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id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-84" class="post-84 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-vaccine-development tag-allopathicvaccines tag-cytomegalovirus tag-genetic-engineering tag-genomesequencing tag-genomic tag-latency tag-phylodynamics tag-vaccine tag-vaccine-development" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="800" height="419" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-15-01.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-15-01.jpg 800w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-15-01-300x157.jpg 300w, https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/banner-15-01-768x402.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Genomic Approaches to Vaccine Development</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-08T17:21:43+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">October 8, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The breakthrough in the technologies for large-scale sequencing of genomes has presented new paradigms in the design of vaccine development that have in turn opened up possibilities where previously it was deemed nearly impossible. Allopathic vaccines have continued to perform an important function of reducing as well as managing some of the deadly diseases. Nevertheless, new diseases appear and old diseases reappear, and therefore, new, more efficient, and adaptive approaches to vaccine creation are needed. Genomic solutions play a major role in the development of vaccines that are more effective, safer, and with broad-spectrum activity against different pathogens using more precise approaches.</span></p> <h3><b>Understanding Genomic Approaches</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Genomic strategies for the development of vaccines are related to the employment of genomic information on the selection of targets for vaccination, construction of the vaccine, and assessment of the efficacy and toxicity of the carriers. These approaches use the pathogen’s whole genome DNA sequence to identify specific antigens that can effectively stimulate the immune response. This method is quite different from conventional methods of vaccine development, in which an antigen is selected by a method of trial and error.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Still, one of the most meaningful benefits of genomic approaches is the possibility for high-throughput sequencing, which enables researchers to sequence genomes of pathogens and their hosts extremely fast. This capability is essential to describe the population structure of pathogens and their hosts’ interactions. Studying these interactions allows the researchers to find out the constituent features of the pathogen that could be potentially addressed by the vaccines.</span></p> <h3><b>Deep Sequencing for Vector Selection and Vaccine Deployment</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can go deeper for sequencing that has also been applied when designing selection and use of vectors for transmissible vaccines. When the samples from the field are sequenced, the researchers can define other strains of viruses and their distribution across different regions. For instance, in Desmodus rotundus betaherpesvirus, its prevalence has been reported to comprise several strains in different geographical areas. This information is critical when choosing the right viral vector for the vaccines and when conducting field trials where vaccines can spread and naturally infect only a limited number of people.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The analysis of deep sequencing also allows for the identification of the phylogeographical distribution of viral strains, which the long-term vaccine deployment strategy depends on. In other words, if the disease spread is studied and certain targeted geographical regions that will naturally prevent the spread of the vaccine are noted, then more efficient vaccination can be ensured. This equally improves the efficiency of vaccines while also strengthening their application in a way that would prevent the uncontrolled spread of the virus.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/vaccine development" target="_blank" title="vaccine development - yearwise publication trends">vaccine development</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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These simulation models rely on data obtained from experiments as well as field surveys to illustrate how the pathogens in question move from place to place and how the vaccines in question help contain these pathogens. Thus, parameterizing these models with real-life data allows researchers to determine how effective a vaccine will be to wipe out the pathogens affecting wild animals before they jump into the human population.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They also assist in determining the ‘carriers’ of the immunity that propagate it around the population in record time. For instance, it was learned that beta herpesviruses may be suitable for the delivery of transmissible vaccines because of their stability and the ease with which they may be disseminated among host populations. These models help the researchers to know how effectively these vectors work in various reservoir populations and which can be further used for development.</span></p> <h3><b>Genetic Stability and Evolutionary Considerations</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the problems of creating transmissible vaccines is the genetic stability of the genomes that are being intentionally modified. Bacteria produced on-site and containing foreign transgenes are known to undergo evolution, at which the vaccine may be affected. To meet this challenge, researchers have come up with techniques that determine the evolution stability of engineered genomes. The specific methods include measuring occurrence and reporting on the frequency of the engineered genomes with time and applying mathematical formulas to estimate the half-life of the transgene.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That is, by lowering the mutation rate or utilization of the selections against the transgene, scientists can enhance the stability of engineered genomes. These predictive tools are critical in developing vaccines that can provide long-lasting immunity against infectious diseases; hence, they will need to remain immunogenic for long durations.</span></p> <h3><b>Transmission Dynamics and Disease Control</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Such information is paramount in the development of vaccines to control diseases since the pathogen transmission patterns change. Explorations on the cross-transmission dynamics of herpesvirus across different groups of wild hosts, particularly rodents, offered knowledge on the transmissibility of the diseases among wildlife species. As the models are synthesized against field data, the researchers can obtain the transmission parameters between and within the demography. This information proves vital in the process of defining the groups of people most responsible for spreading the parasites, as well as in developing vaccine strategies.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For instance, the models with clear mention of explicit sex groups have established that male-to-male transmission constitutes a major way through which herpes viruses spread. Understanding these transmission dynamics can then enable the researchers to develop new approaches to vaccinate specific people in society, thus improving the success rate of the vaccination drive.</span></p> <h3><b>Harnessing Cytomegaloviruses for Vaccine Development</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Cytomegaloviruses have therefore been considered experimentally as vaccine vectors because they elicit robust CD8+ T cell responses. CMVs are capable of evoking highly loyal T cell reactions and are, therefore, potential candidates in vaccines. Studies have focused on the following elements that relate to the vaccination employing CMV-based vaccines: innate immune response, adaptive humoral immunity, and T-cell immunity.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another important factor that should be taken into account when designing the process of CMV-based vaccines is associated with the demonstration of antigenic epitopes by major histocompatibility complex molecules. Thus, by knowing how these epitopes are processed, one can effectively develop antigens that provoke reliable immune responses. Also, one can obtain either a systemic or mucosal antibody, wherein flexibility can be enjoyed based on the chosen method of vaccine delivery.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/vaccine development" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="vaccine development - yearwise publication list">vaccine development</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Partnering to Address Health Inequities among Incarcerated Populations: Prisons, Jails, and COVID-19 Vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946565", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Highlight of 2023: Advances in germinal centers.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38946158", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Imprinting of IgA responses in previously infected individuals receiving bivalent mRNA vaccines (WT and BA.4\/BA.5 or WT and BA.1).", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945433", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Rapid Development of a Registry to Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38947011", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Enhancing in situ cancer vaccines using delivery technologies.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38951662", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Oral vaccination with a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing the Eimeria tenella rhoptry neck 2 protein elicits protective immunity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943202", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Proteomic characterization of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi under iron limitation reveals an upregulation of proteins related to iron oxidation and reduction metabolism, iron uptake systems and gliding motility.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38943549", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Assessing population-level target product profiles of universal human influenza A vaccines.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944025", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Extraction of Modified Adeno-Associated Virus-Like Particles Displaying Peptides on Their Surface.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38951338", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine: Promise and Challenges.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38876903", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "MIL-53(Al)-oil\/water emulsion composite as an adjuvant promotes immune responses to an inactivated pseudorabies virus vaccine in mice and pigs.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838909", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Virological characteristics of a SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronavirus, BANAL-20-236.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838469", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Development of an anti-tauopathy mucosal vaccine specifically targeting pathologic conformers.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38879560", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Selenium nanoparticles enhance mucosal immunity against Mycobacterium bovis infection.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38878484", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a COVID-19 DNA vaccine encoding spike protein with D614G mutation and optimization of large-scale DNA vaccine production.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38879684", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Protective efficacy and immune responses of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) immunized with an inactivated vaccine against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVa.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38871138", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "THE MANAGEMENT OF LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASIA IN FOUR NORTHERN SEA OTTERS ().", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38875209", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Module-combinatorial design and screening of multifunctional polymers based on polyaspartic acid for DNA delivery.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38885780", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Proceedings of the dengue endgame summit: Imagining a world with dengue control.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38890105", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In Situ Characterization of Human Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38888784", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["genomic approaches","vaccine development","deep sequencing","mathematical modeling","transmissible vaccines","herpesviruses","cytomegalovirus","phylodynamics","latency","genetic engineering"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Phylodynamics and Disease Endemicity</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Phylodynamics is an integration of phylogenetic tree analysis and epidemiological data that serves as a vital tool for describing the pattern of disease transmission. It has been applied in researching the success of vaccines and several other issues regarding causes of disease persistence in populations. For example, in research focused on rabies virus epidemics in Costa Rica, phylodynamic reconstructions prove bidirectional viral dissemination and establish the factors that cause the viruses to go extinct.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In turn, according to the given longitudinal sequence data, it is possible to define the viral lineages and assess their location. It is useful for the development of vaccination campaigns and allocation of vaccines that focus on individual areas as well as for comprehending the ways that global viral distribution influences the incidence of diseases such as rabies. Phylodynamic studies help track the dynamics through which viruses, for instance, circulate within communities and thus be useful in the invention of efficient vaccines and controlling mechanisms.</span></p> <h3><b>Latency and Reactivation in Herpesviruses</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Original infection and subsequent reactivation are two factors inherent to herpes viruses that affect the development of vaccines. Many herpes viruses are capable of establishing a latent infection in certain cell types, and the virus reactivation may occur under such factors as inflammation, infection, or cell differentiation. Knowledge of these processes is central to the development of vaccination strategies that might help contain herpes virus diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For example, papers dealing with the mechanisms of cytomegalovirus (CMV) latency and reactivation have demonstrated that CMV can avoid recognition and elimination by the host immune system and enter the state of latency through certain cell type-dependent ways. It is through such mechanisms that researchers can design preparations that can help avoid this reactivation and create a strong, long-lasting immunity against CMV. Moreover, recent studies with animal models have described new directions in the immunotherapy of leishmaniasis from the enhancement of the host immune response to avoid reactivation.</span></p> <h3><b>Genetic Engineering and Vaccine Stability</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The stability of vaccines is one of the areas in which genetic engineering is prominent. Ever since the understanding that by designing vaccines that are resistant to evolutionary reversion, vaccines are more effective and can be relied on has been developed. This includes the prevention of shifts in the viral genotypes as they contrast with antigenic inserts; some of these elements need to be preserved across generations.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Many of the studies dealing with the stability of the viral genome demonstrated that different positions of the insertion and different characteristics of the genome could greatly influence the stability of the engineered vaccine. The theoretical models can then be complemented with experimental tests to come up with tests that will help in the formation of plausible models that should underpin the construction of stable and effective vaccines. These are important to genetic engineering since they address some of the main issues relating to the stability of vaccines and their effectiveness at the time they are used.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Efficiency and accuracy of tackling the diseases make genomic approaches to vaccine introduction possible and worthy. Recent advancements in deep sequencing, appropriate mathematical modeling, and genetic engineering have aided researchers in developing new vaccines that are more efficient and stable and that can provide immunity to almost all strains at once. Such strategies allow for the rapid discovery of vaccine targets for specific pathogens; the testing of vaccine functions in societies; and the study of the mode of spread of diseases among people. This technology will grow in significance soon when employing genomics for the fluid, challenges that characterize the appearing and reappearing diseases in terms of bringing about new vaccines.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li>Griffiths, M.E., Broos, A., Bergner, L.M., Meza, D.K., Suarez, N.M., da Silva Filipe, A., Tello, C., Becker, D.J. and Streicker, D.G., 2022. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001580">Longitudinal deep sequencing informs vector selection and future deployment strategies for transmissible vaccines.</a> <i>PLoS Biology</i>, <i>20</i>(4), p.e3001580.</li> <li>Varrelman, T.J., Remien, C.H., Basinski, A.J., Gorman, S., Redwood, A. and Nuismer, S.L., 2022. <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2108610119">Quantifying the effectiveness of betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccines.</a> <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, <i>119</i>(4), p.e2108610119.</li> <li>Streicker, D.G., Bull, J.J. and Nuismer, S.L., 2022. <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abo0238">Self-spreading vaccines: Base policy on evidence.</a> <i>Science</i>, <i>375</i>(6587), pp.1362-1363.</li> <li>Nuismer, S.L., Basinski, A. and Bull, J.J., 2019. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eva.12806">Evolution and containment of transmissible recombinant vector vaccines.</a> <i>Evolutionary Applications</i>, <i>12</i>(8), pp.1595-1609.</li> <li>Nuismer, S.L., C. 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