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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Description_and_common_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_and_common_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Description and common attributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_and_common_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creating_vampires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_vampires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Creating vampires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_vampires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_vampires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_vampires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Identifying vampires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_vampires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Methods of destruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_later_European_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_later_European_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Medieval and later European folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_later_European_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th-century_vampire_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-century_vampire_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 18th-century vampire controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-century_vampire_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-European_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-European_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Non-European beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-European_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_vampire_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_vampire_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origins of vampire beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_of_vampire_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins of vampire beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_vampire_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pathology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Decomposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premature_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premature_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Premature burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premature_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychodynamic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychodynamic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Psychodynamic theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychodynamic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Political interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Psychopathology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vampire_bats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vampire_bats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Vampire bats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vampire_bats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In modern culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In modern culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_vampire_subcultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_vampire_subcultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Modern vampire subcultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_vampire_subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vampire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" > 97 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampier" title="Vampier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vampier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6mp%C4%ABr" title="Fæmpīr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fæmpīr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D3%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D3%B7%D1%8C" title="Ахәарҭлаӷь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ахәарҭлаӷь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مصاص دماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصاص دماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcolacu" title="Vurcolacu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vurcolacu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiru" title="Vampiru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vampiru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভ্যাম্পায়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্যাম্পায়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Вампір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вампір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Вампір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вампір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buringkantada" title="Buringkantada – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buringkantada" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="ཁྲག་འཇུབ་གདོན་འདྲེ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲག་འཇུབ་གདོན་འདྲེ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suner-gwad" title="Suner-gwad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Suner-gwad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C3%ADr_(nemrtv%C3%BD)" title="Upír (nemrtvý) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Upír (nemrtvý)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampir" title="Fampir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fampir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyr" title="Vampyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vampyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ڤومپير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤومپير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiir" title="Vampiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vampiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81" title="Βαμπίρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαμπίρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vampiro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vampiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banpiro" title="Banpiro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banpiro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خون‌آشام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خون‌آشام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vampire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampier" title="Fampier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fampier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAmaire_fola" title="Súmaire fola – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súmaire fola" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhampair" title="Bhampair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bhampair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vampiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%A1%ED%98%88%EA%B7%80" title="흡혈귀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흡혈귀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Վամպիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վամպիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="पिशाच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिशाच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp%C3%ADra" title="Vampíra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vampíra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vampiro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93" title="ערפד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערפד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಕ್ತಪಿಶಾಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ತಪಿಶಾಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ვამპირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვამპირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="خونہٕ ٲشیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خونہٕ ٲشیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Қансімір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қансімір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiri" title="Vampiri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vampiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyrus" title="Vampyrus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vampyrus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp%C4%ABrs" title="Vampīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vampīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyras" title="Vampyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vampyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1mp%C3%ADr" title="Vámpír – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vámpír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampira" title="Vampira – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vampira" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="രക്തരക്ഷസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തരക്ഷസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntianak_(Dracula)" title="Puntianak (Dracula) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Puntianak (Dracula)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampier_(mythisch_wezen)" title="Vampier (mythisch wezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vampier (mythisch wezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="भ्याम्पायर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्याम्पायर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%AC%BC" title="吸血鬼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吸血鬼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampiir" title="Wampiir – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wampiir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyr" title="Vampyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vampyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyr" title="Vampyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vampyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vampire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A" title="ਪਿਸ਼ਾਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਸ਼ਾਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خون آشام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خون آشام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampir" title="Wampir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wampir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiro" title="Vampiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vampiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir_(mitologie)" title="Vampir (mitologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vampir (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vampire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampiri" title="Vampiri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vampiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="රීරි පිසාචයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රීරි පිසාචයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vampire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99_%D8%AC%D9%86" title="رت پيئندڙ جن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رت پيئندڙ جن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C3%ADr_(bytos%C5%A5)" title="Upír (bytosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Upír (bytosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D9%85%DA%98" title="خوێنمژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێنمژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Вампир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вампир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vampir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyyri" title="Vampyyri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vampyyri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyr" title="Vampyr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vampyr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampira" title="Bampira – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bampira" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வாம்பைர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாம்பைர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesnas" title="Anesnas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anesnas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خون آشام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خون آشام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_c%C3%A0_r%E1%BB%93ng" title="Ma cà rồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ma cà rồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampira" title="Bampira – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bampira" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampiric&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampiric">Vampiric</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Undead creature from folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vampire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vampire (disambiguation)">Vampire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white painting of a man lying on a table, while a woman is kneeling over him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg/220px-Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg/330px-Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg/440px-Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The Vampire, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> A vampire is a <a href="/wiki/Mythical_creature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythical creature">mythical creature</a> that subsists by feeding on the <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital essence</a> (generally in the form of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>) of the living. In <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a>, vampires are <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead humanoid creatures</a> that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods which they inhabited while they were alive. They wore <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shrouds</a> and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from today's gaunt, pale vampire which dates from the early 19th century. Vampiric entities have been <a href="/wiki/Vampire_folklore_by_region" title="Vampire folklore by region">recorded in cultures around the world</a>; the term vampire was popularized in Western Europe after reports of an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a> of a pre-existing folk belief in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> that in some cases resulted in corpses being staked and people being accused of vampirism.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Local variants in Southeastern Europe were also known by different names, such as <a href="/wiki/Shtriga" title="Shtriga">shtriga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">vrykolakas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strigoi" title="Strigoi">strigoi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Romania</a>, cognate to Italian strega, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a>'. In modern times, the vampire is generally held to be a fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures (such as the <a href="/wiki/Chupacabra" title="Chupacabra">chupacabra</a>) still persists in some cultures. Early folk belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the body's process of <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> after death and how people in pre-industrial societies tried to rationalize this, creating the figure of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">Porphyria</a> was linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media exposure, but has since been largely discredited.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The charismatic and sophisticated vampire of modern fiction was born in 1819 with the publication of "<a href="/wiki/The_Vampyre" title="The Vampyre">The Vampyre</a>" by the English writer <a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John Polidori</a>; the story was highly successful and arguably the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s 1897 novel <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a> is remembered as the quintessential <a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">vampire novel</a> and provided the basis of the modern vampire legend, even though it was published after fellow Irish author <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu</a>'s 1872 novel <a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a>. The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, still popular in the 21st century, with books, <a href="/wiki/Vampire_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire films">films</a>, television shows, and video games. The vampire has since become a dominant figure in the <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> genre. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_word_distribution">Etymology and word distribution</h2></div> The exact <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Tokarev-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-4">[4]</a> The term "vampire" is the earliest recorded in English, Latin and French and they refer to vampirism in Russia, Poland and North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> term was derived (possibly via <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> vampyre) from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Vampir, in turn, derived in the early 18th century from the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> вампир (vampir).<a href="#cite_note-Grimm-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tresor-8">[8]</a> Though this being a popular explanation, a pagan worship of upyri was already recorded in Old Russian in the 11-13th century.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-period-10">[10]</a> Some claim an origin from <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Oxford and others<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> maintain a Turkish origin (from Turkish uber, meaning "witch"<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a>), which passed to English via Hungarian and French derivation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In addition, others sustain that the modern word "Vampire" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Old Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> languages form "онпыр (onpyr)", with the addition of the "v" sound in front of the large nasal vowel (on), characteristic of Old Bulgarian.<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> Parallels are found in virtually all <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> languages: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> вампир (vampir), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Ubır, Obur, Obır, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a>: Убыр (Ubır), <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash language</a>: Вупăр (Vupăr), <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: вампир (vampir), <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> vampir, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> upír, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> wąpierz, and (perhaps <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a>-influenced) upiór, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> упир (upyr), <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> упырь (upyr'), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> упыр (upyr), from <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> упирь (upir') (many of these languages have also borrowed forms such as "vampir/wampir" subsequently from the West; these are distinct from the original local words for the creature). In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> the words lu(v)gat and dhampir are used; the latter seems to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanian</a> words dham 'tooth' and pir 'to drink'.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-4">[4]</a> The origin of the modern word Vampire (<a href="/wiki/Upi%C3%B3r" title="Upiór">Upiór</a> means <a href="/wiki/Hortdan" title="Hortdan">Hortdan</a>, Vampire or <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> myths.) comes from the term Ubir-Upiór, the origin of the word Ubir or Upiór is based on the regions around the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga (Itil) River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a>. Upiór myth is through the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> people to the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian steppes</a> allegedly spread. The Bulgarian format is впир (vpir, other names: onpyr, vopir, vpir, upir, upierz).<a href="#cite_note-:3-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-17">[17]</a> Czech linguist <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Machek_(linguist)" title="Václav Machek (linguist)">Václav Machek</a> proposes Slovak verb vrepiť sa 'stick to, thrust into', or its hypothetical anagram vperiť sa (in Czech, the archaic verb vpeřit means 'to thrust violently') as an etymological background, and thus translates upír as 'someone who thrusts, bites'.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The term was introduced to German readers by the Polish Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rz%C4%85czy%C5%84ski" title="Gabriel Rzączyński">Gabriel Rzączyński</a> in 1721.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The word vampire (as vampyre) first appeared in English in 1732, in news reports about vampire "epidemics" in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a> After Austria gained control of northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a> in 1718, officials noted the local practice of <a href="/wiki/Exhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhumation">exhuming</a> bodies and "killing vampires".<a href="#cite_note-barber5-23">[23]</a> These reports, prepared between 1725 and 1732, received widespread publicity.<a href="#cite_note-barber5-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dauzat_1938-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_beliefs">Folk beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vampiric_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of vampiric creatures in folklore">List of vampiric creatures in folklore</a></div> The notion of vampirism has existed for millennia. Cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Manipuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had tales of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. Despite the occurrence of vampiric creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity known today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">southeastern Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SU223-26">[25]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Oral_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral culture">verbal traditions</a> of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and published. In most cases, vampires are <a href="/wiki/Revenant" title="Revenant">revenants</a> of evil beings, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> victims, or <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>, but they can also be created by a <a href="/wiki/Malevolent_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malevolent spirit">malevolent spirit</a> <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">possessing</a> a corpse or by being bitten by a vampire. Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public executions</a> of people believed to be vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_and_common_attributes">Description and common attributes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_(1895)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a woman with red hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Edvard_Munch_-_Vampire_%281895%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5446" data-file-height="4458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Love_and_Pain_(Munch)" title="Love and Pain (Munch)">Vampire</a> (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></figcaption></figure> It is difficult to make a single, definitive description of the folkloric vampire, though there are several elements common to many European legends. Vampires were usually reported as bloated in appearance, and ruddy, purplish, or dark in colour; these characteristics were often attributed to the recent drinking of blood, which was often seen seeping from the mouth and nose when one was seen in its shroud or coffin, and its left eye was often open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198841–42-28">[27]</a> It would be clad in the linen shroud it was buried in, and its teeth, hair, and nails may have grown somewhat, though in general fangs were not a feature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19882-29">[28]</a> Chewing sounds were reported emanating from graves.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creating_vampires">Creating vampires</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst6-thumb.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of a woman kissing a man with wings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Ernst6-thumb.gif/170px-Ernst6-thumb.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Ernst6-thumb.gif/255px-Ernst6-thumb.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Ernst6-thumb.gif 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a vampire from <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Une_Semaine_de_Bont%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Une Semaine de Bonté">Une Semaine de Bonté</a> (1934)</figcaption></figure> The causes of vampiric generation were many and varied in original folklore. In <a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese traditions</a>, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198833-31">[30]</a> A body with a wound that had not been treated with boiling water was also at risk. In <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian folklore</a>, vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> while they were alive.<a href="#cite_note-Strange_&_Amazing-32">[31]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Albanian folklore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dhampir" title="Dhampir">dhampir</a> is the hybrid child of the <a href="/wiki/Karkanxholl" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkanxholl">karkanxholl</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">lycanthropic</a> creature with an iron <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">mail</a> shirt) or the <a href="/wiki/Lugat" title="Lugat">lugat</a> (a water-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> or monster). The dhampir sprung of a karkanxholl has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat. The lugat cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj is also an Albanian surname.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevention">Prevention</h4></div> Cultural practices often arose that were intended to prevent a recently deceased loved one from turning into an undead revenant. Burying a corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198850–51-34">[33]</a> near the grave to satisfy any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> practice of placing an <a href="/wiki/Charon%27s_obol" title="Charon's obol">obolus in the corpse's mouth</a> to pay the toll to cross the <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">River Styx</a> in the underworld. The coin may have also been intended to ward off any evil spirits from entering the body, and this may have influenced later vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the <a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">vrykolakas</a>, in which a wax cross and piece of pottery with the inscription "<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> conquers" were placed on the corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Other methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">tendons at the knees</a> or placing <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> seeds, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, or sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen grains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198849-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> indicating an association of vampires with <a href="/wiki/Arithmomania" title="Arithmomania">arithmomania</a>. Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampiric being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">myths from the Indian subcontinent</a>, as well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings.<a href="#cite_note-Jaramillo-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identifying_vampires">Identifying vampires</h4></div> Many rituals were used to identify a vampire. One method of finding a vampire's grave involved leading a virgin boy through a graveyard or church grounds on a virgin stallion—the horse would supposedly balk at the grave in question.<a href="#cite_note-Strange_&_Amazing-32">[31]</a> Generally a black horse was required, though in Albania it should be white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198868–69-39">[38]</a> Holes appearing in the earth over a grave were taken as a sign of vampirism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988125-40">[39]</a> Corpses thought to be vampires were generally described as having a healthier appearance than expected, plump and showing little or no signs of decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988109-41">[40]</a> In some cases, when suspected graves were opened, villagers even described the corpse as having fresh blood from a victim all over its face.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988114–115-42">[41]</a> Evidence that a vampire was active in a given locality included death of cattle, sheep, relatives or neighbours. Folkloric vampires could also make their presence felt by engaging in minor <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a>-styled activity, such as hurling stones on roofs or moving household objects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198896-43">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">pressing</a> on people in their sleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993168–169-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protection">Protection</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GarlicBasket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GarlicBasket.jpg/112px-GarlicBasket.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GarlicBasket.jpg/168px-GarlicBasket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GarlicBasket.jpg/224px-GarlicBasket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebible33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/112px-Thebible33.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/168px-Thebible33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thebible33.jpg/224px-Thebible33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg/112px-Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg/168px-Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg/224px-Salzburg_Kajetanerkirche_Weihwasserbecken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/112px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/168px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/224px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1016" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Garlic, Bibles, crucifixes, rosaries, holy water, and mirrors have all been seen in various folkloric traditions as <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">means of warding against</a> or identifying vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19886-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt221-46">[45]</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaics</a>—items able to ward off revenants—are common in vampire folklore. <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a> is a common example;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198863-47">[46]</a> a branch of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_acicularis" title="Rosa acicularis">wild rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">hawthorn</a> are sometimes associated with causing harm to vampires, and in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seeds</a> would be sprinkled on the roof of a house to keep them away.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Other apotropaics include sacred items, such as <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a>. Some folklore also states that vampires are unable to walk on <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated ground</a>, such as that of churches or temples, or cross running water.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt221-46">[45]</a> Although not traditionally regarded as an apotropaic, <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> have been used to ward off vampires when placed, facing outwards, on a door (in some cultures, vampires do not have a reflection and sometimes do not cast a shadow, perhaps as a manifestation of the vampire's lack of a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or their weakness to silver).<a href="#cite_note-EoOc-49">[48]</a> This attribute is not universal (the Greek vrykolakas/tympanios was capable of both reflection and shadow), but was used by Bram Stoker in Dracula and has remained popular with subsequent authors and filmmakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199725-50">[49]</a> Some traditions also hold that a vampire cannot enter a house unless invited by the owner; after the first invitation they can come and go as they please.<a href="#cite_note-EoOc-49">[48]</a> Though folkloric vampires were believed to be more active at night, they were not generally considered vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199725-50">[49]</a> Reports in 1693 and 1694 concerning citings of vampires in Poland and Russia claimed that when a vampire's grave was recognized, eating bread baked with its blood mixed into the flour,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> or simply drinking it, granted the possibility of protection. Other stories (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Paole" title="Arnold Paole">Arnold Paole</a> case) claimed the eating of dirt from the vampire's grave would have the same effect.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methods_of_destruction">Methods of destruction</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/170px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/255px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg/340px-Norre_naeraa_600px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>A runestone with an inscription to keep the deceased in its grave.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> Methods of destroying suspected vampires varied, with <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">staking</a> the most commonly cited method, particularly in South Slavic cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198873-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">Ash</a> was the preferred wood in Russia and the Baltic states,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">hawthorn</a> in Serbia,<a href="#cite_note-Vuk59-56">[55]</a> with a record of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Aspen</a> was also used for stakes, as it was believed that <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">Christ's cross</a> was made from aspen (aspen branches on the graves of purported vampires were also believed to prevent their risings at night).<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Potential vampires were most often staked through the heart, though the mouth was targeted in Russia and northern Germany<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and the stomach in north-eastern Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Piercing the skin of the chest was a way of "deflating" the bloated vampire. This is similar to a practice of "<a href="/wiki/Vampire_burial" title="Vampire burial">anti-vampire burial</a>": burying sharp objects, such as sickles, with the corpse, so that they may penetrate the skin if the body bloats sufficiently while transforming into a revenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988158-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Decapitation</a> was the preferred method in German and western Slavic areas, with the head buried between the feet, behind the <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a> or away from the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198873-54">[53]</a> This act was seen as a way of hastening the departure of the soul, which in some cultures was said to linger in the corpse. The vampire's head, body, or clothes could also be spiked and pinned to the earth to prevent rising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988157-64">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG/220px-Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG/330px-Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG/440px-Vampire_skeleton_of_Sozopol_in_Sofia_PD_2012_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5098" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>800-year-old skeleton found in Bulgaria stabbed through the chest with an iron rod.<a href="#cite_note-bulg-65">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> drove steel or iron needles into a corpse's heart and placed bits of steel in the mouth, over the eyes, ears and between the fingers at the time of burial. They also placed hawthorn in the corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs. In a 16th-century burial near <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, a brick forced into the mouth of a female corpse has been interpreted as a vampire-slaying ritual by the archaeologists who discovered it in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, over 100 skeletons with metal objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a> bits, embedded in the torso have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-bulg-65">[64]</a> Further measures included pouring boiling water over the grave or complete incineration of the body. In Southeastern Europe, a vampire could also be killed by being shot or drowned, by repeating the funeral service, by sprinkling <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> on the body, or by <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. In Romania, garlic could be placed in the mouth, and as recently as the 19th century, the precaution of shooting a bullet through the <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> was taken. For resistant cases, the body was <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismembered</a> and the pieces burned, mixed with water, and administered to family members as a cure. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxon regions</a> of Germany, a <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> was placed in the mouth of suspected vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993154-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_beliefs">Ancient beliefs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilith_(John_Collier_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a naked woman with a snake wrapped around her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/130px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/195px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/260px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)">Lilith</a>, 1887 by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a>. Stories of Lilith depict her as a demon drinking blood.</figcaption></figure> Tales of supernatural beings consuming the blood or flesh of the living have been found in nearly every culture around the world for many centuries.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The term vampire did not exist in ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">Blood drinking</a> and similar activities were attributed to <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> or spirits who would eat flesh and drink blood; even the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> was considered synonymous with the vampire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199424–25-69">[68]</a> Almost every culture associates blood drinking with some kind of revenant or demon, or in some cases a deity. In India tales of <a href="/wiki/Vetala" title="Vetala">vetālas</a>, ghoulish beings that inhabit corpses, have been compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Baital_Pachisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baital Pachisi">Baitāl Pacīsī</a>; a prominent story in the <a href="/wiki/Kath%C4%81sarits%C4%81gara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathāsaritsāgara">Kathāsaritsāgara</a> tells of King <a href="/wiki/Vikram%C4%81ditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramāditya">Vikramāditya</a> and his nightly quests to capture an elusive one.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">Piśāca</a>, the returned spirits of evil-doers or those who died insane, also bear vampiric attributes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993200-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persians</a> were one of the first civilizations to have tales of blood-drinking demons: creatures attempting to drink blood from men were depicted on excavated <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> shards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199414-72">[71]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> had tales of the mythical <a href="/wiki/Lilith#Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Lilith">Lilitu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hurwitz-73">[72]</a> synonymous with and giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> לילית) and her daughters the <a href="/wiki/Lilu_(mythology)" title="Lilu (mythology)">Lilu</a> from <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Hebrew demonology</a>. Lilitu was considered a demon and was often depicted as subsisting on the blood of babies,<a href="#cite_note-Hurwitz-73">[72]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">estries</a>, female shapeshifting, blood-drinking demons, were said to roam the night among the population, seeking victims. According to <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Hasidim" title="Sefer Hasidim">Sefer Hasidim</a>, estries were creatures created in the twilight hours before <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative#Seventh_day:_divine_rest" title="Genesis creation narrative">God rested</a>. An injured estrie could be healed by eating bread and salt given to her by her attacker.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman mythology">Greco-Roman mythology</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Empusa" title="Empusa">Empusae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990189–190-75">[74]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990205–206-76">[75]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">striges</a>. Over time the first two terms became general words to describe witches and demons respectively. Empusa was the daughter of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> and was described as a demonic, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>-footed creature. She feasted on blood by transforming into a young woman and seduced men as they slept before drinking their blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990189–190-75">[74]</a> The Lamia preyed on young children in their beds at night, sucking their blood, as did the gelloudes or <a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990205–206-76">[75]</a> Like the Lamia, the striges feasted on children, but also preyed on adults. They were described as having the bodies of crows or birds in general, and were later incorporated into Roman mythology as strix, a kind of nocturnal bird that fed on human flesh and blood.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a>, an ubır is a vampiric creature characterized by various regional depictions. According to legends, individuals heavily steeped in sin and practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> transform into ubırs upon their death, taking on a bestial form within their graves. Ubırs possess the ability to shape-shift, assuming the forms of both humans and various animals. Furthermore, they can seize the soul of a living being and exert control over its body. Someone inhabited by a vampire constantly experiences hunger, becoming increasingly aggressive when unable to find sustenance, ultimately resorting to drinking human blood.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_later_European_folklore">Medieval and later European folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampire_folklore_by_region" title="Vampire folklore by region">Vampire folklore by region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg/170px-%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg/255px-%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg/340px-%22Le_Vampire%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Lithograph showing townsfolk burning the exhumed skeleton of an alleged vampire.</figcaption></figure> Many myths surrounding vampires originated during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the vampire "began to take on decidedly Christian characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-Hansen2011-80">[79]</a> As various regions of the continent <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>, the vampire was viewed as "a dead person who retained a semblance of life and could leave its grave-much in the same way that Jesus had risen after His death and burial and appeared before His followers."<a href="#cite_note-Hansen2011-80">[79]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Churches</a> reinterpreted vampires from their previous folk existence into minions of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and used an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> to communicate a doctrine to <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>: "Just as a vampire takes a sinner's very spirit into itself by drinking his blood, so also can a righteous Christian by drinking Christ's blood take the divine spirit into himself."<a href="#cite_note-Joshi2010-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The interpretation of vampires under the Christian Churches established connotations that are still associated in the vampire genre today.<a href="#cite_note-LarssonSteiner2011-83">[82]</a> For example, the "ability of the cross to hurt and ward off vampires is distinctly due to its Christian association."<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson2003-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holte1997-85">[84]</a> The 12th-century British historians and chroniclers <a href="/wiki/Walter_Map" title="Walter Map">Walter Map</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a> recorded accounts of revenants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> though records in English legends of vampiric beings after this date are scant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931121-87">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">draugr</a> is another medieval example of an undead creature with similarities to vampires.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Vampiric beings were rarely written about in Jewish literature; the 16th-century rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra</a> (Radbaz) wrote of an uncharitable old woman whose body was unguarded and unburied for three days after she died and rose as a vampiric entity, killing hundreds of people. He linked this event to the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Shemira" title="Shemira">shmirah</a> (guarding) after death as the corpse could be a vessel for evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 1645, the Greek librarian of the Vatican, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Allatius" title="Leo Allatius">Leo Allatius</a>, produced the first methodological description of the Balkan beliefs in vampires (Greek: vrykolakas) in his work De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus ("On certain modern opinions among the Greeks").<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Vampires properly originating in folklore were widely reported from Eastern Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These tales formed the basis of the vampire legend that later entered Germany and England, where they were subsequently embellished and popularized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9-91">[90]</a> An early recording of the time came from the region of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, in 1672; Local reports described a panic among the villagers inspired by the belief that <a href="/wiki/Jure_Grando" title="Jure Grando">Jure Grando</a> had become a vampire after dying in 1656, drinking blood from victims and sexually harassing his widow. The village leader ordered a stake to be driven through his heart. Later, his corpse was also beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Première page du Tractat von dem Kauen und Schmatzen der Todten in Gräbern (1734), ouvrage de vampirologie de Michael Ranft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg/170px-Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg/255px-Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg/340px-Tractat_von_dem_Kauen_und_Schmatzen_der_Todten_in_Gr%C3%A4bern_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Title page of treatise on the chewing and smacking of the dead in graves (1734), a book on vampirology by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ranft" title="Michael Ranft">Michael Ranft</a>.</figcaption></figure> From 1679, Philippe Rohr devotes an essay to the dead who chew their shrouds in their graves, a subject resumed by Otto in 1732, and then by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ranft" title="Michael Ranft">Michael Ranft</a> in 1734. The subject was based on the observation that when digging up graves, it was discovered that some corpses had at some point either devoured the interior fabric of their coffin or their own limbs.<a href="#cite_note-marigny93-93">[92]</a> Ranft described in his treatise of a tradition in some parts of Germany, that to prevent the dead from masticating they placed a mound of dirt under their chin in the coffin, placed a piece of money and a stone in the mouth, or tied a handkerchief tightly around the throat.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 1732 an anonymous writer writing as "the doctor Weimar" discusses the non-putrefaction of these creatures, from a theological point of view.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 1733, Johann Christoph Harenberg wrote a general treatise on vampirism and the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Boyer,_Marquis_d%27Argens" title="Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens">Marquis d'Argens</a> cites local cases. Theologians and clergymen also address the topic.<a href="#cite_note-marigny93-93">[92]</a> Some theological disputes arose. The non-decay of vampires' bodies could recall the incorruption of the bodies of the saints of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Indeed, vampires were traditionally considered highly problematic within Christianity, as their apparent immortal existence ran against the Christian belief that all true believers may look forward to an eternal existence with body and soul as they were <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrected</a>, but only at the end of time when Jesus <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">returns to judge the living and the dead</a>. Those who are resurrected as immortal before this are thus in no way part of the divine plan of salvation. The imperfect state of the vampire body and how they, in spite of their immortal nature, still needed to feed of the blood of the living, further reflected the problematic aspect of the vampires. Contrary to how the incorruptible saints foreshadowed the immortality promised all true Christians at the end of time, the immortality of the undead vampires was thus not a sign of salvation, but of perdition.<a href="#cite_note-Endsjø-96">[95]</a> The unholy dimension of vampirism may also be reflected in how, in parts of Russia, the very word <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>, eretik, was synonymous with a vampire. Whoever denied God or his commandments became an eretik after his death, the improperly immortal figure that wandered the night in search of people to feed on.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> A paragraph on vampires was included in the second edition (1749) of De servorum Dei beatificatione et sanctorum canonizatione, On the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> of the servants of God and on <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of the blessed, written by Prospero Lambertini (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In his opinion, while the <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">incorruption</a> of the bodies of saints was the effect of a divine intervention, all the phenomena attributed to vampires were purely natural or the fruit of "imagination, terror and fear". In other words, vampires did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th-century_vampire_controversy">18th-century vampire controversy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg/170px-Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg/255px-Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg/340px-Dom_Augustin_Calmet.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustine_Calmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Augustine Calmet">Dom Augustine Calmet</a> (1750)</figcaption></figure> In the early 18th century, despite the decline of many popular folkloric beliefs during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, there was a dramatic increase in the popular belief in vampires, resulting in a mass hysteria throughout much of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">[26]</a> The panic began with an outbreak of alleged vampire attacks in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> in 1721 and in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> from 1725 to 1734, which spread to other localities. The first infamous vampire case involved the corpses of <a href="/wiki/Petar_Blagojevi%C4%87" title="Petar Blagojević">Petar Blagojević</a> from Serbia. Blagojević was reported to have died at the age of 62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food. When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Blagojević supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9-91">[90]</a> In the second case, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milo%C5%A1_%C4%8Ce%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miloš Čečar (page does not exist)">Miloš Čečar</a>, an ex-soldier-turned-farmer who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">haying</a>. After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area; it was widely believed that Miloš had returned to prey on the neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198815–21-101">[100]</a> The Blagojević and Čečar incidents were well-documented. Government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198815–21-101">[100]</a> The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-called vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106-102">[101]</a> Even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9-91">[90]</a> The hysteria, commonly referred to as the "vampire controversy,"<a href="#cite_note-Melton1994-103">[102]</a> continued for a generation. At least sixteen contemporary treatises discussed the theological and philosophical implications of the vampire epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Frayling1978-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustine_Calmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Augustine Calmet">Dom Augustine Calmet</a>, a French theologian and scholar, published a comprehensive treatise in 1751 titled <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a> which investigated and analysed the evidence for vampirism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[b]</a> Numerous readers, including both <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> (critical) and numerous <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonologists</a> (supportive), interpreted the treatise as claiming that vampires existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[c]</a> The controversy in Austria ceased when Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> sent her personal physician, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Swieten" title="Gerard van Swieten">Gerard van Swieten</a>, to investigate the claims of vampiric entities. Van Swieten concluded that vampires did not exist and the Empress passed laws prohibiting the opening of graves and the desecration of bodies, thus ending the vampire epidemic. Other European countries followed suit. Despite this condemnation, the vampire lived on in artistic works and in local folklore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-European_beliefs">Non-European beliefs</h3></div> Beings having many of the attributes of European vampires appear in the folklore of Africa, Asia, North and South America, and India. Classified as vampires, all share the thirst for blood.<a href="#cite_note-attwater-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4></div> Various regions of Africa have folktales featuring beings with vampiric abilities: in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti people</a> tell of the iron-toothed and tree-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">asanbosam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199311-110">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adze_(folklore)" title="Adze (folklore)">adze</a>, which can take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">firefly</a> and hunts children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson19932-111">[108]</a> The eastern <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape</a> region has the <a href="/wiki/Impundulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Impundulu">impundulu</a>, which can take the form of a large taloned bird and can summon thunder and lightning, and the <a href="/wiki/Betsileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Betsileo">Betsileo</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> tell of the ramanga, an outlaw or living vampire who drinks the blood and eats the nail clippings of nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993219-112">[109]</a> In colonial East Africa, rumors circulated to the effect that employees of the state such as firemen and nurses were vampires, known in Swahili as wazimamoto.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Rougarou" title="Rougarou">Rougarou</a> is an example of how a vampire belief can result from a combination of beliefs, here a mixture of French and African Vodu or <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">voodoo</a>. The term Rougarou possibly comes from the French <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">loup-garou</a> (meaning "werewolf") and is common in the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">culture of Mauritius</a>. The stories of the Rougarou are widespread through the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Islands">Caribbean Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993162–163-114">[111]</a> Similar female monsters are the <a href="/wiki/Soucouyant" title="Soucouyant">Soucouyant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tunda" title="Tunda">Tunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patasola" title="Patasola">Patasola</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Colombian folklore</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> have the bloodsucking snake known as the <a href="/wiki/Peuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuchen">Peuchen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a> hung backwards behind or near a door was thought to ward off vampiric beings in South American folklore.<a href="#cite_note-Jaramillo-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a> described tales of the <a href="/wiki/Cihuateteo" title="Cihuateteo">Cihuateteo</a>, skull-faced spirits of those who died in childbirth who stole children and entered into sexual liaisons with the living, driving them mad.<a href="#cite_note-Strange_&_Amazing-32">[31]</a> During the late 18th and 19th centuries the belief in vampires was <a href="/wiki/New_England_vampire_panic" title="New England vampire panic">widespread in parts of New England</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. There are many documented cases of families disinterring loved ones and removing their hearts in the belief that the deceased was a vampire who was responsible for sickness and death in the family, although the term "vampire" was never used to describe the dead. The deadly disease <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, or "consumption" as it was known at the time, was believed to be caused by nightly visitations on the part of a dead family member who had died of consumption themselves.<a href="#cite_note-sledzik-116">[113]</a> The most famous, and most recently recorded, case of suspected vampirism is that of nineteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Brown_vampire_incident" title="Mercy Brown vampire incident">Mercy Brown</a>, who died in <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_Rhode_Island" title="Exeter, Rhode Island">Exeter, Rhode Island</a> in 1892. Her father, assisted by the family physician, removed her from her tomb two months after her death, cut out her heart and burned it to ashes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Roberts_(subject_of_vampire_legend)" title="Sarah Roberts (subject of vampire legend)">Sarah Roberts</a> (1872–1913) was an Englishwoman who died and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco, Peru</a>. After her death, a legend evolved that she was a vampire and bride of Dracula. On June 9 1993, the 80th anniversary of her death, locals in Pisco feared she would come back to life and take her revenge.<a href="#cite_note-lanc-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4></div> Vampires have appeared in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japanese cinema</a> since the late 1950s; the folklore behind it is western in origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993137–138-119">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rokurokubi#Nukekubi" title="Rokurokubi">Nukekubi</a> is a being whose head and neck detach from its body to fly about seeking human prey at night.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Legends of female vampiric beings who can detach parts of their upper body also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_folklore" title="Malay folklore">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. There are two main vampiric creatures in the Philippines: the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandurugo" title="Mandurugo">Mandurugo</a> ("blood-sucker") and the <a href="/wiki/Visayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan">Visayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Manananggal" title="Manananggal">Manananggal</a> ("self-segmenter"). The mandurugo is a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">aswang</a> that takes the form of an attractive girl by day, and develops wings and a long, hollow, threadlike tongue by night. The tongue is used to suck up blood from a sleeping victim.<a href="#cite_note-ramos-121">[118]</a> The manananggal is described as being an older, beautiful woman capable of severing its upper torso in order to fly into the night with huge batlike wings and prey on unsuspecting, sleeping pregnant women in their homes. They use an elongated proboscis-like tongue to suck <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a> from these pregnant women. They also prefer to eat entrails (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>) and the phlegm of sick people.<a href="#cite_note-ramos-121">[118]</a> The Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan" title="Penanggalan">Penanggalan</a> is a woman who obtained her beauty through the active use of <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> or other unnatural means, and is most commonly described in local folklore to be dark or demonic in nature. She is able to detach her fanged head which flies around in the night looking for blood, typically from pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993197-122">[119]</a> Malaysians hung jeruju (thistles) around the doors and windows of houses, hoping the Penanggalan would not enter for fear of catching its intestines on the thorns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt198434-123">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Leyak" title="Leyak">Leyak</a> is a similar being from <a href="/wiki/Balinese_mythology" title="Balinese mythology">Balinese folklore</a> of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Kuntilanak</a> or Matianak in Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993208-125">[122]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Pontianak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Langsuyar" title="Langsuyar">Langsuir</a> in Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993150-126">[123]</a> is a woman who <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">died during childbirth</a> and became undead, seeking revenge and terrorising villages. She appeared as an attractive woman with long black hair that covered a hole in the back of her neck, with which she sucked the blood of children. Filling the hole with her hair would drive her off. Corpses had their mouths filled with glass beads, eggs under each armpit, and needles in their palms to prevent them from becoming langsuir. This description would also fit the <a href="/wiki/Sundel_bolong" title="Sundel bolong">Sundel Bolongs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt198435-127">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilt_house,_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG/220px-Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG/330px-Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG/440px-Stilt_house%2C_Black_Thai_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02781.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A stilt house typical of the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Dam">Tai Dam</a> ethnic minority of Vietnam, whose communities were said to be terrorized by the blood-sucking ma cà rồng.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the word used to translate Western vampires, "ma cà rồng", originally referred to a type of demon that haunts modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Thọ Province">Phú Thọ Province</a>, within the communities of the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Dam">Tai Dam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities of Vietnam">ethnic minority</a>. The word was first mentioned in the chronicles of 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Qu%C3%BD_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Lê Quý Đôn">Lê Quý Đôn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> who spoke of a creature that lives among humans, but stuffs its toes into its <a href="/wiki/Nostrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrils">nostrils</a> at night and flies by its ears into houses with pregnant women to suck their blood. Having fed on these women, the ma cà rồng then returns to its house and cleans itself by dipping its toes into barrels of <a href="/wiki/Biancaea_sappan" title="Biancaea sappan">sappanwood</a> water. This allows the ma cà rồng to live undetected among humans during the day, before heading out to attack again by night.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiangshi" title="Jiangshi">Jiangshi</a>, sometimes called "Chinese vampires" by Westerners, are reanimated corpses that hop around, killing living creatures to absorb life essence (<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qì</a>) from their victims. They are said to be created when a person's soul (魄 <a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">pò</a>) fails to leave the deceased's body.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Jiangshi are usually represented as mindless creatures with no independent thought.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> This monster has greenish-white furry skin, perhaps derived from fungus or <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mould</a> growing on corpses.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Jiangshi legends have inspired a <a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">genre of jiangshi films</a> and literature in Hong Kong and East Asia. Films like <a href="/wiki/Encounters_of_the_Spooky_Kind" title="Encounters of the Spooky Kind">Encounters of the Spooky Kind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mr._Vampire" title="Mr. Vampire">Mr. Vampire</a> were released during the jiangshi cinematic boom of the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_beliefs">Modern beliefs</h3></div> In modern fiction, the vampire tends to be depicted as a suave, charismatic <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19882-29">[28]</a> Vampire hunting societies still exist, but they are largely formed for social reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">[26]</a> Allegations of vampire attacks swept through <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> during late 2002 and early 2003, with mobs stoning one person to death and attacking at least four others, including Governor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chiwaya" title="Eric Chiwaya">Eric Chiwaya</a>, based on the belief that the government was colluding with vampires.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Fears and violence recurred in late 2017, with 6 people accused of being vampires killed.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VampireE3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman showing teeth with fangs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VampireE3.jpg/170px-VampireE3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VampireE3.jpg/255px-VampireE3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VampireE3.jpg/340px-VampireE3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A vampire costume</figcaption></figure> In early 1970, local press spread rumours that a vampire haunted <a href="/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery" title="Highgate Cemetery">Highgate Cemetery</a> in London. Amateur <a href="/wiki/Vampire_hunter" title="Vampire hunter">vampire hunters</a> flocked in large numbers to the cemetery. Several books have been written about the case, notably by Sean Manchester, a local man who was among the first to suggest the existence of the "<a href="/wiki/Highgate_Vampire" title="Highgate Vampire">Highgate Vampire</a>" and who later claimed to have <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcised</a> and destroyed a whole nest of vampires in the area.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> In January 2005, rumours circulated that an attacker had bitten a number of people in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, fuelling concerns about a vampire roaming the streets. Local police stated that no such crime had been reported and that the case appears to be an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-138">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chupacabra" title="Chupacabra">chupacabra</a> ("goat-sucker") of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is said to be a creature that feeds upon the flesh or drinks the blood of <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animal">domesticated animals</a>, leading some to consider it a kind of vampire. The "chupacabra hysteria" was frequently associated with deep economic and political crises, particularly during the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-trail-139">[136]</a> In Europe, where much of the vampire folklore originates, the vampire is usually considered a fictitious being; many communities may have embraced the revenant for economic purposes. In some cases, especially in small localities, beliefs are still rampant and sightings or claims of vampire attacks occur frequently. In Romania during February 2004, several relatives of Toma Petre feared that he had become a vampire. They dug up his corpse, tore out his heart, burned it, and mixed the ashes with water in order to drink it.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_vampire_beliefs">Origins of vampire beliefs</h2></div> Commentators have offered many theories for the origins of vampire beliefs and related <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a>. Everything ranging from <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">premature burial</a> to the early ignorance of the body's <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> cycle after death has been cited as the cause for the belief in vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19881–4-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology">Pathology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decomposition">Decomposition</h4></div> Author Paul Barber stated that belief in vampires resulted from people of <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial societies</a> attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable, process of death and decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19881–4-141">[138]</a> People sometimes suspected vampirism when a cadaver did not look as they thought a normal corpse should when disinterred. Rates of decomposition vary depending on temperature and soil composition, and many of the signs are little known. This has led vampire hunters to mistakenly conclude that a dead body had not decomposed at all or to interpret signs of decomposition as signs of continued life.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Corpses swell as gases from decomposition accumulate in the torso and the increased pressure forces blood to ooze from the nose and mouth. This causes the body to look "plump", "well-fed", and "ruddy"—changes that are all the more striking if the person was pale or thin in life. In the <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Paole" title="Arnold Paole">Arnold Paole case</a>, an old woman's exhumed corpse was judged by her neighbours to look more plump and healthy than she had ever looked in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988117-143">[140]</a> The exuding blood gave the impression that the corpse had recently been engaging in vampiric activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988114–115-42">[41]</a> Darkening of the skin is also caused by decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988105-144">[141]</a> The staking of a swollen, decomposing body could cause the body to bleed and force the accumulated gases to escape the body. This could produce a groan-like sound when the gases moved past the vocal cords, or a sound reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> when they passed through the anus. The official reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Petar_Blagojevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Petar Blagojevich">Petar Blagojevich</a> case speaks of "other wild signs which I pass by out of high respect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988119-145">[142]</a> After death, the skin and gums lose fluids and contract, exposing the roots of the hair, nails, and teeth, even teeth that were concealed in the jaw. This can produce the illusion that the hair, nails, and teeth have grown. At a certain stage, the nails fall off and the skin peels away, as reported in the Blagojevich case—the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nail_bed_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail bed (anatomy)">nail beds</a> emerging underneath were interpreted as "new skin" and "new nails".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988119-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Premature_burial">Premature burial</h4></div> Vampire legends may have also been influenced by individuals being <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">buried alive</a> because of shortcomings in the medical knowledge of the time. In some cases in which people reported sounds emanating from a specific coffin, it was later dug up and fingernail marks were discovered on the inside from the victim trying to escape. In other cases the person would hit their heads, noses or faces and it would appear that they had been "feeding".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199448–49-146">[143]</a> A problem with this theory is the question of how people presumably buried alive managed to stay alive for any extended period without food, water or fresh air. An alternate explanation for noise is the bubbling of escaping gases from natural decomposition of bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988128-147">[144]</a> Another likely cause of disordered tombs is <a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery" title="Grave robbery">grave robbery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988137–138-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease">Disease</h4></div> Folkloric vampirism has been associated with clusters of deaths from unidentifiable or mysterious illnesses, usually within the same family or the same small community.<a href="#cite_note-sledzik-116">[113]</a> The epidemic allusion is obvious in the classical cases of Petar Blagojevich and Arnold Paole, and even more so in the case of <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Brown_vampire_incident" title="Mercy Brown vampire incident">Mercy Brown</a> and in the vampire beliefs of New England generally, where a specific disease, tuberculosis, was associated with outbreaks of vampirism. As with the pneumonic form of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>, it was associated with breakdown of lung tissue which would cause blood to appear at the lips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988115-149">[146]</a> In 1985, biochemist <a href="/wiki/David_Dolphin" title="David Dolphin">David Dolphin</a> proposed a link between the rare blood disorder <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a> and vampire folklore. Noting that the condition is treated by intravenous <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">haem</a>, he suggested that the consumption of large amounts of blood may result in haem being transported somehow across the stomach wall and into the bloodstream. Thus vampires were merely sufferers of porphyria seeking to replace haem and alleviate their symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> The theory has been rebuffed medically as suggestions that porphyria sufferers crave the haem in human blood, or that the consumption of blood might ease the symptoms of porphyria, are based on a misunderstanding of the disease. Furthermore, Dolphin was noted to have confused fictional (bloodsucking) vampires with those of folklore, many of whom were not noted to drink blood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988100-151">[148]</a> Similarly, a parallel is made between sensitivity to sunlight by sufferers, yet this was associated with fictional and not folkloric vampires. In any case, Dolphin did not go on to publish his work more widely.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Despite being dismissed by experts, the link gained media attention<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> and entered popular modern folklore.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Juan Gómez-Alonso, a neurologist, examined the possible link of rabies with vampire folklore. The susceptibility to garlic and light could be due to hypersensitivity, which is a symptom of rabies. It can also affect portions of the brain that could lead to disturbance of normal sleep patterns (thus becoming nocturnal) and <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>. Legend once said a man was not rabid if he could look at his own reflection (an allusion to the legend that vampires have no reflection). <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, which are often associated with vampires, can be carriers of rabies. The disease can also lead to a drive to bite others and to a bloody frothing at the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychodynamic_theories">Psychodynamic theories</h3></div> In his 1931 treatise On the Nightmare, Welsh <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyst</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a> asserted that vampires are symbolic of several unconscious drives and <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defence mechanisms</a>. Emotions such as love, guilt, and hate fuel the idea of the return of the dead to the grave. Desiring a reunion with loved ones, mourners may <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">project</a> the idea that the recently dead must in return yearn the same. From this arises the belief that folkloric vampires and revenants visit relatives, particularly their spouses, first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931100–102-157">[154]</a> In cases where there was unconscious guilt associated with the relationship, the wish for reunion may be subverted by anxiety. This may lead to <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychoanalysis)" title="Repression (psychoanalysis)">repression</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> had linked with the development of morbid dread.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Jones surmised in this case the original wish of a (sexual) reunion may be drastically changed: desire is replaced by fear; love is replaced by sadism, and the object or loved one is replaced by an unknown entity. The sexual aspect may or may not be present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931106-159">[156]</a> Some modern critics have proposed a simpler theory: People identify with immortal vampires because, by so doing, they overcome, or at least temporarily escape from, their <a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">fear of dying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Jones linked the innate sexuality of bloodsucking with <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>, with a folkloric connection with <a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubus</a>-like behaviour. He added that when more normal aspects of sexuality are repressed, regressed forms may be expressed, in particular <a href="/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder#Freud_and_psychoanalysis" title="Sadistic personality disorder">sadism</a>; he felt that <a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development#Oral_stage" title="Psychosexual development">oral sadism</a> is integral in vampiric behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931116–120-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_interpretations">Political interpretations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_(24_October_1885),_199_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/170px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/255px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg/340px-The_Irish_Vampire_-_Punch_%2824_October_1885%29%2C_199_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">Political cartoon</a> from 1885, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> as the "Irish Vampire" preying on a sleeping woman.</figcaption></figure> The reinvention of the vampire myth in the modern era is not without political overtones.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The aristocratic Count Dracula, alone in his castle apart from a few demented retainers, appearing only at night to feed on his peasantry, is symbolic of the parasitic <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a>. In his entry for "Vampires" in the Dictionnaire philosophique (1764), Voltaire notices how the mid-18th century coincided with the decline of the folkloric belief in the existence of vampires but that now "there were stock-jobbers, brokers, and men of business, who sucked the blood of the people in broad daylight; but they were not dead, though corrupted. These true suckers lived not in cemeteries, but in very agreeable palaces".<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Marx defined capital as "dead labour which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labour, and lives the more, the more labour it sucks".<a href="#cite_note-164">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre" title="Nosferatu the Vampyre">Nosferatu the Vampyre</a>, gives this political interpretation an extra ironic twist when protagonist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harker" title="Jonathan Harker">Jonathan Harker</a>, a middle-class solicitor, becomes the next vampire; in this way the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> becomes the next parasitic class.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychopathology">Psychopathology</h3></div> A number of murderers have performed seemingly vampiric rituals upon their victims. <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killers</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_K%C3%BCrten" title="Peter Kürten">Peter Kürten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trenton_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Trenton Chase">Richard Trenton Chase</a> were both called "vampires" in the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloids</a> after they were discovered drinking the blood of the people they murdered. In 1932, an unsolved murder case in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, was nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Atlas_Vampire" title="Atlas Vampire">Vampire murder</a>", because of the circumstances of the victim's death.<a href="#cite_note-Stig1-166">[162]</a> The late-16th-century Hungarian countess and mass murderer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B%C3%A1thory" title="Elizabeth Báthory">Elizabeth Báthory</a> became infamous in later centuries' works, which depicted her bathing in her victims' blood to retain beauty or youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt198468–71-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vampire_bats">Vampire bats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">Vampire bat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/220px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/330px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg/440px-Desmodus_rotundus_A_Catenazzi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bat</a> in Peru.</figcaption></figure> Although many cultures have stories about them, <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bats</a> have only recently become an integral part of the traditional vampire lore. Vampire bats were integrated into vampire folklore after they were discovered on the South American mainland in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96-168">[164]</a> There are no vampire bats in Europe, but <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> have long been associated with the supernatural and omens, mainly because of their nocturnal habits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper92-169">[165]</a> The three species of vampire bats are all <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Latin America, and there is no evidence to suggest that they had any <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> relatives within human memory. It is therefore impossible that the folkloric vampire represents a distorted presentation or memory of the vampire bat. The bats were named after the folkloric vampire rather than vice versa; the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> records their folkloric use in English from 1734 and the zoological not until 1774. The danger of <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> infection aside, the vampire bat's bite is usually not harmful to a person, but the bat has been known to actively feed on humans and large prey such as cattle and often leaves the trademark, two-prong bite mark on its victim's skin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96-168">[164]</a> The literary <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Dracula</a> transforms into a bat several times in the novel, and vampire bats themselves are mentioned twice in it. The 1927 stage production of Dracula followed the novel in having Dracula turn into a bat, as did the <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">film</a>, where <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Lugosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla Lugosi">Béla Lugosi</a> would transform into a bat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96-168">[164]</a> The bat transformation scene was used again by <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr." title="Lon Chaney Jr.">Lon Chaney Jr.</a> in 1943's <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Dracula_(1943_film)" title="Son of Dracula (1943 film)">Son of Dracula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199619–21-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_culture">In modern culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vampires" title="List of vampires">List of vampires</a></div> The vampire is now a fixture in popular fiction. Such fiction began with 18th-century poetry and continued with 19th-century short stories, the first and most influential of which was <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Vampyre" title="The Vampyre">The Vampyre</a>" (1819), featuring the vampire <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ruthven_(vampire)" title="Lord Ruthven (vampire)">Lord Ruthven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[167]</a> Lord Ruthven's exploits were further explored in a series of vampire plays in which he was the <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a>. The vampire theme continued in <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadful</a> serial publications such as <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a> (1847) and culminated in the pre-eminent vampire novel in history: <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>, published in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher-172">[168]</a> Over time, some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire's profile: fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century, with Varney the Vampire and Count Dracula both bearing protruding teeth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199699-173">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_Orlok" title="Count Orlok">Count Orlok</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Murnau's</a> <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a> (1922) fearing daylight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal1996104-174">[170]</a> The cloak appeared in stage productions of the 1920s, with a high collar introduced by playwright <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Deane" title="Hamilton Deane">Hamilton Deane</a> to help Dracula 'vanish' on stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199662-175">[171]</a> Lord Ruthven and Varney were able to be healed by moonlight, although no account of this is known in traditional folklore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199738–39-176">[172]</a> Implied though not often explicitly documented in folklore, <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> is one attribute which features heavily in vampire films and literature. Much is made of the price of eternal life, namely the incessant need for the blood of former equals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993131-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/170px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/255px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg/340px-Varney_the_Vampire_or_the_Feast_of_Blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Cover from one of the original serialized editions of <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a></figcaption></figure> The vampire or revenant first appeared in poems such as The Vampire (1748) by Heinrich August Ossenfelder, <a href="/wiki/Lenore_(ballad)" title="Lenore (ballad)">Lenore</a> (1773) by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Gottfried August Bürger</a>, Die Braut von Corinth (The Bride of Corinth) (1797) by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>'s Thalaba the Destroyer (1801), <a href="/wiki/John_Stagg_(poet)" title="John Stagg (poet)">John Stagg</a>'s "The Vampyre" (1810), <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Fragments_of_Margaret_Nicholson" title="Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson">"The Spectral Horseman"</a> (1810) ("Nor a yelling vampire reeking with gore") and "Ballad" in <a href="/wiki/St._Irvyne" title="St. Irvyne">St. Irvyne</a> (1811) about a reanimated corpse, Sister Rosa, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s unfinished <a href="/wiki/Christabel_(poem)" title="Christabel (poem)">Christabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Giaour" title="The Giaour">The Giaour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny1994114–115-178">[174]</a> Byron was also credited with the first prose fiction piece concerned with vampires: "The Vampyre" (1819). This was in reality authored by Byron's personal physician, <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</a>, who adapted an enigmatic fragmentary tale of his illustrious patient, "<a href="/wiki/Fragment_of_a_Novel" title="Fragment of a Novel">Fragment of a Novel</a>" (1819), also known as "The Burial: A Fragment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christopher-172">[168]</a> Byron's own dominating personality, mediated by his lover <a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lamb" title="Lady Caroline Lamb">Lady Caroline Lamb</a> in her unflattering roman-a-clef Glenarvon (a Gothic fantasia based on Byron's wild life), was used as a model for Polidori's undead protagonist <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ruthven_(vampire)" title="Lord Ruthven (vampire)">Lord Ruthven</a>. The Vampyre was highly successful and the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199737–38-179">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a> was a popular mid-<a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic horror</a> story by <a href="/wiki/James_Malcolm_Rymer" title="James Malcolm Rymer">James Malcolm Rymer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peckett_Prest" title="Thomas Peckett Prest">Thomas Peckett Prest</a>, which first appeared from 1845 to 1847 in a series of pamphlets generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">penny dreadfuls</a> because of their low price and gruesome contents.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[167]</a> Published in book form in 1847, the story runs to 868 double-columned pages. It has a distinctly suspenseful style, using vivid imagery to describe the horrifying exploits of Varney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199738–39-176">[172]</a> Another important addition to the genre was <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">lesbian vampire</a> story <a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a> (1871). Like Varney before her, the vampiress Carmilla is portrayed in a somewhat sympathetic light as the compulsion of her condition is highlighted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199740–41-180">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A person is lying in a bed while another person is reaching on the bed towards them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/220px-Carmilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/330px-Carmilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carmilla.jpg/440px-Carmilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/D._H._Friston" class="mw-redirect" title="D. H. Friston">D. H. Friston</a>, 1872.</figcaption></figure> No effort to depict vampires in popular fiction was as influential or as definitive as Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199743-181">[177]</a> Its portrayal of vampirism as a disease of contagious demonic possession, with its undertones of sex, blood and death, struck a chord in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> Europe where <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> were common. The vampiric traits described in Stoker's work merged with and dominated folkloric tradition, eventually evolving into the modern fictional vampire.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[167]</a> Drawing on past works such as The Vampyre and Carmilla, Stoker began to research his new book in the late 19th century, reading works such as The Land Beyond the Forest (1888) by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Gerard" title="Emily Gerard">Emily Gerard</a> and other books about <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and vampires. In London, a colleague mentioned to him the story of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad Ţepeş</a>, the "real-life Dracula", and Stoker immediately incorporated this story into his book. The first chapter of the book was omitted when it was published in 1897, but it was released in 1914 as "<a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Dracula's Guest">Dracula's Guest</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199482–85-182">[178]</a> The latter part of the 20th century saw the rise of multi-volume vampire epics as well as a renewed interest in the subject in books. The first of these was Gothic romance writer <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Marilyn Ross">Marilyn Ross</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Collins" title="Barnabas Collins">Barnabas Collins</a> series (1966–71), loosely based on the contemporary American TV series <a href="/wiki/Dark_Shadows" title="Dark Shadows">Dark Shadows</a>. It also set the trend for seeing vampires as poetic <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">tragic heroes</a> rather than as the more traditional embodiment of evil. This formula was followed in novelist Anne Rice's highly popular <a href="/wiki/Vampire_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire Chronicles">Vampire Chronicles</a> (1976–2003),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997205-183">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)" title="Twilight (novel series)">Twilight</a> series (2005–2008).<a href="#cite_note-slate-184">[180]</a> In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watts_(author)" title="Peter Watts (author)">Peter Watts</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Blindsight_(Watts_novel)" title="Blindsight (Watts novel)">Blindsight</a>, vampires are depicted as a subspecies of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">homo sapiens</a> that predated on humanity until the dawn of civilization. The various supernatural characteristics and abilities traditionally assigned to vampires by folklore are justified on naturalistic and scientific basis.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_films" title="List of vampire films">List of vampire films</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_television_series" title="List of vampire television series">List of vampire television series</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NosferatuShadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shadow of a vampire and a railing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/NosferatuShadow.jpg/220px-NosferatuShadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/NosferatuShadow.jpg/330px-NosferatuShadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/NosferatuShadow.jpg/440px-NosferatuShadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>A scene from <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a>, 1922.</figcaption></figure> Considered one of the preeminent figures of the classic horror film, the vampire has proven to be a rich subject for the film, television, and gaming industries. <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_in_popular_culture" title="Count Dracula in popular culture">Dracula is a major character</a> in more films than any other but <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, and many early films were either based on the novel Dracula or closely derived from it. These included the 1922 silent German Expressionist horror film <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a> and featuring the first film portrayal of Dracula—although names and characters were intended to mimic Dracula's.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Universal's <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931), starring <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Lugosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla Lugosi">Béla Lugosi</a> as the Count and directed by <a href="/wiki/Tod_Browning" title="Tod Browning">Tod Browning</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">talking film</a> to portray Dracula. Both Lugosi's performance and the film overall were influential in the blossoming <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> genre, now able to use sound and special effects much more efficiently than in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent film era">Silent Film Era</a>. The influence of this 1931 film lasted throughout the rest of the 20th century and up through the present day. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammer_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer horror">Hammer Horror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Saville" title="Philip Saville">Philip Saville</a> each have at one time or another derived inspiration from this film directly either through staging or even through directly quoting the film, particularly how Stoker's line "Listen to them. Children of the night. What music they make!" is delivered by Lugosi; for example Coppola paid homage to this moment with Gary Oldman in his interpretation of the tale in 1992 and King has credited this film as an inspiration for his character Kurt Barlow repeatedly in interviews.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> It is for these reasons that the film was selected by the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> to be in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg/220px-Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg/330px-Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg/440px-Bela_lugosi_dracula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> as portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> in 1931's <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a>.</figcaption></figure> The legend of the vampire continued through the film industry when Dracula was reincarnated in the pertinent <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Horror</a> series of films, starring <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> as the Count. The successful 1958 <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a> starring Lee was followed by seven sequels. Lee returned as Dracula in all but two of these and became well known in the role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199492–95-189">[185]</a> By the 1970s, vampires in films had diversified with works such as <a href="/wiki/Count_Yorga,_Vampire" title="Count Yorga, Vampire">Count Yorga, Vampire</a> (1970), an African Count in 1972's <a href="/wiki/Blacula" title="Blacula">Blacula</a>, the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_(1977_film)" title="Count Dracula (1977 film)">Count Dracula</a> featuring French actor <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jourdan" title="Louis Jourdan">Louis Jourdan</a> as Dracula and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Finlay" title="Frank Finlay">Frank Finlay</a> as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Helsing" title="Abraham Van Helsing">Abraham Van Helsing</a>, and a Nosferatu-like vampire in 1979's <a href="/wiki/Salem%27s_Lot_(1979_TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem's Lot (1979 TV miniseries)">Salem's Lot</a>, and a remake of Nosferatu itself, titled <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre" title="Nosferatu the Vampyre">Nosferatu the Vampyre</a> with <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a> the same year. Several films featured the characterization of a female, often lesbian, vampire such as Hammer Horror's <a href="/wiki/The_Vampire_Lovers" title="The Vampire Lovers">The Vampire Lovers</a> (1970), based on Carmilla, though the plotlines still revolved around a central evil vampire character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199492–95-189">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG/170px-Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG/255px-Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG/340px-Jonathan_Frid_Barnabas_Collins_Dark_Shadows_1968.JPG 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>1960s television's Dark Shadows, with <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Frid" title="Jonathan Frid">Jonathan Frid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Collins" title="Barnabas Collins">Barnabas Collins</a> vampire character.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Dark_Shadows" title="Dark Shadows">Dark Shadows</a>, on American television from 1966 to 1971, featured the vampire character <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Collins" title="Barnabas Collins">Barnabas Collins</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Frid" title="Jonathan Frid">Jonathan Frid</a>, which proved partly responsible for making the series one of the most popular of its type, amassing a total of 1,225 episodes in its nearly five-year run. The pilot for the later 1972 television series <a href="/wiki/Kolchak:_The_Night_Stalker" title="Kolchak: The Night Stalker">Kolchak: The Night Stalker</a> revolved around a reporter hunting a vampire on the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas Strip</a>. Later films showed more diversity in plotline, with some focusing on the vampire-hunter, such as <a href="/wiki/Blade_(character)" title="Blade (character)">Blade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' <a href="/wiki/Blade_(franchise)" title="Blade (franchise)">Blade</a> films and the film <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(film)" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[167]</a> Buffy, released in 1992, foreshadowed a vampiric presence on television, with its adaptation to a <a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">series of the same name</a> and its spin-off <a href="/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)" title="Angel (1999 TV series)">Angel</a>. Others showed the vampire as a protagonist, such as 1983's <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(1983_film)" title="The Hunger (1983 film)">The Hunger</a>, 1994's <a href="/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire_(film)" title="Interview with the Vampire (film)">Interview with the Vampire</a> and its indirect sequel <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Damned" title="Queen of the Damned">Queen of the Damned</a>, and the 2007 series <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_(American_TV_series)" title="Moonlight (American TV series)">Moonlight</a>. The 1992 film <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(1992_film)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> became the then-highest grossing vampire film ever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997208-190">[186]</a> This increase of interest in vampiric plotlines led to the vampire being depicted in films such as <a href="/wiki/Underworld_(2003_film)" title="Underworld (2003 film)">Underworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(2004_film)" title="Night Watch (2004 film)">Night Watch</a> and a TV miniseries remake of <a href="/wiki/Salem%27s_Lot_(2004_TV_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem's Lot (2004 TV miniseries)">Salem's Lot</a>, both from 2004. The series <a href="/wiki/Blood_Ties_(TV_series)" title="Blood Ties (TV series)">Blood Ties</a> premiered on <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime Television">Lifetime Television</a> in 2007, featuring a character portrayed as Henry Fitzroy, an illegitimate-son-of-<a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry-VIII-of-England</a>-turned-vampire, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, with a female former Toronto detective in the starring role. A 2008 series from HBO, entitled <a href="/wiki/True_Blood" title="True Blood">True Blood</a>, gives a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a> take on the vampire theme, while taking on the discussion on what the actual existence of vampires would mean to for instance <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a> and religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-slate-184">[180]</a> In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Being_Human_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Being Human (UK TV series)">Being Human</a> premiered in Britain and featured a vampire that shared a flat with a werewolf and a ghost.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> The continuing popularity of the vampire theme has been ascribed to a combination of two factors: the representation of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexuality</a> and the perennial dread of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampires in games">Vampires in games</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> <a href="/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade" title="Vampire: The Masquerade">Vampire: The Masquerade</a> has been influential upon modern vampire fiction and elements of its terminology, such as embrace and sire, appear in contemporary fiction.<a href="#cite_note-:1-171">[167]</a> Popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_vampire_video_games" title="List of vampire video games">video games about vampires</a> include <a href="/wiki/Castlevania" title="Castlevania">Castlevania</a>, which is an extension of the original Bram Stoker novel Dracula, and <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Kain" title="Legacy of Kain">Legacy of Kain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-joshi-194">[190]</a> The role-playing game <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a> features vampires.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_vampire_subcultures">Modern vampire subcultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vampire_lifestyle" title="Vampire lifestyle">Vampire lifestyle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Psychic_vampirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychic vampirism">Psychic vampirism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vampire_lifestyle" title="Vampire lifestyle">Vampire lifestyle</a> is a term for a contemporary subculture of people, largely within the <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Goth subculture</a>, who consume the blood of others as a pastime; drawing from the rich recent history of popular culture related to cult symbolism, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a>, the fiction of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a>, and the styles of Victorian England.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Active vampirism within the vampire subculture includes both blood-related vampirism, commonly referred to as sanguine vampirism, and <a href="/wiki/Psychic_vampire" title="Psychic vampire">psychic vampirism</a>, or supposed feeding from <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">pranic</a> energy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Vampires had already been discussed in <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barber5-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Calmet conducted extensive research and amassed judicial reports of vampiric incidents and extensively researched theological and mythological accounts as well, using the scientific method in his analysis to come up with methods for determining the validity for cases of this nature. As he stated in his treatise:<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <blockquote>They see, it is said, men who have been dead for several months, come back to earth, talk, walk, infest villages, ill use both men and beasts, suck the blood of their near relations, make them ill, and finally cause their death; so that people can only save themselves from their dangerous visits and their hauntings by exhuming them, impaling them, cutting off their heads, tearing out the heart, or burning them. These revenants are called by the name of oupires or vampires, that is to say, <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>; and such particulars are related of them, so singular, so detailed, and invested with such probable circumstances and such judicial information, that one can hardly refuse to credit the belief which is held in those countries, that these revenants come out of their tombs and produce those effects which are proclaimed of them.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_philosophique" title="Dictionnaire philosophique">Philosophical Dictionary</a>, Voltaire wrote:<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">These vampires were corpses, who went out of their graves at night to suck the blood of the living, either at their throats or stomachs, after which they returned to their cemeteries. The persons so sucked waned, grew pale, and fell into <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a>; while the sucking corpses grew fat, got rosy, and enjoyed an excellent appetite. It was in Poland, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, Austria, and <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, that the dead made this good cheer.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> An extensive discussion of the different uses of the vampire metaphor in Marx's writings can be found in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPolicante2010" class="citation web cs1">Policante, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128025458/http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/Policante.pdf">"Vampires of Capital: Gothic Reflections between horror and hope"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/Policante.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vampires+of+Capital%3A+Gothic+Reflections+between+horror+and+hope&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Policante&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclogic.eserver.org%2F2010%2FPolicante.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">Cultural Logic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206054043/http://clogic.eserver.org/2010/2010.html">Archived</a> 6 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2010. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Karina (23 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/decomposing-bodies-1720s-gave-birth-first-vampire-panic-180976097/">"Decomposing Bodies in the 1720s Gave Birth to the First Vampire Panic"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%92+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%22%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B2.+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+...+%D0%9E+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%2C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B8%2C+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+...%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D.%D0%98.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkapija.narod.ru%2FEthnoslavistics%2Fzub_period.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Matthew Bunson: Das Buch der Vampire. Scherz Verlag, p. 273 and following </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Norbert Borrmann: Vampirismus oder die Sehnsucht nach Unsterblichkeit. Diederichs Verlag, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Katharina M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709546">"The History of the Word "Vampire""</a>. Journal of the History of Ideas. 46 (4): 577–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709546">10.2307/2709546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709546">2709546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Word+%22Vampire%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=577-583&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709546&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Katharina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115137575#:~:text=The%20word%20comes%20(in%20the,an%20abbreviation%20of%20this%20word.">"vampire"</a>. Oxford Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220052/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115137575#:~:text=The%20word%20comes%20(in%20the,an%20abbreviation%20of%20this%20word.">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=vampire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803115137575%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520word%2520comes%2520%28in%2520the%2Can%2520abbreviation%2520of%2520this%2520word.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vampire">"vampire"</a>. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609224915/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vampire">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vampire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fvampire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaltırıkSarpkaya2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yaltırık, Mehmet Berk; Sarpkaya, Seçkin (2018). Turkish: Türk Kültüründe Vampirler, English translation: Vampires in Turkic Culture (in Turkish). Karakum Yayınevi. pp. 43–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish%3A+T%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BCnde+Vampirler%2C+English+translation%3A+Vampires+in+Turkic+Culture&rft.pages=43-49&rft.pub=Karakum+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Yalt%C4%B1r%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Mehmet+Berk&rft.au=Sarpkaya%2C+Se%C3%A7kin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1">b</a> (in Bulgarian)Mladenov, Stefan (1941). Etimologičeski i pravopisen rečnik na bǎlgarskiya knižoven ezik. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusić" class="citation web cs1">Husić, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6213/vampire_exhibit_catalog_2010.pdf;jsessionid=5B6036D02A0A800372E52679CB932EA0?sequence=3">"A Vampire by Any Other Name"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820024335/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6213/vampire_exhibit_catalog_2010.pdf;jsessionid=5B6036D02A0A800372E52679CB932EA0?sequence=3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Vampire+by+Any+Other+Name&rft.aulast=Husi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F6213%2Fvampire_exhibit_catalog_2010.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D5B6036D02A0A800372E52679CB932EA0%3Fsequence%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> MACHEK, V.: Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 5th edition, NLN, Praha 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Katharina M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709546">"The History of the Word "Vampire""</a>. Journal of the History of Ideas. 46 (4): 577–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709546">10.2307/2709546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709546">2709546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Word+%22Vampire%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=577-583&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709546&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Katharina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutch2013" class="citation book cs1">Mutch, Deborah, ed. (2013). The Modern Vampire and Human Identity. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-35069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-35069-8"><bdi>978-1-349-35069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Vampire+and+Human+Identity&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-349-35069-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeir2012" class="citation book cs1">Vermeir, Keir (January 2012). "Vampires as Creatures of the Imagination: Theories of Body, Soul, and Imagination in Early Modern Vampire Tracts (1659–1755)". In Haskell, Y (ed.). Diseases of the Imagination and Imaginary Disease in the Early Modern Period. Tunhout, Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Brepols_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brepols Publishers">Brepols Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52796-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52796-3"><bdi>978-2-503-52796-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vampires+as+Creatures+of+the+Imagination%3A+Theories+of+Body%2C+Soul%2C+and+Imagination+in+Early+Modern+Vampire+Tracts+%281659%E2%80%931755%29&rft.btitle=Diseases+of+the+Imagination+and+Imaginary+Disease+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Tunhout%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Brepols+Publishers&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52796-3&rft.aulast=Vermeir&rft.aufirst=Keir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barber5-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barber5_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barber5_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barber5_23-2">c</a> Barber, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauzat_1938-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Dauzat_1938_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauzat1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dauzat, Albert (1938). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française (in French). Paris, France: Librairie Larousse. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904687">904687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tymologique+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Librairie+Larousse&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904687&rft.aulast=Dauzat&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SU223-26"><a href="#cite_ref-SU223_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverUrsini1997" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Alain; Ursini, James (1997). The Vampire Film: From Nosferatu to Interview with the Vampire. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Limelight_Editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Editions">Limelight Editions</a>. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-395-8"><bdi>978-0-87910-395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Film%3A+From+Nosferatu+to+Interview+with+the+Vampire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87910-395-8&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Ursini%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1989271–274_27-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1989">Cohen 1989</a>, pp. 271–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198841–42-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198841–42_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19882-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19882_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19882_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet2018" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (2018) [1751]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh9wDwAAQBAJ&dq=It+is+an+opinion+widely+spread+in+Germany%2C+that+certain+dead+persons+chew+in+their+graves%2C+and+devour+whatever+may+be+close+to+them%3B+that+they+are+even+heard+to+eat+like+pigs%2C+with+a+certain+low+cry%2C+and+as+if+growling+and+grunting.&pg=PA460">The Phantom World</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7340-3275-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7340-3275-2"><bdi>978-3-7340-3275-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+World&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-7340-3275-2&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWh9wDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIt%2Bis%2Ban%2Bopinion%2Bwidely%2Bspread%2Bin%2BGermany%252C%2Bthat%2Bcertain%2Bdead%2Bpersons%2Bchew%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bgraves%252C%2Band%2Bdevour%2Bwhatever%2Bmay%2Bbe%2Bclose%2Bto%2Bthem%253B%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Bare%2Beven%2Bheard%2Bto%2Beat%2Blike%2Bpigs%252C%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bcertain%2Blow%2Bcry%252C%2Band%2Bas%2Bif%2Bgrowling%2Band%2Bgrunting.%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198833-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198833_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange_&_Amazing-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_&_Amazing_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_&_Amazing_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange_&_Amazing_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReader's_Digest_Association1988" class="citation book cs1">Reader's Digest Association (1988). "Vampires Galore!". The Reader's Digest Book of strange stories, amazing facts: stories that are bizarre, unusual, odd, astonishing, incredible ... but true. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>. pp. 432–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949819-89-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949819-89-5"><bdi>978-0-949819-89-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vampires+Galore%21&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Digest+Book+of+strange+stories%2C+amazing+facts%3A+stories+that+are+bizarre%2C+unusual%2C+odd%2C+astonishing%2C+incredible+...+but+true&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=432-433&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-949819-89-5&rft.au=Reader%27s+Digest+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbanologjike1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albanologjike, Gjurmime (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5biAAAAMAAJ&q=dhampiri">Folklor dhe etnologji</a> (in Albanian). Vol. 15. pp. 58–148. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519060955/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5biAAAAMAAJ&q=dhampiri">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklor+dhe+etnologji&rft.pages=58-148&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Albanologjike&rft.aufirst=Gjurmime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5biAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddhampiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198850–51-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198850–51_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1910" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws">Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws/page/405">405</a>–06. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-02024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-02024-1"><bdi>978-0-524-02024-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1465746">1465746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Greek+Folklore+and+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=405-06&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1465746&rft.isbn=978-0-524-02024-1&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=John+Cuthbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderngreekfolkl00laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198849-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198849_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1903" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, George (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macedonianfolkl01abbogoog/page/n226/mode/2up">Macedonian Folklore</a>. Cambridge, University press. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonian+Folklore&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+University+press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacedonianfolkl01abbogoog%2Fpage%2Fn226%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaramillo-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaramillo_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaramillo_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaramillo_Londoño1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaramillo Londoño, Agustín (1986) [1967]. Testamento del paisa (in Spanish) (7th ed.). Medellín: Susaeta Ediciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-95125-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-95125-0-0"><bdi>978-958-95125-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testamento+del+paisa&rft.place=Medell%C3%ADn&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Susaeta+Ediciones&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-958-95125-0-0&rft.aulast=Jaramillo+Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198868–69-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198868–69_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988125-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988125_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988109-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988109_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988114–115-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988114–115_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988114–115_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198896-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198896_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993168–169-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1993168–169_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19886-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19886_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkhardt221-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt221_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt221_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhardt1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burkhardt, Dagmar (1966). "Vampirglaube und Vampirsage auf dem Balkan". Beiträge zur Südosteuropa-Forschung: Anlässlich des I. Internationalen Balkanologenkongresses in Sofia 26. VIII.-1. IX. 1966 (in German). Munich: Rudolf Trofenik. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1475919">1475919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vampirglaube+und+Vampirsage+auf+dem+Balkan&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+S%C3%BCdosteuropa-Forschung%3A+Anl%C3%A4sslich+des+I.+Internationalen+Balkanologenkongresses+in+Sofia+26.+VIII.-1.+IX.+1966&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Rudolf+Trofenik&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1475919&rft.aulast=Burkhardt&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198863-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198863_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMappin2003" class="citation book cs1">Mappin, Jenni (2003). Didjaknow: Truly Amazing & Crazy Facts About ... Everything. Australia: Pancake. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-40171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-40171-5"><bdi>978-0-330-40171-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Didjaknow%3A+Truly+Amazing+%26+Crazy+Facts+About+...+Everything&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pancake&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-330-40171-5&rft.aulast=Mappin&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoOc-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoOc_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoOc_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1960" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Lewis (1960). An Encyclopaedia of Occultism. New Hyde Parks: University Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42613-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42613-6"><bdi>978-0-486-42613-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3417655">3417655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+Occultism&rft.place=New+Hyde+Parks&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3417655&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42613-6&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199725-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199725_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199725_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1850" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1GqcY9ow3QC&dq=There+proceeds+from+his+body+a+great+quantity+of+blood%2C+which+some+mix+up+with+flour+to+make+bread+of%3B+and+that+bread+eaten+in+ordinary+protects+them+from+being+tormented+by+the+spirit%2C+which+returns+no+more.&pg=PA273">The Phantom World: The History and Philosophy of Spirits, Apparitions, &c., &c</a>. A. Hart. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+World%3A+The+History+and+Philosophy+of+Spirits%2C+Apparitions%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=A.+Hart&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1GqcY9ow3QC%26dq%3DThere%2Bproceeds%2Bfrom%2Bhis%2Bbody%2Ba%2Bgreat%2Bquantity%2Bof%2Bblood%252C%2Bwhich%2Bsome%2Bmix%2Bup%2Bwith%2Bflour%2Bto%2Bmake%2Bbread%2Bof%253B%2Band%2Bthat%2Bbread%2Beaten%2Bin%2Bordinary%2Bprotects%2Bthem%2Bfrom%2Bbeing%2Btormented%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bspirit%252C%2Bwhich%2Breturns%2Bno%2Bmore.%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1850" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1GqcY9ow3QC&dq=but+that+he+had+found+means+to+cure+himself+by+eating+earth+from+the+grave+of+the+vampire%2C&pg=PA265">The Phantom World: The History and Philosophy of Spirits, Apparitions, &c., &c</a>. A. Hart. p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phantom+World%3A+The+History+and+Philosophy+of+Spirits%2C+Apparitions%2C+%26c.%2C+%26c&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=A.+Hart&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1GqcY9ow3QC%26dq%3Dbut%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Bfound%2Bmeans%2Bto%2Bcure%2Bhimself%2Bby%2Beating%2Bearth%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bgrave%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bvampire%252C%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2011" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stephen A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shCXJLB6mDAC">Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4290-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-4290-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307213753/https://books.google.com/books?id=shCXJLB6mDAC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+the+Nordic+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4290-4&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshCXJLB6mDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198873-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198873_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198873_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlseikaite-Gimbutiene1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Alseikaite-Gimbutiene, Marija</a> (1946). Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit (in German). Tübingen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1059867">1059867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bestattung+in+Litauen+in+der+vorgeschichtlichen+Zeit&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059867&rft.aulast=Alseikaite-Gimbutiene&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) (thesis). </li> <li id="cite_note-Vuk59-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Vuk59_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVukanović1959" class="citation journal cs1">Vukanović, T.P. (1959). "The Vampire". Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. 38: 111–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gypsy+Lore+Society&rft.atitle=The+Vampire&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=111-18&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Vukanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=T.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapper1909" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klapper, Joseph (1909). "Die schlesischen Geschichten von den schädingenden Toten". Mitteilungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde (in German). 11: 58–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Schlesischen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Volkskunde&rft.atitle=Die+schlesischen+Geschichten+von+den+sch%C3%A4dingenden+Toten&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=58-93&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Klapper&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet2015" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (30 December 2015). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5331-4568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5331-4568-0"><bdi>978-1-5331-4568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+the+Apparitions+of+Spirits+and+on+Vampires+or+Revenants%3A+of+Hungary%2C+Moravia%2C+et+al.+The+Complete+Volumes+I+%26+II.+2016&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-5331-4568-0&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheresa_Cheung2013" class="citation book cs1">Theresa Cheung (2013). 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Berlin. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aberglaube+und+Stafrecht&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Berlin&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wenstimm&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachtold-Staubli1934–1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bachtold-Staubli, H. (1934–1935). Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (in German). Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+deutschen+Aberglaubens&rft.pub=Berlin&rft.date=1934%2F1935&rft.aulast=Bachtold-Staubli&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipovic1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filipovic, Milenko (1962). "Die Leichenverbrennung bei den Südslaven". Wiener Völkerkundliche Mitteilungen (in German). 10: 61–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+V%C3%B6lkerkundliche+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Die+Leichenverbrennung+bei+den+S%C3%BCdslaven&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=61-71&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Filipovic&rft.aufirst=Milenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988158-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988158_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1988157-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber1988157_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-bulg-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bulg_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulg_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18334106">"'Vampire' skeletons found in Bulgaria near Black Sea"</a>. BBC News. 6 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424154013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18334106">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Vampire%27+skeletons+found+in+Bulgaria+near+Black+Sea&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-18334106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Reported by Ariel David, "Italy dig unearths female 'vampire' in Venice", 13 March 2009, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211014180118/https://www.webcitation.org/5fFdDvCQQ?url=http://fe8.story.media.ac4.yahoo.com/news/us/story/ap/20090313/ap_on_re_eu/eu_italy_vampire_of_venice/print">archived</a>; also by Reuters, published under the headline "Researchers find remains that support medieval 'vampire'" in The Australian, 13 March 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317093300/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25180518-30417,00.html">archived</a> with photo (scroll down). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993154-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1993154_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1994" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/117">In Search of Dracula</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65783-6"><bdi>978-0-395-65783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Dracula&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65783-6&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rft.au=Florescu%2C+Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofdracul00mcna%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199424–25-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny199424–25_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarigny1994">Marigny 1994</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Burton, Sir Richard R.</a> (1893) [1870]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/goth/vav/vav00.htm">Vikram and The Vampire: Classic Hindu Tales of Adventure, Magic, and Romance</a>. London: Tylston and Edwards. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-475-6"><bdi>978-0-89281-475-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107164840/http://sacred-texts.com/goth/vav/vav00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikram+and+The+Vampire%3A+Classic+Hindu+Tales+of+Adventure%2C+Magic%2C+and+Romance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tylston+and+Edwards&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-475-6&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgoth%2Fvav%2Fvav00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993200-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1993200_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199414-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny199414_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarigny1994">Marigny 1994</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurwitz-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwitz_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurwitz_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwitz1992" class="citation book cs1">Hurwitz, Siegmund (1992) [1980]. Lilith, the First Eve: Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine. Gela Jacobson (trans.). Einsiedeln, Switzerland: Daimon Verlag. pp. 39–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85630-522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85630-522-2"><bdi>978-3-85630-522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lilith%2C+the+First+Eve%3A+Historical+and+Psychological+Aspects+of+the+Dark+Feminine&rft.place=Einsiedeln%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=39-51&rft.pub=Daimon+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-85630-522-2&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.aufirst=Siegmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShael2009" class="citation web cs1">Shael, Rabbi (1 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shaelsiegel.blogspot.com/2009/06/vampires-einstein-and-jewish-folklore.html">"Rabbi Shael Speaks ... Tachles: Vampires, Einstein and Jewish Folklore"</a>. Shaelsiegel.blogspot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071949/http://shaelsiegel.blogspot.com/2009/06/vampires-einstein-and-jewish-folklore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shaelsiegel.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Shael+Speaks+...+Tachles%3A+Vampires%2C+Einstein+and+Jewish+Folklore&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.aulast=Shael&rft.aufirst=Rabbi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshaelsiegel.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fvampires-einstein-and-jewish-folklore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990189–190-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1990189–190_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1990189–190_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1990">Graves 1990</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves1990205–206-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1990205–206_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves1990205–206_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraves1990">Graves 1990</a>, pp. 205–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Phasma/Empousai.html">"Philostr Vit. Apoll. iv. 25; Suid. s. v."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063134/https://www.theoi.com/Phasma/Empousai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philostr+Vit.+Apoll.+iv.+25%3B+Suid.+s.+v.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FPhasma%2FEmpousai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1913" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, Samuel Grant (1913). "The Story of the Strix: Ancient". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 44: 133–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282549">10.2307/282549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282549">282549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Strix%3A+Ancient&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=133-49&rft.date=1913&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282549&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulukayin.org/ubir-english/">"Ubır: A Vampire-Like Creature in Turkic Mythology and Folk Beliefs"</a>. ULUKAYIN English. 25 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126093031/https://ulukayin.org/ubir-english/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ULUKAYIN+English&rft.atitle=Ub%C4%B1r%3A+A+Vampire-Like+Creature+in+Turkic+Mythology+and+Folk+Beliefs&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulukayin.org%2Fubir-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2011-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2011_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2011_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_Hansen2011" class="citation book cs1">Regina Hansen (3 May 2011). Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film: Essays on Belief, Spectacle, Ritual and Imagery. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786464746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786464746"><bdi>978-0786464746</bdi></a>. <q>After the arrival of Christianity in Greece, however, the vampire began to take on decidedly Christian characteristics. The vampire was now no longer a demon from a supernatural realm but a reanimated corpse, a dead person who retained a semblance of life and could leave its grave-much in the same way that Jesus had arisen after His death and burial and appeared before His followers. The transformation of vampire myths to include Christian elements happened throughout Europe; as various regions converted to Christianity, their vampires also became "Christianized" (Beresford 42, 44-51).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholicism+in+Fantastic+Film%3A+Essays+on+Belief%2C+Spectacle%2C+Ritual+and+Imagery&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0786464746&rft.au=Regina+Hansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshi2010-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Joshi2010_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._T._Joshi=2010" class="citation book cs1">S. T. Joshi= (4 November 2010). Encyclopædia of the Vampire: The Living Dead in Myth, Legend, and Popular Culture. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313378331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313378331"><bdi>978-0313378331</bdi></a>. <q>The church had by this time co-opted vampires from their previous folk existence and reinterpreted them as minions of the Christian devil, so it was an easy enough analogy to draw: Just as a vampire takes a sinner's very spirit into itself by drinking his blood, so also can a righteous Christian by drinking Christ's blood take the divine spirit into himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+the+Vampire%3A+The+Living+Dead+in+Myth%2C+Legend%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0313378331&rft.au=S.+T.+Joshi%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_Hansen2011" class="citation book cs1">Regina Hansen (3 May 2011). Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film: Essays on Belief, Spectacle, Ritual and Imagery. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786464746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786464746"><bdi>978-0786464746</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps the strongest link between vampires and Christianity is the importance of blood in the Christian, especially the Roman Catholic, tradition. Just as the vampire must consume blood in order to continue its unnaturally eternal life, so Christians must consume the blood of Jesus to be granted salvation and life after death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholicism+in+Fantastic+Film%3A+Essays+on+Belief%2C+Spectacle%2C+Ritual+and+Imagery&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0786464746&rft.au=Regina+Hansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LarssonSteiner2011-83"><a href="#cite_ref-LarssonSteiner2011_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariah_Larsson,_Ann_Steiner2011" class="citation book cs1">Mariah Larsson, Ann Steiner (1 December 2011). Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience. Nordic Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9185509638" title="Special:BookSources/978-9185509638"><bdi>978-9185509638</bdi></a>. <q>The fear of vampirism embodied in these early conceptions was used by the Church in order to impose its fundamental values on soviety. The Church therefore changed some of the typical vampire traits and gave them more religious connotations that are still very much in evidence in the vampire genre today. For example, the destruction of the vampire became a religious rite; crucifixes and holy water bestowed protection; and drinking the blood of a sinner strengthened the power of the Devil, while taking Communion afforded the communicant protection. Besides their roots in folklore and the influence of Christianity, vampire traits were shaped in the development of vampire literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Twilight%3A+Studies+in+Fiction%2C+Media+and+a+Contemporary+Cultural+Experience&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.isbn=978-9185509638&rft.au=Mariah+Larsson%2C+Ann+Steiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson2003-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson2003_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Stevenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Stevenson (2003). Televised Morality: The Case of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761828338" title="Special:BookSources/0761828338"><bdi>0761828338</bdi></a>. <q>If so, then the ability of the cross to hurt and ward off vampires is distinctly due to its Christian association.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Televised+Morality%3A+The+Case+of+Buffy+the+Vampire+Slayer&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0761828338&rft.au=Gregory+Stevenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holte1997-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Holte1997_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Craig_Holte1997" class="citation book cs1">James Craig Holte (1997). Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313292159" title="Special:BookSources/0313292159"><bdi>0313292159</bdi></a>. <q>Christian belief played an important part in the development of vampire lore. According to Montague Summers, who describes the Christian position in detail in The Vampire: His Kith and Kin, Christianity accepts the existence of vampires and sees the power of the devil behind their creation. Since vampires are servants of Satan, the Church has power over them. Thus vampires flee from and can be destroyed by the crucifix, relics of saints, the sign of the cross, holy water, and above all, a consecrated host.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Dracula+Film+Adaptations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0313292159&rft.au=James+Craig+Holte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_of_NewburghPaul_Halsall2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a>; Paul Halsall (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/williamofnewburgh-five.html">"Book 5, Chapter 22–24"</a>. Historia rerum Anglicarum. Fordham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219150159/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/williamofnewburgh-five.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+rerum+Anglicarum&rft.atitle=Book+5%2C+Chapter+22%E2%80%9324&rft.date=2000&rft.au=William+of+Newburgh&rft.au=Paul+Halsall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fwilliamofnewburgh-five.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931121-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1931121_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1931">Jones 1931</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jakobsson, Ármann (2009). "The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note about the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga". Folklore (120): 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Fearless+Vampire+Killers%3A+A+Note+about+the+Icelandic+Draugr+and+Demonic+Contamination+in+Grettis+Saga&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jakobsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinRobinson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Saul; Robinson, Sara Libby (2012). "The Soul, Evil Spirits, and the Undead: Vampires, Death, and Burial in Jewish Folklore and Law". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 1 (2): 232–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fpreternature.1.2.0232">10.5325/preternature.1.2.0232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-2188">2161-2188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preternature%3A+Critical+and+Historical+Studies+on+the+Preternatural&rft.atitle=The+Soul%2C+Evil+Spirits%2C+and+the+Undead%3A+Vampires%2C+Death%2C+and+Burial+in+Jewish+Folklore+and+Law&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-51&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fpreternature.1.2.0232&rft.issn=2161-2188&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Sara+Libby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2010). The Vampire Book: The encyclopedia of the Undead. Visible Ink Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-350-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-350-7"><bdi>978-1-57859-350-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Book%3A+The+encyclopedia+of+the+Undead&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57859-350-7&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber19885–9_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 5–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohn2019" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, Thomas M. (2019). The Vampire: Origins of a European Myth. Cologne: Berghahn Books. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-293-9"><bdi>978-1-78920-293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire%3A+Origins+of+a+European+Myth&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-293-9&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marigny93-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marigny93_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marigny93_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarigny1993" class="citation book cs1">Marigny, Jean (1993). Sang pour Sang, Le Réveil des Vampires, Gallimard, coll. Gallimard. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053203-2"><bdi>978-2-07-053203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sang+pour+Sang%2C+Le+R%C3%A9veil+des+Vampires%2C+Gallimard%2C+coll&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-07-053203-2&rft.aulast=Marigny&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1751" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (1751). <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Apparitions_of_Spirits_and_on_Vampires_or_Revenants" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2015</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 442–443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5331-4568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5331-4568-0"><bdi>978-1-5331-4568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+the+Apparitions+of+Spirits+and+on+Vampires+or+Revenants%3A+of+Hungary%2C+Moravia%2C+et+al.+The+Complete+Volumes+I+%26+II.+2015&rft.pages=442-443&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1751&rft.isbn=978-1-5331-4568-0&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecouteux1993" class="citation book cs1">Lecouteux, Claude (1993). Historie des vampires: Autopsie d'un mythe. Paris: Imago. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-911416-29-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-911416-29-3"><bdi>978-2-911416-29-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historie+des+vampires%3A+Autopsie+d%27un+mythe&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Imago&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-911416-29-3&rft.aulast=Lecouteux&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endsjø-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Endsjø_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndsjø2023" class="citation book cs1">Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2023). Flesh and Bones Forever: A History of Immortality. Hannacroix: Apocryphile Press. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-958061-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-958061-36-7"><bdi>978-1-958061-36-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh+and+Bones+Forever%3A+A+History+of+Immortality&rft.place=Hannacroix&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-958061-36-7&rft.aulast=Endsj%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Dag+%C3%98istein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Felix J. Oinas 1978. “Heretics as vampires and demons in Russia” in The Slavic and East European Journal 22:4 (1978):433 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambertini,_P.1749" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lambertini, P. (1749). "XXXI". De servorum Dei beatificatione et sanctorum canonizatione. Vol. Pars prima. pp. 323–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXI&rft.btitle=De+servorum+Dei+beatificatione+et+sanctorum+canonizatione&rft.pages=323-24&rft.date=1749&rft.au=Lambertini%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Ceglia_F.P.2011" class="citation journal cs1">de Ceglia F.P. (2011). "The Archbishop's Vampires. Giuseppe Davanzati's Dissertation and the Reaction of Scientific Italian Catholicism to the Moravian Events". Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences. 61 (166/167): 487–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.ARIHS.5.101493">10.1484/J.ARIHS.5.101493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Internationales+d%27Histoire+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Archbishop%27s+Vampires.+Giuseppe+Davanzati%27s+Dissertation+and+the+Reaction+of+Scientific+Italian+Catholicism+to+the+Moravian+Events&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=166%2F167&rft.pages=487-510&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.ARIHS.5.101493&rft.au=de+Ceglia+F.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283318599">"Vampire Evolution"</a>. METAphor (3): 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112222202/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283318599_Vampire_Evolution">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=METAphor&rft.atitle=Vampire+Evolution&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283318599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber198815–21-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198815–21_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber198815–21_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber1988">Barber 1988</a>, pp. 15–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt1984101-106_102-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyt1984">Hoyt 1984</a>, p. 101-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton1994-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Melton1994_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_Melton1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">J. Gordon Melton (1994). "Vampire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vampirebookencyc0000melt/page/630">The Vampire Book</a>. Visible Ink Press. p. 630. <q>the vampire controversy of the 1730s [p.467] ... the eighteenth-century vampire controversy [p. 630]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vampire&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Book&rft.pages=630&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvampirebookencyc0000melt%2Fpage%2F630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frayling1978-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Frayling1978_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_FraylingRobert_Wokler1982" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Frayling; Robert Wokler (1982). "From the orang-utan to the vampire: towards an anthropology of Rousseau". In R. A. Leigh (ed.). Rousseau after two hundred years (Proceedings of the Cambridge Bicentennial Colloqium). Bristol: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. <q>For details of the sixteen formal treatises and dissertations that discussed the implications of the 1731–32 'epidemic' (most of them written by German doctors and theologians), see Tony Faivre, Les Vampires (Paris, 1962), pp. 154–9; Dieter Sturm and Klaus Völker, Von denen Vampiren oder Menschensaugern (München, 1973), pp. 519-23; and Frayling's introduction to The Vampyre (London, 1978), pp. 31–4.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+orang-utan+to+the+vampire%3A+towards+an+anthropology+of+Rousseau&rft.btitle=Rousseau+after+two+hundred+years+%28Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Bicentennial+Colloqium%29&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Christopher+Frayling&rft.au=Robert+Wokler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1751" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustin (1751). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. Translated by Rev Henry Christmas & Brett Warren. 2015. 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Anthropology of Consciousness. 11 (1–2): 70–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fac.2000.11.1-2.70">10.1525/ac.2000.11.1-2.70</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+of+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Living+in+Death%3A+The+Evolution+of+Modern+Vampirism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=70-77&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fac.2000.11.1-2.70&rft.au=Atwater%2C+Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199311-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199311_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson19932-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson19932_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993219-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1993219_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, Luise (31 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520922297">Speaking with Vampires</a>. 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American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 94 (2): 269–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330940210">10.1002/ajpa.1330940210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8085617">8085617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Bioarcheological+and+biocultural+evidence+for+the+New+England+vampire+folk+belief&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=269-274&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330940210&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8085617&rft.aulast=Sledzik&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Nicholas+Bellantoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_Michael_E.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Michael E. (2006). "Vampires and Death in New England, 1784 to 1892". Anthropology and Humanism. 31 (2): 124–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fahu.2006.31.2.124">10.1525/ahu.2006.31.2.124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+and+Humanism&rft.atitle=Vampires+and+Death+in+New+England%2C+1784+to+1892&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-40&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fahu.2006.31.2.124&rft.au=Bell%2C+Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanc-118"><a href="#cite_ref-lanc_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenfield2009" class="citation news cs1">Henfield, Sally (21 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/4385196.peruvian-vampire---east-lancashire/">"The 'Peruvian vampire' - from East Lancashire"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rabies-The+Vampire%27s+Kiss&rft.date=1998-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F178623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931100–102-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1931100–102_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1931">Jones 1931</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1911" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Ernest (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429155">"The Pathology of Morbid Anxiety"</a>. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 6 (2): 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0074306">10.1037/h0074306</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003143621/https://zenodo.org/record/1429155">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Pathology+of+Morbid+Anxiety&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-106&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0074306&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931106-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1931106_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1931">Jones 1931</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXOUiGfJ8_oC&pg=PT205&lpg=PP1&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html">McMahon, Twilight of an Idol, p. 193</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044326/https://books.google.com/books?id=KXOUiGfJ8_oC&pg=PT205&lpg=PP1&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1931116–120-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1931116–120_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1931">Jones 1931</a>, pp. 116–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1996" class="citation book cs1">Glover, David (1996). Vampires, Mummies, and Liberals: Bram Stoker and the Politics of Popular Fiction. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1798-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-1798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%2C+Mummies%2C+and+Liberals%3A+Bram+Stoker+and+the+Politics+of+Popular+Fiction&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1798-2&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318065646/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/v/voltaire/dictionary/complete.html">"Vampires. – Voltaire, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. VII (Philosophical Dictionary Part 5) (1764)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/v/voltaire/dictionary/complete.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vampires.+%E2%80%93+Voltaire%2C+The+Works+of+Voltaire%2C+Vol.+VII+%28Philosophical+Dictionary+Part+5%29+%281764%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fv%2Fvoltaire%2Fdictionary%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brass, Tom (2000). "Nymphs, Shepherds, and Vampires: The Agrarian Myth on Film". Dialectical Anthropology. 25 (3/4): 205–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011615201664">10.1023/A:1011615201664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141136948">141136948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Nymphs%2C+Shepherds%2C+and+Vampires%3A+The+Agrarian+Myth+on+Film&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=205-237&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011615201664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141136948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stig1-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Stig1_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnell1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnell, Stig (1993) [1968]. Stockholms spökhus och andra ruskiga ställen (in Swedish). Raben Prisma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-518-2738-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-518-2738-4"><bdi>978-91-518-2738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stockholms+sp%C3%B6khus+och+andra+ruskiga+st%C3%A4llen&rft.pub=Raben+Prisma&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-91-518-2738-4&rft.aulast=Linnell&rft.aufirst=Stig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt198468–71-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt198468–71_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyt1984">Hoyt 1984</a>, pp. 68–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198995–96_168-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1989">Cohen 1989</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper92-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper92_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1992" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J.C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6"><bdi>978-1-85538-118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+and+Mythological+Animals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Aquarian+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85538-118-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199619–21-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal199619–21_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkal1996">Skal 1996</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_171-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_171-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280805194">"From Nosteratu to Von Carstein: shifts in the portrayal of vampires"</a>. Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies (16): 97–106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125163106/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280805194_From_Nosteratu_to_Von_Carstein_shifts_in_the_portrayal_of_vampires">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Folklore%3A+A+Yearly+Journal+of+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Nosteratu+to+Von+Carstein%3A+shifts+in+the+portrayal+of+vampires&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=97-106&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280805194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayling1991" class="citation book cs1">Frayling, Christopher (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780571167920">Vampyres, Lord Byron to Count Dracula</a>. London: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16792-0"><bdi>978-0-571-16792-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampyres%2C+Lord+Byron+to+Count+Dracula&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-571-16792-0&rft.aulast=Frayling&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780571167920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199699-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal199699_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkal1996">Skal 1996</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal1996104-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal1996104_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkal1996">Skal 1996</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal199662-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal199662_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkal1996">Skal 1996</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199738–39-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199738–39_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199738–39_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1993131-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1993131_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1993">Bunson 1993</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny1994114–115-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny1994114–115_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarigny1994">Marigny 1994</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199737–38-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199737–38_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199740–41-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199740–41_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199743-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini199743_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199482–85-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny199482–85_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarigny1994">Marigny 1994</a>, pp. 82–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997205-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997205_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2008" class="citation web cs1">Beam, Christopher (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2205143/">"I Vant To Upend Your Expectations: Why film vampires always break all the vampire rules"</a>. Slate Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916173859/http://www.slate.com/id/2205143/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=I+Vant+To+Upend+Your+Expectations%3A+Why+film+vampires+always+break+all+the+vampire+rules&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2205143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalaxy" class="citation magazine cs1">Galaxy, Geek's Guide to the. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2023/10/geeks-guide-peter-watts/">"'Blindsight' Is the Epitome of Science Fiction Horror"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630080300/https://www.wired.com/2023/10/geeks-guide-peter-watts/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=%27Blindsight%27+Is+the+Epitome+of+Science+Fiction+Horror&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Galaxy&rft.aufirst=Geek%27s+Guide+to+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2023%2F10%2Fgeeks-guide-peter-watts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatley" class="citation news cs1">Keatley, Avery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/03/15/1086605684/try-as-she-might-bram-stokers-widow-couldnt-kill-nosferatu">"Try as she might, Bram Stoker's widow couldn't kill 'Nosferatu'"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404182540/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/15/1086605684/try-as-she-might-bram-stokers-widow-couldnt-kill-nosferatu">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Try+as+she+might%2C+Bram+Stoker%27s+widow+couldn%27t+kill+%27Nosferatu%27&rft.aulast=Keatley&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2F1086605684%2Ftry-as-she-might-bram-stokers-widow-couldnt-kill-nosferatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg2021" class="citation web cs1">Eisenberg, Eric (12 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2567212/adapting-stephen-king-salems-lot-vampiric-terror-tv-miniseries-tobe-hooper">"Adapting Stephen King's Salem's Lot: How Does The Vampiric Terror Of 1979's TV Miniseries Hold Up?"</a>. Cinemablend. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427163847/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/2567212/adapting-stephen-king-salems-lot-vampiric-terror-tv-miniseries-tobe-hooper">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adapting+Stephen+King%27s+Salem%27s+Lot%3A+How+Does+The+Vampiric+Terror+Of+1979%27s+TV+Miniseries+Hold+Up%3F&rft.pub=Cinemablend&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemablend.com%2Ftelevision%2F2567212%2Fadapting-stephen-king-salems-lot-vampiric-terror-tv-miniseries-tobe-hooper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">"Complete National Film Registry Listing"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190728162129/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Complete+National+Film+Registry+Listing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-film-preservation-board%2Ffilm-registry%2Fcomplete-national-film-registry-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarigny199492–95-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny199492–95_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarigny199492–95_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarigny1994">Marigny 1994</a>, pp. 92–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997208-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverUrsini1997208_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverUrsini1997">Silver & Ursini 1997</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Germania, Monica (2012): Being Human? Twenty-First-Century Monsters. In: Edwards, Justin & Monnet, Agnieszka Soltysik (Publisher): The Gothic in Contemporary Literature and Popular Culture: Pop Goth. New York: Taylor, pp. 57–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Martin2014" class="citation web cs1">Dan Martin (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/index.ssf/2014/06/top-10_most_important_vampire_programs_in_tv_history.html">"Top-10 most important vampire programs in TV history"</a>. Cleveland.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111509/https://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/index.ssf/2014/06/top-10_most_important_vampire_programs_in_tv_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top-10+most+important+vampire+programs+in+TV+history&rft.pub=Cleveland.com&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.au=Dan+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Ftv-blog%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F06%2Ftop-10_most_important_vampire_programs_in_tv_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettFlavia_Idriceanu2005" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Wayne; Flavia Idriceanu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legendsofbloodva0000bart/page/46">Legends of Blood: The Vampire in History and Myth</a>. London: NPI Media Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legendsofbloodva0000bart/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3736-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3736-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-3736-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Blood%3A+The+Vampire+in+History+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=NPI+Media+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3736-8&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Flavia+Idriceanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegendsofbloodva0000bart%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joshi-194"><a href="#cite_ref-joshi_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi,_S._T.2007" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, S. T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stJxdpZVl_wC&pg=PA646">Icons of horror and the supernatural</a>. Vol. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 645–646. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33782-6"><bdi>978-0-313-33782-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150423/https://books.google.com/books?id=stJxdpZVl_wC&pg=PA646">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+horror+and+the+supernatural&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=645-646&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33782-6&rft.au=Joshi%2C+S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstJxdpZVl_wC%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebey2019" class="citation web cs1">Grebey, James (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/how-dungeons-and-dragons-imagines-and-customizes-its-unique-monsters">"How Dungeons and Dragons reimagines and customizes iconic folklore monsters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SyfyWire" class="mw-redirect" title="SyfyWire">SyfyWire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322023827/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/how-dungeons-and-dragons-imagines-and-customizes-its-unique-monsters">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Dungeons+and+Dragons+reimagines+and+customizes+iconic+folklore+monsters&rft.pub=SyfyWire&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Grebey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syfy.com%2Fsyfywire%2Fhow-dungeons-and-dragons-imagines-and-customizes-its-unique-monsters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkal1993" class="citation book cs1">Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. New York: Penguin. pp. 342–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024002-3"><bdi>978-0-14-024002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monster+Show%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=342-343&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024002-3&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273380">"The Psychic Vampire and Vampyre Subculture"</a>. Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies (12): 143–148. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0819-0852">0819-0852</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715154950/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273380_The_Psychic_Vampire_and_Vampyre_Subculture">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Folklore%3A+A+Yearly+Journal+of+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Psychic+Vampire+and+Vampyre+Subculture&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=143-148&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0819-0852&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283273380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeneckeFischer2015" class="citation book cs1">Benecke, Mark; Fischer, Ines (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710053810/http://www.roterdrache.org/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=138">Vampyres among us! – Volume III: Quantitative Study of Central European 'Vampyre' Subculture Members</a>. Roter Drache. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939459-95-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939459-95-8"><bdi>978-3-939459-95-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roterdrache.org/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=138">the original</a> on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampyres+among+us%21+%E2%80%93+Volume+III%3A+Quantitative+Study+of+Central+European+%27Vampyre%27+Subculture+Members&rft.pub=Roter+Drache&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-939459-95-8&rft.aulast=Benecke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Ines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roterdrache.org%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct_info.php%3Fproducts_id%3D138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1988" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Paul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vampiresburialde0000barb_n4n9">Vampires, Burial and Death: Folklore and Reality</a>. New York: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04126-2"><bdi>978-0-300-04126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%2C+Burial+and+Death%3A+Folklore+and+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04126-2&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvampiresburialde0000barb_n4n9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1993" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vampireencyclope0000buns">The Vampire Encyclopedia</a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27748-5"><bdi>978-0-500-27748-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27748-5&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvampireencyclope0000buns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Daniel (1989). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Monsters" title="The Encyclopedia of Monsters">The Encyclopedia of Monsters</a>: Bigfoot, Chinese Wildman, Nessie, Sea Ape, Werewolf and many more …. London: Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948397-94-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948397-94-3"><bdi>978-0-948397-94-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Monsters%3A+Bigfoot%2C+Chinese+Wildman%2C+Nessie%2C+Sea+Ape%2C+Werewolf+and+many+more+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-948397-94-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (1990) [1955]. The Greek Myths. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-001026-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-001026-8"><bdi>978-0-14-001026-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-001026-8&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1984" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Olga (1984). "The Monk's Investigation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lustforbloodcons0000hoyt">Lust for Blood: The Consuming Story of Vampires</a>. Chelsea: Scarborough House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8511-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-8511-8"><bdi>978-0-8128-8511-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Monk%27s+Investigation&rft.btitle=Lust+for+Blood%3A+The+Consuming+Story+of+Vampires&rft.place=Chelsea&rft.pub=Scarborough+House&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-8511-8&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flustforbloodcons0000hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1931" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1931). "The Vampire". On the Nightmare. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54835-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54835-7"><bdi>978-0-394-54835-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2382718">2382718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vampire&rft.btitle=On+the+Nightmare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press+and+Institute+of+Psycho-Analysis&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2382718&rft.isbn=978-0-394-54835-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarigny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marigny" title="Jean Marigny">Marigny, Jean</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Vampires:_The_World_of_the_Undead" title="Vampires: The World of the Undead">Vampires: The World of the Undead</a>. "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">New Horizons</a>" series. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-30041-1"><bdi>978-0-500-30041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%3A+The+World+of+the+Undead&rft.place=London&rft.series=%22New+Horizons%22+series&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-500-30041-1&rft.aulast=Marigny&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkal1996" class="citation book cs1">Skal, David J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visforvampirethe00skal">V is for Vampire</a>. New York: Plume. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-27173-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-27173-9"><bdi>978-0-452-27173-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V+is+for+Vampire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-452-27173-9&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisforvampirethe00skal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverJames_Ursini1993" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Alain; James Ursini (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vampirefilmfromn0000silv">The Vampire Film: From Nosferatu to Bram Stoker's Dracula</a>. New York: Limelight. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-170-1"><bdi>978-0-87910-170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vampire+Film%3A+From+Nosferatu+to+Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Limelight&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87910-170-1&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=James+Ursini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvampirefilmfromn0000silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVampire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Vampire <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Vampire">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Vampire&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/vampire" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/vampire">vampire</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vampire" class="extiw" title="commons:Vampire">Vampire</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vampire" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Vampire">Vampire</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this 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