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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Kappelerkrieg" title="Zweiter Kappelerkrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zweiter Kappelerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Kappel_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci Kappel müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Kappel müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_o_Kappel" title="Druhá válka o Kappel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá válka o Kappel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Kappelerkrieg" title="Zweiter Kappelerkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Kappelerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-a_Milito_de_Kappel" title="2-a Milito de Kappel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2-a Milito de Kappel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%B9%B4%ED%8E%A0_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 카펠 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 카펠 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kappel_Kedua" title="Perang Kappel Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kappel Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_di_Kappel" title="Seconda guerra di Kappel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra di Kappel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת קאפל השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת קאפל השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_kappeli_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második kappeli háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második kappeli háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Kappeleroorlog" title="Tweede Kappeleroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Kappeleroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_kappelska" title="II wojna kappelska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna kappelska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая каппельская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая каппельская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_e_Kappelit" title="Lufta e Dytë e Kappelit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Dytë e Kappelit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_war_of_Kappel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Second war of Kappel">Second war of Kappel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1531 battle during the Swiss Reformation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second War of Kappel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/330px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/500px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg/600px-Schlacht_bei_Kappel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br />Battle of Kappel, 11 October 1531, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Asper" title="Hans Asper">Hans Asper</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 October – 20 November 1531</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Catholic victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Catholics</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Uri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="471" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blutfahne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blutfahne.svg/15px-Blutfahne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blutfahne.svg/23px-Blutfahne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blutfahne.svg/30px-Blutfahne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Zug.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Lucerne.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg/15px-Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg/23px-Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg/30px-Old_flag_of_Unterwalden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Protestants</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="474" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zürich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Bern.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Basel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Schaffhausen.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second War of Kappel</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Zweiter Kappelerkrieg</i>) was an armed conflict in 1531 between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Catholic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Switzerland" title="Protestantism in Switzerland">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagsatzung1531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tagsatzung1531.jpg/250px-Tagsatzung1531.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tagsatzung1531.jpg/500px-Tagsatzung1531.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i> of 1531 in <a href="/wiki/Baden,_Switzerland" title="Baden, Switzerland">Baden</a> failed to mediate between the parties (1790s drawing)</figcaption></figure> <p>The peace concluded after the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Kappel" title="First War of Kappel">First War of Kappel</a> two years earlier had prevented an armed confrontation, but the tensions between the two parties had not been resolved, and provocations from both sides continued, fuelled in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> of 1530. The Protestant canton of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a>, feared a military action by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Archduke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria">Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> against Swiss Protestants, and saw the five Catholic cantons of <a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">Central Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>) as potential allies of the two <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> sovereigns.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Catholic party accused Zürich of territorial ambitions. While the Federal Diet (<i><a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i>) had successfully mediated in 1529, on this occasion the attempt failed, not least because Zwingli was eager to implement the Reformation throughout the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of 1531, Zürich had called on the five Catholic cantons to allow Protestant worship on their territory, but this was perceived by the Catholics as an attack on their independence and rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, as the Catholic cantons refused to help the <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Three Leagues</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Musso_War" title="Musso War">Musso War</a> of March–April 1531, Zürich promptly considered this a breach of contracts between the Confederacy and the Three Leagues and declared an <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> against the five cantons. Zürich urged its ally Bern to launch a joint military intervention, which it refused.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in May 1531 the two cantons enacted a food embargo against the five cantons, preventing the supply of grain and salt.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the measure failed to pressure the Catholics into concessions, in September Bern suggested lifting the embargo, which caused tensions with Zürich.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_war">Course of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pressed by the food embargo, on 9 October 1531 the five Catholic cantons declared war on Zürich and deployed their main army on Zug's border with Zürich, near <a href="/wiki/Kappel_am_Albis" title="Kappel am Albis">Kappel am Albis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zürich's troops were mobilized far too late, and at noon on 11 October, an army of around 2000 men found itself alone against some 7000 soldiers from the five cantons.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the troops from Zürich arrived only in the course of the afternoon, incomplete, in isolated groups and exhausted from the march. At 4 p.m., the Catholic troops launched an attack and routed the enemy after a brief resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zürich suffered around 500 killed, among them Zwingli, who had accompanied the main army as a <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplain</a> and whose body was burned as a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weckesser-Zwingli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Weckesser-Zwingli.png/250px-Weckesser-Zwingli.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Weckesser-Zwingli.png/500px-Weckesser-Zwingli.png 1.5x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Zwingli's Death on the Battlefield at Kappel</i>, by <a href="/wiki/August_Weckesser" title="August Weckesser">August Weckesser</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of Kappel, Bern and other Protestant cantons came to the aid of Zürich. Between 15 and 21 October, a Protestant army, vastly outnumbering the enemy force, marched through the <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a> valley up to the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Baar,_Switzerland" title="Baar, Switzerland">Baar</a>, and the Catholic troops withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Zugerberg" title="Zugerberg">Zugerberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bernese and the Zürcher command then attempted to advance through <a href="/wiki/Sihlbrugg" title="Sihlbrugg">Sihlbrugg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menzingen" title="Menzingen">Menzingen</a> in order to surround the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maneuver, which involved around 5,000 men, was delayed by looting and the indiscipline of the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the evening of 23 October, the expeditionary force had reached only Gubel Hill, near Menzingen, where it was attacked during the night by a small force from the five cantons and forced to flee after it had sustained heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The renewed defeat led to increasing desertions among the Protestant army, which retreated down the Reuss valley to <a href="/wiki/Bremgarten,_Aargau" title="Bremgarten, Aargau">Bremgarten</a> on 3 November.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The withdrawal left Zürich's territories on the left bank of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Zürich">Lake Zürich</a> unprotected and allowed Catholic troops to pillage the area from 6 to 8 November.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canton's military incapability compelled leading figures in both the city of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and the countryside to push for a immediate peace agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of November, representatives of the cantons that remained neutral: (<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>), as well as French diplomats, had been trying to mediate a peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the military circumstances, the Second Peace in Kappel or <i>Zweiter Landfrieden</i> (Second Territorial Peace), which was concluded on 20 November in the hamlet of Deinikon, near Baar, turned out to be favourable for the Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a>, who had been a teacher at Kappel and since 1523 an outspoken supporter of Zwingli's, at the time of the war was pastor at Bremgarten. Following the Battle of Kappel, Bremgarten was re-catholicized. On 21 October, Bullinger fled to Zürich with his father, and on 9 December was declared Zwingli's successor as leader of the Reformed movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In anticipation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio_eius_religio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuius regio eius religio">Cuius regio eius religio</a></i> principle of the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a>, the Second Peace of Kappel confirmed each canton's right to determine the denomination of its own citizens and subjects, but favored Catholicism in the Confederacy's <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">common territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Abbey of Saint Gall">Princely Abbey of Saint Gall</a>, Zürich's territorial ambitions in eastern Switzerland came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace treaty determined the dissolution of the Protestant alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also allowed communes or parishes that had already converted to remain Protestant. Only strategically important places such as the <a href="/wiki/Freie_%C3%84mter" title="Freie Ämter">Freiamt</a> or those along the route from Schwyz to the Rhine valley at <a href="/wiki/Sargans" title="Sargans">Sargans</a> (and thus to the alpine passes in the Grisons) were forcibly re-Catholicised. </p><p>One result of the treaty—probably not anticipated by its signatories—was the long-term establishment of religious coexistence in several Swiss subject territories. In both the territories of <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a>, for example, Catholic and Protestant congregations began worshiping in the same churches, which led to further tensions and conflicts throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The treaty also confirmed each canton's right to practice either the Catholic or Reformed faith, thus defining the Swiss Confederation as a state with two religions,<sup id="cite_ref-History_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a relative exception in Western Europe. The outcome of the war also cemented the main denominations in each of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen cantons">thirteen cantons</a> of the Old Swiss Confederacy: after later settlements in Glarus and Appenzell, seven full and two half cantons remained Catholic (Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, and half of Glarus and Appenzell), while four and two halves became firmly Swiss Reformed Protestant (Zürich, Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, and half of Glarus and Appenzell). With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Western_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Switzerland">Western Switzerland</a>, the religious geography of the country has remained largely unchanged since the Second Peace of Kappel.<sup id="cite_ref-HDS_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unsuccessful effort by the Protestant cantons, especially Zürich, to change the terms of confessional coexistence in 1656, the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a>, led to a reaffirmation of the status quo in the <i>Dritter Landfrieden</i> (Third Territorial Peace). A second religious civil war in 1712, the <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Second War of Vilmergen</a>, ended in a decisive Protestant victory and major revisions in the fourth Landfrieden of 1712. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Toggenburg War</a> or Second War of Villmergen (1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">Sonderbund War</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Salat" title="Johannes Salat">Johannes Salat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HDS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDS_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Helmut Meyer: <i>Wars of Kappel</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8903.php"><span title="Wars of Kappel in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8903.php"><span title="Wars of Kappel in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8903.php"><span title="Wars of Kappel in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFActon1903" class="citation book cs1">Acton, Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg (1903). A. W. Ward; G. W. Prothero; Stanley Leathes M.A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57oYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337"><i>The Cambridge modern history</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07814-6"><bdi>978-0-521-07814-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+modern+history&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07814-6&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Baron+John+Emerich+Edward+Dalberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57oYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+War+of+Kappel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Peter Hoppe: <i>Zug</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7373.php"><span title="Zug in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7373.php"><span title="Zug in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7373.php"><span title="Zug in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hans Ulrich Bächtold: <i>Heinrich Bullinger</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10443.php"><span title="Heinrich Bullinger in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10443.php"><span title="Heinrich Bullinger in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10443.php"><span title="Heinrich Bullinger in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>W. Schaufelberger, <i>Kappel – Die Hintergründe einer militärschen Katastrophe</i>, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweizerisches_Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Volkskunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde (page does not exist)">SAVk</a> 51, 1955, 34–61.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&oldid=1253651782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_War_of_Kappel&oldid=1253651782</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_wars_of_religion" title="Category:European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Civil wars in Switzerland">Civil wars in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1531" title="Category:Conflicts in 1531">Conflicts in 1531</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Switzerland" title="Category:Battles involving Switzerland">Battles involving Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Switzerland" title="Category:Wars involving Switzerland">Wars involving Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Category:Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1531_in_Europe" title="Category:1531 in Europe">1531 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Category:16th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy">16th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1531_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Category:1531 in the Holy Roman Empire">1531 in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:HDS_not_on_Wikidata" title="Category:HDS not on Wikidata">HDS not on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 04:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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