, changed the diagnosis and tracing of measles. Such techniques could identify the measles virus quickly and precisely, resulting in improvements in the detection and response to outbreaks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to molecular methods, GIS has strengthened measles surveillance. Mapping measles cases by means of GIS provides insights into the distribution of these, which helps public health officials target interventions more effectively. Spatial analysis plays a very vital role in understanding the spread of measles and in planning vaccination campaigns.</span></p> <h3><b>Global Measles Control Initiatives</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Over the past decades, efforts to control measles globally have intensified. The WHO has set ambitious objectives for the elimination of measles through collaborative efforts with different partners. Implementation of the Measles and Rubella Initiative for reducing measles deaths and achieving regional elimination is one of the major strategies put in place.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such global efforts cannot go without surveillance. Not only would effective surveillance systems contribute to tracking the progress toward the elimination goals, but they would also detect outbreaks and efficiently respond to them. A country should have a good surveillance system with laboratory confirmation of cases and vaccination coverage.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/measles surveillance" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="measles surveillance - yearwise publication list">measles surveillance</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Breakthrough Measles among Vaccinated Adults Born during the Post-Soviet Transition Period in Mongolia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932425", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Progress and Challenges in Measles and Rubella Elimination in the WHO European Region.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932424", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Molecular characterization of human adenoviruses associated with pediatric respiratory infections in Karachi, Pakistan.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38811902", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Epidemiological anomaly detection in Philippine public health surveillance data through Newcomb-Benford analysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38693873", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38667754", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Questionable Immunity to Mumps among Healthcare Workers in Italy-A Cross-Sectional Serological Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38793772", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Case Ascertainment of Measles during a Large Outbreak-Laboratory Compared to Epidemiological Confirmation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38732357", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Digitalizing disease surveillance: experience from Sierra Leone.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38813658", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Rubella in Poland in 2021.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38783657", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "[Stratification of risk areas for measles transmission: a systematic reviewEstratificaci\u00f3n de las zonas de riesgo de transmisi\u00f3n del sarampi\u00f3n: revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica].", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38226153", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Vaccine-preventable diseases: Immune response in a large population of healthcare students.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38246845", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Estimating the Impact of Vaccination Campaigns on Measles Transmission in Somalia.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38543948", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Seroprevalence for Measles, Varicella, Mumps and Rubella in the Trainee Obstetric Population: A Survey in Southern Italy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38543969", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Adverse events following Measles-Mumps-Rubella and varicella immunization: A safety profile analysis and comparison of different vaccination schedules based on the Italian Pharmacovigilance Network in the Veneto Region.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38606113", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The impact of conflict on infectious disease: a systematic literature review.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38584269", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Challenges for Sustaining Measles Elimination: Post-Verification Large-Scale Import-Related Measles Outbreaks in Mongolia and Cambodia, Resulting in the Loss of Measles Elimination Status.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39066458", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Global Update on Measles Molecular Epidemiology.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39066448", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from China, 1980-2015.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39164620", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Using Regular High-Quality Serosurveys to Identify and Close National Immunity Gaps-Measles and Rubella Elimination in Japan.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39204061", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Tracking Measles and Rubella Elimination Progress-World Health Organization African Region, 2022-2023.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39204072", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Measles surveillance","Measles control strategies","Measles outbreaks","Vaccination programs","Vaccine hesitancy","WHO measles initiatives","Public health campaigns","Molecular diagnostics","Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)","Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in surveillance","Measles and Rubella Initiative","Supplementary immunization activities (SIAs)"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Vital Challenges to Measles Surveillance and Control</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite developments in surveillance and control of measles, a number of challenges still exist. Of major note among these is the attainment of high and sustained coverage for vaccination. Chief amongst these further barriers is vaccine hesitancy in the setting of misinformation and mistrust. Public health authorities must engage with communities through education about concerns.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another challenge is the outbreak of measles in settings with conflict and crisis. This usually results in an interruption to routine immunization services, a factor that opens a window for lapses in vaccination coverage and increased susceptibility to outbreaks. Health system strengthening and access to vaccines in these settings are therefore quite critical in preventing outbreaks of measles.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The re-emergence that has been noted in some countries in the past with high vaccination coverage brings out an essential requirement for continued vigilance in surveillance and vaccinations. Waning immunity and population movements may be responsible for the reemergence. The surveillance system should be capable of detecting these changes and responding to them.</span></p> <h3><b>Innovations in Strategies for Control of Measles</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Innovative approaches to the control of measles are being explored in a bid to solve the challenges. This includes the use of supplementary immunization activities. SIAs are mass vaccination campaigns targeting populations at risk for measles. They often take place as a reaction to outbreaks or to boost immunity in areas with low vaccination coverage.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition, technological innovations, especially digital health tools, are being harnessed in the bid to transform the surveillance and control of measles. Mobile health applications can digitize real-time reporting of measles cases and vaccination data at the lowest levels, improving the timeliness and accuracy of surveillance. Further, data analytics combined with artificial intelligence will be applied to intelligently forecast outbreaks and optimize vaccination strategies.</span></p> <h3><b>The Future of Measles Surveillance and Control</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With continued technological progress and cooperation at the global level, a bright future ahead for measles surveillance and control is sure to be. High levels of effort and commitment on the part of all partners can make measles elimination a reality. To do this, strengthening surveillance systems and responding to vaccine hesitancy, coupled with support for much more equitable access to the vaccines, will be an integral part of the effort.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another aspect that remains is the better integration of measles surveillance with other monitoring systems for diseases. This integrated surveillance will improve efficiency and resource use, hence allowing comprehensive approaches toward the control of infectious diseases. The efforts must be continued collaboratively at the national, regional, and global levels.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The course that surveillance and control programs of measles take mirrors gains in public health. From the most primitive documentation of cases to sophisticated molecular techniques, the journey has been one of continuous improvement and adaptation. Despite the challenges, the world’s commitment to measles elimination remains unabated by the single goal of a world free from this quite preventable disease.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). “Measles Fact Sheet.</span></li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Simons E, Ferrari M, Fricks J, Wannemuehler K, Anand A, Burton A, Strebel P. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22534001/">Assessment of the 2010 global measles mortality reduction goal: results from a model of surveillance data</a>. Lancet. 2012 Jun 9;379(9832):2173-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60522-4. Epub 2012 Apr 24. Erratum in: Lancet. 2013 Jan 26;381(9863):294. PMID: 22534001.</div> </li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021)</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Achievements in Measles Control and the National Vision for Measles Elimination by 2020 in the United States</span></li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Patel MK, Dumolard L, Nedelec Y, Sodha SV, Steulet C, Gacic-Dobo M, Kretsinger K, McFarland J, Rota PA, Goodson JL. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31805033/">Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination – Worldwide, 2000-2018.</a> MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Dec 6;68(48):1105-1111. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6848a1. PMID: 31805033; PMCID: PMC6897527.</div> </li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Global Decline of Measles Vaccination Coverage: What are the Causes and Consequences?</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Impact of Vaccine Hesitancy on Measles Resurgence.</span></li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Perry RT, Halsey NA. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106083/">The clinical significance of measles: a review.</a> J Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;189 Suppl 1:S4-16. doi: 10.1086/377712. PMID: 15106083.</div> </li> <li>World Health Organization, 2020. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Strategic+Advisory+Group+of+Experts+on+Immunization&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1725951229608&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3A9plDvNLZeNoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den">Strategic advisory group of experts on immunization (SAGE).</a> <i>URL: https://www. who. int/immunization/policy/sage/en/(date of access-01.11. 2022)</i>.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">measles surveillance</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "H0W-K4wBWBy50K-rGIax": { "aid": "H0W-K4wBWBy50K-rGIax", "name": "I. 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