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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Bulgarian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 First Bulgarian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Bulgarian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Bulgarian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Bulgarian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Second Bulgarian Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Bulgarian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Bulgarian_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Bulgarian_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Third Bulgarian state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Bulgarian_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure_and_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Structure and sectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bulgaria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 289 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-289" aria-hidden="true" > 289 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Балгариэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Балгариэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Булгарие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Булгарие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bulgarye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ቡልጋሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡልጋሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बल्गारिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulgaraland" title="Pulgaraland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pulgaraland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Болгариа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Болгариа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بلغاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%93%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պուլկարիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պուլկարիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurgaria" title="Vurgaria – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vurgaria" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vug%C3%A1ria" title="Vugária – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vugária" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Булгъар – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Булгъар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkariya" title="Bulkariya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bulkariya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolqar%C4%B1stan" title="Bolqarıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bolqarıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بولغاریستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولغاریستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বুলগেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুলগেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Балгарыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балгарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Баўгарыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баўгарыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="България – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="България" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buigarien" title="Buigarien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buigarien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A0ria" title="Bulgària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bulgària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharsko" title="Bulharsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurugariya" title="Bhurugariya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhurugariya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwlgaria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بلغاريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Bulgária – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AD%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ބަލްގޭރިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަލްގޭރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dits%CA%BCoz%C3%AD_Da%CA%BCalzhishii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ditsʼozí Daʼalzhishii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ditsʼozí Daʼalzhishii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulga%C5%95ska" title="Bulgaŕska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bulgaŕska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaaria" title="Bulgaaria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bulgaaria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βουλγαρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%AE" title="Bulgarî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bulgarî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Болгария Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Болгария Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgario" title="Bulgario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bulgario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلغارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلغارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhulg%C3%A1ir" title="An Bhulgáir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhulgáir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vulgeyr" title="Yn Vulgeyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vulgeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A0iria" title="Bulgàiria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bulgàiria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocyugo" title="Bocyugo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bocyugo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="બલ્ગેરિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બલ્ગેરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बल्गेरिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="불가리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불가리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeriya" title="Bulgeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bulgeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulukalia" title="Pulukalia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pulukalia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բուլղարիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուլղարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%82harska" title="Bołharska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bołharska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বুলগেরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বুলগেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBulgariya" title="IBulgariya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBulgariya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBulgariya" title="IBulgariya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBulgariya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAlgar%C3%ADa" title="Búlgaría – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búlgaría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="בולגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בולגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puligari" title="Puligari – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Puligari" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲ್ಗೇರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბულგარეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბულგარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9%C5%82gari%C3%B4" title="Bùłgariô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bùłgariô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugariya" title="Bulugariya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bulugariya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgari" title="Bilgari – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bilgari" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgari" title="Bilgari – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bilgari" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bulgaristan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດບູນກາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບູນກາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareja" title="Bulgareja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Bulgareja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C4%81rija" title="Bulgārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bulgārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarija" title="Bulgarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bulgarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%AEa" title="Bulgarîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bulgarîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgaria" title="Balgaria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Balgaria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolguarii" title="Bolguarii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bolguarii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bylgAri,as" title="bylgAri,as – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bylgAri,as" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClgaria" title="Bülgaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bülgaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Bulgária – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бугарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бугарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgaria" title="Bolgaria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bolgaria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബൾഗേറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൾഗേറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarija" title="Bulgarija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bulgarija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruk%C4%81ria" title="Purukāria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Purukāria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बल्गेरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბულგარეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბულგარეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بلجاريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلجاريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بلغارستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلغارستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯕꯜꯒꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯜꯒꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Bulgária – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Болгар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Болгар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူလ်ဂေးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुल्गेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ブルガリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルガリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Болгари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Болгари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaarien" title="Bulgaarien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bulgaarien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeriya" title="Bulgeriya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bulgeriya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Болгарий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Болгарий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgeeriyaa" title="Bulgeeriyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bulgeeriyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgariya" title="Bolgariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolgariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بلغاریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلغاریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗူဂေးရီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗူဂေးရီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بلغاریا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلغاریا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgieria" title="Bulgieria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bulgieria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бӧлгария – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Бӧлгария" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ប៊ុលហ្ការី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៊ុលហ្ការី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%ACa" title="Bulgarìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgeria" title="Balgeria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Balgeria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%82garia" title="Bułgaria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bułgaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βουλγαρία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βουλγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Bulgária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgariya" title="Bolgariya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bolgariya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%C4%9Faristan" title="Bulğaristan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bulğaristan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarije" title="Bulgarije – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariya" title="Bulgariya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bulgariya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulqarya" title="Pulqarya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulqarya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Болгарія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Болгарія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bultalia" title="Bultalia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Bultalia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बुल्गारिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बुल्गारिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulugar%C3%AFi" title="Bulugarïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Bulugarïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱞᱜᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بلغاریہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بلغاریہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullgaria" title="Bullgaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bullgaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%ACa" title="Bulgarìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බල්ගේරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බල්ගේරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بلگاريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بلگاريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhulgariya" title="IBhulgariya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhulgariya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharsko" title="Bulharsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bulharsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarija" title="Bolgarija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bolgarija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Блъгарїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Блъгарїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%82garyjo" title="Bułgaryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bułgaryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaariya" title="Bulgaariya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bulgaariya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بولگاریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بولگاریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarikondre" title="Bulgarikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bulgarikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бугарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бугарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugarska" title="Bugarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bugarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarien" title="Bulgarien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bulgarien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பல்காரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்காரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%C9%A3arya" title="Bulɣarya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulɣarya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarya" title="Bulgarya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulgarya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarie" title="Bulgarie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူႇၵႃႇရီႇယႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူႇၵႃႇရီႇယႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బల్గేరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బల్గేరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Bulgária – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศบัลแกเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบัลแกเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Булғористон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Булғористон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulukalia" title="Pulukalia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pulukalia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8A%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A8%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏊᎵᎨᎵᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏊᎵᎨᎵᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan" title="Bulgaristan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgaristan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgari%C3%BDa" title="Bolgariýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bolgariýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buli%CC%B1gariya" title="Buli̱gariya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Buli̱gariya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Болгария – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Болгария" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Болгарія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болгарія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بلغاریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلغاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بۇلغارىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇلغارىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%ACa" title="Bulgarìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bulgarìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgarii" title="Bolgarii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bolgarii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C3%A4n" title="Bulgarän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bulgarän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaaria" title="Bulgaaria – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bulgaaria" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareye" title="Bulgareye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bulgareye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgareye" title="Bulgareye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bulgareye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaari" title="Bulgaari – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bulgaari" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保加利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="בולגאריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בולגאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9lg%C3%A1r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bùlgáríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bùlgáríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="保加利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%C4%9Far%C4%B1stan" title="Bulğarıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bulğarıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulharije" title="Bulharije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bulharije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bulgarėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bulgarėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buligaria" title="Buligaria – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Buligaria" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bulgari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgaristan" title="Bolgaristan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bolgaristan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulgaria&params=42_41_51_N_23_19_21_E_type:city(1,200,000)_region:BG-22&title=Largo">42°41′51″N 23°19′21″E / 42.69750°N 23.32250°E / 42.69750; 23.32250 (Largo)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bulgaria (disambiguation)">Bulgaria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Bulgaria</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Република България Republika Bŭlgariya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bulgaria"><img alt="Flag of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bulgaria" title="Flag of Bulgaria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Съединението прави силата Sŭedinenieto pravi silata ("<a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">Unity makes strength</a>")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Мила Родино "<a href="/wiki/Mila_Rodino" title="Mila Rodino">Mila Rodino</a>" ("Dear Motherland") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="Mila_Rodino.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mila_Rodino.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/Mila_Rodino.ogg/Mila_Rodino.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская ‪(be)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=bg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bg" label="български ‪(bg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMila_Rodino.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bulgaria (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of Bulgaria (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/250px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/375px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/500px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Bulgaria (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Bulgaria.svg" title="File:EU-Bulgaria.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bulgaria&params=42_41_51_N_23_19_21_E_type:city(1,200,000)_region:BG-22&title=Largo">42°41′51″N 23°19′21″E / 42.69750°N 23.32250°E / 42.69750; 23.32250 (Largo)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Cyrillic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-ethnocultural-characteristics-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>84.6% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li><li>8.4% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turks</a></li><li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Roma</a></li><li>2.6% other<a href="#cite_note-one-3">[note 1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-ethnocultural-characteristics-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>64.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>62.7% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>2.0% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">15.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">9.8% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">other</a></li><li style="white-space;">9.5% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bulgaria" title="Vice President of Bulgaria">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iliana_Iotova" title="Iliana Iotova">Iliana Iotova</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Glavchev" title="Dimitar Glavchev">Dimitar Glavchev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Chairperson of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raya_Nazaryan" title="Raya Nazaryan">Raya Nazaryan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">1st Bulgarian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">681–1018</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">2nd Bulgarian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1185–1396</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 March 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1908</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1946_Bulgarian_republic_referendum" title="1946 Bulgarian republic referendum">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">Current state form</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">110,993.6<a href="#cite_note-Penin-4">[3]</a> km2 (42,854.9 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">103rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.16<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• December 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 6,445,481<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 6,519,789<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">58/km2 (150.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">154th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $248.906 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BG-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $39,185<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BG-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $108.425 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BG-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">69th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $17,069<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BG-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37.2<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.799<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Lev</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BGN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bulgaria" title="Telephone numbers in Bulgaria">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bulgaria" title="Telephone numbers in Bulgaria">+359</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BG" title="ISO 3166-2:BG">BG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.bg" title=".bg">.bg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%B1%D0%B3" title=".бг">.бг</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bulgaria,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Bulgaria,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It is situated on the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> directly south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river and west of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Bulgaria is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to the north. It covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi) and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">sixteenth-largest country</a> in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> is the nation's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">largest city</a>; other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the <a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo culture</a> (6,500 BC). In the 6th to 3rd century BC, the region was a battleground for ancient <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>; stability came when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Asparuh_of_Bulgaria" title="Asparuh of Bulgaria">Asparuh</a>, attacked from the lands of <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a> and permanently invaded the Balkans in the late 7th century. They established the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, victoriously recognised by treaty in 681 AD by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. It dominated most of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> cultures by developing the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> conquered and dismantled it. A <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">successful Bulgarian revolt</a> in 1185 established a <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, which reached its apex under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II</a> (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the empire disintegrated and in 1396 fell under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule for nearly five centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a> resulted in the formation of the third and current Bulgarian state, which declared independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Many ethnic Bulgarians were left outside the new nation's borders, which stoked <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> sentiments that led to several conflicts with its neighbours and alliances with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in both world wars. In 1946, Bulgaria came under the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">socialist state</a>. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Communist Party</a> gave up its monopoly on power after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> and allowed <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multiparty</a> elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. Since adopting <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">a democratic constitution</a> in 1991, Bulgaria has been a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> composed of 28 provinces, with a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">political, administrative, and economic centralisation</a>. Bulgaria has a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and is largely based on services, followed by <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Bulgaria" title="Industry of Bulgaria">manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Bulgaria">mining</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bulgaria" title="Agriculture in Bulgaria">agriculture</a>. The country has been influenced by its role as a transit country for <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">natural gas and oil pipelines</a>, as well as its strategic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">location on the Black Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Bulgaria's foreign relations</a> have been shaped by its geographical location and its modern membership in the <a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO#Vilnius_Group" title="Enlargement of NATO">NATO</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Bulgaria is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin that founded the First Bulgarian Empire. Their name is not completely understood and is difficult to trace it back earlier than the 4th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103–104-13">[10]</a> but it is possibly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> word bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative bulgak ("revolt", "disorder").<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The meaning may be further extended to "rebel", "incite" or "produce a state of disorder", and so, in the derivative, the "disturbers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201297-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-17">[14]</a> Tribal groups in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> with phonologically close names were frequently described in similar terms, as the <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Buluoji</a>, a component of the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarian</a>" groups, which during the 4th century were portrayed as both: a "mixed race" and "troublemakers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201292–95,_97-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History of Bulgaria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_Antiquity">Prehistory and Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe (archaeology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thracian golden wreath exhibited in the National Historical Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/170px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/255px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/340px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Odrysian golden <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Museum (Bulgaria)">National History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> remains dating to around 150,000 years ago, or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>, are some of the earliest traces of human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Remains from <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> found there are dated c. 47,000 <a href="/wiki/Years_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Years BP">years BP</a>. This result represents the earliest arrival of modern humans in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo culture</a> arose <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6,500 BC and was one of several <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> societies in the region that thrived on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a> (fifth millennium BC) is credited with inventing <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">gold metallurgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The associated <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a> treasure contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CENTCOM-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> some time before the 12th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19871-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBBulgars-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The Thracians excelled in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> and gave the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orphean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysian</a> cults, but remained tribal and stateless.<a href="#cite_note-EBBalkans-33">[30]</a> The Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> conquered parts of present-day Bulgaria (in particular eastern Bulgaria) in the 6th century BC and retained control over the region until <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">479 BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoisman2011135–138,_343–345-35">[32]</a> The invasion became a catalyst for Thracian unity, and the bulk of their tribes united under king <a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> in the 470s BC.<a href="#cite_note-EBBalkans-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoisman2011135–138,_343–345-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> It was weakened and vassalised by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> in 341 BC,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Tylis" title="Tylis">by Celts</a> in the 3rd century,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">became a province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in AD 45.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> By the end of the 1st century AD, Roman governance was established over the entire Balkan Peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began spreading in the region around the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-EBBalkans-33">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a>—the first <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language</a> book—was created by <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulfilas</a> in what is today northern Bulgaria around 381.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The region came under <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> control after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> in 476. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> This enabled the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a> to enter the Balkan Peninsula as marauders, primarily through an area between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains known as <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Gradually, the interior of the peninsula became a country of the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">South Slavs</a>, who lived under a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The Slavs assimilated the partially <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period#Balkans" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraco-Romans">Romanised</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Gothicised</a> Thracians in the rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199819-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Bulgarian_Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a painting depicting Bulgarian Emperor Simeon I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/220px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/330px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/440px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>: The Morning Star of Slavonic Literature, <a href="/wiki/The_Slav_Epic" title="The Slav Epic">The Slav Epic</a> cycle by <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a></figcaption></figure> Not long after the Slavic incursion, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> was once again invaded, this time by the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> under <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Asparukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh">Asparukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Their horde was a remnant of <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>, an extinct tribal confederacy situated north of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine and southern Russia. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Moesia and conquered the Slavic tribes there in 680.<a href="#cite_note-EBBulgars-31">[28]</a> A peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was signed in 681, marking the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste.<a href="#cite_note-fine-50">[47]</a> Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> introduced a written code of law<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a>, in which Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus I">Nicephorus I</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I</a> abolished paganism in favour of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> in 864. The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">conversion</a> was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian church</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, developed in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton200712–13-54">[51]</a> The common language, religion and script strengthened central authority and gradually fused the Slavs and Bulgars into a unified people speaking a single <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton200712–13-54">[51]</a> A golden age began during the 34-year rule of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon the Great">Simeon the Great</a>, who oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_First_Golden_Age-56">[53]</a> After Simeon's death, Bulgaria was weakened by wars with <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veliki_Preslav" title="Veliki Preslav">Preslav</a> was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a> and Byzantine invasions.<a href="#cite_note-EB-55">[52]</a> The empire briefly recovered from the attacks under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> but this ended when Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> defeated the Bulgarian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion" title="Battle of Kleidion">Klyuch</a> in 1014. Samuil died shortly after the battle,<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> and by 1018 the Byzantines <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">had conquered the First Bulgarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19874-60">[57]</a> After the conquest, Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility, integrating them in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy</a>, and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold, allowing <a href="/wiki/Tax_in_kind" title="Tax in kind">tax in kind</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-Averil-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ostrog-62">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a> was reduced to an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Archbishopric_of_Ohrid_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Archbishopric of Ohrid (ancient)">archbishopric</a>, but retained its <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous status</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrog-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Averil-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Bulgarian_Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the walls of Tsarevets fortress in Tarnovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg/220px-20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg/330px-20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg/440px-20140621_Veliko_Tarnovo_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>The walls of <a href="/wiki/Tsarevets_(fortress)" title="Tsarevets (fortress)">Tsarevets fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, the capital of the second empire</figcaption></figure> Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_uprising_against_the_Byzantine_Empire_(1040%E2%80%931041)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian uprising against the Byzantine Empire (1040–1041)">the largest</a> being led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Delyan">Peter Delyan</a>. The empire's authority declined after a catastrophic military <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">defeat at Manzikert</a> against <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> invaders, and was further disturbed by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. This prevented Byzantine attempts at <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a> and created fertile ground for further revolt. In 1185, <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Asen dynasty</a> nobles <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I" title="Ivan Asen I">Ivan Asen I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter IV of Bulgaria">Peter IV</a> organised a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">major uprising</a> and succeeded in re-establishing the Bulgarian state. Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBSecondEmpire-63">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a>, the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of <a href="/wiki/The_pope" class="mw-redirect" title="The pope">the pope</a> and received a royal crown from a <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64">[61]</a> The empire reached its zenith under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a> (1218–1241), when its borders expanded as far as the coast of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, while commerce and culture flourished.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBSecondEmpire-63">[60]</a> Ivan Asen's rule was also marked by a shift away from Rome in religious matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19876-65">[62]</a> The Asen dynasty became extinct in 1257. Internal conflicts and incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks followed, enabling the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Mongols</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">establish suzerainty</a> over the weakened Bulgarian state.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19876-65">[62]</a> In 1277, swineherd <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">great peasant revolt</a> that expelled the Mongols from Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2017-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBSecondEmpire-63">[60]</a> He was overthrown in 1280 by <a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">the feudal landlords</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Martin_2017-66">[63]</a> whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-EBSecondEmpire-63">[60]</a> These fragmented <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump states</a>—two tsardoms at <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Vidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#Ivan_Alexander_and_fall_of_Bulgaria" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Tarnovo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Dobruja" title="Despotate of Dobruja">Despotate of Dobrudzha</a>—became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast: the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/255px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 marked the end of medieval Bulgarian statehood.</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans were employed as mercenaries by the Byzantines in the 1340s, but later became invaders in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_rule-67">[64]</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> took <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> from the Byzantines in 1362; <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> fell in 1382, followed by <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a> in 1388.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_rule-67">[64]</a> The Ottomans completed their conquest of Bulgarian lands in 1393 when Tarnovo was sacked after a three-month siege and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a> which brought about the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Vidin Tsardom</a> in 1396. <a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Sozopol</a> was the last Bulgarian settlement to fall, in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> The Bulgarian nobility was subsequently eliminated and the peasantry was <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">enserfed</a> to Ottoman masters,<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_rule-67">[64]</a> while much of the educated clergy fled to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Jireček-69">[66]</a> Bulgarians were subjected to heavy taxes (including <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a>, or blood tax), their culture was suppressed,<a href="#cite_note-Jireček-69">[66]</a> and they experienced partial <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Ottoman authorities established a religious administrative community called the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a>, which governed all Orthodox Christians regardless of their ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Most of the local population then gradually lost its distinct national consciousness, identifying only by its faith.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive, enabling its survival in remote rural areas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19878-74">[71]</a> and in the militant <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Catholic community</a> in the northwest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> As Ottoman power began to wane, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Austria</a> and Russia saw Bulgarian Christians as potential allies. The <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrians</a> first backed an <a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">uprising in Tarnovo in 1598</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="Second Tarnovo Uprising">a second one in 1686</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiprovtsi Uprising">Chiprovtsi Uprising</a> in 1688 and finally <a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a> in 1689.<a href="#cite_note-Decline-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> in 1774.<a href="#cite_note-Decline-76">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak,_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Defence of the Eagle's Nest, painting by Alexey Popov from 1893, depicting the Defence of Shipka Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/220px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/330px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/440px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>The Russo-Bulgarian defence of Shipka Pass in 1877</figcaption></figure> The Western European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century influenced the initiation of a <a href="/wiki/National_awakening_of_Bulgaria" title="National awakening of Bulgaria">national awakening of Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_rule-67">[64]</a> It restored national consciousness and provided an ideological basis for the liberation struggle, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a>. Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> to take action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Final_Move_to_Independence-77">[74]</a> They convened the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a> in 1876, but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans. This allowed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Final_Move_to_Independence-77">[74]</a> In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russia declared war</a> on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of <a href="/wiki/Opalchentsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Opalchentsi">Bulgarian rebels</a>, particularly during the crucial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Battle of Shipka Pass</a> which secured Russian control over the main road to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Bulgarian_state">Third Bulgarian state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">History of Bulgaria since 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria-SanStefano_-(1878)-byTodorBozhinov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/260px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/390px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png/520px-Bulgaria-SanStefano_-%281878%29-byTodorBozhinov.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Borders of Bulgaria according to the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> was signed on 3 March 1878 by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. It was to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality spanning <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, roughly on the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> and this day is now <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">a public holiday</a> called <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Bulgaria)" title="Liberation Day (Bulgaria)">National Liberation Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The other <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> might threaten their interests. It was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Treaty of Berlin</a>, signed on 13 July. It provided for a much smaller state, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a>, only comprising Moesia and the region of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, and leaving large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCProfile-83">[80]</a> This significantly contributed to Bulgaria's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Setting-84">[81]</a> The Bulgarian principality won <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">a war against Serbia</a> and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> in 1885, proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2007174-85">[82]</a> In the years following independence, Bulgaria increasingly militarised and was often referred to as "the Balkan <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918—two <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After a disastrous defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000-strong army<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> and achieving several decisive victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1917)" title="Battle of Doiran (1917)">Doiran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir_(1917)" title="Battle of Monastir (1917)">Monastir</a>, the country capitulated in 1918. The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> More than 253,000 refugees from the lost territories <a href="/wiki/Immigrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrated">immigrated</a> to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929,<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Between 19 October 1925 and 29 October 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Petrich" title="Incident at Petrich">Incident at Petrich</a>, nicknamed "the War of the Stray Dog" occurred, which was a minor armed conflict. Greece invaded Bulgaria, after the killing of a Greek captain and sentry by Bulgarian soldiers. The conflict was settled by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, and resulted in a Bulgarian diplomatic victory. The League ordered a ceasefire, Greek troops to withdraw from Bulgaria and Greece to pay £45,000 to Bulgaria. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Tsar Boris III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg/170px-BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg/255px-BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg/340px-BASA-3K-7-342-28-Boris_III_of_Bulgaria.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Tsar Boris III</figcaption></figure> The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian dictatorship</a> by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a> (1918–1943). Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">the Axis</a> but declined to participate in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews">saved its Jewish population</a> from deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance-92">[89]</a> The sudden death of Boris III in mid-1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany, and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum. The government of <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Filov" title="Bogdan Filov">Bogdan Filov</a> subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWartime_Crisis-93">[90]</a> The communist-dominated <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a> took power, ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Bulgaria suffered little war damage and the Soviet Union demanded no reparations. But all wartime territorial gains, with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Southern Dobrudzha</a>, were lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Soviet_Occupation-95">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg/150px-Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg/225px-Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> from 1946 to 1949</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">left-wing coup d'état</a> of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of the monarchy and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Bulgaria)" title="People's Court (Bulgaria)">the executions</a> of some 1,000–3,000 dissidents, war criminals, and members of the former royal elite.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> But it was not until 1946 that a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a> was instituted following a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2005271-99">[96]</a> It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a> (1946–1949), who established a repressive, rapidly industrialising <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Soviet_Occupation-95">[92]</a> By the mid-1950s, standards of living rose significantly and political repression eased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfter_Stalin-101">[98]</a> The Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> saw some experimental market-oriented policies emerging under <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> (1954–1989).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economy-102">[99]</a> Compared to wartime levels, national <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> increased five-fold and per capita GDP quadrupled by the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> although severe debt spikes took place in 1960, 1977 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Zhivkov's daughter <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Zhivkova" title="Lyudmila Zhivkova">Lyudmila</a> bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage, culture and arts worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s-105">[102]</a> Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority, Zhivkov's government in 1984 forced the minority ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turks</a> to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_the_1980s-106">[103]</a> These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_and_Politics-109">[106]</a> The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Communist Party, now rebranded as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">new constitution</a> that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth—the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> After 2001, economic, political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200616-113">[110]</a> and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> It became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 2004<a href="#cite_note-nato-115">[112]</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>. After several years of reforms, it joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">single market</a> in 2007, despite EU concerns over government corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Ind-116">[113]</a> Bulgaria hosted the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> at the National Palace of Culture in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Topographic map of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg/220px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg/330px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg/440px-Bulgaria-geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>, the highest mountain range in the Balkans and Southeast Europe</figcaption></figure> Bulgaria is a middle-sized country situated in Southeastern Europe, in the east of the Balkans. Its territory covers an area of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), while land borders with its five neighbouring countries run a total length of 1,808 kilometres (1,123 mi), and its coastline is 354 kilometres (220 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> Bulgaria's geographic coordinates are <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43° N</a> <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25° E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-119">[116]</a> The most notable <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> features of the country are the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)" title="Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)">Danubian Plain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Plain">Thracian Plain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans, while the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> defines the border with Romania. The <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracian</a> Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> and broadening as it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Black Sea coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country from west to east. The mountainous southwest has two distinct <a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">alpine type</a> ranges—<a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a>, which border the lower but more extensive <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a> to the east, and various medium altitude mountains to west, northwest and south, like <a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belasitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Belasitsa">Belasitsa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a>, at 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkans. The Black Sea coast is the country's lowest point.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-119">[116]</a> Plains occupy about one third of the territory, while plateaux and hills occupy 41%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopography-120">[117]</a> Most rivers are short and with low water levels. The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the <a href="/wiki/Iskar_(river)" title="Iskar (river)">Iskar</a>, has a length of 368 kilometres (229 mi). The <a href="/wiki/Struma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Struma River">Struma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a> are two major rivers in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure20182–3-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Bulgaria has a varied and changeable climate, which results from being positioned at the meeting point of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental</a> air masses combined with the barrier effect of its mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20064-118">[115]</a> Northern Bulgaria averages 1 °C (1.8 °F) cooler, and registers 200 millimetres (7.9 in) more precipitation, than the regions south of the Balkan mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F), while the highest is 45.2 °C (113.4 °F).<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> averages about 630 millimetres (24.8 in) per year, and varies from 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in <a href="/wiki/Dobrudja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudja">Dobrudja</a> to more than 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in) in the mountains. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClimate-123">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Köppen climate types of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Bulgaria_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types of Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> Considering its relatively small area, Bulgaria has variable and complex climate. The country occupies the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climatic zone</a>, with small areas in the south falling within the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climatic zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The continental zone is predominant, because continental air masses flow easily into the unobstructed <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)" title="Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)">Danubian Plain</a>. The continental influence, stronger during the winter, produces abundant snowfall; the Mediterranean influence increases during the second half of summer and produces hot and dry weather. Bulgaria is subdivided into five climatic zones: continental zone (Danubian Plain, Pre-Balkan and the higher valleys of the Transitional geomorphological region); transitional zone (Upper Thracian Plain, most of the Struma and Mesta valleys, the lower Sub-Balkan valleys); continental-Mediterranean zone (the southernmost areas of the Struma and Mesta valleys, the eastern Rhodope Mountains, Sakar and Strandzha); Black Sea zone along the coastline with an average length of 30–40 km inland; and alpine zone in the mountains above 1000 m altitude (central Balkan Mountains, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, western Rhodope Mountains, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Belogradchik Rocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg/440px-Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg/660px-Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg/880px-Belogradchishki_skali_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10015" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_Rocks" title="Belogradchik Rocks">Belogradchik Rocks</a> are among Bulgaria's numerous protected areas</figcaption></figure> The interaction of climatic, hydrological, geological and topographical conditions has produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-126">[123]</a> Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, one of the richest in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-diversity_of_flora_and_fauna-127">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Bulgaria" title="List of protected areas of Bulgaria">is conserved</a> in three national parks, 11 nature parks, 10 <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserves</a> and 565 protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure201829-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Ninety-three of the 233 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> species of Europe are found in Bulgaria, along with 49% of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> and 30% of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-131">[128]</a> Overall, 41,493 plant and animal species are present.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN-131">[128]</a> Larger mammals with sizable populations include <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> (106,323 individuals), <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (88,948), <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> (47,293) and <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> (32,326). <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">Partridges</a> number some 328,000 individuals, making them the most widespread <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">gamebird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure20183-132">[129]</a> A third of all nesting birds in Bulgaria can be found in <a href="/wiki/Rila_National_Park" title="Rila National Park">Rila National Park</a>, which also hosts Arctic and alpine species at high altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Bio-133">[130]</a> Flora includes more than 3,800 vascular plant species of which 170 are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> and 150 are considered endangered.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-126">[123]</a> A checklist of larger <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> in Bulgaria by the Institute of Botany identifies more than 1,500 species.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In Bulgaria <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 36% of the total land area, equivalent to 3,893,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 3,327,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 3,116,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 777,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 18% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 18% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 88% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a> and 12% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> In 1998, the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Bulgaria has some of the largest <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> areas in Europe covering 33.8% of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> It also achieved its <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> objective of reducing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> by 30% from 1990 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Bulgaria ranks 30th in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>, but scores low on air quality.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulate</a> levels are the highest in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal-based power stations.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>-fired <a href="/wiki/Maritsa_Iztok_Complex" title="Maritsa Iztok Complex">Maritsa Iztok-2</a> station, is causing the highest damage to health and the environment in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-EEA-145">[142]</a> Pesticide use in agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution.<a href="#cite_note-ESI-146">[143]</a> Water quality began to improve in 1998 and has maintained a trend of moderate improvement. Over 75% of surface rivers meet European standards for good quality.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Politics of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Party_House,_Sofia_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The National Assembly building in Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Party_House%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Largo,_Sofia" title="Largo, Sofia">Independence Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>: The headquarters of the Presidency (right), the National Assembly (centre) and the Council of Ministers (left).</figcaption></figure> Bulgaria is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and the most powerful executive position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200616-113">[110]</a> The political system has three branches—legislative, executive and judicial, with <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> at least 18 years old. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Constitution</a> also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DD-Navi-148">[145]</a> Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200617-149">[146]</a> Normally, the prime minister-elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections, although this is not always the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200616-113">[110]</a> Unlike the prime minister, presidential domestic power is more limited. The directly elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">president</a> serves as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_veto" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential veto">presidential veto</a> by a simple majority vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200616-113">[110]</a> Political parties gather in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a>, a body of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms by direct popular vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200616–17-150">[147]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of president Rumen Radev" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/242px-Rumen_Radev_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1388" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a></div></div></div></div></div> Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boyko_Borisov" title="Boyko Borisov">Boyko Borisov</a>, the leader of the centre-right, pro-EU party <a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a>, served three terms as prime minister between 2009 and 2021. It won <a href="/wiki/2009_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election">the 2009 general election</a> and formed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> which resigned in February 2013 after <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Borisov_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the Borisov cabinet">nationwide protests</a> over the low living standards, corruption<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> and the perceived failure of the democratic system.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_parliamentary_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2013">snap elections in May</a> resulted in a narrow win for GERB,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a> eventually formed a government led by <a href="/wiki/Plamen_Oresharski" title="Plamen Oresharski">Plamen Oresharski</a> after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support.<a href="#cite_note-form-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Bulgarian_protests_against_the_Oresharski_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 Bulgarian protests against the Oresharski cabinet">large-scale protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2014_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Bulgarian parliamentary election">October 2014 elections</a> resulted in a third GERB victory.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Borisov <a href="/wiki/Second_Borisov_Government" title="Second Borisov Government">formed a coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> with several right-wing parties, but resigned again after the candidate backed by his party failed to win the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian presidential election, 2016">2016 Presidential election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_parliamentary_election,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2017">March 2017 snap election</a> was again won by GERB, but with 95 seats in Parliament. They formed a coalition with the far-right <a href="/wiki/United_Patriots" title="United Patriots">United Patriots</a>, who held 27 seats.<a href="#cite_note-WP1-162">[159]</a> Borisov's last cabinet saw a dramatic decrease in freedom of the press, and a number of corruption revelations that triggered <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">yet another wave of mass protests in 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> GERB came out first in the regular <a href="/wiki/April_2021_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="April 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election">April 2021</a> election, but with its weakest result so far.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> All other parties refused to form a government,<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> and after a brief deadlock, another election was called <a href="/wiki/July_2021_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election">for July 2021</a>. It too failed to break the stalemate, as no political party was able to form a coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2021-09-167">[164]</a> In April 2023, because of the political deadlock, Bulgaria held its fifth parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2023_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election">election</a> since April 2021. GERB was the biggest, winning 69 seats. The bloc led by <a href="/wiki/We_Continue_the_Change" title="We Continue the Change">We Continue the Change</a> won 64 seats in the 240-seat parliament. In June 2023, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Denkov" title="Nikolai Denkov">Nikolai Denkov</a> formed a new coalition between We Continue The Change and GERB. According to the coalition agreement, Denkov will lead the government for the first nine months. He will be succeeded by former European Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Mariya_Gabriel" title="Mariya Gabriel">Mariya Gabriel</a>, of the GERB party. She will take over as prime minister after nine months.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009, citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government.<a href="#cite_note-FH-169">[166]</a> Bulgaria is still <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">listed as "Free"</a>, with a political system designated as a semi-consolidated democracy, albeit with deteriorating scores.<a href="#cite_note-FH-169">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> defines it as a "Flawed democracy".<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> A 2018 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">Institute for Economics and Peace</a> reported that less than 15% of respondents considered elections to be fair.<a href="#cite_note-GPI-171">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> Bulgaria has a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice. The Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200617-149">[146]</a> The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. The legal system is regarded by both domestic and international observers as one of Europe's most inefficient due to a pervasive lack of transparency and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)">Ministry of the Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Service_(Bulgaria)" title="National Police Service (Bulgaria)">General Directorate of National Police</a> (GDNP) combats general crime and maintains public order.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> GDNP fields 26,578 police officers in its local and national sections.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The bulk of criminal cases are transport-related, followed by <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> and drug-related crime; <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">homicide rates are low</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure201827-180">[177]</a> The Ministry of the Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Bulgaria)" title="Gendarmerie (Bulgaria)">National Gendarmerie</a>—a specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bulgaria" title="Municipalities of Bulgaria">Municipalities of Bulgaria</a></div> Bulgaria is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Between 1987 and 1999, the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (<a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia City</a>). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces are subdivided into 265 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bulgaria" title="Municipalities of Bulgaria">municipalities</a>. Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralised</a> state where the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Council of Ministers</a> directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200617-149">[146]</a> <table style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png/300px-Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png/450px-Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Bulgaria_Aministrative_Provinces_numbered.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;font-weight:bold;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <div><ol start="1"><li><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burgas_Province" title="Burgas Province">Burgas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrich_Province" title="Dobrich Province">Dobrich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gabrovo_Province" title="Gabrovo Province">Gabrovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haskovo_Province" title="Haskovo Province">Haskovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali_Province" title="Kardzhali Province">Kardzhali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyustendil_Province" title="Kyustendil Province">Kyustendil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lovech_Province" title="Lovech Province">Lovech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Province" title="Montana Province">Montana</a></li></ol></div> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <div><ol start="10"><li><a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazardzhik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pernik_Province" title="Pernik Province">Pernik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pleven_Province" title="Pleven Province">Pleven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Province" title="Plovdiv Province">Plovdiv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Razgrad_Province" title="Razgrad Province">Razgrad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_Province" title="Ruse Province">Ruse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Province" title="Silistra Province">Silistra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sliven_Province" title="Sliven Province">Sliven</a></li></ol></div> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <div><ol start="19"><li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan_Province" title="Smolyan Province">Smolyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Stara Zagora Province">Stara Zagora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Targovishte_Province" title="Targovishte Province">Targovishte</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_Province" title="Varna Province">Varna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo_Province" title="Veliko Tarnovo Province">Veliko Tarnovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vidin_Province" title="Vidin Province">Vidin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vratsa_Province" title="Vratsa Province">Vratsa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yambol_Province" title="Yambol Province">Yambol</a></li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Foreign relations of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bulgarian MiG-29 fighters in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/220px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/330px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png/440px-BAF_MiG-29s_in_flight_Garchev.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">Mikoyan MiG-29</a> jet fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> Bulgaria became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1955. Since 1966, it has been a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> three times, most recently from 2002 to 2003.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> It was also among the founding nations of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) in 1975. Euro-Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of communism, although the communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> by 1987.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Bulgaria signed the European Union <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005" title="Treaty of Accession 2005">Treaty of Accession</a> on 25 April 2005,<a href="#cite_note-ec-188">[185]</a> and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Ind-116">[113]</a> In addition, it has a tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> good ties with China<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> and a historical relationship with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet-allied countries like <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaragua</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArms_Sales-193">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s-194">[191]</a> The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001, when the country hosted six <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a> aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-CENTCOM-28">[25]</a> International military relations were further expanded with accession to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in March 2004<a href="#cite_note-nato-115">[112]</a> and the US-Bulgarian Defence Cooperation Agreement signed in April 2006. <a href="/wiki/Bezmer_Air_Base" title="Bezmer Air Base">Bezmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graf_Ignatievo_Air_Base" title="Graf Ignatievo Air Base">Graf Ignatievo</a> air bases, the <a href="/wiki/Novo_Selo_Range" title="Novo Selo Range">Novo Selo</a> training range, and a logistics centre in <a href="/wiki/Aytos_Logistics_Center" title="Aytos Logistics Center">Aytos</a> subsequently became <a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_US-Bulgarian_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of joint US-Bulgarian military bases">joint military training facilities</a> cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries.<a href="#cite_note-State-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Despite its active international defence collaborations, Bulgaria ranks as among the most peaceful countries globally, tying 6th alongside Iceland regarding domestic and international conflicts, and 26th on average in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Following the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Bulgaria decided to assist Ukraine;<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> in 2023, after Gazprom illegally stopped exporting gas to Bulgaria, the country in turn stopped importing Russian oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Bulgarian Armed Forces</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Bulgarian Armed Forces</a> are the military of Bulgaria and are composed of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_land_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian land forces">land forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Navy" title="Bulgarian Navy">navy</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">air force</a>. The Armed Forces have 36,950 active troops, supplemented by 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The land forces consist of two <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanised</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> and eight independent <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>; the air force operates 106 aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defence</a> systems across six air bases, and the navy operates various ships, helicopters and coastal defence weapons.<a href="#cite_note-AF_plan-201">[198]</a> Military inventory mainly consists of Soviet equipment like <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">Mikoyan MiG-29</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Sukhoi Su-25</a> jets,<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300PT</a> air defence systems<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS-21_Scarab" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-21 Scarab">SS-21 Scarab</a> short-range <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The Armed Forces are modernizing with <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Block 70</a> fighter jets, new multi-purpose corvettes and other modern <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-standard equipment. Bulgaria is in the process of buying new US-built <a href="/wiki/Stryker" title="Stryker">Stryker</a> vehicles, new <a href="/wiki/155_mm_caliber" title="155 mm caliber">155 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled howitzers</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">3D early-warning radars</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Economy of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph showing GDP and unemployment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif/440px-Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif/660px-Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Economic_Growth_in_Bulgaria.gif 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Economic growth (green) and unemployment (blue) statistics since 2001</figcaption></figure> Bulgaria has an open, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">high-income</a> range <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> where the private sector accounts for more than 70% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948, by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy, with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The loss of <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a> markets in 1990 and the subsequent "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned system</a> caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production, ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Economies-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later,<a href="#cite_note-Economies-209">[206]</a> but the average salary of 2,072 leva ($1,142) per month remains the lowest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> was achieved in 2003 and the country began running a <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">surplus</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-OECD1-212">[209]</a> Expenditures amounted to $21.15 billion and revenues were $21.67 billion in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Most government spending on institutions is earmarked for security. The ministries of defence, the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least funding.<a href="#cite_note-2018budget-214">[211]</a> Taxes form the bulk of government revenue<a href="#cite_note-2018budget-214">[211]</a> at 30% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income <a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_in_Europe" title="Tax rates in Europe">tax rates in the EU</a> at a flat 10% rate.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> The tax system is two-tier. <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">Value added tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excise_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise duties">excise duties</a>, corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are levied by local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Strong economic performance in the early 2000s reduced <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> from 79.6% in 1998 to 14.1% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-OECD1-212">[209]</a> It has since increased to 22.6% of GDP by 2022, but remains the second lowest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/220px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/330px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg/440px-Business_Park_Sofia_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A business park in Sofia, the nation's largest economic hub</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GBO_0949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/GBO_0949.jpg/220px-GBO_0949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/GBO_0949.jpg/330px-GBO_0949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/GBO_0949.jpg/440px-GBO_0949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>An electronics factory in <a href="/wiki/Trakia_Economic_Zone" title="Trakia Economic Zone">Trakia Economic Zone</a> near <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Yugozapaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugozapaden">Yugozapaden</a> <a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">planning area</a> is the most developed region with a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> gross domestic product (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) of $29,816 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> It includes the capital city and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Province" title="Sofia Province">Sofia Province</a>, which alone generate 42% of national gross domestic product despite hosting only 22% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Census_data2017-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> per capita (in PPS) and the cost of living in 2019 stood at 53 and 52.8% of the EU average (100%), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> National PPP GDP was estimated at $143.1 billion in 2016, with a per capita value of $20,116.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-224">[221]</a> Economic growth statistics take into account illegal transactions from the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>, which is the largest in the EU as a percentage of economic output.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a> issues the national currency, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">lev</a>, which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа per euro.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> After several consecutive years of high growth, repercussions of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> resulted in a 3.6% contraction of GDP in 2009 and increased unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Positive growth was restored in 2010 but intercompany debt exceeded $59 billion, meaning that 60% of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> By 2012, it had increased to $97 billion, or 227% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results, but the social consequences of these measures, such as increased <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income inequality</a> and accelerated outward migration, have been "catastrophic" according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> Siphoning of public funds to the families and relatives of politicians from incumbent parties has resulted in fiscal and welfare losses to society.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Bulgaria ranks 71st in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> and experiences the worst levels of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in the European Union, a phenomenon that remains a source of profound public discontent.<a href="#cite_note-cloud-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Along with organised crime, corruption has resulted in a rejection of the country's <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> application and withdrawal of foreign investment.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters_USKBN1F61EQ-240">[237]</a> Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement, influence trading, government procurement violations and bribery with impunity.<a href="#cite_note-SG1-241">[238]</a> Government procurement in particular is a critical area in corruption risk. An estimated 10 billion leva ($5.99 billion) of state budget and <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">European cohesion</a> funds are spent on public tenders each year;<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> nearly 14 billion ($8.38 billion) were spent on public contracts in 2017 alone.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> A large share of these contracts are awarded to a few politically connected<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> companies amid widespread irregularities, procedure violations and tailor-made award criteria.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Despite repeated criticism from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reuters_USKBN1F61EQ-240">[237]</a> EU institutions refrain from taking measures against Bulgaria because it supports Brussels on a number of issues, unlike <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cloud-236">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_sectors">Structure and sectors</h3></div> The labour force is 3.36 million people,<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> of whom 6.8% are employed in agriculture, 26.6% in industry and 66.6% in the services sector.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Extraction of metals and minerals, production of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery industry">machine building</a>, steel, biotechnology, tobacco, food processing and <a href="/wiki/Refined_petroleum_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Refined petroleum fuel">petroleum refining</a> are among the major industrial activities.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Mining alone employs 24,000 people and generates about 5% of the country's GDP; the number of employed in all mining-related industries is 120,000.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ore_exports-252">[249]</a> Bulgaria is Europe's fifth-largest coal producer.<a href="#cite_note-Ore_exports-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Local deposits of coal, iron, copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResource_Base-254">[251]</a> The main destinations of Bulgarian exports outside the EU are Turkey, China and Serbia, while Russia, Turkey and China are by far the largest import partners. Most of the exports are manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel products and food.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Two-thirds of food and agricultural exports go to <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Although cereal and vegetable output dropped by 40% between 1990 and 2008,<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> output in grains has since increased, and the 2016–2017 season registered the biggest grain output in a decade.<a href="#cite_note-UNdata-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> are also grown. Quality <a href="/wiki/Turkish_tobacco" title="Turkish tobacco">Oriental tobacco</a> is a significant industrial crop.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> Bulgaria is also the largest producer globally of <a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">lavender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a>, both widely used in fragrances.<a href="#cite_note-CENTCOM-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Within the services sector, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bulgaria" title="Tourism in Bulgaria">tourism</a> is a significant contributor to economic growth. <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, coastal resorts <a href="/wiki/Albena" title="Albena">Albena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Sands" title="Golden Sands">Golden Sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Beach" title="Sunny Beach">Sunny Beach</a> and winter resorts <a href="/wiki/Bansko" title="Bansko">Bansko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamporovo" title="Pamporovo">Pamporovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borovets" title="Borovets">Borovets</a> are some of the locations most visited by tourists.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Most visitors are Romanian, Turkish, Greek and German.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> Tourism is additionally encouraged through the <a href="/wiki/100_Tourist_Sites_of_Bulgaria" title="100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria">100 Tourist Sites</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bulgaria" title="Science and technology in Bulgaria">Science and technology in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BulgariaSat-1_Mission_(35491530485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launching BulgariaSat-1 in June 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg/170px-BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg/255px-BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg/340px-BulgariaSat-1_Mission_%2835491530485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The launch of BulgariaSat-1 by SpaceX</figcaption></figure> Spending on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> amounts to 0.78% of GDP,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure201819-268">[265]</a> and the bulk of public R&D funding goes to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> (BAS).<a href="#cite_note-EUpresidency-269">[266]</a> Private businesses accounted for more than 73% of R&D expenditures and employed 42% of Bulgaria's 22,000 researchers in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-R&D_spending-270">[267]</a> The same year, Bulgaria ranked 39th out of 50 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>, the highest score being in education (24th) and the lowest in value-added manufacturing (48th).<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Bulgaria was ranked 38th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> remains strong.<a href="#cite_note-EUpresidency-269">[266]</a> Antarctic research is actively carried out through the <a href="/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_Base" title="St. Kliment Ohridski Base">St. Kliment Ohridski Base</a> on <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Antarctica">Western Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">information and communication technologies</a> (ICT) sector generates three per cent of economic output and employs 40,000<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> to 51,000 software engineers.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Bulgaria was known as a "Communist <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>" during the Soviet era due to its key role in <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a> computing technology production.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> A concerted effort by the communist government to teach computing and IT skills in schools also indirectly made Bulgaria a major source of <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a> in the 1980s and 90s.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> The country is a regional leader in <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">high performance computing</a>: it operates Avitohol, the most powerful supercomputer in Southeast Europe, and will host one of the eight <a href="/wiki/Petascale_computing" title="Petascale computing">petascale</a> <a href="/wiki/European_High-Performance_Computing_Joint_Undertaking" title="European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking">EuroHPC</a> supercomputers.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Interkosmos-282">[279]</a> These include two scientific satellites, more than 200 payloads and 300 experiments in Earth orbit, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cosmonaut_program" title="Bulgarian cosmonaut program">two cosmonauts</a> since 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Interkosmos-282">[279]</a> Bulgaria was the first country to grow <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">in space</a> with its <a href="/wiki/SVET_plant_growth_system" title="SVET plant growth system">Svet</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mir_space_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir space station">Mir space station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> It was involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">gamma-ray observatory</a><a href="#cite_note-RESS-285">[282]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a>, particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance <a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> for both Vega probes.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> Bulgarian instruments have been used in the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">exploration of Mars</a>, including a spectrometer that took the first high quality <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> images of Martian moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a> probe.<a href="#cite_note-Interkosmos-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-RESS-285">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic radiation</a> en route to and around the planet has been mapped by <a href="/wiki/Liulin_type_instruments" title="Liulin type instruments">Liulin-ML</a> dosimeters on the <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_Trace_Gas_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars TGO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/RADOM-7" title="RADOM-7">Variants</a> of these instruments have also been fitted on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> lunar probe.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> Another lunar mission, <a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>'s Beresheet, was also equipped with a Bulgarian-manufactured imaging payload.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> Bulgaria's first <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellite" title="Geosynchronous satellite">geostationary communications satellite</a>—<a href="/wiki/BulgariaSat-1" title="BulgariaSat-1">BulgariaSat-1</a>—was launched by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Energy in Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Transport in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trakiya motorway, one of the main national motorways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg/220px-Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg/330px-Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg/440px-Trakia_highway_near_to_Nova_Zagora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trakia_motorway" title="Trakia motorway">Trakia motorway</a></figcaption></figure> Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200614-293">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a> (BTC) serves more than 90% of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services, along with <a href="/wiki/Mtel_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtel (Bulgaria)">A1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telenor_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenor (Bulgaria)">Telenor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> penetration stood at 69.2% of the population aged 16–74 and 78.9% of households in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> Bulgaria's strategic geographic location and well-developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> Thermal power plants generate 48.9% of electricity, followed by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kozloduy_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant">Kozloduy reactors</a> (34.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a> (16.3%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Brochure201847-299">[296]</a> Equipment for a second nuclear power station at <a href="/wiki/Belene_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Belene Nuclear Power Plant">Belene</a> has been acquired, but the fate of the project remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> Installed capacity amounts to 12,668 MW, allowing Bulgaria to exceed domestic demand and export energy.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> The national road network has a total length of 19,512 kilometres (12,124 mi),<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> of which 19,235 kilometres (11,952 mi) are paved. Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres (3,876 mi) of railway track, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200614-293">[290]</a> with rail links available to Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Serbia, and express trains serving direct routes to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> Sofia is the country's air travel hub, while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200614-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Demographics of Bulgaria</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:162px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:160px;height:160px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:80px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:80px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 160px 160px 0; border-color:Maroon; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:80px;line-height:0;left:80px; top:80px; border-width:80px 0 0 969.74266570088px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 160px 80px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 80px 160px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:80px;line-height:0;left:80px; top:80px; border-width:80px 0 0 481.57148835232px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 160px 80px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 80px 160px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:80px;line-height:0;left:80px; top:80px; border-width:80px 0 0 169.18016559205px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 160px 80px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 80px 160px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:80px;line-height:0;left:80px; top:80px; border-width:80px 0 0 54.883855261814px; border-left-color:Salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 160px 80px 0;border-color:Salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 80px 160px 0;border-color:Salmon"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnic groups in Bulgaria (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-Infostat-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (84.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a> (8.40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Romani</a> (4.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (1.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Undeclared (1.31%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the government's official 2022 estimate, the population of Bulgaria consists of 6,447,710 people, down from 6,519,789 according to the last official census in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a> The majority of the population, 72.5%, reside in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Census_data20113-307">[304]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&action=edit">[update]</a>, Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,241,675 people, followed by <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> (346,893), <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> (336,505), <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a> (202,434) and <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a> (142,902).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENSI_Census_data2017-221">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> are the main ethnic group and constitute 84.6% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Bulgaria">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in Bulgaria">Roma</a> minorities account for 8.4 and 4.4%, respectively; some 40 smaller minorities account for 1.3%, and 1.3% do not self-identify with an ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-Infostat-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a> The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Population density is 55–60 per square kilometre (ultimo 2023), almost half the European Union average.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNR_crisis-312">[309]</a> It has had negative population growth since 1989, when the post-Cold War economic collapse caused a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> wave.<a href="#cite_note-DW_Entry-313">[310]</a> Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people—mostly young adults—had left the country by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-DW_Entry-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> The majority of children are born to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> In 2024, the average <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in Bulgaria was 1.59 children per woman,<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> a slight increase from 1.56 in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> and well above the all-time low of 1.1 in 1997, but still below the replacement rate of 2.1 and considerably below the historical high of 5.83 children per woman in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> Bulgaria thus has one of the oldest populations in the world, with an average age of 43 years.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Furthermore, a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5% of families do not have children under the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-BNR_crisis-312">[309]</a> The resulting birth rates are among the lowest in the world<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rates</a> are among the highest.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> Bulgaria scores high in <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, ranking 18th in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WEF-323">[320]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> was enabled relatively late, in 1937, women today have equal political rights, high workforce participation and legally mandated <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WEF-323">[320]</a> In 2021, market research agency Reboot Online ranked Bulgaria as the best European country for women to work.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Bulgaria has the highest ratio of female <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> researchers in the EU,<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> as well as the second-highest ratio of females in the technology sector at 44.6% of the workforce. High levels of female participation are a <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_post-communist_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Gender roles in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe">legacy of the Socialist era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Largest cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Bulgaria <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 Census<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bulgaria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bulgaria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria"> Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sofia_City_Province" title="Sofia City Province">Sofia-Capital</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,190,256</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pernik" title="Pernik">Pernik</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pernik_Province" title="Pernik Province">Pernik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Province" title="Plovdiv Province">Plovdiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">321,824</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haskovo" title="Haskovo">Haskovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haskovo_Province" title="Haskovo Province">Haskovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Varna_Province" title="Varna Province">Varna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">311,093</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad" title="Blagoevgrad">Blagoevgrad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Burgas_Province" title="Burgas Province">Burgas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">188,242</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yambol" title="Yambol">Yambol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yambol_Province" title="Yambol Province">Yambol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,641 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruse_Province" title="Ruse Province">Ruse</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo_Province" title="Veliko Tarnovo Province">Veliko Tarnovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Stara Zagora Province">Stara Zagora</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,582</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik_Province" title="Pazardzhik Province">Pazardzhik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pleven_Province" title="Pleven Province">Pleven</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,209</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vratsa_Province" title="Vratsa Province">Vratsa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sliven_Province" title="Sliven Province">Sliven</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,362</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asenovgrad" title="Asenovgrad">Asenovgrad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Province" title="Plovdiv Province">Plovdiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dobrich_Province" title="Dobrich Province">Dobrich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,947</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gabrovo_Province" title="Gabrovo Province">Gabrovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shumen_Province" title="Shumen Province">Shumen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazanlak" title="Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Province" title="Stara Zagora Province">Kazanlak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,768 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Health in Bulgaria</a></div> High death rates result from a combination of an ageing population, high numbers of people at risk of poverty, and a weak <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">healthcare system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Over 80% of deaths are due to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular conditions">cardiovascular conditions</a>; nearly a fifth of those are avoidable.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bulgaria">healthcare in Bulgaria</a> is nominally universal,<a href="#cite_note-Health_system-330">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-pocket expenses">out-of-pocket expenses</a> account for nearly half of all healthcare spending, significantly limiting access to medical care.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages, understaffed and under-equipped regional hospitals, supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> The 2018 Bloomberg Health Care Efficiency Index ranked Bulgaria last out of 56 countries.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> Average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is 74.8 years, compared with an EU average of 80.99 and a world average of 72.38.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Education in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_(37849719131).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sofia University building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg/220px-Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg/330px-Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg/440px-Sofia_University_%22St._Kliment_Ohridski%22_%2837849719131%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="3006" /></a><figcaption>The Rectorate of Sofia University</figcaption></figure> Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-337">[334]</a> Educational standards <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">were once high</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20066-338">[335]</a> but have declined significantly since the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-UNICEF-337">[334]</a> Bulgarian students were among the highest-scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001, performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts; by 2006, scores in reading, math and science had dropped. By 2018, <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> studies found 47% of pupils in the 9th grade to be <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functionally illiterate</a> in reading and natural sciences.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> Average basic <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> stands high at 98.4% with no significant difference between sexes.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Science_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria)">Ministry of Education and Science</a> partially funds public schools, colleges and universities, sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process. Education in primary and secondary public schools is free and compulsory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress20066-338">[335]</a> The process spans 12 grades, in which grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level. Higher education consists of a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor</a> degree and a 1-year <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> degree.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> Bulgaria's highest-ranked higher education institution is <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages of Bulgaria</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> is the only language with official status.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_group_of_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic group of languages">Slavic group of languages</a> but has a number of grammatical peculiarities that set it apart from other Slavic languages: these include a complex verbal morphology (which also codes for distinctions in <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a>), the absence of <a href="/wiki/Noun_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun cases">noun cases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infinitives" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitives">infinitives</a>, and the use of a suffixed <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Sofia_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia</a></figcaption></figure> Bulgaria is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> by constitution, but <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> is designated as the traditional religion of the country.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> Approximately two-thirds of Bulgarians identify as Eastern Orthodox Christians.<a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> was the first church apart from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Four_ancient_patriarchates" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Four Ancient Patriarchates of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a>—in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>—and the first national church to gain <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> status in 927 AD.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> The Bulgarian Patriarchate has 12 <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> and over 2,000 priests.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Muslims</a> are the second-largest religious community and constitute approx. 10% of Bulgaria's overall religious makeup. A 2011 survey of 850 Muslims in Bulgaria found 30% self-professing as deeply religious and 50% as just religious. According to the study, some religious teachings, like <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">Islamic funeral</a>, have been traditionally incorporated and are widely practiced while other major ones are less observed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim prayer">Muslim prayer</a> or abstaining from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Islam">drinking alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">eating pork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> Other important religions include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Judaism</a>, whose history in Bulgaria dates back to the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, as well as various Protestant denominations, all of which stand for around 2% of Bulgaria's population. An ever increasing number of Bulgarians are either <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a> or unaffiliated with any religion, a percentage that has been growing rapidly over the past 20 years, from 3.9% in 2001, through 9.3% in 2011 and all the way to 15.9% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> According to the most recent census of 2021 the religious denominations of the population are, as follows: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bulgaria">Christian</a> (71.5%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Islam</a> (10.8%), other religions (0.1%). Further 12.4% were unaffiliated or did not respond.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infostat2-355">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSI2021-305">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Culture of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_(7432772486).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roman theatre, Plovdic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/220px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/330px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg/440px-Bulgaria_Bulgaria-0785_-_Roman_Theatre_of_Philippopolis_%287432772486%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_of_Philippopolis" title="Roman theatre of Philippopolis">Roman theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rila_Monastery,_August_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rila Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/220px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/330px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg/440px-Rila_Monastery%2C_August_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rila_Monastery" title="Rila Monastery">Rila Monastery</a>, an important spiritual centre for the Bulgarians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukeri_E8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bulgarian Kuker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/220px-Kukeri_E8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/330px-Kukeri_E8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kukeri_E8.jpg/440px-Kukeri_E8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kuker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesichovo" title="Lesichovo">Lesichovo</a></figcaption></figure> Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends the formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule with millennia-old folk traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> An essential element of Bulgarian folklore is fire, used to banish evil spirits and illnesses. Many of these are personified as witches, whereas other creatures like <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">zmey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">samodiva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">veela</a>) are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199864–70-357">[354]</a> Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised, most notably <a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">kukeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Survakane" title="Survakane">survakari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a> is also widely celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a>, a ritual fire-dance of Thracian origin, is included in the list of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott1998226-360">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">Nine historical and natural objects</a> are <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pirin_National_Park" title="Pirin National Park">Pirin National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srebarna_Nature_Reserve" title="Srebarna Nature Reserve">Sreburna Nature Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a>, the Thracian tombs in <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Sveshtari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rila_Monastery" title="Rila Monastery">Rila Monastery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rock-hewn_Churches_of_Ivanovo" title="Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo">Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo</a> and the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> The Rila Monastery was established by Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_Rila" title="John of Rila">John of Rila</a>, Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-EBLiterature-363">[360]</a> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid</a> literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBLiterature-363">[360]</a> The schools' emphasis on Christian <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scriptures</a> made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture, bringing Slavs under the influence of Christianity and providing them with <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">a written language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> Its alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> script, was developed by the Preslav Literary School.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo_Literary_School" title="Tarnovo Literary School">Tarnovo Literary School</a>, on the other hand, is associated with a Silver age of literature defined by high-quality manuscripts on historical or mystical themes under the <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Asen</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Shishman" title="House of Shishman">Shishman</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-EBLiterature-363">[360]</a> Many literary and artistic masterpieces were destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors, and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">National Revival</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> The enormous body of work of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov" title="Ivan Vazov">Ivan Vazov</a> (1850–1921) covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society, bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly established state.<a href="#cite_note-EBLiterature-363">[360]</a> Notable later works are <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ganyo" title="Bay Ganyo">Bay Ganyo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aleko_Konstantinov" title="Aleko Konstantinov">Aleko Konstantinov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzschean</a> poetry of <a href="/wiki/Pencho_Slaveykov" title="Pencho Slaveykov">Pencho Slaveykov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> poetry of <a href="/wiki/Peyo_Yavorov" title="Peyo Yavorov">Peyo Yavorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimcho_Debelyanov" title="Dimcho Debelyanov">Dimcho Debelyanov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>-inspired works of <a href="/wiki/Geo_Milev" title="Geo Milev">Geo Milev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Vaptsarov" title="Nikola Vaptsarov">Nikola Vaptsarov</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist realism</a> novels of <a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Dimov" title="Dimitar Dimov">Dimitar Dimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Talev" title="Dimitar Talev">Dimitar Talev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBLiterature-363">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a> is a notable contemporary author,<a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a> while Bulgarian-born <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> А religious visual arts heritage includes <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, many produced by the medieval <a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Tarnovo Artistic School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a> Like literature, it was not until the National Revival when Bulgarian visual arts began to reemerge. <a href="/wiki/Zahari_Zograf" title="Zahari Zograf">Zahari Zograf</a> was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> After the Liberation, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mrkvi%C4%8Dka" title="Ivan Mrkvička">Ivan Mrkvička</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mitov" title="Anton Mitov">Anton Mitov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dimitrov" title="Vladimir Dimitrov">Vladimir Dimitrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsanko_Lavrenov" title="Tsanko Lavrenov">Tsanko Lavrenov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zlatyu_Boyadzhiev" title="Zlatyu Boyadzhiev">Zlatyu Boyadzhiev</a> introduced newer styles and substance, depicting scenery from Bulgarian villages, old towns and historical subjects. <a href="/wiki/Christo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christo">Christo</a> is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century, known for his outdoor installations.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> Folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes.<a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a> Bulgarian folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Gadulka" title="Gadulka">gadulka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaval" title="Kaval">kaval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">tupan</a>. A distinguishing feature is extended rhythmical time, which has no equivalent in the rest of European music.<a href="#cite_note-CENTCOM-28">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir" title="Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir">State Television Female Vocal Choir</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> in 1990 for its performances of Bulgarian folk music.<a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a> Written musical composition can be traced back to the works of <a href="/wiki/Yoan_Kukuzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoan Kukuzel">Yoan Kukuzel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1280–1360),<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> but modern classical music began with <a href="/wiki/Emanuil_Manolov" title="Emanuil Manolov">Emanuil Manolov</a>, who composed the first Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Vladigerov" title="Pancho Vladigerov">Pancho Vladigerov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petko_Staynov" title="Petko Staynov">Petko Staynov</a> further enriched <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>, ballet and opera, which singers <a href="/wiki/Ghena_Dimitrova" title="Ghena Dimitrova">Ghena Dimitrova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljuba_Welitsch" title="Ljuba Welitsch">Ljuba Welitsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a> elevated to a world-class level.<a href="#cite_note-380">[c]</a> Bulgarian performers have gained acclaim in other genres like <a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">electropop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mira_Aroyo" title="Mira Aroyo">Mira Aroyo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Milcho_Leviev" title="Milcho Leviev">Milcho Leviev</a>) and blends of jazz and folk (<a href="/wiki/Ivo_Papazov" title="Ivo Papazov">Ivo Papazov</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTV_(Bulgaria)" title="BTV (Bulgaria)">bTV</a> and daily newspapers <a href="/wiki/Trud_(Bulgarian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Bulgarian newspaper)">Trud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnevnik_(Bulgaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnevnik (Bulgaria)">Dnevnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/24_Chasa" title="24 Chasa">24 Chasa</a> are some of the largest national media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bulgaria">Bulgarian media</a> were described as generally unbiased in their reporting in the early 2000s and print media had no legal restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress200618,_23-382">[378]</a> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> has deteriorated to the point where Bulgaria scores 111th globally in the World Press Freedom Index, lower than all European Union members and membership candidate states. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased.<a href="#cite_note-RSF-383">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-384">[380]</a> Collusion between politicians, oligarchs and the media is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-RSF-383">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian cuisine</a> is similar to that of other Balkan countries and demonstrates strong Turkish and Greek influences.<a href="#cite_note-Cuisine-385">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukanka" title="Lukanka">lukanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banitsa" title="Banitsa">banitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopska_salad" title="Shopska salad">shopska salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyutenitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyutenitsa">lyutenitsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozunak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozunak">kozunak</a> are among the best-known local foods. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads.<a href="#cite_note-Cuisine-385">[381]</a> Bulgaria was the world's second-largest wine exporter until 1989, but has since lost that position.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine, of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania, Poland and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mavrud" title="Mavrud">Mavrud</a>, Rubin, <a href="/wiki/Siroka_Melniska" title="Siroka Melniska">Shiroka melnishka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimiat" title="Dimiat">Dimiat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misket_Cherven" title="Misket Cherven">Cherven Misket</a> are the typical grapes used in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgarian wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a> is a traditional fruit <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> that was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sport in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigor_Dimitrov_(18697714220).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grigor Dimitrov in 2017" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg/220px-Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg/330px-Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg/440px-Grigor_Dimitrov_%2818697714220%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov" title="Grigor Dimitrov">Grigor Dimitrov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2015_Italian_Open_(tennis)" title="2015 Italian Open (tennis)">2015 Italian Open</a></figcaption></figure> Bulgaria appeared at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">first modern Olympic games</a> in 1896, when it was represented by <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics">gymnast</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Champaud" title="Charles Champaud">Charles Champaud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> Since then, Bulgarian athletes have won 55 gold, 90 silver, and 85 bronze medals,<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> ranking 25th in the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">all-time medal table</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weight-lifting</a> is a signature sport of Bulgaria. Coach <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Abadjiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Abadjiev">Ivan Abadzhiev</a> developed innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in weight-lifting since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Sport-393">[389]</a> Bulgarian athletes have also excelled in <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sport-393">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefka_Kostadinova" title="Stefka Kostadinova">Stefka Kostadinova</a> is the reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world record</a> holder in the women's <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a> at 2.09 metres (6 feet 10 inches), achieved during the <a href="/wiki/1987_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1987 World Championships in Athletics">1987 World Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grigor_Dimitrov" title="Grigor Dimitrov">Grigor Dimitrov</a> is the first Bulgarian tennis player in the Top 3 <a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings#Current_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the country by a substantial margin. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team" title="Bulgaria national football team">national football team</a>'s best performance was a semi-final at the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, when the squad was spearheaded by forward <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Stoichkov" title="Hristo Stoichkov">Hristo Stoichkov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sport-393">[389]</a> Stoichkov is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time; he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/European_Golden_Shoe" title="European Golden Shoe">Golden Boot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or" title="Ballon d'Or">Golden Ball</a> and was considered one of the best in the world while playing for <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia" title="PFC CSKA Sofia">CSKA</a> and <a href="/wiki/PFC_Levski_Sofia" title="PFC Levski Sofia">Levski</a>, both based in Sofia,<a href="#cite_note-Sport-393">[389]</a> are the most successful clubs domestically and <a href="/wiki/Eternal_derby_of_Bulgarian_football" title="Eternal derby of Bulgarian football">long-standing rivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/PFC_Ludogorets_Razgrad" title="PFC Ludogorets Razgrad">Ludogorets</a> is remarkable for having advanced from the local fourth division to the <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Champions_League" title="2014–15 UEFA Champions League">2014–15 UEFA Champions League</a> group stage in a mere nine years.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a> Placed 39th in 2018, it is Bulgaria's highest-ranked club in <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bulgaria" title="Outline of Bulgaria">Outline of Bulgaria</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bʌlˈɡɛəriə, bʊl-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/En-us-Bulgaria.ogg\/En-us-Bulgaria.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Bulgaria.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/En-us-Bulgaria.ogg/En-us-Bulgaria.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Bulgaria.ogg" title="File:En-us-Bulgaria.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: България, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: Bŭlgariya </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Bulgarian: Република България, romanized: Republika Bǎlgariya, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">[rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Cited to multiple sources<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_life-356">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-3"><a href="#cite_ref-one_3-0">^</a> The official number of Romani citizens may be lower than the actual number. See <a href="#Demographics">Demographics</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819054232/https://www.parliament.bg/en/const">"Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria"</a>. National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.bg/en/const">the original</a> on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=National+Assembly+of+the+Republic+of+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.bg%2Fen%2Fconst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-ethnocultural-characteristics-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census-ethnocultural-characteristics_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census-ethnocultural-characteristics_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf">"Преброяване 2021: Етнокултурна характеристика на населението"</a> [2021 Census: Ethnocultural characteristics of the population] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Institute_(Bulgaria)" title="National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)">National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124195716/https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+2021%3A+%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Institute+of+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsi.bg%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fpressreleases%2FCensus2021_ethnos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penin-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Penin_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenin2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Penin, Rumen (2007). <bdi lang="bg">Природна география на България</bdi> [Natural Geography of Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). 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Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (6): 794–801. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatEE...4..794F">2020NatEE...4..794F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-1136-3">10.1038/s41559-020-1136-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F770560">11585/770560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32393865">32393865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218593433">218593433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+14C+chronology+for+the+Middle+to+Upper+Palaeolithic+transition+at+Bacho+Kiro+Cave%2C+Bulgaria&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=794-801&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F770560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218593433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatEE...4..794F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32393865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-1136-3&rft.au=Fewlass&rft.au=H&rft.au=Talamo&rft.au=S&rft.au=Wacker&rft.au=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHublinJSirakovN2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hublin, J, Sirakov, N, Aldeias, V, et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/81524/1/Hublin%20et%20al%20_authors%20accepted.pdf">"Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria"</a> (PDF). Nature. 581 (7808): 299–302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.581..299H">2020Natur.581..299H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2259-z">10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F770553">11585/770553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32433609">32433609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218592678">218592678</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/81524/1/Hublin%20et%20al%20_authors%20accepted.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Initial+Upper+Palaeolithic+Homo+sapiens+from+Bacho+Kiro+Cave%2C+Bulgaria&rft.volume=581&rft.issue=7808&rft.pages=299-302&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F770553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218592678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.581..299H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32433609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2259-z&rft.au=Hublin&rft.au=J&rft.au=Sirakov&rft.au=N&rft.au=Aldeias&rft.au=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F81524%2F1%2FHublin%2520et%2520al%2520_authors%2520accepted.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1974" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija A. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLACTsmH4aYC&pg=PA29">The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 7000 to 3500 BC Myths, Legends and Cult Images</a>. University of California Press. pp. 29–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01995-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01995-9"><bdi>978-0-520-01995-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221949/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLACTsmH4aYC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Old+Europe%3A+7000+to+3500+BC+Myths%2C+Legends+and+Cult+Images&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01995-9&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLACTsmH4aYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsThornton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Christopher P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/371376">"Development of metallurgy in Eurasia"</a>. Antiquity. 83 (322). Department of Prehistory and Europe, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>: 1015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00099312">10.1017/S0003598X00099312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163062746">163062746</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115181121/https://www.academia.edu/371376">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018. <q>In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria (Renfrew 1986; Highamet al. 2007). In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel (Golden 2009), suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short-lived one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Development+of+metallurgy+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=322&rft.pages=1015&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00099312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163062746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F371376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Laet1996" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, Sigfried J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA99">History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC</a>. UNESCO / Routledge. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102811-3"><bdi>978-92-3-102811-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221950/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>The first major gold-working centre was situated at the mouth of the Danube, on the shores of the Black Sea in Bulgaria</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+Third+Millennium+to+the+Seventh+Century+BC&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=UNESCO+%2F+Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102811-3&rft.aulast=de+Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnY0KYbJC6wC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrande2009" class="citation book cs1">Grande, Lance (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA292">Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30511-0"><bdi>978-0-226-30511-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221951/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA292">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6,000 years old (radiocarbon dated between 4,600 BC and 4,200 BC).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gems+and+Gemstones%3A+Timeless+Natural+Beauty+of+the+Mineral+World&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30511-0&rft.aulast=Grande&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnE9Fa4pbn0C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyChi2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W.; Chi, Jennifer, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFEARIQ6zYoC&pg=PA39">The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC</a>. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 39, 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14388-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221951/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFEARIQ6zYoC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>grave 43 at the Varna cemetery, the richest single grave from Old Europe, dated about 4600–4500 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+Old+Europe%3A+The+Danube+Valley%2C+5000%E2%80%933500+BC&rft.pages=39%2C+201&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14388-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFEARIQ6zYoC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013045509/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/harsova/en/dobro3.htm">"The Gumelnita Culture"</a>. Government of France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/harsova/en/dobro3.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011. <q>The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gumelnita+Culture&rft.pub=Government+of+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fculture%2Farcnat%2Fharsova%2Fen%2Fdobro3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CENTCOM-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CENTCOM_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CENTCOM_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CENTCOM_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CENTCOM_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018052026/http://www.centcom.mil/bulgaria/">"Bulgaria Factbook"</a>. United States Central Command. December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centcom.mil/bulgaria/">the original</a> on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+Factbook&rft.pub=United+States+Central+Command&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centcom.mil%2Fbulgaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberger2015" class="citation book cs1">Schoenberger, Erica (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO5TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">Nature, Choice and Social Power</a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-83386-8"><bdi>978-0-415-83386-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221951/https://books.google.com/books?id=TO5TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>The graves at Varna range from poor to richly endowed, suggesting a rather high degree of social differentiation. Their discovery has led to a re-evaluation of the form of social organization characteristic of the Varna culture and of the onset of social stratification in Neolithic cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%2C+Choice+and+Social+Power&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-83386-8&rft.aulast=Schoenberger&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO5TBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19871-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton19871_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton1987">Crampton 1987</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-EBBulgars-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBBulgars_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBBulgars_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar">"Bulgar"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626201549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBulgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanEdwardsSollberger1982" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Edwards, I.E.S.; Sollberger, E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA53">The Cambridge Ancient History – part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC</a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22496-3"><bdi>978-0-521-22496-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+%E2%80%93+part+1%3A+The+Prehistory+of+the+Balkans%2C+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+World%2C+Tenth+to+Eighth+Centuries+BC&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22496-3&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Edwards%2C+I.E.S.&rft.au=Sollberger%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXljf8JqmkoC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBBalkans-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBBalkans_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBBalkans_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBBalkans_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllcock" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allcock, John B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans#ref476014">"Balkans"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517055138/https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans#ref476014">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Allcock&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBalkans%23ref476014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidner2013" class="citation book cs1">Kidner, Frank (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_E_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Making Europe: The Story of the West</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-84131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-84131-7"><bdi>978-1-111-84131-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_E_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Europe%3A+The+Story+of+the+West&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-111-84131-7&rft.aulast=Kidner&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_E_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoisman2011135–138,_343–345-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoisman2011135–138,_343–345_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoisman2011135–138,_343–345_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoisman2011">Roisman 2011</a>, pp. 135–138, 343–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagle2006" class="citation book cs1">Nagle, D. Brendan (2006). Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations. Oxford University Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997845-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997845-8"><bdi>978-0-19-997845-8</bdi></a>. <q>However, one of the Thracian tribes, the Odrysians, succeeded in unifying the Thracians and creating a powerful state</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Greek+History%3A+Sources+and+Interpretations&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997845-8&rft.aulast=Nagle&rft.aufirst=D.+Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, James R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&pg=PA139">The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 B.C</a>. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1918-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-1918-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTmXOFX-wioC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Warfare+Under+Philip+II+and+Alexander+the+Great%2C+359%E2%80%93323+B.C&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1918-0&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTmXOFX-wioC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO_Hogain2002" class="citation book cs1">O Hogain, Daithi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yd1huHoXJwC&pg=PA69">The Celts: A History</a>. The Boydell Press. pp. 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-923-2"><bdi>978-0-85115-923-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221953/https://books.google.com/books?id=-yd1huHoXJwC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+A+History&rft.pages=69-71&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-923-2&rft.aulast=O+Hogain&rft.aufirst=Daithi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yd1huHoXJwC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2010" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=PA55">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221952/https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulfilas">"Ulfilas"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818185035/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ulfilas">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ulfilas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FUlfilas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-beginnings-of-modern-Bulgaria">"The Beginnings of Modern Bulgaria"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917200352/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-beginnings-of-modern-Bulgaria">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Modern+Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-beginnings-of-modern-Bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonFred1985" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Fred; Fred, Singleton (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTLSZ3ucaZMC&pg=PA13">A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2"><bdi>978-0-521-27485-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221953/https://books.google.com/books?id=qTLSZ3ucaZMC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Peoples&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27485-2&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Fred%2C+Singleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTLSZ3ucaZMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouracreMcKitterickReuterAbulafia1995" class="citation book cs1">Fouracre, Paul; McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David; Luscombe, David Edward; Allmand, C.T.; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Jones, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&pg=PA524">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c. 500 – c. 700</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36291-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221953/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&pg=PA524">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+1%2C+c.+500+%E2%80%93+c.+700&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36291-7&rft.aulast=Fouracre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=McKitterick%2C+Rosamond&rft.au=Reuter%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Abulafia%2C+David&rft.au=Luscombe%2C+David+Edward&rft.au=Allmand%2C+C.T.&rft.au=Riley-Smith%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326235159/http://www.limesromanus.org/sites/all/files/The%20Making%20of%20the%20Slavs.pdf">The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</a> (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42888-0"><bdi>978-1-139-42888-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.limesromanus.org/sites/all/files/The%20Making%20of%20the%20Slavs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.pages=311-334&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42888-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limesromanus.org%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2FThe%2520Making%2520of%2520the%2520Slavs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199819-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199819_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDermott1998">MacDermott 1998</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2014" class="citation book cs1">Detrez, Raymond (2014). Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4179-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-4179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Bulgaria&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4179-4&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2010" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken, ed. (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>. <q>The conquest of the Balkans and the rise of the Bulgarian Empire was not a disaster for the indigenous population and its material and spiritual culture. The settlers and the local Romanised or semi-Romanised Thraco-Illyrian Christians influenced each other's way of life and socio-economic organization, as well as each other's cultures, language and religious outlook.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1990" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC&pg=PA8">History of the Goths</a>. University of California Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06983-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06983-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221953/https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06983-1&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsQxcJvaLjAC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZlatarski1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zlatarski, Vasil (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html">Istorija 1A – b1 – 1 <bdi lang="bg">История на Първото българско Царство. I. Епоха на хуно–българското надмощие (679–852)</bdi></a> [History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Period of Hunnic-Bulgarian domination (679–852)] (in Bulgarian). Marin Drinov Publishing House. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9544302986" title="Special:BookSources/978-9544302986"><bdi>978-9544302986</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512222714/http://macedonia.kroraina.com/vz1a/vz1a_b1_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+1A+%E2%80%93+b1+%E2%80%93+1+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+I.+%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%E2%80%93%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%28679%E2%80%93852%29&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Marin+Drinov+Publishing+House&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-9544302986&rft.aulast=Zlatarski&rft.aufirst=Vasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia.kroraina.com%2Fvz1a%2Fvz1a_b1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine-50"><a href="#cite_ref-fine_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PR4">The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08149-3"><bdi>978-0-472-08149-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221954/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PR4">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08149-3&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasto1970" class="citation book cs1">Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157">The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07459-9"><bdi>978-0-521-07459-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221956/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entry+of+the+Slavs+Into+Christendom%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+History+of+the+Slavs&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07459-9&rft.aulast=Vlasto&rft.aufirst=Alexis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpVOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Krum">"Krum"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512222652/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Krum">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FKrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42725">"The Spread of Christianity"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724173142/http://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42725">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Christianity&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-first-Bulgarian-empire%23ref42725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton200712–13-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton200712–13_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton200712–13_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton2007">Crampton 2007</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42726">"Reign of Simeon I"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724173142/http://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire#ref42726">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018. <q>Bulgaria's conversion had a political dimension, for it contributed both to the growth of central authority and to the merging of Bulgars and Slavs into a unified Bulgarian people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reign+of+Simeon+I&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-first-Bulgarian-empire%23ref42726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_First_Golden_Age-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_First_Golden_Age_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_First_Golden_Age">The First Golden Age</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194">Byzantium and Bulgaria</a>. Temple Smith. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumbulgari0000brow/page/194">194–195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02670-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02670-4"><bdi>978-0-520-02670-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+Bulgaria&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Temple+Smith&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02670-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantiumbulgari0000brow%2Fpage%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-tsar-of-western-Bulgaria">"Samuel"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129220046/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065243/Samuel">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSamuel-tsar-of-western-Bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScylitzae1973" class="citation book cs1">Scylitzae, Ioannis, ed. (1973). Synopsis Historiarum. Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae, vol. 5. De Gruyter. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002285-8"><bdi>978-3-11-002285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synopsis+Historiarum&rft.series=Corpus+Fontium+Byzantiae+Historiae%2C+vol.+5&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-11-002285-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19874-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton19874_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton1987">Crampton 1987</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Averil-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Averil_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Averil_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2006" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came">The Byzantines</a>. Blackwell Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinesthepeo00came/page/n186">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9833-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-9833-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantines&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantinesthepeo00came&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrog-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrog_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrog_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1969" class="citation book cs1">Ostrogorsky, Georgije (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr/page/311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1198-6"><bdi>978-0-8135-1198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1198-6&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=Georgije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr%2Fpage%2F311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBSecondEmpire-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBSecondEmpire_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSecondEmpire_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSecondEmpire_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSecondEmpire_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire">"Bulgaria – Second Bulgarian Empire"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512223818/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+Second+Bulgarian+Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-second-Bulgarian-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourchier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_David_Bourchier" title="James David Bourchier">Bourchier, James</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bulgaria/History">"History of Bulgaria" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=779-784&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bourchier&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19876-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton19876_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton19876_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton1987">Crampton 1987</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2017-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2017_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2017_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2017" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344">City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-279-8"><bdi>978-1-62894-279-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+the+Sun%3A+Development+and+Popular+Resistance+in+the+Pre-Modern+West&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62894-279-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgN8lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoman_rule-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_rule_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_rule_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_rule_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_rule_67-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire#ref42728">"Bulgaria – Ottoman rule"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512223818/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire#ref42728">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2011. <q>The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed—its members either perished, fled, or accepted Islam and Turkicization—and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+rule&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-second-Bulgarian-empire%23ref42728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuineva2011" class="citation web cs1">Guineva, Maria (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/132804/">"Old Town Sozopol – Bulgaria's 'Rescued' Miracle and Its Modern Day Saviors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318173915/https://www.novinite.com/articles/132804/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Town+Sozopol+%E2%80%93+Bulgaria%27s+%27Rescued%27+Miracle+and+Its+Modern+Day+Saviors&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Guineva&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F132804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jireček-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jireček_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jireček_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJireček1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Josef_Jire%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Josef Jireček">Jireček, K.J.</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBhThVLpc4MC&pg=PA88">Geschichte der Bulgaren</a> [History of the Bulgarians] (in German). Nachdr. d. Ausg. Prag. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-06408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-06408-6"><bdi>978-3-487-06408-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221956/https://books.google.com/books?id=VBhThVLpc4MC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Bulgaren&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Nachdr.+d.+Ausg.+Prag&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=978-3-487-06408-6&rft.aulast=Jire%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=K.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBhThVLpc4MC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkov2004" class="citation book cs1">Minkov, Anton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQsB_AghBKkC&pg=PA193">Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve Bahası – Petitions and Ottoman Social Life, 1670–1730</a>. Brill. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004135765" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004135765"><bdi>978-9004135765</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221958/https://books.google.com/books?id=zQsB_AghBKkC&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+Kisve+Bahas%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+Petitions+and+Ottoman+Social+Life%2C+1670%E2%80%931730&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9004135765&rft.aulast=Minkov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQsB_AghBKkC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2008" class="citation book cs1">Detrez, Raymond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA36">Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans</a>. Peter Lang Publishers. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9052013749" title="Special:BookSources/978-9052013749"><bdi>978-9052013749</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221958/https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Historical+Legacies+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9052013749&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtMUx8qlWCMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2010" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7oAUeUVtc58C&pg=PA276">Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537492-6"><bdi>978-0-19-537492-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 September 2018. <q>There were almost no remnants of a Bulgarian ethnic identity; the population defined itself as Christians, according to the Ottoman system of millets, that is, communities of religious beliefs. The first attempts to define a Bulgarian ethnicity started at the beginning of the 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+Disciplinary+and+Regional+Perspectives&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537492-6&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7oAUeUVtc58C%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudometofRobertson2001" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA68">Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 68–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31949-5"><bdi>978-0-313-31949-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222514/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31949-5&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9p_m7oXQ00C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton19878-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton19878_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton1987">Crampton 1987</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Joaquim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA261">Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence</a>. Edizioni Plus. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8884924643" title="Special:BookSources/978-8884924643"><bdi>978-8884924643</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222537/https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Power+in+Europe%3A+Conflict+and+Convergence&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8884924643&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjR98-Ata0CkC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decline-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decline_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire#ref42731">"Bulgaria – Ottoman administration"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512223818/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire#ref42731">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+administration&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-second-Bulgarian-empire%23ref42731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Final_Move_to_Independence-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Final_Move_to_Independence_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Final_Move_to_Independence_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Final_Move_to_Independence">The Final Move to Independence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125840">"Reminiscence from Days of Liberation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. 3 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616084709/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125840">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reminiscence+from+Days+of+Liberation&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnovinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D125840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Shipka-Pass">"Shipka Pass"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510021603/https://www.britannica.com/place/Shipka-Pass">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shipka+Pass&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FShipka-Pass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence">San Stefano, Berlin and Independence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Blamires, Cyprian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA107">World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>. <q>The "Greater Bulgaria" re-established in March 1878 on the lines of the medieval Bulgarian empire after liberation from Turkish rule did not last long.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Cyprian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjR98-nvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnr.bg/en/post/100803129/on-march-3-bulgaria-celebrates-national-liberation-day">"On March 3 Bulgaria celebrates National Liberation Day"</a>. Radio Bulgaria. 3 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021235416/http://bnr.bg/en/post/100803129/on-march-3-bulgaria-celebrates-national-liberation-day">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=On+March+3+Bulgaria+celebrates+National+Liberation+Day&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fen%2Fpost%2F100803129%2Fon-march-3-bulgaria-celebrates-national-liberation-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCProfile-83"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCProfile_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1061402.stm">"Timeline: Bulgaria – A chronology of key events"</a>. BBC News. 6 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307084019/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1061402.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+A+chronology+of+key+events&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1061402.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Setting-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Setting_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistorical_Setting">Historical Setting</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2007174-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton2007174_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton2007">Crampton 2007</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinon1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinon, Rene (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA411">L'Europe et la Jeune Turquie: Les Aspects Nouveaux de la Question d'Orient</a> [Europe and Young Turkey: The new aspects of the Eastern Question] (in French). Perrin et cie. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-144-41381-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-144-41381-9"><bdi>978-1-144-41381-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222516/https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA411">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>On a dit souvent de la Bulgarie qu'elle est la Prusse des Balkans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+et+la+Jeune+Turquie%3A+Les+Aspects+Nouveaux+de+la+Question+d%27Orient&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Perrin+et+cie&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1-144-41381-9&rft.aulast=Pinon&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxL9DAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerWood1996" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C; Wood, Laura (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA173">The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0399-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-0399-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222516/https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0399-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C&rft.au=Wood%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHI3PCjDtsUC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadberryKlein2008" class="citation web cs1">Broadberry, Stephen; Klein, Alexander (8 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622094503/http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf">"Aggregate and Per Capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, Regional and National Data with Changing Boundaries"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">Centre for Economic Policy Research</a>. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aggregate+and+Per+Capita+GDP+in+Europe%2C+1870%E2%80%932000%3A+Continental%2C+Regional+and+National+Data+with+Changing+Boundaries&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Centre+for+Economic+Policy+Research&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft.aulast=Broadberry&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Klein%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.org%2Fmeets%2Fwkcn%2F1%2F1699%2Fpapers%2FBroadberry_Klein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003230916/https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html">"WWI Casualty and Death Tables"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWI+Casualty+and+Death+Tables&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgreatwar%2Fresources%2Fcasdeath_pop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintchev1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mintchev, Veselin (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012418/http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=473FBAEF-623D-4ADA-903A-17241B78BDDB">"External Migration in Bulgaria"</a>. South-East Europe Review (3/99): 124. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=473FBAEF-623D-4ADA-903A-17241B78BDDB">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South-East+Europe+Review&rft.atitle=External+Migration+in+Bulgaria&rft.issue=3%2F99&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Mintchev&rft.aufirst=Veselin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Faspx%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Flogid%3D5%26id%3D473FBAEF-623D-4ADA-903A-17241B78BDDB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenoweth2010" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, Erica (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyD_AmGnu34C&pg=PA129">Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict</a>. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01420-5"><bdi>978-0-262-01420-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222517/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyD_AmGnu34C&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Violence%3A+States+and+Non-State+Actors+in+Conflict&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01420-5&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyD_AmGnu34C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance">Bulgaria in World War II: The Passive Alliance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWartime_Crisis-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWartime_Crisis_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWartime_Crisis">Wartime Crisis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2008" class="citation book cs1">Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA238">Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 238–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932663-1"><bdi>978-0-19-932663-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222517/https://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>When Bulgaria switched sides in September</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+New+Disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=238-240&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932663-1&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8d2409V9tEC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Soviet_Occupation-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Soviet_Occupation_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Soviet_Occupation_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Soviet_Occupation">The Soviet Occupation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale/page/91">91</a>–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=91-151&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3965-0&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalsolutionsma00vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStankova2015" class="citation book cs1">Stankova, Marietta (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7G2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949</a>. Anthem Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-430-2"><bdi>978-1-78308-430-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222517/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7G2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+in+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1943%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-430-2&rft.aulast=Stankova&rft.aufirst=Marietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7G2BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuburger2013" class="citation book cs1">Neuburger, Mary C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7JDJzogCHMC&pg=PA162">Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5084-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-5084-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115222517/https://books.google.com/books?id=E7JDJzogCHMC&pg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Smoke%3A+Tobacco+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Bulgaria&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5084-6&rft.aulast=Neuburger&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7JDJzogCHMC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton2005271-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton2005271_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrampton2005">Crampton 2005</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results">Domestic Policy and Its Results</a>Quote: "real wages increased 75 percent, consumption of meat, fruit, and vegetables increased markedly, medical facilities and doctors became available to more of the population" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfter_Stalin-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfter_Stalin_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfter_Stalin">After Stalin</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Economy-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Economy_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economy">The Economy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_BroadberryAlexander_Klein2011" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Broadberry; Alexander Klein (27 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530083710/http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf">"Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000"</a> (PDF). pp. 23, 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1699/papers/Broadberry_Klein.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aggregate+and+per+capita+GDP+in+Europe%2C+1870%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=23%2C+27&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.au=Stephen+Broadberry&rft.au=Alexander+Klein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.org%2Fmeets%2Fwkcn%2F1%2F1699%2Fpapers%2FBroadberry_Klein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVachkovIvanov2008" class="citation book cs1">Vachkov, Daniel; Ivanov, Martin (2008). Българският външен дълг 1944–1989: Банкрутът на комунистическата икономика [Bulgarian Foreign Debt 1944–1989]. Siela. pp. 103, 153, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9542803072" title="Special:BookSources/978-9542803072"><bdi>978-9542803072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3+1944%E2%80%931989%3A+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=103%2C+153%2C+191&rft.pub=Siela&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9542803072&rft.aulast=Vachkov&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s">The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_the_1980s-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulgaria_in_the_1980s_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulgaria_in_the_1980s">Bulgaria in the 1980s</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohlen1991" class="citation news cs1">Bohlen, Celestine (17 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/17/world/bulgaria-vote-gives-key-role-to-ethnic-turks.html">"Vote Gives Key Role to Ethnic Turks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511235325/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/17/world/bulgaria-vote-gives-key-role-to-ethnic-turks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011. <q>in 1980s ... the Communist leader, Todor Zhivkov, began a campaign of cultural assimilation that forced ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names, closed their mosques and prayer houses and suppressed any attempts at protest. 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Retrieved 13 January 2022. <q>Modern relations between Bulgaria and Russia began about two centuries ago...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+borders%3A+old+ties+pull+Bulgaria+in+two+directions&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frussias-borders-old-ties-pull-bulgaria-in-two-directions-33288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArms_Sales-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArms_Sales_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArms_Sales">Arms Sales</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s">Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-State-195"><a href="#cite_ref-State_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3236.htm">"Bulgaria Factbook"</a>. 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National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051916/http://www.nsi.bg/bg/content/2215/%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%BF-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. 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Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=GDP+per+capita+in+PPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26plugin%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtec00114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00120">"Comparative price levels"</a>. ec.europa.eu/eurostat. 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Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=Comparative+price+levels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26plugin%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtec00120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-224"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2011&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=918&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Bulgaria"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Dir.bg&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnes.dir.bg%2Fikonomika%2Ffirmi-bozhidar-danev-balgarskata-stopanska-kamara-zadalzhenia-12811577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144010">"ITUC Frontlines Report 2012: Section on Bulgaria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020042322/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=144010">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITUC+Frontlines+Report+2012%3A+Section+on+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D144010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/118351/Bulgaria%2C+Romania+Rapped+for+Public+Procurement+Fraud">"Bulgaria, Romania Rapped for Public Procurement Fraud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. 21 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194814/https://www.novinite.com/articles/118351/Bulgaria%2C+Romania+Rapped+for+Public+Procurement+Fraud">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%2C+Romania+Rapped+for+Public+Procurement+Fraud&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F118351%2FBulgaria%252C%2BRomania%2BRapped%2Bfor%2BPublic%2BProcurement%2BFraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_the_Study_of_Democracy2007" class="citation book cs1">Center for the Study of Democracy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgHHCbYKZXoC&pg=PA44">Anti-corruption Reforms in Bulgaria: Key Results and Risks</a>. 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Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%27s+government+faces+no-confidence+vote+over+corruption&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.aulast=Krasimirov&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-bulgaria-government%2Fbulgarias-government-faces-no-confidence-vote-over-corruption-idUSKBN1F61EQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SG1-241"><a href="#cite_ref-SG1_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/21/us-state-dept-criticises-bulgaria-on-prisons-judiciary-corruption-people-trafficking-and-violence-against-minorities/">"US State Dept criticises Bulgaria on prisons, judiciary, corruption, people-trafficking and violence against minorities"</a>. The Sofia Globe. 21 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106135613/https://sofiaglobe.com/2018/04/21/us-state-dept-criticises-bulgaria-on-prisons-judiciary-corruption-people-trafficking-and-violence-against-minorities/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. 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Retrieved 12 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+tops+lavender+oil+production%2C+outpacing+France&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fbulgaria-tops-lavender-oil-production-outpacing-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/apr/20/europe-budget-travel-short-haul-cheap">"Europe (without the euro)"</a>. The Guardian. 20 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031004121/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/apr/20/europe-budget-travel-short-haul-cheap">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2013. 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Retrieved 14 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+2015+Bloomberg+Innovation+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2F2015-innovative-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShopov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shopov, V. (2007). "The impact of the European scientific area on the 'Brain leaking' problem in the Balkan countries". Nauka (1/2007).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nauka&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+European+scientific+area+on+the+%27Brain+leaking%27+problem+in+the+Balkan+countries&rft.issue=1%2F2007&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shopov&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=105044">St. Kliment Ohridski Base.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319060854/https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=105044">Archived</a> 19 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SCAR <a href="/wiki/Composite_Antarctic_Gazetteer" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite Antarctic Gazetteer">Composite Antarctic Gazetteer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Ivanov, Lyubomir (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livingston-island.weebly.com/">General Geography and History of Livingston Island.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708084208/http://livingston-island.weebly.com/">Archived</a> 8 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 17–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-07-3939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-07-3939-7">978-954-07-3939-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2016" class="citation news cs1">Hope, Kerin (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/f9a35122-44f4-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1">"Bulgaria strives to become tech capital of the Balkans"</a>. The Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f9a35122-44f4-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+strives+to+become+tech+capital+of+the+Balkans&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Kerin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Ff9a35122-44f4-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1762498">"Bulgaria's ICT Sector Turnover Trebled over Last Seven Years – Deputy Economy Minister"</a>. Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. 12 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174213/http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1762498">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria%27s+ICT+Sector+Turnover+Trebled+over+Last+Seven+Years+%E2%80%93+Deputy+Economy+Minister&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Telegraph+Agency&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bta.bg%2Fen%2Fc%2FDF%2Fid%2F1762498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullin2003" class="citation web cs1">McMullin, David (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/great-bulgarian-braindrain">"The Great Bulgarian BrainDrain"</a>. Delft Technical University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174215/https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/great-bulgarian-braindrain">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bulgarian+BrainDrain&rft.pub=Delft+Technical+University&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft.aulast=McMullin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delta.tudelft.nl%2Farticle%2Fgreat-bulgarian-braindrain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov2021" class="citation web cs1">Petrov, Victor (30 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logicmag.io/kids/socialist-cyborgs/">"Socialist Cyborgs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917195506/https://logicmag.io/kids/socialist-cyborgs/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialist+Cyborgs&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogicmag.io%2Fkids%2Fsocialist-cyborgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapryanov2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zapryanov, Yoan (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/"><bdi lang="bg">Малката изчислителна армия на България</bdi></a> [Bulgaria's small computing army] (in Bulgarian). Kapital Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174209/https://www.capital.bg/biznes/tehnologii_i_nauka/2018/06/22/3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Kapital+Daily&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Zapryanov&rft.aufirst=Yoan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capital.bg%2Fbiznes%2Ftehnologii_i_nauka%2F2018%2F06%2F22%2F3203630_shum_tok_i_superkompjutri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-2868_en.htm">"Digital Single Market: Europe announces eight sites to host world-class supercomputers"</a>. European Commission. 7 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811230320/https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-2868_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Single+Market%3A+Europe+announces+eight+sites+to+host+world-class+supercomputers&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-19-2868_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interkosmos-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interkosmos_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interkosmos_282-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interkosmos_282-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessVis2016" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Vis, Bert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG__CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247">Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program</a>. Springer. pp. 247–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24161-6"><bdi>978-3-319-24161-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223024/https://books.google.com/books?id=MG__CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interkosmos%3A+The+Eastern+Bloc%27s+Early+Space+Program&rft.pages=247-250&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-24161-6&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Vis%2C+Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG__CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/127387/Cosmonauts+Eager%2C+Hopeful+for+Reboot+of+Bulgaria%27s+Space+Program">"Cosmonauts Eager, Hopeful for Reboot of Bulgaria's Space Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. 17 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055331/https://www.novinite.com/articles/127387/Cosmonauts+Eager%2C+Hopeful+for+Reboot+of+Bulgaria%27s+Space+Program">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmonauts+Eager%2C+Hopeful+for+Reboot+of+Bulgaria%27s+Space+Program&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Farticles%2F127387%2FCosmonauts%2BEager%252C%2BHopeful%2Bfor%2BReboot%2Bof%2BBulgaria%2527s%2BSpace%2BProgram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanova1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanova, Tanya (1998). "Six-month space greenhouse experiments—a step to creation of future biological life support systems". Acta Astronautica. 42 (1–8): 11–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AcAau..42...11I">1998AcAau..42...11I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-5765%2898%2900102-7">10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00102-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11541596">11541596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Six-month+space+greenhouse+experiments%E2%80%94a+step+to+creation+of+future+biological+life+support+systems&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%E2%80%938&rft.pages=11-23&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11541596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-5765%2898%2900102-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AcAau..42...11I&rft.aulast=Ivanova&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RESS-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RESS_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RESS_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlandUlivi2009" class="citation book cs1">Harland, David M.; Ulivi, Paolo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZyaAAVwg5QC&pg=PA155">Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 2: Hiatus and Renewal, 1983–1996</a>. Springer. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-78904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-78904-0"><bdi>978-0-387-78904-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223025/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZyaAAVwg5QC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robotic+Exploration+of+the+Solar+System%3A+Part+2%3A+Hiatus+and+Renewal%2C+1983%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-78904-0&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Ulivi%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZyaAAVwg5QC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova2008" class="citation book cs1">Dimitrova, Milena (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqJ6Ocql0XIC&pg=PA257">Златните десятилетия на българската електроника</a> [The Golden Decades of Bulgarian Electronics]. Trud. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789545288456" title="Special:BookSources/9789545288456"><bdi>9789545288456</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223025/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqJ6Ocql0XIC&pg=PA257">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=Trud&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789545288456&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqJ6Ocql0XIC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadescuZacny2015" class="citation book cs1">Badescu, Viorel; Zacny, Kris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrAYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Inner Solar System: Prospective Energy and Material Resources</a>. Springer. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-19568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-19568-1"><bdi>978-3-319-19568-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223025/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrAYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mon.bg/english/high/system_educ.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+Education+System+in+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Youth+and+Science+of+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mon.bg%2Fenglish%2Fhigh%2Fsystem_educ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/BG/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats">"Bulgaria: University Ranking"</a>. Times Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906013321/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2018/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/BG/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%3A+University+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2018%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Flocations%2FBG%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/where-to-study/study-in-bulgaria">"Study in Bulgaria"</a>. Times Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520203048/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/where-to-study/study-in-bulgaria">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Study+in+Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fstudent%2Fwhere-to-study%2Fstudy-in-bulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNSI_Census_data2011">NSI Census data 2011</a>, p. 5 In the 2011 census, the language question was optional and it was answered by 90.2% of those surveyed. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> "The introduction of the definite article, which appears in the form of a suffix, and the almost total disappearance of the ancient declensions, for which the use of prepositions has been substituted, distinguish the Bulgarian from all the other members of the Slavonic family" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourchier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_David_Bourchier" title="James David Bourchier">Bourchier, James</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bulgaria/Language">"Bulgaria/Language" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 784–785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%2FLanguage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=784-785&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bourchier&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210221600/http://www.parliament.bg/en/const">"The Bulgarian Constitution"</a>. Parliament of Bulgaria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.bg/en/const">the original</a> on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Constitution&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.bg%2Fen%2Fconst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiminas2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiminas, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&q=927&pg=PA15">The Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>. Wildside Press LLC. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-5876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-5876-6"><bdi>978-1-4344-5876-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223027/https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&q=927&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-5876-6&rft.aulast=Kiminas&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLWqXrW2X-8C%26q%3D927%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2007" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Joaquim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA258">Religion and power in Europe: conflict and convergence</a>. Pisa University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-464-3"><bdi>978-88-8492-464-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223058/https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA258">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+power+in+Europe%3A+conflict+and+convergence&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-464-3&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjR98-Ata0CkC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bulgarian-Orthodox-Church">"Bulgarian Orthodox Church"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008111434/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84219/Bulgarian-Orthodox-Church">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Orthodox+Church&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBulgarian-Orthodox-Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145515/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/bulgarias-muslims-not-deeply-religious-study-8817">"Bulgaria's Muslims not deeply religious: study"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 9 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/bulgarias-muslims-not-deeply-religious-study-8817">the original</a> on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%27s+Muslims+not+deeply+religious%3A+study&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fbulgarias-muslims-not-deeply-religious-study-8817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Bulgaria-Table-2.png">"Religious demography in the censuses of 1887, 1905, 1926, 1946, 1992, 2001 and 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618024142/https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Bulgaria-Table-2.png">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+demography+in+the+censuses+of+1887%2C+1905%2C+1926%2C+1946%2C+1992%2C+2001+and+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpc.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2FBulgaria-Table-2.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm">"2001 Census: Population by districts and religious groups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092046/http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census%3A+Population+by+districts+and+religious+groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsi.bg%2FCensus_e%2FCensus_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx">"Преброяване 2011: Население по местоживеене, възраст и вероизповедание"</a> [2011 Census: Population by place of residence, age and religion]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303153448/http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+2011%3A+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusresults.nsi.bg%2FCensus%2FReports%2F2%2F2%2FR10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstaff2022" class="citation web cs1">staff, The Sofia Globe (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2022/11/24/census-2021-close-to-72-of-bulgarians-say-they-are-christians/">"Census 2021: Close to 72% of Bulgarians say they are Christians"</a>. The Sofia Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215230746/https://sofiaglobe.com/2022/11/24/census-2021-close-to-72-of-bulgarians-say-they-are-christians/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sofia+Globe&rft.atitle=Census+2021%3A+Close+to+72%25+of+Bulgarians+say+they+are+Christians&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=staff&rft.aufirst=The+Sofia+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsofiaglobe.com%2F2022%2F11%2F24%2Fcensus-2021-close-to-72-of-bulgarians-say-they-are-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infostat2-355"><a href="#cite_ref-Infostat2_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Statistical_Institute2022" class="citation web cs1">National Statistical Institute (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infostat.nsi.bg/infostat/pages/reports/result.jsf?x_2=2001">"Population by Religious Denomination, Statistical Regions and Districts as of 07/09/2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021045402/https://infostat.nsi.bg/infostat/pages/reports/result.jsf?x_2=2001">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+Religious+Denomination%2C+Statistical+Regions+and+Districts+as+of+07%2F09%2F2021&rft.date=2022&rft.au=National+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfostat.nsi.bg%2Finfostat%2Fpages%2Freports%2Fresult.jsf%3Fx_2%3D2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_life-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_life_356-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bell, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-arts">"Bulgaria – The arts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 July 2018. <q>The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed. ... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country ... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best-known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+The+arts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199864–70-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermott199864–70_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDermott1998">MacDermott 1998</a>, pp. 64–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreed2011" class="citation book cs1">Creed, Gerald W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilhCTCHKCAQC&pg=PA2">Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22261-9"><bdi>978-0-253-22261-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223028/https://books.google.com/books?id=ilhCTCHKCAQC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masquerade+and+Postsocialism%3A+Ritual+and+Cultural+Dispossession+in+Bulgaria&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22261-9&rft.aulast=Creed&rft.aufirst=Gerald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DilhCTCHKCAQC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/179851-the-bulgarian-tradition-of-martenitsa">"The Bulgarian Tradition of Martenitsa"</a>. Bulgarian National Television. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Tradition+of+Martenitsa&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Television&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnt.bg%2Fen%2Fa%2F179851-the-bulgarian-tradition-of-martenitsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDermott1998226-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDermott1998226_360-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDermott1998">MacDermott 1998</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191">"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nestinarstvo%2C+messages+from+the+past%3A+the+Panagyr+of+Saints+Constantine+and+Helena+in+the+village+of+Bulgari&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fnestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bg">"Bulgaria – Profile"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+Profile&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fbg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBLiterature-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBLiterature_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLiterature_363-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLiterature_363-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLiterature_363-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLiterature_363-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisby" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brisby, Liliana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Bulgarian-literature">"Bulgarian Literature"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Brisby&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FBulgarian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiatzidis2002" class="citation book cs1">Giatzidis, Emil (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUVgsK_GfxYC&pg=PA11">An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformation</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6094-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6094-6</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+post-Communist+Bulgaria%3A+Political%2C+Economic+and+Social+Transformation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6094-6&rft.aulast=Giatzidis&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUVgsK_GfxYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiha1964" class="citation book cs1">Riha, Thomas (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bkddxc600IC&pg=PA214">Readings in Russian Civilization</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6094-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6094-6</bdi></a>. <q>And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Russian+Civilization&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6094-6&rft.aulast=Riha&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bkddxc600IC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1963" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, William Hardy (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RsPrzrsAvoC&pg=PA49">The Rise of the West</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-112-69531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-112-69531-5"><bdi>978-1-112-69531-5</bdi></a>. <q>Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity (after 865), bringing massive Slavic-speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+West&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-112-69531-5&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_RsPrzrsAvoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=PA221">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIAYMNOOe0YC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=94265">"French-Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a>. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French-Bulgarian+Theorist+Tzvetan+Todorov+Wins+Top+Spanish+Award&rft.pub=Novinite&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D94265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lorenz, Dagmar C.G. (17 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=725">"Elias Canetti"</a>. The Literary Encyclopedia. Vol. 1.4.1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-678X">1747-678X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elias+Canetti&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2004-04-17&rft.issn=1747-678X&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Dagmar+C.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fspeople.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar1928" class="citation book cs1">Grabar, André (1928). La Peinture Religieuse en Bulgarie [Religious Visual Arts in Bulgaria]. P. Geuthner. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Peinture+Religieuse+en+Bulgarie&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005ZI4OV8">B005ZI4OV8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremenliev1952" class="citation book cs1">Kremenliev, Boris A. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOOfVFJWMLIC-zcC&pg=PA52">Bulgarian-Macedonian Folk Music</a>. University of California Press. p. 52. <q>Bulgaria's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. ... first, Oriental scales; second, church modes: the osmoglasie ... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe. ... Among the scales which have come to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian-Macedonian+Folk+Music&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Kremenliev&rft.aufirst=Boris+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOOfVFJWMLIC-zcC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/32nd-annual-grammy-awards">"32nd Grammy Awards Winners"</a>. Grammy Awards. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=32nd+Grammy+Awards+Winners&rft.pub=Grammy+Awards&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fgrammys%2Fawards%2F32nd-annual-grammy-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1976" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgariansfrompa00lang/page/145">The Bulgarians: From Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgariansfrompa00lang/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-530-5"><bdi>978-0-89158-530-5</bdi></a>. <q>John Kukuzel, the eminent Bulgarian/born reformer of Byzantine music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarians%3A+From+Pagan+Times+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-89158-530-5&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulgariansfrompa00lang%2Fpage%2F145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzvetkova2011" class="citation web cs1">Tzvetkova, Elena (25 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623132141/http://bnr.bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx">"The 2011/2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House"</a>. Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnr.bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx">the original</a> on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2011%2F2012+season+of+the+National+Opera+and+Ballet+House&rft.pub=Bulgarian+National+Radio&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Tzvetkova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fsites%2Fen%2FMusic%2FPages%2F2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491905/Ghena-Dimitrova.html">"Obituary: Ghena Dimitrova"</a>. The Telegraph. 13 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491905/Ghena-Dimitrova.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Ghena+Dimitrova&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1491905%2FGhena-Dimitrova.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1993" class="citation news cs1">Forbes, Elizabeth (29 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-boris-christoff-1494547.html">"Obituary: Boris Christoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Boris+Christoff&rft.date=1993-06-29&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-boris-christoff-1494547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1996" class="citation news cs1">Forbes, Elizabeth (9 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ljuba-welitsch-5601321.html">"Obituary: Ljuba Welitsch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0013)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting&rft.btitle=Chapter+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0013%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_First_Golden_Age" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073705/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0016%29">"The First Golden Age"</a>. Chapter 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0016)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Golden+Age&rft.btitle=Chapter+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0016%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Final_Move_to_Independence" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920110429/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0032%29">"The Final Move to Independence"</a>. The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0032)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Final+Move+to+Independence&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Independence+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0032%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073337/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0033%29">"San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence"</a>. The Bulgarian Independence Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0033)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=San+Stefano%2C+Berlin%2C+and+Independence&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Independence+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0033%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921072906/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0052%29">"Bulgaria in World War II: The Passive Alliance"</a>. World War II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0052)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Passive+Alliance&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0052%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWartime_Crisis" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920105850/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0053%29">"Wartime Crisis"</a>. World War II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0053)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wartime+Crisis&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0053%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Soviet_Occupation" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073515/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0054%29">"The Soviet Occupation"</a>. World War II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0054)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Occupation&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0054%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfter_Stalin" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920111401/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0059%29">"After Stalin"</a>. Communist Consolidation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0059)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=After+Stalin&rft.btitle=Communist+Consolidation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0059%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920111524/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0062%29">"Domestic Policy and Its Results"</a>. Communist Consolidation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0062)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Domestic+Policy+and+Its+Results&rft.btitle=Communist+Consolidation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0062%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073626/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0066%29">"Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s"</a>. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0066)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Affairs+in+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.btitle=The+Zhivkov+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0066%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920111029/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0068%29">"The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s"</a>. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0068)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Atmosphere+in+the+1970s&rft.btitle=The+Zhivkov+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0068%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulgaria_in_the_1980s" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920111641/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0069%29">"Bulgaria in the 1980s"</a>. The Zhivkov Era. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0069)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+in+the+1980s&rft.btitle=The+Zhivkov+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0069%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopography" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073600/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0072%29">"Topography"</a>. The Society and its Environment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0072)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Topography&rft.btitle=The+Society+and+its+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0072%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimate" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073232/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0074%29">"Climate"</a>. The Society and its Environment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0074)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate&rft.btitle=The+Society+and+its+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0074%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Economy" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920110820/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0102%29">"The Economy"</a>. Chapter 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0102)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Economy&rft.btitle=Chapter+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0102%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResource_Base" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920111053/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0103%29">"Resource Base"</a>. The Economy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0103)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resource+Base&rft.btitle=The+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0103%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_and_Politics" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073159/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0149%29">"Government and Politics"</a>. Chapter 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0149)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Government+and+Politics&rft.btitle=Chapter+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0149%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArms_Sales" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920110247/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0225%29">"Arms Sales"</a>. National Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0225)">the original</a> on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arms+Sales&rft.btitle=National+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0225%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitary_Personnel" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921073623/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bg0216%29">"Military Personnel"</a>. National Security. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bg0216)">the original</a> on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Personnel&rft.btitle=National+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bbg0216%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen R.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostintransition00ghod">Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5102-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-5102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+in+Transition%3A+Ethnographies+of+Everyday+Life+After+Communism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5102-3&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostintransition00ghod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen R.</a> (2009). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B015X41JMA">B015X41JMA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Lives+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+Gender%2C+Ethnicity+and+the+Transformation+of+Islam+in+Postsocialist+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB015X41JMA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen R.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redrivieragender0000ghod">The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3662-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3662-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-3662-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Riviera%3A+Gender%2C+Tourism+and+Postsocialism+on+the+Black+Sea&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3662-4&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredrivieragender0000ghod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12545004">An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2"><bdi>978-3-447-03274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples%3A+Ethnogenesis+and+State+Formation+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03274-2&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12545004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogan1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grogan, Elinor F. B. (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bulgaria">"Bulgaria" </a>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=Elinor+F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermott1998" class="citation book cs1">MacDermott, Mercia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC">Bulgarian Folk Customs</a>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 19, 64–70, 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85302-486-3"><bdi>978-1-85302-486-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Folk+Customs&rft.pages=19%2C+64-70%2C+226&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85302-486-3&rft.aulast=MacDermott&rft.aufirst=Mercia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgh4IE6toGJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoisman2011" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonchevKarakashev2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004). Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria) (in Bulgarian). София (<a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>): Ciela. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-649-717-7" title="Special:BookSources/954-649-717-7"><bdi>954-649-717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Topics+on+Physical+and+Social-Economic+Geography+of+Bulgaria%29&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28Sofia%29&rft.pub=Ciela&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=954-649-717-7&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Donchev%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE+%28Doncho%29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2+%28Karakashev%29%2C+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%28Hristo%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulgaria" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bulgaria at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bulgaria">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="c:България">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bulgaria">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="q:Bulgaria">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bulgaria">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bulgaria">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bulgaria">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bulgaria">Wikimedia Atlas of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/186382">Bulgaria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bulgaria">Bulgaria Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.bg/">President of The Republic of Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulgaria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template talk:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulgaria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1990">Bulgaria since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Black Sea coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Bulgaria" title="List of earthquakes in Bulgaria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bulgaria" title="List of islands of Bulgaria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bulgaria" title="List of rivers of Bulgaria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bulgaria" title="List of villages in Bulgaria">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bulgaria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bulgaria" title="Law of Bulgaria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_(Bulgaria)" title="Chief of the Defence (Bulgaria)">Chief of the Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bulgaria" title="List of political parties in Bulgaria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bulgaria" title="Agriculture in Bulgaria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_about_the_economy_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistics about the economy of Bulgaria">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Bulgaria" title="Industry of Bulgaria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Lev (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bulgaria" title="Science and technology in Bulgaria">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bulgaria" title="Tourism in Bulgaria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Society of Bulgaria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bulgaria" title="Crime in Bulgaria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bulgaria" title="Mass media in Bulgaria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_customs" title="Bulgarian customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bulgaria" title="Outline of Bulgaria">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria" title="Category:Bulgaria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consultative_Parties_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consultative_Parties_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Template:Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consultative_Parties_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Template talk:Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consultative_Parties_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consultative_Parties_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consultative Parties to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China (PRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Armenia_to_BSEC" title="Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123254108">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404116342">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157021581">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212489/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpchw6DBGRjKHQRDryVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008866-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81032254">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118661130">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152384794">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118661130">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152384794">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561080">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35734063">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128857&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451182">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/309378">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90661486">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=2562">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202013793">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8b9p1g14q9h82">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611947405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/16795">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555052005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616089106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/114c14ad-9776-34e9-81b0-6299507f3771">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12139121?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/755c906f-10f7-41d8-acf0-a7eed7393e99">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/uwksoo7L">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02725058X">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026408503">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003350">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045352">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36709">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bulgaristan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&oldid=1257473486">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria&oldid=1257473486</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria" title="Category:Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_countries" 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[\"CITEREFBroadberryKlein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce-Gardyne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunwasser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuddell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulgaria_in_World_War_II:_The_Passive_Alliance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulgaria_in_the_1980s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgessVis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvalho2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCastle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenter_for_the_Study_of_Democracy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenoweth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClimate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreed2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtisMitovaMarstellerSoper1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDachevDimitrovTomovMatviichuk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenchev\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenizova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimitrova2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomestic_Policy_and_Its_Results\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonchevKarakashev2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFewlassHTalamoS2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Affairs_in_the_1960s_and_1970s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFouracreMcKitterickReuterAbulafia1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagarin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgievaSalchev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiatzidis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_and_Politics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabar1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrande2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenslade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrogan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuineva2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuineva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarizanova2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlandUlivi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkesworth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorical_Setting\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHope2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHublinJSirakovN2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanova1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJireček1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiminas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantinova2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozinn1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasimirov2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKremenliev1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDermott1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Roser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMullin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMidgette2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihaylov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilitary_Personnel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinkov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintchev1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudeva2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNSI_Brochure2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNSI_Census_data2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNSI_Census_data2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Statistical_Institute2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNeuburger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO_Hogain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrogorsky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalowski2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlowitch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetkova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrov2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinon1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProdanov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResource_Base\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiha1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsThornton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoblin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoisman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothLauth_Bacas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoudometofRobertson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Stefano,_Berlin_and_Independence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScylitzae1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemkovaDachev2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShopov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingletonFred1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanchev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStankova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_BroadberryAlexander_Klein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Final_Move_to_Independence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_First_Golden_Age\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Political_Atmosphere_in_the_1970s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Soviet_Occupation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillierSirakovGuadelliFernandez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopography\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsolova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsolova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerWood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzvetkova2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVachkovIvanov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlasto1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWartime_Crisis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZankina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapryanov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZlatarski1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Laet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFstaff2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulgaria topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 193,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest cities of Bulgaria\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Members of the European Union (EU)\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 3,\n [\"Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 68,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","220","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","5.1"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","3.8"],["(for generator)","120","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.8"],["[others]","1060","34.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xn2z5","timestamp":"20241123090016","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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