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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_papilloma_virus_(HPV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human papilloma virus (HPV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_papilloma_virus_(HPV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatitis_B_virus_(HBV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatitis_B_virus_(HBV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hepatitis B virus (HBV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatitis_B_virus_(HBV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epstein-Barr_virus_(EBV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epstein-Barr_virus_(EBV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epstein-Barr_virus_(EBV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyomavirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyomavirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Polyomavirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyomavirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_relevance_of_inflammation_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_relevance_of_inflammation_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical relevance of inflammation response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_relevance_of_inflammation_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_heart_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_heart_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Role in heart health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_heart_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_immunotherapy_target" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_immunotherapy_target"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>As an immunotherapy target</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_an_immunotherapy_target-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As an immunotherapy target subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_an_immunotherapy_target-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TLR9_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TLR9_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>TLR9 agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TLR9_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Protein interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Toll-like receptor 9</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="fa" data-title="TLR9" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR9" title="TLR9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="TLR9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR9" title="TLR9 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TLR9" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR9" title="TLR9 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="TLR9" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_9" title="Толл-подобный рецептор 9 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Толл-подобный рецептор 9" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR9" title="TLR9 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="TLR9" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR9" title="TLR9 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TLR9" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=TLR9&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR9">TLR9</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein found in humans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">TLR9</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/15633">TLR9</a></span>, CD289, toll like receptor 9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/605474">605474</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1932389">1932389</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=68126">68126</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TLR9">TLR9</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000239732">TLR9 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 3 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 3 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 3 (human)">Chromosome 3 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 3 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 3 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 72.063281600195px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for TLR9"><img alt="Genomic location for TLR9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 78.1px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for TLR9"><img alt="Genomic location for TLR9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">3p21.2</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">52,221,080 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">52,225,645 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 9 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 245.07614622549px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for TLR9"><img alt="Genomic location for TLR9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 251.1px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for TLR9"><img alt="Genomic location for TLR9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">9|9 F1</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">106,099,797 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">106,104,082 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000239732">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">blood</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lymph node</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">bone marrow cells</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spleen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">monocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cerebellar hemisphere</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right hemisphere of cerebellum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastrocnemius muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skeletal muscle tissue</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000045322">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">zygote</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastrula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">secondary oocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">morula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">sternocleidomastoid muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">spleen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">digastric muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">temporal muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thymus</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000239732">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035197">siRNA binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005149">interleukin-1 receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004888">transmembrane signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016303">1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042803">protein homodimerization activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045322">unmethylated CpG binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038187">pattern recognition receptor activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005768">endosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005789">endoplasmic reticulum membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032009">early phagosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000139">Golgi membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016323">basolateral plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016324">apical plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005783">endoplasmic reticulum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045335">phagocytic vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0036020">endolysosome membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005764">lysosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010008">endosome membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031410">cytoplasmic vesicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0036019">endolysosome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032741">positive regulation of interleukin-18 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034123">positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050729">positive regulation of inflammatory response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032735">positive regulation of interleukin-12 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007409">axonogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032733">positive regulation of interleukin-10 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002376">immune system process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043507">positive regulation of JUN kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032715">negative regulation of interleukin-6 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007252">I-kappaB phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046330">positive regulation of JNK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051770">positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002755">MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032717">negative regulation of interleukin-8 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628">positive regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901895">negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034122">negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042742">defense response to bacterium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030277">maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032725">positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051092">positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032757">positive regulation of interleukin-8 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032755">positive regulation of interleukin-6 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032760">positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043123">positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032722">positive regulation of chemokine production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032640">tumor necrosis factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034162">toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045087">innate immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006954">inflammatory response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002237">response to molecule of bacterial origin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032088">negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045944">positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032728">positive regulation of interferon-beta production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002224">toll-like receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0036092">phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002639">positive regulation of immunoglobulin production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030890">positive regulation of B cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034163">regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043410">positive regulation of MAPK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045577">regulation of B cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050871">positive regulation of B cell activation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901224">positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006955">immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007249">I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051607">defense response to virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=54106&rn=1">54106</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=81897&rn=1">81897</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000239732;db=core">ENSG00000239732</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000045322;db=core">ENSMUSG00000045322</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NR96">Q9NR96</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9EQU3">Q9EQU3</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_138688">NM_138688</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_017442">NM_017442</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_031178">NM_031178</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_059138">NP_059138</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_112455">NP_112455</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr3:52221080-52225645">Chr 3: 52.22 – 52.23 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr9:106099797-106104082">Chr 9: 106.1 – 106.1 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15332550" class="extiw" title="d:Q15332550">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15332554" class="extiw" title="d:Q15332554">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Toll-like receptor 9</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>TLR9</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 has also been designated as <b>CD289</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiation" title="Cluster of differentiation">cluster of differentiation</a> 289). It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">toll-like receptor</a> (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expressed in immune system cells including <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen presenting cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 is expressed on <a href="/wiki/Endosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosomes">endosomes</a> internalized from the plasma membrane, binds DNA (preferentially DNA containing unmethylated <a href="/wiki/CpG_Oligodeoxynucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide">CpGs</a> of bacterial or viral origin), and triggers signaling cascades that lead to a pro-inflammatory cytokine response.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Notley_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notley_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cancer, infection, and tissue damage can all modulate TLR9 expression and activation.<sup id="cite_ref-Notley_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notley_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gene-TLR9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gene-TLR9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dias_2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dias_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Omiya_2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omiya_2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 is also an important factor in autoimmune diseases, and there is active research into synthetic TLR9 agonists and antagonists that help regulate autoimmune inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peng_2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immunity</a>. TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the <i>Drosophila</i> transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs are transmembrane proteins, expressed on the cell surface and the endocytic compartment and recognize <a href="/wiki/Pathogen-associated_molecular_pattern" title="Pathogen-associated molecular pattern">pathogen-associated molecular patterns</a> (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents and initiate signaling to induce production of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> necessary for the innate immunity and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immunity</a>. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-gene-TLR9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gene-TLR9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This gene is preferentially expressed in immune cell rich tissues, such as <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_blood_leukocyte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripheral blood leukocyte (page does not exist)">peripheral blood leukocytes</a>. Studies in mice and humans indicate that this receptor mediates cellular response to <a href="/wiki/CpG_Oligodeoxynucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide">unmethylated CpG dinucleotides</a> in bacterial DNA to mount an innate immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-gene-TLR9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gene-TLR9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TLR9 is usually activated by unmethylated <a href="/wiki/CpG_Oligodeoxynucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide">CpG sequences</a> in DNA molecules. Once activated, TLR9 moves from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, where it interacts with MyD88, the primary protein in its signaling pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 is cleaved at this stage to avoid whole protein expression on cell surface, which could lead to autoimmunity.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CpG sites are relatively rare (~1%) on vertebrate genomes in comparison to bacterial genomes or viral DNA. TLR9 is expressed by numerous cells of the immune system such as <a href="/wiki/B_lymphocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="B lymphocyte">B lymphocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer (NK) cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keratinocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinocytes">keratinocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanocytes">melanocytes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell" title="Plasmacytoid dendritic cell">plasmacytoid dendritic cells</a>. TLR9 is expressed intracellularly, within the endosomal compartments and functions to alert the immune system of viral and bacterial infections by binding to DNA rich in CpG motifs. TLR9 signals leads to activation of the cells initiating pro-inflammatory reactions that result in the production of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">type-I interferon</a>, IL-6, TNF and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also recent evidence that TLR9 can recognize nucleotides other than unmethylated CpG present in bacterial or viral genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 has been shown to recognized DNA:RNA hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-Rigby2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rigby2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_non-viral_cancer">Role in non-viral cancer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in non-viral cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TLR9 expression progression during cancer varies greatly with the type of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 may even present an exciting new marker for many cancer types. Breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma have both been shown to diminish expression of TLR9. In these cases higher levels correspond with better outcomes. Conversely studies have shown higher levels of TLR9 expression in breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients, and poor prognosis is associated with higher TLR9 expression in prostate cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer and glioma have also been shown to up-regulate the expression of TLR9. While these results are highly variable, it is clear that TLR9 expression increases the capacity for invasion and proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether cancer induces modification of TLR9 expression or TLR9 expression hastens the onset of cancer is unclear, but many of the mechanisms that regulate cancer development also play a role in TLR9 expression. DNA damage and the p53 pathway influence TLR9 expression, and the hypoxic environment of tumor cells certainly induces expression of TLR9, further increases proliferation ability of the cancerous cells. Cellular stress has also been shown to relate to TLR9 expression. It is possible that cancer and TLR9 have a feed-forward relationship, where the occurrence of one leads to the up-regulation of the other. Many viruses take advantage of this relationship by inducing certain TLR9 expression patterns to first infect the cell (down-regulate) then trigger the onset of cancer (up-regulate). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expression_in_oncogenic_viral_infection">Expression in oncogenic viral infection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expression in oncogenic viral infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_papilloma_virus_(HPV)"><span id="Human_papilloma_virus_.28HPV.29"></span>Human papilloma virus (HPV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human papilloma virus (HPV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human papilloma virus is a common and widespread disease that, if left untreated, can lead to epithelial lesions and cervical cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HPV infection inhibits the expression of TLR9 in keratinocytes, abolishing the production of IL-8. However inhibition of TLR9 by oncogenic viruses is temporary, and patients with long-lasting HPV actually show higher levels of TLR9 expression in cervical cells. In fact, the increase in expression is so severe that TLR9 could be used as a biomarker for cervical cancer. The relationship between HPV-induced epithelial lesion, cancer progression, and TLR9 expression is still under investigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hepatitis_B_virus_(HBV)"><span id="Hepatitis_B_virus_.28HBV.29"></span>Hepatitis B virus (HBV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hepatitis B virus down-regulates the expression of TLR9 in pDCs and B cells, destroying the production of IFNα and IL-6.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, just as in HPV, as the disease progresses TLR9 expression is up-regulated. HBV induces an oncogenic transformation, which leads to a hypoxic cellular environment. This environment causes the release of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>, which has CpG regions that can bind to TLR9. This induces over-expression of TLR9 in tumor cells, contrary to the inhibitory early stages of infection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epstein-Barr_virus_(EBV)"><span id="Epstein-Barr_virus_.28EBV.29"></span>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epstein-Barr virus, like other oncogenic viruses, decreases the expression of TLR9 in B cells, diminishing production of TNF and IL-6.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EBV has been reported to alter expression of TLR9 at the transcription, translation, and protein level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyomavirus">Polyomavirus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polyomavirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viruses of the polyomavirus family destroy expression of TLR9 in keratinocytes, inhibiting the release of IL-6 and IL-8.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Campos_2017_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Campos_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expression is regulated at the promoter, where antigen proteins inhibit transcription. Similar to HPV and HBV infection, TLR9 expression increases as the disease progresses, probably due to the hypoxic nature of the solid tumor environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_relevance_of_inflammation_response">Clinical relevance of inflammation response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical relevance of inflammation response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TLR9 has been identified as a major player in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).<sup id="cite_ref-Dias_2016_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dias_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_2006_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of TLR9 exacerbates progression of SLE, and leads to increased activation of dendritic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_2006_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen_2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 also controls the release of IgA and IFN-a in SLE, and loss of the receptor leads to higher levels of both molecules. In SLE, TLR9 and TLR7 have opposing effects. TLR9 regulates inflammatory response, while TLR7 promotes inflammatory response. TLR9 has an opposite effect in ENL.<sup id="cite_ref-Dias_2016_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dias_2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TLR9 is expressed at high levels on monocytes of ENL patients, and is positively linked to the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β. TLR9 agonists and antagonists may be useful in treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions, and research in this area is active. Autoimmune thyroid diseases have also been shown to correlate with an increase in expression of TLR9 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).<sup id="cite_ref-Peng_2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases also have higher levels of the nuclear protein HMGB1 and RAGE protein, which together act as a ligand for TLR9. HMGB1 is released from lysed or damaged cells. HMGB1-DNA complex then binds to RAGE, and activates TLR9. TLR9 can work through MyD88, an adaptor molecule that increases the expression of NF-κB. However autoimmune thyroid diseases also increase sensitivity of MyD88 independent pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Peng_2016_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peng_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pathways ultimately leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in PMBCs for patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmune diseases can also be triggered by activated cells undergoing apoptosis and being engulfed by antigen-presenting cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Notley_2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notley_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activation of cells leads to de-methylation, which exposes CpG regions of host DNA, allowing an inflammatory response to be activated through TLR9.<sup id="cite_ref-Notley_2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notley_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is possible that TLR9 also recognizes unmethylated DNA, TLR9 undoubtedly has a role in phagocytosis-induced autoimmunity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_heart_health">Role in heart health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in heart health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inflammatory responses mediated by TLR9 pathways can be activated by unmethylated CpG sequences that exist within human mitochondrial DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, damaged mitochondria are digested via autophagy in cardiomyocytes, and mitochondrial DNA is digested by the enzyme DNase II. However, mitochondria that escape digestion via the lysosome/autophagy pathway can activate TLR9-induced inflammation via the NF-κB pathway. TLR9 expression in hearts with pressure overload leads to increased inflammation due to damaged mitochondria and activation of the CpG binding site on TLR9. </p><p>There is evidence that TLR9 may play a role in heart health for individuals who have already suffered a myocardial infarction.<sup id="cite_ref-Omiya_2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omiya_2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In murine trials, TLR9-deficient mice had less myofibroblast proliferation, meaning cardiac muscle recovery is connected to TLR9 expression. Furthermore, class B CpG sequences induce proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts via the NF-κB pathway, the same pathway that initiates pro-inflammatory reactions in the immune responses. TLR9 shows specific activity in post-heart attack fibroblasts, inducing them to differentiate into myofibroblasts and speed repair of left ventricle tissue. In contrast to pre-myocardial infarction, cardiomyocytes in recovering hearts do not induce an inflammation response via TLR9/NF-κB pathway. Instead, the pathway leads to proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_memory">Role in memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Role in memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memories</a> arise when <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampal</a> neurons respond to information, and a subset of these neurons assemble into a microcircuit representing the memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Jovasevic2024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jovasevic2024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process appears to often involve activation of TLR9 signalling associated with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Centrosome" title="Centrosome">centrosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA damage repair</a> complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jovasevic2024_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jovasevic2024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_an_immunotherapy_target">As an immunotherapy target</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As an immunotherapy target"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are new <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunomodulatory treatments</a> undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17607014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17607014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immunostimulation against cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson_2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immunostimulation against pathogens, and as <a href="/wiki/Adjuvants" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvants">adjuvants</a> in vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16818369_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16818369-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TLR9_agonists">TLR9 agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: TLR9 agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lefitolimod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lefitolimod (page does not exist)">Lefitolimod</a> (MGN1703) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Ipilimumab" title="Ipilimumab">ipilimumab</a> (Yervoy) has started clinical trials to treat patients with advanced solid malignancies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ongoing studies are investigating <a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-101 (page does not exist)">SD-101</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">pembrolizumab</a> (Keytruda), an anti-PD-1 therapy developed by Merck.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Phase 1/2 trial is ongoing with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilsotolimod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilsotolimod (page does not exist)">tilsotolimod</a> (IMO-2125) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Ipilimumab" title="Ipilimumab">ipilimumab</a>, an anti-CTLA-4 therapy developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb in anti-PD-1 refractory melanoma patients.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FDA also granted <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast track designation">fast track designation</a> for tilsotolimod in combination with ipilimumab for treatment of PD-1 refractory metastatic melanoma.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A phase 3 global trial (NCT03445533) in the same population began in 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_interactions">Protein interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Protein interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>TLR9 has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with <a href="/wiki/RNF216" title="RNF216">RNF216</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15107846_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15107846-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">Epidermal growth factor receptor</a> (EGFR) is constitutively bound to TLR9.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It can be activated by <a href="/wiki/CpG_Oligodeoxynucleotide" class="mw-redirect" title="CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide">CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Agatolimod" title="Agatolimod">Agatolimod</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000239732">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000239732</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000045322">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045322</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome 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"Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors". <i>Nature Immunology</i>. <b>5</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">495–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fni1066">10.1038/ni1066</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15107846">15107846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39773935">39773935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Immunology&rft.atitle=Triad3A%2C+an+E3+ubiquitin-protein+ligase+regulating+Toll-like+receptors&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39773935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15107846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fni1066&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=TH&rft.au=Ulevitch%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll-like+receptor+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeleeparambilPoddarAbdulkhalekKessler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Veleeparambil M, Poddar D, Abdulkhalek S, Kessler PM, Yamashita M, Chattopadhyay S, et al. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893352">"Constitutively Bound EGFR-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of TLR9 Is Required for Its Ability To Signal"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. <b>200</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2809–</span>2818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1700691">10.4049/jimmunol.1700691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5893352">5893352</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29531172">29531172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=Constitutively+Bound+EGFR-Mediated+Tyrosine+Phosphorylation+of+TLR9+Is+Required+for+Its+Ability+To+Signal&rft.volume=200&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2809-%3C%2Fspan%3E2818&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5893352%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29531172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4049%2Fjimmunol.1700691&rft.aulast=Veleeparambil&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Poddar%2C+D&rft.au=Abdulkhalek%2C+S&rft.au=Kessler%2C+PM&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+M&rft.au=Chattopadhyay%2C+S&rft.au=Sen%2C+GC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5893352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll-like+receptor+9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheeanMcShaneCheretWalcher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sheean ME, McShane E, Cheret C, Walcher J, Müller T, Wulf-Goldenberg A, et al. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923970">"Activation of MAPK overrides the termination of myelin growth and replaces Nrg1/ErbB3 signals during Schwann cell development and myelination"</a>. <i>Genes & Development</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">290–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fembj.201386117">10.1002/embj.201386117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923970">3923970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24493648">24493648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Activation+of+MAPK+overrides+the+termination+of+myelin+growth+and+replaces+Nrg1%2FErbB3+signals+during+Schwann+cell+development+and+myelination&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3923970%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24493648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fembj.201386117&rft.aulast=Sheean&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=McShane%2C+E&rft.au=Cheret%2C+C&rft.au=Walcher%2C+J&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+T&rft.au=Wulf-Goldenberg%2C+A&rft.au=Hoelper%2C+S&rft.au=Garratt%2C+AN&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCger%2C+M&rft.au=Rajewsky%2C+K&rft.au=Meijer%2C+D&rft.au=Birchmeier%2C+W&rft.au=Lewin%2C+GR&rft.au=Selbach%2C+M&rft.au=Birchmeier%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3923970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToll-like+receptor+9" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toll-like_receptor_9&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=TLR9+protein%2C+human">TLR9+protein,+human</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/Q9EQU3">Q9EQU3</a></i> (Mouse Toll-like receptor 9) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Template talk:Clusters of differentiation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clusters_of_differentiation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clusters of differentiation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteins:_clusters_of_differentiation_(see_also_list_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation)188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cluster_of_differentiation" title="Cluster of differentiation">clusters of differentiation</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation" title="List of human clusters of differentiation">list of human clusters of differentiation</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">1–50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD1" title="CD1">CD1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_CD1" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 CD1">a-c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1A" title="CD1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1b" title="CD1b">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1D" title="CD1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD1E" title="CD1E">1E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD2" title="CD2">CD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3G" title="CD3G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3D" title="CD3D">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3E" class="mw-redirect" title="CD3E">ε</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD5_(protein)" title="CD5 (protein)">CD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD6" title="CD6">CD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD7" title="CD7">CD7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD8A" title="CD8A">a</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD9" title="CD9">CD9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neprilysin" title="Neprilysin">CD10</a></li> <li><i>CD11</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD11a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin_alpha_M" title="Integrin alpha M">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD11c" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGAD" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGAD">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase" title="Alanine aminopeptidase">CD13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD14" title="CD14">CD14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD15" class="mw-redirect" title="CD15">CD15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD16" title="CD16">CD16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR3A" title="FCGR3A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR3B" title="FCGR3B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD18" class="mw-redirect" title="CD18">CD18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_2" title="Complement receptor 2">CD21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD24" title="CD24">CD24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL2RA" title="IL2RA">CD25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4" title="Dipeptidyl peptidase-4">CD26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD27" title="CD27">CD27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD28" title="CD28">CD28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin_beta_1" title="Integrin beta 1">CD29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD31" title="CD31">CD31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">CD32</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR2A" title="FCGR2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR2B" title="FCGR2B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD34" title="CD34">CD34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">CD35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD36" title="CD36">CD36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD37" class="mw-redirect" title="CD37">CD37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD38" title="CD38">CD38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENTPD1" title="ENTPD1">CD39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA2B">CD41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_Ib" title="Glycoprotein Ib">CD42</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_IX" title="Glycoprotein IX">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP1BA" title="GP1BA">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP1BB" title="GP1BB">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP5_(gene)" title="GP5 (gene)">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD44" title="CD44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPRC" title="PTPRC">CD45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD46" title="CD46">CD46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD47" title="CD47">CD47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD48" title="CD48">CD48</a></li> <li><i>CD49</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD49a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49b" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49c" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD49d" class="mw-redirect" title="CD49d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA5" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA5">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGA6" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGA6">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM3" title="ICAM3">CD50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">51–100</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITGAV" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGAV">CD51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD52" title="CD52">CD52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD53" title="CD53">CD53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM-1" title="ICAM-1">CD54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor" title="Decay-accelerating factor">CD55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Neural cell adhesion molecule">CD56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B3GAT1" title="B3GAT1">CD57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD58" title="CD58">CD58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD59" title="CD59">CD59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD61" class="mw-redirect" title="CD61">CD61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectin" title="Selectin">CD62</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-selectin" title="E-selectin">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-selectin" title="L-selectin">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-selectin" title="P-selectin">P</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD63" title="CD63">CD63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">CD64</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1A" title="FCGR1A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1B" class="mw-redirect" title="FCGR1B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCGR1C" class="mw-redirect" title="FCGR1C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">CD66</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM1" title="CEACAM1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM8" title="CEACAM8">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM6" title="CEACAM6">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM3" title="CEACAM3">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEACAM5" title="CEACAM5">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSG1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="PSG1 (gene)">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD68" title="CD68">CD68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD69" title="CD69">CD69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">CD70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFRC" class="mw-redirect" title="TFRC">CD71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD72" title="CD72">CD72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT5E" title="NT5E">CD73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD74" title="CD74">CD74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD78" title="CD78">CD78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD79" title="CD79">CD79</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD81" title="CD81">CD81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD82_(gene)" title="CD82 (gene)">CD82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD83" title="CD83">CD83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD84" title="CD84">CD84</a></li> <li><i>CD85</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LILRB3" title="LILRB3">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB2" title="LILRB2">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA3" title="LILRA3">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA2" title="LILRA2">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB1" title="LILRB1">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB4" title="LILRB4">k</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD86" title="CD86">CD86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urokinase_receptor" title="Urokinase receptor">CD87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">CD88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCAR" title="FCAR">CD89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD90" title="CD90">CD90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LRP1" title="LRP1">CD91</a> - <a href="/wiki/SLC44A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC44A1">CD92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD93" title="CD93">CD93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRD1" title="KLRD1">CD94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_receptor" title="Fas receptor">CD95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD96" title="CD96">CD96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD98" title="CD98">CD98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD99" title="CD99">CD99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA4D" title="SEMA4D">CD100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">101–150</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGSF2" title="IGSF2">CD101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM2" title="ICAM2">CD102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGAE" title="ITGAE">CD103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITGB4" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGB4">CD104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoglin" title="Endoglin">CD105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCAM-1" title="VCAM-1">CD106</a></li> <li><i>CD107</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAMP1" title="LAMP1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMP2" title="LAMP2">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA7A" title="SEMA7A">CD108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD109" title="CD109">CD109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myeloproliferative_leukemia_virus_oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene">CD110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL1" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL1">CD111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL2" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL2">CD112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVRL3" class="mw-redirect" title="PVRL3">CD113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">CD114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor" title="Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor">CD115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">CD116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIT_(gene)" title="KIT (gene)">CD117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor_receptor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor">CD118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_receptor_1" title="Interferon gamma receptor 1">CD119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD120" title="CD120">CD120</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF1A" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF1A">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF1B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF1B">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CD121</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_I" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type I">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor,_type_II" title="Interleukin 1 receptor, type II">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL2RB" title="IL2RB">CD122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL3RA" title="IL3RA">CD123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">CD124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5_receptor_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit">CD125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">CD126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-7_receptor" title="Interleukin-7 receptor">CD127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-9_receptor" title="Interleukin-9 receptor">CD129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">CD130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">CD131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">CD132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD133" title="CD133">CD133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD134" title="CD134">CD134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD135" title="CD135">CD135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST1R" title="MST1R">CD136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD137" title="CD137">CD137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndecan_1" title="Syndecan 1">CD138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDGFRB" title="PDGFRB">CD140b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombomodulin" title="Thrombomodulin">CD141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_factor" title="Tissue factor">CD142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">CD143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE-cadherin" title="VE-cadherin">CD144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD146" title="CD146">CD146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">CD147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPRJ" title="PTPRJ">CD148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAMF1" title="SLAMF1">CD150</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">151–200</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD151" title="CD151">CD151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CD152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">CD153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD155" title="CD155">CD155</a></li> <li><i>CD156</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAM8" title="ADAM8">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAM17" title="ADAM17">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAM10" title="ADAM10">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BST1" title="BST1">CD157</a></li> <li><i>CD158</i> (<a href="/wiki/KIR2DL1" title="KIR2DL1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL4" title="KIR2DL4">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL1" title="KIR3DL1">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS4" title="KIR2DS4">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL2" title="KIR3DL2">k</a>)</li> <li><i>CD159</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKG2" title="NKG2">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRC2" title="KLRC2">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD160" title="CD160">CD160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRB1" title="KLRB1">CD161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-selectin_glycoprotein_ligand-1" title="P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1">CD162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD163" title="CD163">CD163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD164" title="CD164">CD164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCAM" title="ALCAM">CD166</a></li> <li><i>CD167</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DDR1" title="DDR1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoidin_domain-containing_receptor_2" title="Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan-mediated_motility_receptor" title="Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor">CD168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialoadhesin" title="Sialoadhesin">CD169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC5" title="SIGLEC5">CD170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L1_(protein)" title="L1 (protein)">CD171</a></li> <li><i>CD172</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal-regulatory_protein_alpha" title="Signal-regulatory protein alpha">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRPB1" title="SIRPB1">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRPG" title="SIRPG">g</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucosyltransferase_3" title="Fucosyltransferase 3">CD174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD177" title="CD177">CD177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">CD178</a></li> <li><i>CD179</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VPREB1" title="VPREB1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGLL1" title="IGLL1">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD180" title="CD180">CD180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_alpha" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha">CD181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8_receptor,_beta" title="Interleukin 8 receptor, beta">CD182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR3" title="CXCR3">CD183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR4" title="CXCR4">CD184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR5" title="CXCR5">CD185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCR6" title="CXCR6">CD186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR1" title="CCR1">CD191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR2" title="CCR2">CD192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR3_(gene)" title="CCR3 (gene)">CD193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR4" title="CCR4">CD194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR5" title="CCR5">CD195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_6" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 6">CD196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_chemokine_receptor_type_7" title="C-C chemokine receptor type 7">CD197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR8_(gene)" title="CCR8 (gene)">CDw198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCR9" title="CCR9">CDw199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD200" title="CD200">CD200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">201–250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_protein_C_receptor" title="Endothelial protein C receptor">CD201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEK_tyrosine_kinase" title="TEK tyrosine kinase">CD202b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSR1" title="MSR1">CD204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY75" class="mw-redirect" title="LY75">CD205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">CD206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD207" class="mw-redirect" title="CD207">CD207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMP3" title="LAMP3">CD208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-SIGN" title="DC-SIGN">CD209</a></li> <li><i>CDw210</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_alpha_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, alpha subunit">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10_receptor,_beta_subunit" title="Interleukin 10 receptor, beta subunit">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">CD212</a></li> <li><i>CD213a</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IL13RA1" class="mw-redirect" title="IL13RA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL13RA2" title="IL13RA2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL17RA" title="IL17RA">CD217</a></li> <li><i>CD218</i> (<a href="/wiki/IL18R1" title="IL18R1">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL18RAP" title="IL18RAP">b</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_receptor" title="Insulin receptor">CD220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor">CD221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor">CD222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAG3" class="mw-redirect" title="LAG3">CD223</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GGT1" class="mw-redirect" title="GGT1">CD224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFITM1" title="IFITM1">CD225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD226" title="CD226">CD226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC1">CD227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFI2" class="mw-redirect" title="MFI2">CD228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY9" title="LY9">CD229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRNP" class="mw-redirect" title="PRNP">CD230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Band 3">CD233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system" title="Duffy antigen system">CD234</a></li> <li><i>CD235</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GYPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GYPA">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYPB" title="GYPB">b</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">CD236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system" title="Kell antigen system">CD238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Basal cell adhesion molecule">CD239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHCE_(gene)" title="RHCE (gene)">CD240CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHD_(gene)" title="RHD (gene)">CD240D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">CD241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">CD243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD244" title="CD244">CD244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">CD246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD247" class="mw-redirect" title="CD247">CD247</a> - <a href="/wiki/CD248" title="CD248">CD248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamyl_aminopeptidase" title="Glutamyl aminopeptidase">CD249</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">251–300</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OX40L" class="mw-redirect" title="OX40L"> CD252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">CD253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">CD254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFSF13" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFSF13">CD256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">CD257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFSF14" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFSF14">CD258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10A" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10A">CD261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10B">CD262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10C" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10C">CD263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF10D" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF10D">CD264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">CD265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF12A" title="TNFRSF12A">CD266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13B" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13B">CD267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF13C" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF13C">CD268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNFRSF17" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFRSF17">CD269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor" title="Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor">CD271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTLA" title="BTLA">CD272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDCD1LG2" title="PDCD1LG2">CD273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD274" class="mw-redirect" title="CD274">CD274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICOSLG" title="ICOSLG">CD275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD276" title="CD276">CD276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD278" title="CD278">CD278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death_protein_1" title="Programmed cell death protein 1">CD279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">CD280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR_1" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR 1">CD281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR2" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR2">CD282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR3" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR3">CD283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR4" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR4">CD284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR6" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR6">CD286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR8" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR8">CD288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR9" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR9">CD289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLR10" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR10">CD290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">CD292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">CDw293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD294" class="mw-redirect" title="CD294">CD294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptin_receptor" title="Leptin receptor">CD295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART4" title="ART4">CD297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP1B3" title="ATP1B3">CD298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC4M" title="CLEC4M">CD299</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">301–350</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD300A" title="CD300A">CD300A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC10A" title="CLEC10A">CD301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD302" title="CD302">CD302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLEC4C" title="CLEC4C">CD303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropilin" title="Neuropilin">CD304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAIR1" title="LAIR1">CD305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAIR2" title="LAIR2">CD306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCRL5" title="FCRL5">CD307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinase_insert_domain_receptor" title="Kinase insert domain receptor">CD309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">CD312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKG2D" title="NKG2D">CD314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTGFRN" title="PTGFRN">CD315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGSF8" title="IGSF8">CD316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetherin" title="Tetherin">CD317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDCP1" title="CDCP1">CD318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD320" title="CD320">CD320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F11_receptor" title="F11 receptor">CD321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAM2" title="JAM2">CD322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH1 (gene)">CD324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH2">CD325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Epithelial cell adhesion molecule">CD326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC6" title="SIGLEC6">CD327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC7" title="SIGLEC7">CD328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC9" title="SIGLEC9">CD329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_1" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1">CD331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_2" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2">CD332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_3" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3">CD333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_4" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4">CD334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR1" title="NCR1">CD335</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR2" title="NCR2">CD336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCR3" title="NCR3">CD337</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCG2" title="ABCG2">CD338</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAG1" title="JAG1">CD339</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">CD340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">CD344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">CD349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">CD350</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signaling_pathway:_TLR_signaling_pathway189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TLR_signaling_pathway" title="Template:TLR signaling pathway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TLR_signaling_pathway" title="Template talk:TLR signaling pathway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TLR_signaling_pathway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TLR signaling pathway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signaling_pathway:_TLR_signaling_pathway189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signaling pathway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLR</a> signaling pathway</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_1" title="Toll-like receptor 1">TLR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_2" title="Toll-like receptor 2">TLR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_3" title="Toll-like receptor 3">TLR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_4" title="Toll-like receptor 4">TLR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_5" title="Toll-like receptor 5">TLR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_6" title="Toll-like receptor 6">TLR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_7" title="Toll-like receptor 7">TLR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_8" title="Toll-like receptor 8">TLR8</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TLR9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_10" title="Toll-like receptor 10">TLR10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_11" title="Toll-like receptor 11">TLR11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLR12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLR13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD14" title="CD14">CD14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide-binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein">LBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte_antigen_96" title="Lymphocyte antigen 96">MD2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">Downstream signalling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRAK1" title="IRAK1">IRAK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK2" title="IRAK2">IRAK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK3" title="IRAK3">IRAK3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK4" title="IRAK4">IRAK4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF3" title="IRF3">IRF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP3K7" title="MAP3K7">MAP3K7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYD88" title="MYD88">MYD88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAB1" title="TAB1">TAB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TICAM1" title="TICAM1">TICAM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIRAP" title="TIRAP">TIRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOLLIP" title="TOLLIP">TOLLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAF6" title="TRAF6">TRAF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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