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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Lower Swansea valley</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p>The <b>Lower Swansea valley</b> (<a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <span lang="cy" xml:lang="cy"><i>Cwm Tawe Isaf</i></span>) is the lower half of the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> of the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tawe" title="River Tawe">River Tawe</a> in south <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. It runs from approximately the level of <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydach,_Swansea" title="Clydach, Swansea">Clydach</a> down to <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_docks" title="Swansea docks">Swansea docks</a>, where it opens into <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Bay" title="Swansea Bay">Swansea Bay</a> and the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>. This relatively small area was a focus of industrial <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and invention during the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, leading to a transformation of the landscape and a rapid rise in the population and economy of Swansea.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Innovation_and_invention"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Innovation and invention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Copper"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Copper</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Environmental_issues"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental issues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recent_times"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recent times</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Over a period of about 150 years up until the 1920s, the open valley of the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tawe" title="River Tawe">River Tawe</a> became one of the most heavily <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialised</a> areas of the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_world" title="Developed world" class="mw-redirect">developed world</a>. There were a number of reasons that favoured the great expansion of industry in this particular location. The general exploitation of <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> in the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" title="South Wales coalfield" class="mw-redirect">South Wales coalfield</a> of the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_valleys" title="South Wales valleys" class="mw-redirect">South Wales valleys</a> had revealed seams of steam coal and <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> close to the surface in the Upper Swansea valley and these were easily exploited by shallow <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drift mining</a> or <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cast_mining" title="Open cast mining" class="mw-redirect">open cast mining</a>. <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a> metals required more than three parts of coal to every one part of metal ore, so it was of major economic benefit to have easily available, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">high quality coal</a>. Swansea also had a good <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> and safe anchorage. The combination of these two factors meant that it was financially more viable to bring the ore to Swansea's coal than take the coal to the ore. In addition, the very high <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal ranges</a> at Swansea allowed <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">deep draught</a> ships to access the river mouth. This allowed large quantities of raw materials to be brought in (allowing further profit through economies of scale)and, more importantly, the finished products, such as sheet copper, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinplate" title="Tinplate" class="mw-redirect">tinplate</a>, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> and coal to be exported.</p> <p>The technologies involved in iron making had already been developed and refined, and skilled craftsmen were readily available to extend the newly developing industry. Swansea was already a town of significant size which could provide the required workforce. The growth of the industry in the Lower Swansea valley itself caused a great expansion in the population of Swansea and nearby <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a>. A number of wealthy <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect">entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> and <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> of considerable ability were drawn to Swansea during this period, which in turn, promoted great innovation in the industrial processes.</p> <p>Initially, the smelting works concentrated on copper. Coal was brought down to them by <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waggonway" title="Waggonway" class="mw-redirect">waggonways</a> and <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">tramways</a>; <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_ore" title="Copper ore" class="mw-redirect">copper ore</a> was brought on ships which could sail right up to the works; and the resulting copper was exported out again the same way. Swansea became known as <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Copperopolis</a>; and the lower Tawe valley became a mass of industry. In the wake of the copper and coal industry followed <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>-making (another industry which requires large amounts of coal, together with clay and flint, which could be shipped in from the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>); the alum industry (based on pyrites found with coal); and the manufacture of fire-clay, which was used to line <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace" title="Furnace">furnaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Innovation_and_invention">Innovation and invention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Innovation and invention">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Wiki letter w.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150510160149im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/23px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" width="23" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150510160149im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150510160149im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/46px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44"/></td> <td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(July 2010)</i></small></span></td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Copper">Copper</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Copper">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The first copper smelter directly associated was established at <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landore" title="Landore">Landore</a> in 1717 by <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lane_(metallurgist)" title="John Lane (metallurgist)">John Lane</a> and John Pollard. Pollard later went on to build the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangyfelach" title="Llangyfelach">Llangyfelach</a> copper works. In 1720 the Cambrian Works was set up near the mouth of the river and continued in production until 1745. (It reopened as a pottery in 1764.) In 1737, the White Rock copper works at <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrechwyth" title="Pentrechwyth">Pentrechwyth</a> was established. By 1780 there were three copper works on the east bank of the river: White Rock, Middle and Upper Bank. On the west bank there was also one at Forest. By 1800 nine copper smelters were in production in the valley. By 1860 the lower Swansea valley was smelting two thirds of the copper ores imported to Britain, and changes in the output and economy of the Swansea valley had a significant effect on <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_copper" title="Peak copper">global copper prices</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The extent and scale of the industrialisation that took place at a time when there almost no environmental controls in place created a legacy of chronic contamination of land and water by a great range of toxic and dangerous <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>. The River Tawe was already being polluted by the coal mining industry and suffered badly. Even worse affected was the stream that meandered through the lower half of the valley, the Nant y Fendrod. Records about the history of this stream are sparse but it appears likely that for over 100 years most of the water was taken from this stream to be used in industry and its channel became the repository of much of the liquid waste from the various industries. In addition rainfall seeping through the growing waste tips added further burdens of by-products and waste materials.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph" title="Lithograph" class="mw-redirect">Lithographs</a> made at the time of the boom in industrial production show a thick <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> over the valleys and the nearby towns and it reasonable to suppose that <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality" title="Air quality" class="mw-redirect">air quality</a> was very poor both in the valley floor and in the nearby residential areas. A local doctor, Thomas Williams, wrote a book called <i>The Effects of the Copper-Smoke</i> in 1854. He described the landscape, atmosphere, and the complaints of local farmers.</p> <p>Even in the 1980s when all the industry had long since disappeared the Nant y Fendrod was still very seriously contaminated by copper, iron, nickel, <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and many other contaminants.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_times">Recent times</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent times">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The only remaining working industry that can trace its roots back to the industrialisation of the Lower Swansea valley is the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVRD_Inco" title="CVRD Inco" class="mw-redirect">INCO</a> <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> factory at Clydach known locally as <i>The Mond</i>. Here nickel continues (2007) to be refined using the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond_process" title="Mond process">nickel carbonyl process</a>.</p> <p>The Lower Swansea Valley Project began in the early 1960s with the aim of seeking to <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaim the land</a>. Over the next twenty years the entire community of the area became involved in restoring the land. Redevelopment of the area provided the South Dock and <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Quarter" title="Maritime Quarter">Maritime Quarter</a> and the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Stadium" title="Liberty Stadium">Liberty Stadium</a> sports complex together with the <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Enterprise_Park" title="Swansea Enterprise Park">Swansea Enterprise Park</a> <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial park</a> which included a large lake in the course of the Nant y Fendrod designed to help mitigate the concentrations of metals in the water. The lake itself is lined with <a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Nearly all the old buildings were cleared, with only a very few of historic interest being preserved.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Copperopolis: landscapes of the early industrial period in Swansea</i>, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. pp 2-11.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Swansea_valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510160149/http://home.clara.net/tirbach/HelpPagepearlsSwansea4.html#Economic">Swansea and its hinterland</a></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/web/20150510160149/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150510160149/https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Swansea_valley&params=51.67559_N_-3.91592_E_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°40′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°54′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.67559°N 3.91592°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.67559; 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