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id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ammonia</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(disambiguation)" title="Ammonia (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Ammonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">For Ammonium (NH4+), see <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a>.</div> <table class="infobox bordered" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin-top:2px; width:22em; text-align:left; ;"> <caption style="text-align:center;">Ammonia</caption> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" align="center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png" class="image" title="Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/100px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png" width="100" height="77" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/150px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/200px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="849"/></a></div> </div> </td> <td> <div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" class="image" title="Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/100px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" width="100" height="84" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/150px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/200px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="926"/></a></div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png" class="image" title="Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png/200px-Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png" width="200" height="111" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png/300px-Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png/400px-Ammonia-dimensions-from-Greenwood%26Earnshaw-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="608"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Names</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Azane</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Hydrogen nitride Trihydrogen nitride Nitro-Sil Nitrogen trihydride</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Identifiers</th> </tr> <tr> <td>3DMet</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp/html/B00004.html">B00004</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>3587154</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Registry Number</a></div> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=7664-41-7">7664-41-7</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16134">CHEBI:16134</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1160819">ChEMBL1160819</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.217.html">217</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number">EC number</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lib/einecs_IS_reponse.php?genre=ECNO&entree=231-635-3">231-635-3</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>79</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; max-width:22em; text-align:left; padding-left:1em; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div style="word-wrap:break-word; margin-top:0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;">InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</div> </li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div style="word-wrap:break-word; margin-top:0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;">InChI=1/H3N/h1H3 Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF</div> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jmol" title="Jmol">Jmol</a>-3D images</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=N">Image</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02916">D02916</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Ammonia">Ammonia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=222">222</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTECS" title="RTECS" class="mw-redirect">RTECS number</a></td> <td>BO0875000</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; max-width:22em; text-align:left; padding-left:1em; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div style="word-wrap:break-word; margin-top:0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;">N</div> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=5138Q19F1X">5138Q19F1X</a> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a></td> <td>1005</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Properties</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>NH3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></td> <td>17.031 g/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Appearance</td> <td>Colourless gas</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a></td> <td>strong pungent odor</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></td> <td>0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point) 0.769  kg/m3 (STP)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C) 681.9 kg/m3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 817 kg/m3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></td> <td>−77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></td> <td>−33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>47% w/w (0 °C) 31% w/w (25 °C) 18% w/w (50 °C)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></td> <td>soluble in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a></td> <td>8573 h Pa</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (pKa)</td> <td>32.5 (−33 °C),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 10.5 (DMSO)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Basicity</a> (pKb)</td> <td>4.75</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td>1.3327</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Structure</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_group" title="Point group">Point group</a></td> <td>C3v</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_pyramid_(chemistry)" title="Trigonal pyramid (chemistry)" class="mw-redirect">Trigonal pyramid</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></td> <td>1.42 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Thermochemistry</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S<s>o</s>298)</div> </td> <td>193 J·mol−1·K−1<a href="#cite_note-b1-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation" class="mw-redirect">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH<s>o</s>298)</div> </td> <td>−46 kJ·mol−1<a href="#cite_note-b1-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Hazards</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet" title="Material safety data sheet">MSDS</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)#Material_Safety_Data_Sheet" title="Ammonia (data page)">External MSDS</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">GHS pictograms</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg" class="image"><img alt="GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png" width="60" height="60" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724"/></a><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="image"><img alt="GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" width="60" height="60" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724"/></a><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="image"><img alt="GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" width="60" height="60" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724"/></a><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="image"><img alt="GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" width="60" height="60" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724"/></a><a href="#cite_note-sigma-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_hazard_statement" title="GHS hazard statement">GHS hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Flammable gas">H221</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated">H280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Toxic if inhaled">H331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Very toxic to aquatic life">H400</abbr><a href="#cite_note-sigma-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">GHS precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Avoid release to the environment">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing">P305+351+338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician">P310</abbr><a href="#cite_note-sigma-7">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>EU Index</td> <td>007-001-00-5 (anhydrous) 007-001-01-2 (solutions)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)" title="Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)">EU classification</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hazard_T.svg" class="image" title="Toxic"><img alt="Toxic" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hazard_T.svg/40px-Hazard_T.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hazard_T.svg/60px-Hazard_T.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hazard_T.svg/80px-Hazard_T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a> T <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hazard_C.svg" class="image" title="Corrosive"><img alt="Corrosive" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hazard_C.svg/40px-Hazard_C.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hazard_C.svg/60px-Hazard_C.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hazard_C.svg/80px-Hazard_C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a> C <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hazard_N.svg" class="image" title="Dangerous for the Environment (Nature)"><img alt="Dangerous for the Environment (Nature)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/40px-Hazard_N.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/60px-Hazard_N.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg/80px-Hazard_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a> N</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phrases" title="List of R-phrases">R-phrases</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R10:_Flammable" title="R10: Flammable" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R10: Flammable">R10</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R23:_Toxic_by_inhalation" title="R23: Toxic by inhalation" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R23: Toxic by inhalation">R23</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R34:_Causes_burns" title="R34: Causes burns" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R34: Causes burns">R34</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R50:_Very_toxic_to_aquatic_organisms" title="R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms">R50</abbr></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phrases" title="List of S-phrases">S-phrases</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_children" title="(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of children" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of children">(S1/2)</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9:_Keep_container_in_a_well-ventilated_place" title="S9: Keep container in a well-ventilated place" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S9: Keep container in a well-ventilated place">S9</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16:_Keep_away_from_sources_of_ignition_-_No_smoking" title="S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking">S16</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S26:_In_case_of_contact_with_eyes,_rinse_immediately_with_plenty_of_water_and_seek_medical_advice" title="S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice">S26</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S36/37/39:_Wear_suitable_protective_clothing,_gloves_and_eye/face_protection" title="S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection">S36/37/39</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)" title="S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)">S45</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S61:_Avoid_release_to_the_environment._Refer_to_special_instructions/safety_data_sheet" title="S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet">S61</abbr></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a></td> <td> <div style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <div id="container" style="margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif"> <div id="on_image_elements" class="nounderlines" style="background:; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;"> <div id="diamond_image_and_mw_ImageMap" style="position:absolute; height:80px; width:80px;"> <div class="noresize"><map name="ImageMap_1_1885562823" id="ImageMap_1_1885562823"> <area href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="40,0,60,20,40,40,20,20" alt="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil" title="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil"/> <area href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40" alt="Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas" title="Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas"/> <area href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="60,20,80,40,60,60,40,40" alt="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen" title="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen"/> <area href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="40,40,60,60,40,80,20,60" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code"/></map><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_1_1885562823"/></div> </div> <div style="width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div> <div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div> <div style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></td> <td>flammable gas</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a></div> </td> <td>651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_limit" title="Explosive limit" class="mw-redirect">Explosive limits</a></td> <td>15–28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">LD50 (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">Median lethal dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>0.015 mL/kg (human, oral)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">US health exposure limits (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a>):<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-8">[8]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:0.5em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">PEL (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">Permissible</a>)</div> </td> <td>50 ppm (25 ppm <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACGIH" title="ACGIH" class="mw-redirect">ACGIH</a>- TLV; 35 ppm <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEL" title="STEL" class="mw-redirect">STEL</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:0.5em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">REL (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">Recommended</a>)</div> </td> <td>TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:0.5em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">IDLH (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDLH" title="IDLH">Immediate danger</a>)</div> </td> <td>300 ppm</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;">Related compounds</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Other <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">Stibine</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Related nitrogen hydrides</div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">Hydrazoic acid</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" title="Ammonium hydroxide">Ammonium hydroxide</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-bottom:2px solid transparent; text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)" title="Ammonia (data page)">Supplementary data page</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)#Structure_and_properties" title="Ammonia (data page)">Structure and properties</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (n), <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant" title="Dielectric constant" class="mw-redirect">Dielectric constant</a> (εr), etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Thermodynamic data</div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)#Thermodynamic_properties" title="Ammonia (data page)">Phase behaviour</a> solid–liquid–gas</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)#Spectral_data" title="Ammonia (data page)">Spectral data</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV/VIS_spectroscopy" title="UV/VIS spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect">UV</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" title="NMR spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect">NMR</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">MS</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;"> <div style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)</div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center; border-top:2px solid transparent;"> <td colspan="2"> <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="14" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/21px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/28px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464364488&page2=Ammonia">verify</a> (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a>: <img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/10px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="10" height="10" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/>Y/<img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/10px-X_mark.svg.png" width="10" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/>N?)</td> </tr> <tr style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center; border-top:2px solid transparent;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></td> </tr> <tr style="background:#f8eaba;"> <td style="width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;"></td> <td style="width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;"></td> </tr> </table> Ammonia, or azane, is a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a> of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> with the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> NH3. It is a colourless <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> with a characteristic <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungent" title="Pungent" class="mw-redirect">pungent</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">smell</a>. Ammonia contributes significantly to the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building-block for the synthesis of many <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" title="Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect">pharmaceuticals</a> and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Although in wide use, ammonia is both <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(substance)" title="Caustic (substance)" class="mw-redirect">caustic</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazardous</a>. The global industrial production of ammonia for 2012 was anticipated to be 198,000,000 tonnes (195,000,000 long tons; 218,000,000 short tons),<a href="#cite_note-ceresana1-9">[9]</a> a 35% increase over the estimated 2006 global output of 146,500,000 tonnes (144,200,000 long tons; 161,500,000 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-10">[10]</a> NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%C3%A9_scale" title="Baumé scale">Baumé scale</a> (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>), with 26 degrees baumé (about 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-LaRoche-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Natural_occurrence">1 Natural occurrence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Properties">2 Properties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Structure">2.1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Amphotericity">2.2 Amphotericity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Self-dissociation">2.3 Self-dissociation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Combustion">2.4 Combustion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Formation_of_other_compounds">2.5 Formation of other compounds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ammonia_as_a_ligand">2.6 Ammonia as a ligand</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Detection_and_determination">3 Detection and determination</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ammonia_in_solution">3.1 Ammonia in solution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gaseous_ammonia">3.2 Gaseous ammonia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ammoniacal_nitrogen_.28NH3-N.29">3.3 Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#History">4 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Uses">5 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Fertilizer">5.1 Fertilizer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Precursor_to_nitrogenous_compounds">5.2 Precursor to nitrogenous compounds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Cleaner">5.3 Cleaner</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Fermentation">5.4 Fermentation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Antimicrobial_agent_for_food_products">5.5 Antimicrobial agent for food products</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Minor_and_emerging_uses">5.6 Minor and emerging uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Refrigeration_.E2.80.93_R717">5.6.1 Refrigeration – R717</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#For_remediation_of_gaseous_emissions">5.6.2 For remediation of gaseous emissions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#As_a_fuel">5.6.3 As a fuel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#As_a_stimulant">5.6.4 As a stimulant</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Textile">5.6.5 Textile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Lifting_gas">5.6.6 Lifting gas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Woodworking">5.6.7 Woodworking</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Safety_precautions">6 Safety precautions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Toxicity">6.1 Toxicity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Aquaculture">6.1.1 Aquaculture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Storage_information">6.2 Storage information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Household_use">6.3 Household use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Laboratory_use_of_ammonia_solutions">6.4 Laboratory use of ammonia solutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Laboratory_use_of_anhydrous_ammonia_.28gas_or_liquid.29">6.5 Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Synthesis_and_production">7 Synthesis and production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Liquid_ammonia_as_a_solvent">8 Liquid ammonia as a solvent</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Solubility_of_salts">8.1 Solubility of salts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Solutions_of_metals">8.2 Solutions of metals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Redox_properties_of_liquid_ammonia">8.3 Redox properties of liquid ammonia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Ammonia.27s_role_in_biological_systems_and_human_disease">9 Ammonia's role in biological systems and human disease</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Biosynthesis">9.1 Biosynthesis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#In_physiology">9.2 In physiology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Excretion">9.3 Excretion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#In_astronomy">10 In astronomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Interstellar_space">10.1 Interstellar space</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Interstellar_formation_mechanisms">10.1.1 Interstellar formation mechanisms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Interstellar_destruction_mechanisms">10.1.2 Interstellar destruction mechanisms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Single_antenna_detections">10.1.3 Single antenna detections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Interferometric_studies">10.1.4 Interferometric studies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Infrared_detections">10.1.5 Infrared detections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Observations_of_nearby_dark_clouds">10.1.6 Observations of nearby dark clouds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#UC_HII_regions">10.1.7 UC HII regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Extragalactic_detection">10.1.8 Extragalactic detection</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Natural occurrence[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence">edit</a>]</h2> Ammonia is found in trace quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a> (decay process) of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a>), and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> are found in volcanic districts; crystals of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">ammonium bicarbonate</a> have been found in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>. The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> secrete ammonia to neutralize excess acid.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Ammonium salts are found distributed through fertile soil and in seawater. Ammonia is also found throughout the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> on <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal. <h2>Properties[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</h2> Ammonia is a colourless <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> with a characteristic pungent smell. It is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_than_air" title="Lighter than air">lighter than air</a>, its density being 0.589 times that of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Earth's atmosphere" class="mw-redirect">air</a>. It is easily liquefied due to the strong <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> between molecules; the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> boils at −33.3 °C (−27.94 °F), and freezes at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F) to white crystals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13">[13]</a> Ammonia may be conveniently deodorized by reacting it with either sodium bicarbonate or acetic acid. Both of these reactions form an odourless ammonium salt. <dl> <dt>Solid</dt> <dd>The crystal symmetry is cubic, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> cP16, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P213 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Liquid</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a> ammonia possesses strong <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionising</a> powers reflecting its high <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant" title="Dielectric constant" class="mw-redirect">ε</a> of 22. Liquid ammonia has a very high <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">standard enthalpy change of vaporization</a> (23.35 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/mol, cf. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> 14.6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in uninsulated vessels without additional refrigeration. See <a href="#Liquid_ammonia_as_a_solvent">liquid ammonia as a solvent</a>.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Solvent properties</dt> <dd>Ammonia is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscible" title="Miscible" class="mw-redirect">miscible</a> with water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">aqueous</a> solution of ammonia is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a>. The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)" title="Saturation (chemistry)">saturated</a> solution) has a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of 0.880 g/cm3 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'. Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–25% air.</dd> </dl> <dl> <dt>Combustion</dt> <dd>When mixed with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst, ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements. Ignition occurs when <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">nitrogen trichloride</a> (NCl3) is also formed.</dd> </dl> <h3>Structure[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</h3> The ammonia molecule has a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_pyramid_(chemistry)" title="Trigonal pyramid (chemistry)" class="mw-redirect">trigonal pyramidal</a> shape as predicted by the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_shell_electron_pair_repulsion_theory" title="Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory" class="mw-redirect">valence shell electron pair repulsion theory</a> (VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°.<a href="#cite_note-CRC_94th-15">[15]</a> The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives a total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged tetrahedrally. Three of these electron pairs are used as bond pairs, which leaves one lone pair of electrons. The lone pair of electrons repel more strongly than bond pairs, therefore the bond angle is not 109.5°, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but 106.7°.<a href="#cite_note-CRC_94th-15">[15]</a> The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone electron pair</a>, which makes ammonia a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>, a proton acceptor. This shape gives the molecule a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a> moment and makes it <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_molecule" title="Polar molecule" class="mw-redirect">polar</a>. The molecule's polarity and, especially, its ability to form <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>, makes ammonia highly miscible with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Ammonia is moderately basic, a 1.0 M aqueous solution has a pH of 11.6 and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (pH = 7), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonated</a>. Temperature and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> also affect the proportion of NH4+. The latter has the shape of a regular <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> and is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelectronic" title="Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect">isoelectronic</a> with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. The ammonia molecule readily undergoes <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_inversion" title="Nitrogen inversion">nitrogen inversion</a> at room temperature; a useful analogy is an <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a> turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The energy barrier to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_frequency" title="Resonance frequency" class="mw-redirect">resonance frequency</a> is 23.79 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a>, corresponding to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> radiation of a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of 1.260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect">microwave spectrum</a> to be observed.<a href="#cite_note-Cleeton-16">[16]</a> <h3>Amphotericity[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amphotericity">edit</a>]</h3> One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basicity" title="Basicity" class="mw-redirect">basicity</a>. Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> to form <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>; thus with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> it forms <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> (sal ammoniac); with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly dry <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As a demonstration experiment, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid produce clouds of ammonium chloride, which seem to appear "out of nothing" as the salt forms where the two diffusing clouds of molecules meet, somewhere between the two bottles. <dl> <dd>NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl</dd> </dl> The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ammonium_compounds" title="Category:Ammonium compounds">ammonium salts</a> and all contain the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium ion</a> (NH4+). Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It is a protic substance and is capable of formation of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> (which contain the NH2− ion). For example, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> dissolves in liquid ammonia to give a solution of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_amide" title="Lithium amide">lithium amide</a>: <dl> <dd>Li + NH3 → LiNH2 + ½ H2</dd> </dl> <h3>Self-dissociation[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-dissociation">edit</a>]</h3> Like water, ammonia undergoes <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_autoionisation" title="Molecular autoionisation" class="mw-redirect">molecular autoionisation</a> to form its acid and base conjugates: <dl> <dd>2 NH 3 (aq) <img alt="is in equilibrium with" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/15px-Equilibrium.svg.png" width="15" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/23px-Equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Equilibrium.svg/30px-Equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="119"/> NH+ 4 (aq) + NH− 2 (aq)</dd> </dl> At standard pressure and temperature, K=[NH+ 4][NH− 2] = 10−30 <h3>Combustion[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combustion">edit</a>]</h3> The combustion of ammonia to nitrogen and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic" title="Exothermic" class="mw-redirect">exothermic</a>: <dl> <dd>4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O (g) (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction" title="Standard enthalpy of reaction">ΔH°r</a> = −1267.20 kJ/mol)</dd> </dl> The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion" class="mw-redirect">standard enthalpy change of combustion</a>, ΔH°c, expressed per <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of ammonia and with condensation of the water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of combustion: all <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> are unstable with respect to N2 and O2, which is the principle behind the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a>. Nitrogen oxides can be formed as kinetic products in the presence of appropriate catalysts, a reaction of great industrial importance in the production of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>: <dl> <dd>4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 4 NO + 6 H2O</dd> </dl> A subsequent reaction leads to NO2 <dl> <dd>2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2</dd> </dl> The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> gauze), as the temperature of the flame is usually lower than the ignition temperature of the ammonia–air mixture. The flammable range of ammonia in air is 16–25%.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <h3>Formation of other compounds[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Formation of other compounds">edit</a>]</h3> In <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, ammonia can act as a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a> in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">substitution</a> reactions. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amines</a> can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_halide" title="Alkyl halide" class="mw-redirect">alkyl halides</a>, although the resulting -NH2 group is also nucleophilic and secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as byproducts. An excess of ammonia helps minimise multiple substitution, and neutralises the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">hydrogen halide</a> formed. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a> is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloromethane" title="Chloromethane">chloromethane</a>, and the reaction of ammonia with 2-bromopropanoic acid has been used to prepare <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racemic" title="Racemic" class="mw-redirect">racemic</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> in 70% yield. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">Ethanolamine</a> is prepared by a ring-opening reaction with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>: the reaction is sometimes allowed to go further to produce <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethanolamine" title="Diethanolamine">diethanolamine</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethanolamine" title="Triethanolamine">triethanolamine</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">Amides</a> can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> derivatives. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_chloride" title="Acyl chloride">Acyl chlorides</a> are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> formed. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Esters</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydride" title="Anhydride" class="mw-redirect">anhydrides</a> also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydrated</a> to amides so long as there are no thermally sensitive groups present: temperatures of 150–200 °C are required. The hydrogen in ammonia is capable of replacement by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, thus <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> burns in the gas with the formation of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_nitride" title="Magnesium nitride">magnesium nitride</a> Mg3N2, and when the gas is passed over heated <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, sodamide, NaNH2, and potassamide, KNH2, are formed. Where necessary in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" title="IUPAC nomenclature" class="mw-redirect">substitutive nomenclature</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC" class="mw-redirect">IUPAC</a> recommendations prefer the name "azane" to ammonia: hence <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramine" title="Chloramine">chloramine</a> would be named "chloroazane" in substitutive nomenclature, not "chloroammonia". Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ5-amine, or more commonly, ammonium hydride. This crystalline solid is only stable under high pressure, and decomposes back into trivalent ammonia and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <h3>Ammonia as a ligand[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ammonia as a ligand">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ammine_complex" title="Metal ammine complex">Metal ammine complex</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/220px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/330px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/440px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a> of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+</div> </div> </div> Ammonia can act as a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" title="Complex (chemistry)" class="mw-redirect">complexes</a>. It is a pure σ-donor, in the middle of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrochemical_series" title="Spectrochemical series">spectrochemical series</a>, and shows intermediate <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSAB_concept" title="HSAB concept" class="mw-redirect">hard-soft</a> behaviour. For historical reasons, ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_compound" title="Coordination compound" class="mw-redirect">coordination compounds</a>. Some notable ammine complexes include tetraamminediaquacopper(II) ([Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+), a dark blue complex formed by adding ammonia to solution of copper(II) salts. It is known as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a>. Diamminesilver(I) ([Ag(NH3)2]+) is the active species in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollens%27_reagent" title="Tollens' reagent">Tollens' reagent</a>. Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> (AgCl) is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia solution, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a> (AgBr) is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution, whereas <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a> (AgI) is insoluble in aqueous ammonia. Ammine complexes of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>(III) were known in the late 19th century, and formed the basis of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a>'s revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two isomers (fac- and mer-) of the complex [CrCl3(NH3)3] could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vertex" class="extiw" title="wikt:vertex">vertices</a> of an <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedron</a>. This proposal has since been confirmed by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>. An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule, although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. One example is the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">Calomel reaction</a>, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble. <dl> <dd>Hg2Cl2 + 2 NH3 → Hg + HgCl(NH2) + NH4+ + Cl−</dd> </dl> <h2>Detection and determination[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detection and determination">edit</a>]</h2> This section is about detection in the laboratory. For detection in astronomy, see chapter <a href="#In_astronomy">In astronomy</a>. <h3>Ammonia in solution[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ammonia in solution">edit</a>]</h3> Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessler%27s_solution" title="Nessler's solution" class="mw-redirect">Nessler's solution</a>, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium</a> or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>, the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and the excess of acid then determined <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_analysis" title="Volumetric analysis" class="mw-redirect">volumetrically</a>; or the ammonia may be absorbed in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplatinate">ammonium hexachloroplatinate</a>, (NH4)2PtCl6. <h3>Gaseous ammonia[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gaseous ammonia">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_sticks" title="Sulfur sticks">Sulfur sticks</a> are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a>, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent. Ammonia is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration; the Permissible Exposure Limit is 25 ppm, and lethal above 500 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Higher concentrations are hardly detected by conventional detectors, the type of detector is chosen according to the sensitivity required (e.g. semiconductor, catalytic, electrochemical). Holographic sensors have been proposed for detecting concentrations up to 12.5% in volume.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <h3>Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N)[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N)">edit</a>]</h3> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniacal_nitrogen" title="Ammoniacal nitrogen">Ammoniacal nitrogen</a> (NH3-N) is a measure commonly used for testing the quantity of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It is a measure used mainly for quantifying values in waste treatment and water purification systems, as well as a measure of the health of natural and man made water reserves. It is measured in units of mg/L (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligram" title="Milligram" class="mw-redirect">milligram</a> per <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>). <h2>History[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/170px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/255px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/340px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1999"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> This high-pressure reactor was built in 1921 by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> and was re-erected on the premises of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" title="University of Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect">University of Karlsruhe</a> in Germany.</div> </div> </div> The Romans gave the name sal ammoniacus (salt of Amun) to the ammonium chloride deposits they collected from near the Temple of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Ἄμμων Ammon) in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">ancient Libya</a> because of proximity to the nearby temple.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Salts of ammonia have been known from very early times; thus the term Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> although it is not known whether the term is identical with the more modern sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).<a href="#cite_note-Mineral_Data-24">[24]</a> In the form of sal ammoniac (نشادر, nushadir) ammonia was important to the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Muslim alchemists</a> as early as the 8th century, first mentioned by the Persian chemist <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Haq1995-25">[25]</a> and to the European <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> since the 13th century, being mentioned by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13">[13]</a> It was also used by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyers</a> in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the form of fermented <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. In the 15th century, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilius_Valentinus" title="Basilius Valentinus" class="mw-redirect">Basilius Valentinus</a> showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac. At a later period, when sal ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hooves and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, the name "spirit of hartshorn" was applied to ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in 1774 and was termed by him "alkaline air".<a href="#cite_note-Alchemy-27">[27]</a> Eleven years later in 1785, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a> ascertained its composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process" title="Haber–Bosch process" class="mw-redirect">Haber–Bosch process</a> to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> in 1909 and patented in 1910. It was first used on an industrial scale in Germany during <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-10">[10]</a> following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of nitrates from <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Conquering-28">[28]</a> Prior to the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a> was produced via the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of water or using the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>. <h2>Uses[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Fertilizer[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fertilizer">edit</a>]</h3> Approximately 83% (as of 2004) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously. When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as maize and wheat.[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the USA is in the form of anhydrous ammonia and worldwide 110 million tonnes are applied each year.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <h3>Precursor to nitrogenous compounds[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Precursor to nitrogenous compounds">edit</a>]</h3> Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. This key material is generated via the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a> by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation" title="Oxidation" class="mw-redirect">oxidation</a> of ammonia with air over a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> catalyst at 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F), ~9 atm. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> is an intermediate in this conversion:<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <dl> <dd>NH3 + 2 O2 → HNO3 + H2O</dd> </dl> Nitric acid is used for the production of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive" class="mw-redirect">explosives</a>, and many organonitrogen compounds. Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Raschig_process" title="Olin Raschig process">Olin Raschig process</a> and the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide_process" title="Peroxide process">peroxide process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMA_process" title="BMA process">BMA process</a> and the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrussow_process" title="Andrussow process">Andrussow process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">Hydroxylamine</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig_process" title="Raschig process">Raschig process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschig%E2%80%93Hooker_process" title="Raschig–Hooker process">Raschig–Hooker process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch%E2%80%93Meiser_urea_process" title="Bosch–Meiser urea process" class="mw-redirect">Bosch–Meiser urea process</a> and in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6hler_synthesis" title="Wöhler synthesis">Wöhler synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a>, using <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker_amino-acid_synthesis" title="Strecker amino-acid synthesis" class="mw-redirect">Strecker amino-acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a>, in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohio_process" title="Sohio process" class="mw-redirect">Sohio process</a></li> </ul> Ammonia can also be used to make compounds in reactions which are not specifically named. Examples of such compounds include: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">ammonium perchlorate</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">formamide</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">ethanolamine</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">ethyl carbamate</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine" title="Hexamethylenetetramine">hexamethylenetetramine</a>, and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">ammonium bicarbonate</a>. <h3>Cleaner[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cleaner">edit</a>]</h3> Household ammonia is a solution of NH3 in water (i.e., <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a>) used as a general purpose cleaner for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on grime. Household ammonia ranges in concentration by weight from 5 to 10% ammonia. <h3>Fermentation[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fermentation">edit</a>]</h3> Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a> industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation. <h3>Antimicrobial agent for food products[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antimicrobial agent for food products">edit</a>]</h3> As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was "strongly <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_tea" title="Beef tea" class="mw-redirect">beef tea</a>."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic_bacteria" title="Zoonotic bacteria" class="mw-redirect">zoonotic bacteria</a> in 3 types of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_feed" title="Compound feed" class="mw-redirect">animal feed</a>, but not <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial" title="Microbial" class="mw-redirect">microbial</a> contamination of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a> (or lean finely textured beef in the beef industry) is made from fatty <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_trimmings" title="Beef trimmings" class="mw-redirect">beef trimmings</a> (about 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>, then treating it with ammonia to kill <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a>. The process was deemed effective and safe by the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" title="US Department of Agriculture" class="mw-redirect">US Department of Agriculture</a> based on a study (funded by a producer of pink slime) that found that the treatment reduces E. coli to undetectable levels.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of beef treated at optimal levels of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The level of ammonia in any final product has not come close to toxic levels to humans. <h3>Minor and emerging uses[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Minor and emerging uses">edit</a>]</h3> <h4>Refrigeration – R717[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Refrigeration – R717">edit</a>]</h4> Because of ammonia's vaporization properties, it is a useful <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-10">[10]</a> It was commonly used prior to the popularisation of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> and low cost. It suffers from the disadvantage of toxicity, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Along with its use in modern <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression refrigeration</a> it was used in a mixture along with hydrogen and water in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">absorption refrigerators</a>. The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina cycle</a>, which is of growing importance to geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia-water mixture. <h4>For remediation of gaseous emissions[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: For remediation of gaseous emissions">edit</a>]</h4> Ammonia is used to scrub SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to ammonium sulfate for use as fertilizer. Ammonia neutralizes the nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction">selective catalytic reduction</a>), relies on a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadia" title="Vanadia" class="mw-redirect">vanadia</a>-based catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <h4>As a fuel[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: As a fuel">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/220px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg" width="220" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/330px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/440px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="570"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ammoniacal Gas Engine <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">Streetcar in New Orleans</a> drawn by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a> in 1871.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-15.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/220px-X-15.jpg" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/330px-X-15.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/440px-X-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1934"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-15.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15" title="X-15" class="mw-redirect">X-15</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> used ammonia as one component <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> of its <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a></div> </div> </div> Ammonia was used during <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to power buses in Belgium, and in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. Liquid ammonia also fuelled the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR99" title="Reaction Motors XLR99">Reaction Motors XLR99</a> rocket engine that powered the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-15" title="X-15" class="mw-redirect">X-15</a> hypersonic research aircraft. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design. Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> for <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engines" title="Internal combustion engines" class="mw-redirect">internal combustion engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c1-39">[39]</a> The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5 MJ/kg (9690 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTU" title="BTU" class="mw-redirect">BTU</a>/lb), which is about half that of diesel. In a normal engine, in which the water vapour is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be about 21% less than this figure. Ammonia cannot be easily or efficiently used in existing <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto cycle</a> engines because of its very low <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a>, although with only minor modifications to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburettor" title="Carburettor" class="mw-redirect">carburettors</a>/<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">injectors</a> and a drastic reduction in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a>, which would require new pistons, a gasoline engine could be made to work exclusively with ammonia, at a low fraction of its power output before conversion and much higher fuel consumption.[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An automobile fuel tank could store ammonia as a liquid as long as the tank was pressurized appropriately, depending on the temperature. Ammonia's <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)#Thermodynamic_properties" title="Ammonia (data page)">thermodynamic properties</a> are such that at -30 C, the tank pressure would only have to be 27.5 psi, about the same as a car tire. At 30 °C (86 °F) the pressure in the tank would need to be 170 psi to keep the ammonia liquid. If tank pressure was released, the liquid ammonia would turn gaseous and raise the pressure again to that level. Common pneumatic tool air compressors operate at this pressure, so fuel tank pressure is not a barrier to adoption of automobile fuel usage. There are other barriers to widespread automobile usage. In terms of raw ammonia supplies, plants would have to be built to increase production levels, requiring significant capital and energy sources. Although it is the second most produced chemical, the scale of ammonia production is a small fraction of world petroleum usage. It could be manufactured from renewable energy sources, as well as coal or nuclear power. The 60 MW Rjukan dam in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, Norway produced ammonia via electrolysis of water for many years from 1913 producing fertilizer for much of Europe. If produced from coal, the CO2 could be sequestered, but <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> from coal power plants is not yet beyond prototype stages. In 1981, a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2007, a University of Michigan pickup powered by ammonia drove from Detroit to San Francisco as part of a demonstration, requiring only one fill-up in Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a>, have been proposed and occasionally used.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The principle is similar to that used in a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireless_locomotive" title="Fireless locomotive">fireless locomotive</a>, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsworthy_Gurney" title="Goldsworthy Gurney">Goldsworthy Gurney</a> in the UK and in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">streetcars in New Orleans</a>. <h4>As a stimulant[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As a stimulant">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/220px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/330px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/440px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Anti-<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">meth</a> sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otley,_Iowa" title="Otley, Iowa">Otley, Iowa</a>. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertilizer that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa state used grant money to give out thousands of locks to prevent criminals from getting into the tanks.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></div> </div> </div> Ammonia, as the vapor released by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelling_salts" title="Smelling salts">smelling salts</a>, has found significant use as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> through a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_reduction" title="Birch reduction">Birch reduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added.[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <h4>Textile[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Textile">edit</a>]</h4> Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercerisation" title="Mercerisation" class="mw-redirect">mercerisation</a>, using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <h4>Lifting gas[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lifting gas">edit</a>]</h4> At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere, and has approximately 60% of the lifting power of hydrogen or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. Ammonia has sometimes been used to fill weather balloons as a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a>. Because of its relatively high boiling point (compared to helium and hydrogen), ammonia could potentially be refrigerated and liquefied aboard an <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> to reduce lift and add ballast (and returned to a gas to add lift and reduce ballast). <h4>Woodworking[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Woodworking">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_fuming" title="Ammonia fuming">Ammonia fuming</a></div> Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture. Ammonia fumes react with the natural tannins in the wood and cause it to change colours.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <h2>Safety precautions[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Safety precautions">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/220px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg" width="220" height="337" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/330px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/440px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="800"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The world's longest ammonia <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a>, running from the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TogliattiAzot" title="TogliattiAzot">TogliattiAzot</a> plant in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</div> </div> </div> The U. S. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</a> has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume.<a href="#cite_note-ToxFaqSheet-48">[48]</a> NIOSH recently reduced the IDLH from 500 to 300 based on recent more conservative interpretations of original research in 1943. IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health) is the level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes without suffering irreversible health effects. Other organizations have varying exposure levels. U.S. Navy Standards [U.S. Bureau of Ships 1962] maximum allowable concentrations (MACs):continuous exposure (60 days): 25 ppm / 1 hour: 400 ppm<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Ammonia vapour has a sharp, irritating, pungent odour that acts as a warning of potentially dangerous exposure. The average odour threshold is 5 ppm, well below any danger or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death.<a href="#cite_note-ToxFaqSheet-48">[48]</a> Although ammonia is regulated in the United States as a non-flammable gas, it still meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 13,248 L (3,500 gallons).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <h3>Toxicity[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</h3> The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate" title="Carbamoyl phosphate">carbamoyl phosphate</a> by the enzyme <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase">carbamoyl phosphate synthetase</a>, and then enters the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> to be either incorporated into <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> or excreted in the urine[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> lack this mechanism, as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion. Ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and for this reason it is <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_67/548/EEC" title="Directive 67/548/EEC" class="mw-redirect">classified</a> as dangerous for the environment. <h4>Aquaculture[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a>]</h4> Ammonia toxicity is believed to be a cause of otherwise unexplained losses in fish hatcheries. Excess ammonia may accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH of the exposed organism. Tolerance varies among fish species.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> At lower concentrations, around 0.05 mg/L, un-ionised ammonia is harmful to fish species and can result in poor growth and feed conversion rates, reduced fecundity and fertility and increase stress and susceptibility to bacterial infections and diseases.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Exposed to excess ammonia, fish may suffer loss of equilibrium, hyper-excitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake and increased heart rate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> At concentrations exceeding 2.0 mg/L, ammonia causes gill and tissue damage, extreme lethargy, convulsions, coma, and death.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/l.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> During winter, when reduced feeds are administered to aquaculture stock, ammonia levels can be higher. Lower ambient temperatures reduce the rate of algal photosynthesis so less ammonia is removed by any algae present. Within an aquaculture environment, especially at large scale, there is no fast-acting remedy to elevated ammonia levels. Prevention rather than correction is recommended to reduce harm to farmed fish<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[53]</a> and in open water systems, the surrounding environment. <h3>Storage information[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Storage information">edit</a>]</h3> Similar to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> ammonia boils below room temperature when at atmospheric pressure. A storage vessel capable of 250 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> (1.7 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>) is suitable to contain the liquid.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ammonium compounds should never be allowed to come in contact with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> (unless in an intended and contained reaction), as dangerous quantities of ammonia gas could be released. <h3>Household use[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Household use">edit</a>]</h3> Solutions of ammonia (5–10% by weight) are used as household cleaners, particularly for glass. These solutions are irritating to the eyes and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> (respiratory and digestive tracts), and to a lesser extent the skin. Caution should be used that the chemical is never mixed into any liquid containing bleach, as a poisonous gas may result. Mixing with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>-containing products or strong oxidants, such as household <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a>, can lead to hazardous compounds such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramine" title="Chloramine">chloramines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <h3>Laboratory use of ammonia solutions[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Laboratory use of ammonia solutions">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg/220px-Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" width="220" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="296"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Hydrochloric acid sample releasing HCl fumes, which are reacting with ammonia fumes to produce a white smoke of ammonium chloride.</div> </div> </div> The hazards of ammonia solutions depend on the concentration: "dilute" ammonia solutions are usually 5–10% by weight (<5.62 mol/L); "concentrated" solutions are usually prepared at >25% by weight. A 25% (by weight) solution has a density of 0.907 g/cm3, and a solution that has a lower density will be more concentrated. The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_67/548/EEC" title="Directive 67/548/EEC" class="mw-redirect">European Union classification</a> of ammonia solutions is given in the table. <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a> by weight (w/w)</th> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molarity" title="Molarity" class="mw-redirect">Molarity</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a> mass/volume (w/v)</th> <th>Classification</th> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_R-phrases" title="List of R-phrases">R-Phrases</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>5–10%</td> <td>2.87–5.62 mol/L</td> <td>48.9–95.7 g/L</td> <td>Irritant (Xi)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R36/37/38:_Irritating_to_eyes,_respiratory_system_and_skin" title="R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin">R36/37/38</abbr></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10–25%</td> <td>5.62–13.29 mol/L</td> <td>95.7–226.3 g/L</td> <td>Corrosive (C)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R34:_Causes_burns" title="R34: Causes burns" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R34: Causes burns">R34</abbr></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>>25%</td> <td>>13.29 mol/L</td> <td>>226.3 g/L</td> <td>Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R34:_Causes_burns" title="R34: Causes burns" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R34: Causes burns">R34</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R50:_Very_toxic_to_aquatic_organisms" title="R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms">R50</abbr></a></td> </tr> </table> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S-phrases" title="List of S-phrases">S-Phrases</a>: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S1/2):_Keep_locked_up_and_out_of_the_reach_of_children" title="(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of children" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of children">(S1/2)</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16:_Keep_away_from_sources_of_ignition_-_No_smoking" title="S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking">S16</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S36/37/39:_Wear_suitable_protective_clothing,_gloves_and_eye/face_protection" title="S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection">S36/37/39</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S45:_In_case_of_accident_or_if_you_feel_unwell_seek_medical_advice_immediately_(show_the_label_where_possible)" title="S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)">S45</abbr></a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S61:_Avoid_release_to_the_environment._Refer_to_special_instructions/safety_data_sheet" title="S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet" class="mw-redirect"><abbr class="abbr" title="S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet">S61</abbr></a>.</dd> </dl> The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and these solutions should only be handled in a fume hood. Saturated ("0.880") solutions can develop a significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather, and the bottle should be opened with care; this is not usually a problem for 25% ("0.900") solutions. Ammonia solutions should not be mixed with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, as toxic and/or explosive products are formed. Prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a> salts can also lead to explosive products: such mixtures are often formed in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_inorganic_analysis" title="Qualitative inorganic analysis">qualitative inorganic analysis</a>, and should be lightly acidified but not concentrated (<6% w/v) before disposal once the test is completed. <h3>Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)">edit</a>]</h3> Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic (T) and dangerous for the environment (N). The gas is flammable (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a>: 651 °C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16–25%). The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) in the United States is 50 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million" class="mw-redirect">ppm</a> (35 mg/m3), while the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDLH" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. Repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, but desensitised individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia corrodes <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>- and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-containing <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, and so <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> fittings should not be used for handling the gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber" title="Rubber" class="mw-redirect">rubber</a> and certain plastics. Ammonia reacts violently with the halogens. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">Nitrogen triiodide</a>, a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_explosive" title="Primary explosive" class="mw-redirect">primary</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive" title="High explosive" class="mw-redirect">high explosive</a>, is formed when ammonia comes in contact with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Ammonia causes the explosive <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerisation" title="Polymerisation" class="mw-redirect">polymerisation</a> of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>. It also forms explosive <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulminating" title="Fulminating" class="mw-redirect">fulminating</a> compounds with compounds of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> or <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, and with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">stibine</a>. Violent reactions have also been reported with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> solutions, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>. <h2>Synthesis and production[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Synthesis and production">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber-Bosch_process" title="Haber-Bosch process" class="mw-redirect">Haber-Bosch process</a></div> This section is about industrial synthesis. For synthesis in certain organisms, see section <a href="#Biosynthesis">§ Biosynthesis</a> below. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Production_of_ammonia.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Production_of_ammonia.svg/300px-Production_of_ammonia.svg.png" width="300" height="198" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Production_of_ammonia.svg/450px-Production_of_ammonia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Production_of_ammonia.svg/600px-Production_of_ammonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="355"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Production_of_ammonia.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Production trend of ammonia between 1947 and 2007</div> </div> </div> Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. Dozens of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a> worldwide produce ammonia. Consuming more than 1% of all man-made power, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a> is a significant component of the world energy budget.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-10">[10]</a> Market research reports total ammonia production in 2012 is 198 million tonnes and is predicted to increase by about 35 million tonnes by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ceresana1-9">[9]</a> China produced 28.4% of the worldwide production (increasingly from coal as part of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> synthesis)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> followed by India with 8.6%, Russia with 8.4%, and the United States with 8.2%.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-57">[57]</a> About 80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-57">[57]</a> Before the start of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, most ammonia was obtained by the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">dry distillation</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products, including <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">dung</a>, where it was <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilled</a> by the reduction of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a> with hydrogen; in addition, it was produced by the distillation of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline" title="Alkaline" class="mw-redirect">alkaline</a> hydroxides<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a>, the salt most generally used being the chloride (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a>) thus: <dl> <dd>2 NH4Cl + 2 CaO → CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3</dd> </dl> Hydrogen for ammonia synthesis could also be produced economically by using the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a> reaction followed by the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas_shift" title="Water gas shift" class="mw-redirect">water gas shift</a> reaction, produced by passing steam through red-hot <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, to give a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases, followed by removal of the carbon dioxide "washing" the gas mixture with water under pressure (25 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheres</a> (2,500 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>));<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> or by using other sources like coal or coke gasification. Modern ammonia-producing plants depend on industrial <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a> to react with atmospheric nitrogen using a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class="mw-redirect">catalyst</a> or over a promoted Fe catalyst under high pressure (100 standard atmospheres (10,000 kPa)) and temperature (450 °C) to form anhydrous liquid ammonia. This step is known as the ammonia synthesis loop (also referred to as the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch" title="Haber–Bosch" class="mw-redirect">Haber–Bosch</a> process):<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <dl> <dd>3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3</dd> </dl> Hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis could also be produced economically using other sources like coal or coke gasification or less economically from the electrolysis of water into oxygen + hydrogen and other alternatives that are presently impractical for large scale. At one time, most of Europe's ammonia was produced from the Hydro plant at <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemork" title="Vemork">Vemork</a>, via the electrolysis route. Various renewable energy electricity sources are also potentially applicable. As a sustainable alternative to the relatively inefficient <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, hydrogen can be generated from organic wastes (such as biomass or food-industry waste), using <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">catalytic reforming</a>. This releases hydrogen from carbonaceous substances at only 10-20% of energy used by electrolysis and may lead to hydrogen being produced from municipal wastes at below zero cost (allowing for the tipping fees and efficient catalytic reforming, such as cold-plasma). Catalytic (thermal) reforming is possible in small, distributed (even mobile) plants, to take advantage of low-value, stranded biomass/biowaste or natural gas deposits. Conversion of such wastes into ammonia solves the problem of hydrogen storage, as hydrogen can be released economically from ammonia on-demand, without the need for high-pressure or cryogenic storage. It is also easier to store ammonia on board vehicles than to store hydrogen, as ammonia is less flammable than petrol or LPG. <h2>Liquid ammonia as a solvent[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Liquid ammonia as a solvent">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent">Inorganic nonaqueous solvent</a></div> Liquid ammonia is the best-known and most widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electrons</a>. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of NH3 with those of water shows NH3 has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_constant" title="Dielectric constant" class="mw-redirect">dielectric constant</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" title="Electrical conductivity" class="mw-redirect">electrical conductivity</a>; this is due at least in part to the weaker hydrogen bonding in NH3 and because such bonding cannot form cross-linked networks, since each NH3 molecule has only one lone pair of electrons compared with two for each H2O molecule. The ionic self-<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">dissociation constant</a> of liquid NH3 at −50 °C is about 10−33 mol2·l−2. <h3>Solubility of salts[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Solubility of salts">edit</a>]</h3> <table> <tr> <th></th> <th>Solubility (g of salt per 100 g liquid NH3)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_acetate" title="Ammonium acetate">Ammonium acetate</a></td> <td>253.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a></td> <td>389.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_nitrate" title="Lithium nitrate">Lithium nitrate</a></td> <td>243.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a></td> <td>97.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a></td> <td>10.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a></td> <td>0.35</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></td> <td>157.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">Sodium bromide</a></td> <td>138.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></td> <td>161.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">Sodium thiocyanate</a></td> <td>205.5</td> </tr> </table> Liquid ammonia is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanides</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanates</a>. Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halide</a> salts increases from <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a>. A saturated solution of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> contains 0.83 mol solute per mole of ammonia and has a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour_pressure" title="Vapour pressure" class="mw-redirect">vapour pressure</a> of less than 1 bar even at 25 °C (77 °F). <h3>Solutions of metals[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Solutions of metals">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">Solvated electron</a></div> Liquid ammonia will dissolve the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and other <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> metals such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a>. At low concentrations (<0.06 mol/l), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electrons</a>, free electrons that are surrounded by a cage of ammonia molecules. These solutions are very useful as strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immiscible" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:immiscible">immiscible</a> phases. <h3>Redox properties of liquid ammonia[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Redox properties of liquid ammonia">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></div> <table cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (V, ammonia)</th> <th><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (V, water)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Li+ + e− ⇌ Li</td> <td>−2.24</td> <td>−3.04</td> </tr> <tr> <td>K+ + e− ⇌ K</td> <td>−1.98</td> <td>−2.93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Na+ + e− ⇌ Na</td> <td>−1.85</td> <td>−2.71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn</td> <td>−0.53</td> <td>−0.76</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NH4+ + e− ⇌ ½ H2 + NH3</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu</td> <td>+0.43</td> <td>+0.34</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag</td> <td>+0.83</td> <td>+0.80</td> </tr> </table> The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (N2 + 6NH4+ + 6e− ⇌ 8NH3), is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">metal amide</a> and dihydrogen. Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions; although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts. <h2>Ammonia's role in biological systems and human disease[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ammonia's role in biological systems and human disease">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/250px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png" width="250" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/375px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/500px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1058"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></div> </div> </div> Ammonia is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Although atmospheric nitrogen abounds (more than 75%), few living creatures are capable of using this atmospheric nitrogen in its diatomic form, N2 gas. Therefore, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> is required for the synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Some plants rely on ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes incorporated into the soil by decaying matter. Others, such as nitrogen-fixing <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, benefit from <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> relationships with <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a> that create ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <h3>Biosynthesis[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis">edit</a>]</h3> In certain organisms, ammonia is produced from atmospheric nitrogen by <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> called <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a>. The overall process is called <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. Although it is unlikely that biomimetic methods that are competitive with the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> will be developed,[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. The scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the active site of the enzyme, which consists of an Fe7MoS9 ensemble. Ammonia is also a metabolic product of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination">deamination</a> catalyzed by enzymes such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase_1#Function" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase 1">glutamate dehydrogenase 1</a>. Ammonia excretion is common in aquatic animals. In humans, it is quickly converted to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, which is much less toxic, particularly less <a href="#Basicity">basic</a>. This urea is a major component of the dry weight of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Most reptiles, birds, insects, and snails excrete <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> solely as nitrogenous waste. <h3>In physiology[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: In physiology">edit</a>]</h3> Ammonia also plays a role in both normal and abnormal animal <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. It is biosynthesised through normal amino acid metabolism and is toxic in high concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> converts ammonia to urea through a series of reactions known as the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a>. Liver dysfunction, such as that seen in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, may lead to elevated amounts of ammonia in the blood (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperammonemia" title="Hyperammonemia">hyperammonemia</a>). Likewise, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">ornithine transcarbamylase</a>, lead to hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia contributes to the confusion and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">hepatic encephalopathy</a>, as well as the neurologic disease common in people with urea cycle defects and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_aciduria" title="Organic aciduria" class="mw-redirect">organic acidurias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Ammonia is important for normal animal acid/base balance. After formation of ammonium from <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-ketoglutarate" title="Α-ketoglutarate" class="mw-redirect">α-ketoglutarate</a> may be degraded to produce two molecules of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, which are then available as buffers for dietary acids. Ammonium is excreted in the urine, resulting in net acid loss. Ammonia may itself diffuse across the renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid excretion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <h3>Excretion[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Excretion">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></div> Ammonium ions are a <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic" title="Toxic" class="mw-redirect">toxic</a> waste product of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> to <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; width:99%; max-width:3508px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png" class="image" title="Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing blood content of ammonia (shown in yellow near middle) with other constituents"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png/3500px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png" width="3500" height="198" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png 2x" data-file-width="4791" data-file-height="271"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png" title="File:Reference ranges for blood tests - by molarity.png"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">Reference ranges for blood tests</a>, comparing blood content of ammonia (shown in yellow near middle) with other constituents</div> </div> </div> <h2>In astronomy[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In astronomy">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/220px-Jupiter.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/330px-Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/440px-Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="840"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ammonia occurs in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" title="Celestial body atmosphere" class="mw-redirect">atmospheres</a> of the outer gas planets such as <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (0.026% ammonia) and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> (0.012% ammonia).</div> </div> </div> Ammonia has been detected in the atmospheres of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a> planets, including <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, along with other gases like methane, hydrogen, and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. The interior of Saturn may include frozen crystals of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It is naturally found on <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> – the two <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons of Mars</a>. <h3>Interstellar space[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Interstellar space">edit</a>]</h3> Ammonia was first detected in interstellar space in 1968, based on <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> emissions from the direction of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">galactic core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This was the first <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyatomic" title="Polyatomic" class="mw-redirect">polyatomic</a> molecule to be so detected. The sensitivity of the molecule to a broad range of excitations and the ease with which it can be observed in a number of regions has made ammonia one of the most important molecules for studies of <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ho-70">[70]</a> The relative intensity of the ammonia lines can be used to measure the temperature of the emitting medium. The following isotopic species of ammonia have been detected: <dl> <dd>NH3, 15NH3, NH2<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">D</a>, NHD2, and ND3</dd> </dl> The detection of triply <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterated</a> ammonia was considered a surprise as deuterium is relatively scarce. It is thought that the low-temperature conditions allow this molecule to survive and accumulate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Since its interstellar discovery, NH3 has proved to be an invaluable spectroscopic tool in the study of the interstellar medium. With a large number of transitions sensitive to a wide range of excitation conditions, NH3 has been widely astronomically detected – its detection has been reported in hundreds of journal articles. Listed below is a sample of journal articles that highlights the range of detectors that have been used to identify ammonia. The study of interstellar ammonia has been important to a number of areas of research in the last few decades. Some of these are delineated below and primarily involve using ammonia as an interstellar thermometer. <h4>Interstellar formation mechanisms[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Interstellar formation mechanisms">edit</a>]</h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamminesilver(I)-3D-balls.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/250px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png" width="250" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/375px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/500px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="602"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamminesilver(I)-3D-balls.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Ball-and-stick model of the diamminesilver(I) cation, [Ag(NH3)2]+</div> </div> </div> The interstellar abundance for ammonia has been measured for a variety of environments. The [NH3]/[H2] ratio has been estimated to range from 10−7 in small dark clouds<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> up to 10−5 in the dense core of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Molecular_Cloud_Complex" title="Orion Molecular Cloud Complex">Orion Molecular Cloud Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Although a total of 18 total production routes have been proposed,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> the principal formation mechanism for interstellar NH3 is the reaction: <dl> <dd>NH4+ + e− → NH3 + H·</dd> </dl> The rate constant, k, of this reaction depends on the temperature of the environment, with a value of 5.2×10−6 at 10 K.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The rate constant was calculated from the formula k = a(T/300)B. For the primary formation reaction, a = 1.05×10−6 and B = −0.47. Assuming an NH4+ abundance of 3×10−7 and an electron abundance of 10−7 typical of molecular clouds, the formation will proceed at a rate of 1.6×10−9 cm−3s−1 in a molecular cloud of total density 105 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> All other proposed formation reactions have rate constants of between 2 and 13 orders of magnitude smaller, making their contribution to the abundance of ammonia relatively insignificant.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> As an example of the minor contribution other formation reactions play, the reaction: <dl> <dd>H2 + NH2 → NH3 + H</dd> </dl> has a rate constant of 2.2×10−15. Assuming H2 densities of 105 and NH2/H2 ratio of 10−7, this reaction proceeds at a rate of 2.2×10−12, more than 3 orders of magnitude slower than the primary reaction above. Some of the other possible formation reactions are: <dl> <dd>H− + NH4+ → NH3 + H2</dd> <dd>PNH3+ + e− → P + NH3</dd> </dl> <h4>Interstellar destruction mechanisms[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Interstellar destruction mechanisms">edit</a>]</h4> There are 113 total proposed reactions leading to the destruction of NH3. Of these, 39 were tabulated in extensive tables of the chemistry among C, N, and O compounds.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A review of interstellar ammonia cites the following reactions as the principal dissociation mechanisms:<a href="#cite_note-ho-70">[70]</a> <dl> <dd>(1) NH3 + H3+ → NH4+ + H2</dd> <dd>(2) NH3 + HCO+ → NH4+ + CO</dd> </dl> with rate constants of 4.39×10−9<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and 2.2×10−9,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> respectively. The above equations (1,2) run at a rate of 8.8×10−9 and 4.4×10−13, respectively. These calculations assumed the given rate constants and abundances of [NH3]/[H2] = 10−5, [H3+]/[H2] = 2×10−5, [HCO+]/[H2] = 2×10−9, and total densities of n = 105, typical of cold, dense, molecular clouds.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Clearly, between these two primary reactions, equation (1) is the dominant destruction reaction, with a rate ~10,000 times faster than equation (2). This is due to the relatively high abundance of H3+. <h4>Single antenna detections[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Single antenna detections">edit</a>]</h4> Radio observations of NH3 from the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope</a> reveal that the ammonia line is separated into two components – a background ridge and an unresolved core. The background corresponds well with the locations previously detected CO.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The 25 m Chilbolton telescope in England detected radio signatures of ammonia in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II regions</a>, HNH2O <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a>, H-H objects, and other objects associated with star formation. A comparison of emission line widths indicates that turbulent or systematic velocities do not increase in the central cores of molecular clouds.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Microwave radiation from ammonia was observed in several galactic objects including W3(OH), <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion A</a>, W43, W51, and five sources in the galactic centre. The high detection rate indicates that this is a common molecule in the interstellar medium and that high-density regions are common in the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <h4>Interferometric studies[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Interferometric studies">edit</a>]</h4> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array" class="mw-redirect">VLA</a> observations of NH3 in seven regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows revealed condensations of less than 0.1 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> in L1551, S140, and <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus A</a>. Three individual condensations were detected in Cepheus A, one of them with a highly elongated shape. They may play an important role in creating the bipolar outflow in the region.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Extragalactic ammonia was imaged using the VLA in <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC_342" title="IC 342">IC 342</a>. The hot gas has temperatures above 70 K, which was inferred from ammonia line ratios and appears to be closely associated with the innermost portions of the nuclear bar seen in CO.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> NH3 was also monitored by VLA toward a sample of four galactic ultracompact HII regions: G9.62+0.19, G10.47+0.03, G29.96−0.02, and G31.41+0.31. Based upon temperature and density diagnostics, it is concluded that in general such clumps are likely to be the sites of massive star formation in an early evolutionary phase prior to the development of an ultracompact HII region.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <h4>Infrared detections[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Infrared detections">edit</a>]</h4> Absorption at 2.97 micrometres due to solid ammonia was recorded from interstellar grains in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becklin-Neugebauer_Object" title="Becklin-Neugebauer Object" class="mw-redirect">Becklin-Neugebauer Object</a> and probably in NGC 2264-IR as well. This detection helped explain the physical shape of previously poorly understood and related ice absorption lines.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A spectrum of the disk of Jupiter was obtained from the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory" title="Kuiper Airborne Observatory">Kuiper Airborne Observatory</a>, covering the 100 to 300 cm−1 spectral range. Analysis of the spectrum provides information on global mean properties of ammonia gas and an ammonia ice haze.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A total of 149 dark cloud positions were surveyed for evidence of 'dense cores' by using the (J,K) = (1,1) rotating inversion line of NH3. In general, the cores are not spherically shaped, with aspect ratios ranging from 1.1 to 4.4. It is also found that cores with stars have broader lines than cores without stars.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Ammonia has been detected in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco Nebula</a> and in one or possibly two molecular clouds, which are associated with the high-latitude galactic <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_cirrus" title="Infrared cirrus">infrared cirrus</a>. The finding is significant because they may represent the birthplaces for the Population I metallicity B-type stars in the galactic halo that could have been borne in the galactic disk.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <h4>Observations of nearby dark clouds[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Observations of nearby dark clouds">edit</a>]</h4> By balancing and stimulated emission with spontaneous emission, it is possible to construct a relation between <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation_temperature" title="Excitation temperature">excitation temperature</a> and density. Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperatures, this calculation is fairly simple. This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions suspected of having extremely low temperatures and possible sites for future star formation. Detections of ammonia in dark clouds show very narrow lines—indicative not only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner-cloud turbulence. Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent of previous CO observations. The ammonia observations were consistent with CO measurements of rotation temperatures of ~10 K. With this, densities can be determined, and have been calculated to range between 104 and 105 cm−3 in dark clouds. Mapping of NH3 gives typical clouds sizes of 0.1 <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> and masses near 1 solar mass. These cold, dense cores are the sites of future star formation. <h4>UC HII regions[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: UC HII regions">edit</a>]</h4> Ultra-compact HII regions are among the best tracers of high-mass star formation. The dense material surrounding UCHII regions is likely primarily molecular. Since a complete study of massive star formation necessarily involves the cloud from which the star formed, ammonia is an invaluable tool in understanding this surrounding molecular material. Since this molecular material can be spatially resolved, it is possible to constrain the heating/ionising sources, temperatures, masses, and sizes of the regions. Doppler-shifted velocity components allow for the separation of distinct regions of molecular gas that can trace outflows and hot cores originating from forming stars. <h4>Extragalactic detection[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Extragalactic detection">edit</a>]</h4> Ammonia has been detected in external galaxies, and by simultaneously measuring several lines, it is possible to directly measure the gas temperature in these galaxies. Line ratios imply that gas temperatures are warm (~50 K), originating from dense clouds with sizes of tens of pc. This picture is consistent with the picture within our <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy—hot dense molecular cores form around newly forming stars embedded in larger clouds of molecular material on the scale of several hundred pc (giant molecular clouds; GMCs). <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)" title="Ammonia (data page)">Ammonia (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_fountain" title="Ammonia fountain">Ammonia fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">Ammonia production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources" title="Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources" class="mw-redirect">Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> </ul> <h2>Notes[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html">http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html</a></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Yost, Don M. (2007). "Ammonia and Liquid Ammonia Solutions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://books.google.com/?id=qPGzhL3Y50YC&pg=PA132">Systematic Inorganic Chemistry</a>. READ BOOKS. p. 132. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-7302-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-7302-6">1-4067-7302-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia+and+Liquid+Ammonia+Solutions&rft.aulast=Yost%2C+Don+M.&rft.au=Yost%2C+Don+M.&rft.btitle=Systematic+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DqPGzhL3Y50YC%26pg%3DPA132&rft.isbn=1-4067-7302-6&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=READ+BOOKS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Blum, Alexander (1975). "On crystalline character of transparent solid ammonia". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 24 (4): 277. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00337577508240819">10.1080/00337577508240819</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=On+crystalline+character+of+transparent+solid+ammonia&rft.au=Blum%2C+Alexander&rft.aulast=Blum%2C+Alexander&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00337577508240819&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Effects+and+Defects+in+Solids&rft.pages=277&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=24" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Budavari, Susan, ed. (1996). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (12th ed.). Merck. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911910-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-911910-12-3">0-911910-12-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=12th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-911910-12-3&rft.pub=Merck&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Perrin, D. D., Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution; 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1982.</li> <li id="cite_note-b1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_6-1">b</a> Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-94690-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-94690-X">0-618-94690-X</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Zumdahl%2C+Steven+S.&rft.au=Zumdahl%2C+Steven+S.&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles+6th+Ed&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-618-94690-X&rft.pages=A22&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sigma-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sigma_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sigma_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sigma_7-2">c</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/294993">Ammonia</a>. Retrieved on 20 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0028.html">"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0028"</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%230028&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0028.html&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceresana1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceresana1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceresana1_9-1">b</a> Ceresana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.ceresana.com/en/market-studies/chemicals/ammonia/ceresana-market-study-ammonia.html">"Market Study Ammonia"</a>. Ceresana. Retrieved 7 November 2012.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Ceresana&rft.aulast=Ceresana&rft.btitle=Market+Study+Ammonia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceresana.com%2Fen%2Fmarket-studies%2Fchemicals%2Fammonia%2Fceresana-market-study-ammonia.html&rft.pub=Ceresana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_10-3">d</a> Max Appl (2006). Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Max+Appl&rft.au=Max+Appl&rft.btitle=Ammonia%2C+in+Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaRoche-11"><a href="#cite_ref-LaRoche_11-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://web.archive.org/web/20071127011850/http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/UserFiles/laroche/PDF/AAPhysical.pdf">"Ammonium hydroxide physical properties"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/UserFiles/laroche/PDF/AAPhysical.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Ammonium+hydroxide+physical+properties&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airgasspecialtyproducts.com%2FUserFiles%2Flaroche%2FPDF%2FAAPhysical.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Kirschbaum, B; Sica, D; Anderson, F. P. (1999). "Urine electrolytes and the urine anion and osmolar gaps.". 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W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement". Acta Crystallographica Section A 35 (4): 569. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979AcCrA..35..569H">1979AcCrA..35..569H</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567739479001340">10.1107/S0567739479001340</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=The+crystal+structure+of+deuteroammonia+between+2+and+180+K+by+neutron+powder+profile+refinement&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Hewat%2C+A.+W.&rft.aulast=Hewat&rft.au=Riekel%2C+C.&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979AcCrA..35..569H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0567739479001340&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+A&rft.pages=569&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=35" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC_94th-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_94th_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_94th_15-1">b</a> CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/">http://www.hbcpnetbase.com</a>. Page 9-26. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-Cleeton-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleeton_16-0">^</a> Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia". Physical Review 45 (4): 234. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934PhRv...45..234C">1934PhRv...45..234C</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.45.234">10.1103/PhysRev.45.234</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+Waves+of+1.1%26nbsp%3Bcm+%280%26nbsp%3Bin%29.+Wave-Length+and+the+Absorption+Spectrum+of+Ammonia&rft.au=Cleeton%2C+C.+E.&rft.aulast=Cleeton%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Williams%2C+N.+H.&rft.date=1934&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934PhRv...45..234C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.45.234&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=234&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=45" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Baker, H. B. (1894). J. Chem. Soc. 65: 612.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Baker%2C+H.+B.&rft.aulast=Baker%2C+H.+B.&rft.date=1894&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.pages=612&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=65" class="Z3988">  Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0-08-022057-6&dq=0-08-022057-6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxdwSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA">Chemistry of the Elements</a>. Oxford: <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. p. 485. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-022057-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-022057-6">0-08-022057-6</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.nz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOezvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D0-08-022057-6%26dq%3D0-08-022057-6%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3Dm4tIRxdwSk%26sig%3DXQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DUoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ%26ved%3D0CD8Q6AEwBA&rft.isbn=0-08-022057-6&rft.pages=485&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Sterrett, K. F. ; Caron, A. P. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0373800">"High pressure chemistry of hydrogenous fuels"</a>. Northrop Space Labs.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Sterrett%2C+K.+F.+%3B+Caron%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Sterrett%2C+K.+F.+%3B+Caron%2C+A.+P.&rft.btitle=High+pressure+chemistry+of+hydrogenous+fuels&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DAD0373800&rft.pub=Northrop+Space+Labs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> (OSHA) Source: Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (Sixth Edition) by N. Irving Sax</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> J. L. Martinez Hurtado and C. R. Lowe (2014), Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 (11), 8903-8908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am5016588">http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am5016588</a></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A632990">"Ammonia"</a>. h2g2 Eponyms. BBC.CO.UK. 11 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://web.archive.org/web/20071102023049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A632990">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia&rft.date=11+January+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2Falabaster%2FA632990&rft.jtitle=h2g2+Eponyms&rft.pub=BBC.CO.UK&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a> cites Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxi. 39</li> <li id="cite_note-Mineral_Data-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Mineral_Data_24-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://webmineral.com/data/Sal-ammoniac.shtml">"Sal-ammoniac"</a>. Webmineral. 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Courier Dover Publications. p. 72. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-43802-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-43802-3">0-486-43802-3</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Maurice+P.+Crosland&rft.au=Maurice+P.+Crosland&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Language+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkwQQaltqByAC%26pg%3DPA72&rft.isbn=0-486-43802-3&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alchemy-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Alchemy_27-0">^</a> Abraham, Lyndy (1990). Marvell and alchemy. 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Sydney: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-470146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-470146-0">0-07-470146-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Smith%2C+Roland&rft.au=Smith%2C+Roland&rft.btitle=Conquering+Chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-470146-0&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> David Brown (18 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/anhydrous-ammonia-fertilizer-abundant-important-hazardous/2013/04/18/c2d4c69c-a85a-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html">"Anhydrous ammonia fertilizer: abundant, important, hazardous"</a>. 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San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Holleman%2C+A.+F.%3B+Wiberg%2C+E.&rft.aulast=Holleman%2C+A.+F.%3B+Wiberg%2C+E.&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Samuel Rideal (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.archive.org/details/disinfectiondisi00rideuoft">Disinfection and Disinfectants: An Introduction to the Study of</a>. London: Charles Griffin and Company. p. 109.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Samuel+Rideal&rft.au=Samuel+Rideal&rft.btitle=Disinfection+and+Disinfectants%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of&rft.date=1895&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisinfectiondisi00rideuoft&rft.pages=109&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+Griffin+and+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O. et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds — Laboratory study". International Journal of Food Microbiology 122 (1–2): 23–28. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18155794">18155794</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia+disinfection+of+animal+feeds+%E2%80%94+Laboratory+study&rft.au=Cliver%2C+D.+O.&rft.au=Gomez%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Hajmeer%2C+M.+N.&rft.aulast=Tajkarimi%2C+Mehrdad&rft.au=Razavilar%2C+V.&rft.au=Riemann%2C+H.+P.&rft.au=Tajkarimi%2C+Mehrdad&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18155794&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.pages=23-28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=122" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://asae.frymulti.com/abstract.asp?aid=27245&t=2">Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Reducing Bacteria in Textured Beef</a>", Jensen, Jean L et al., <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Agricultural_and_Biological_Engineers" title="American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers">American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers</a> Annual Meeting 2009</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://haccpalliance.org/sub/Antimicrobial%20Interventions%20for%20Beef.pdf">Reference Document: Antimicrobial Interventions for Beef</a>, Dawna Winkler and Kerri B. Harris, Center for Food Safety, Department of Animal Science, <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, May 2009, page 12</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Moss, Michael (3 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/health/04meat.html">"The Burger That Shattered Her Life"</a>. The New York Times.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=The+Burger+That+Shattered+Her+Life&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.au=Moss%2C+Michael&rft.date=3+October+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F04%2Fhealth%2F04meat.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Moss, Michael (31 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/us/31meat.html">"Safety of Beef Processing Method Is Questioned"</a>. The New York Times.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Safety+of+Beef+Processing+Method+Is+Questioned&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.au=Moss%2C+Michael&rft.date=31+December+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F31%2Fus%2F31meat.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2008/db20080321_748642_page_3.htm">"Diesel: Greener Than You Think"</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Diesel%3A+Greener+Than+You+Think&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fbwdaily%2Fdnflash%2Fcontent%2Fmar2008%2Fdb20080321_748642_page_3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg106.htm">"Phosgene: Health and Safety Guide"</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Programme_on_Chemical_Safety" title="International Programme on Chemical Safety">International Programme on Chemical Safety</a>. 1998.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Phosgene%3A+Health+and+Safety+Guide&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inchem.org%2Fdocuments%2Fhsg%2Fhsg%2Fhsg106.htm&rft.pub=International+Programme+on+Chemical+Safety&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c1-39"><a href="#cite_ref-c1_39-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.energy.iastate.edu/Renewable/ammonia/ammonia/2007/Olson2_NH3.pdf">"Ammonia as a Transportation Fuel IV"</a> (PDF). Norm Olson – Iowa Energy Center. 15–16 October 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Ammonia+as+a+Transportation+Fuel+IV&rft.date=15-16+October+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.iastate.edu%2FRenewable%2Fammonia%2Fammonia%2F2007%2FOlson2_NH3.pdf&rft.pub=Norm+Olson+%E2%80%93+Iowa+Energy+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0hBAz6MxC4">Ammonia Powered Car</a> on <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.gregvezina.ca/">"Watch 'Ammonia Fuel'"</a>. Greg Vezina. Retrieved 7 July 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Watch+%27Ammonia+Fuel%27&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gregvezina.ca&rft.pub=Greg+Vezina&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.nh3car.com/">"NH3Car.com"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=NH3Car.com&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nh3car.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/POWER/ammonia/ammonia.htm">"Ammonia Motors"</a>. aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Ammonia+Motors&rft.date=1+October+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com%2FMUSEUM%2FPOWER%2Fammonia%2Fammonia.htm&rft.pub=aqpl43.dsl.pipex.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The Gazette Staff (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://thegazette.com/2009/10/06/anhydrous-ammonia-tank-locks-have-flaws">"Anhydrous ammonia tank locks have flaws"</a>. Cedar Rapids Gazette.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Anhydrous+ammonia+tank+locks+have+flaws&rft.aulast=The+Gazette+Staff&rft.au=The+Gazette+Staff&rft.date=6+October+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegazette.com%2F2009%2F10%2F06%2Fanhydrous-ammonia-tank-locks-have-flaws&rft.jtitle=Cedar+Rapids+Gazette&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/methnet/understandingmeth/basics.html">"Illinois Attorney General | Basic Understanding Of Meth"</a>. Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov. Retrieved 21 May 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Illinois+Attorney+General+%26%23124%3B+Basic+Understanding+Of+Meth&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov%2Fmethnet%2Funderstandingmeth%2Fbasics.html&rft.pub=Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 26 (1): 17. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01914084">10.1007/BF01914084</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Change+in+thermal+properties+of+wool+after+treatment+with+liquid+ammonia&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=W%C5%82ochowicz&rft.au=Stelmasiak%2C+E.&rft.au=W%C5%82ochowicz%2C+A.&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01914084&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thermal+Analysis+and+Calorimetry&rft.pages=17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=26" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Fuming_white_oak.html">"Fuming white oak"</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Fuming+white+oak&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodweb.com%2Fknowledge_base%2FFuming_white_oak.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToxFaqSheet-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ToxFaqSheet_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToxFaqSheet_48-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts126.pdf">"Toxic FAQ Sheet for Ammonia"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> (ATSDR). September 2004.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Toxic+FAQ+Sheet+for+Ammonia&rft.date=September+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsdr.cdc.gov%2Ftfacts126.pdf&rft.pub=Agency+for+Toxic+Substances+and+Disease+Registry+%28ATSDR%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7664417.html">Ammonia</a>, IDLH Documentation</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/faq/anhydrous-ammonia-covered-under-hazardous-materials-safety-permit-program">Is Anhydrous Ammonia covered under the Hazardous Materials Safety Permit Program?</a> from the website of the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> (DOT)</li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-2">c</a> Oram, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.water-research.net/index.php/ammonia-in-groundwater-runoff-and-streams">"Ammonia in Groundwater, Runoff, and Streams"</a>. The Water Centre. Retrieved 3 December 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia+in+Groundwater%2C+Runoff%2C+and+Streams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Oram&rft.au=Oram%2C+Brian&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.water-research.net%2Findex.php%2Fammonia-in-groundwater-runoff-and-streams&rft.jtitle=The+Water+Centre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Hargreaves, J.A.; Tucker, C.S. (2004). Managing ammonia in fish ponds. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+J.A.&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.au=Tucker%2C+C.S.&rft.btitle=Managing+ammonia+in+fish+ponds&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Southern+Regional+Aquaculture+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-2">c</a> Sergeant, Chris (5 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.pollutionsolutions-online.com/articles/water-wastewater/17/chris_sergeant/the_management_of_ammonia_levels_in_an_aquaculture_environment/1557/">"The Management of Ammonia Levels in an Aquaculture Environment"</a>. Water/Wastewater. Retrieved 3 December 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=The+Management+of+Ammonia+Levels+in+an+Aquaculture+Environment&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Sergeant&rft.au=Sergeant%2C+Chris&rft.date=5+February+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollutionsolutions-online.com%2Farticles%2Fwater-wastewater%2F17%2Fchris_sergeant%2Fthe_management_of_ammonia_levels_in_an_aquaculture_environment%2F1557%2F&rft.jtitle=Water%2FWastewater&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=3a1341f81fbe762466a07d33da2361fb;rgn=div8;view=text;node=29%3A5.1.1.1.8.8.33.11;idno=29;cc=ecfr">Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:</a>. Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Retrieved on 22 December 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Rizk-Ouaini, Rosette; Ferriol, Michel; Gazet, Josette; Saugier-Cohen Adad, Marie Therese (2006). "Oxidation reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite. Production and degradation reactions of chloramines". Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France 4: 512. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730">3527306730</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Oxidation+reaction+of+ammonia+with+sodium+hypochlorite.+Production+and+degradation+reactions+of+chloramines&rft.au=Ferriol%2C+Michel%3B+Gazet%2C+Josette%3B+Saugier-Cohen+Adad%2C+Marie+Therese&rft.aufirst=Rosette&rft.aulast=Rizk-Ouaini&rft.au=Rizk-Ouaini%2C+Rosette&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Societe+Chimique+de+France&rft.pages=512&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-113564920.html">"New coal-based ammonia and urea capacity.(China)"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 July 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Karl+S.+Roth%2C+MD&rft.aulast=Karl+S.+Roth%2C+MD&rft.btitle=eMedicine+Specialties+%3E+Metabolic+Diseases+%3E+Hyperammonemia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F944996-overview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Adjei, M. B.; Quesenberry, K. H. and Chamblis, C. G. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://web.archive.org/web/20070520075000/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AG152">"Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes"</a>. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AG152">the original</a> on 20 May 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Adjei%2C+M.+B.%3B+Quesenberry%2C+K.+H.+and+Chamblis%2C+C.+G.&rft.aulast=Adjei%2C+M.+B.%3B+Quesenberry%2C+K.+H.+and+Chamblis%2C+C.+G.&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+Fixation+and+Inoculation+of+Forage+Legumes&rft.date=June+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2FAG152&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+IFAS+Extension&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=10323059">"PubChem Substance Summary"</a>. 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Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-07354-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-683-07354-0">0-683-07354-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aulast=Rose%2C+Burton%2C+and+Helmut+Rennke&rft.au=Rose%2C+Burton%2C+and+Helmut+Rennke&rft.btitle=Renal+Pathophysiology&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-683-07354-0&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(scientist)" title="Neil Campbell (scientist)">Campbell, Neil A.</a>; <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Reece" title="Jane Reece">Jane B. Reece</a> (2002). "44". Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 937–938. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-6624-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-6624-5">0-8053-6624-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=44&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Neil+A.&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Jane+B.+Reece&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8053-6624-5&rft.pages=937-938&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Edited by Kirk Munsell. Image page credit Lunar and Planetary Institute. NASA. 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M., Winnewisser, G.; Walmsley; Winnewisser (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-journal_query?volume=88&plate_select=NO&page=259&plate=&cover=&journal=A%2BA..">"Ammonia and cyanoacetylene observations of the high-density core of L-183 (L-134-N)"</a>. Astron. 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AAP 288: 903. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...288..903C">1994A&A...288..903C</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Hot+ammonia+toward+compact+HII+regions&rft.au=Cesaroni%2C+R.%2C+Churchwell%2C+E.%2C+Hofner%2C+P.%2C+Walmsley%2C+C.+M.%2C+Kurtz%2C+S.&rft.au=Churchwell&rft.au=Hofner&rft.au=Kurtz&rft.aulast=Cesaroni%2C+R.%2C+Churchwell%2C+E.%2C+Hofner%2C+P.%2C+Walmsley%2C+C.+M.%2C+Kurtz%2C+S.&rft.au=Walmsley&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994A%26A...288..903C&rft.jtitle=AAP&rft.pages=903&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=288" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Knacke, R. F., McCorkle, S., Puetter, R. C., Erickson, E. F., Kraetschmer, W. (1982). "Observation of interstellar ammonia ice". APJ 260: 141. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApJ...260..141K">1982ApJ...260..141K</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F160241">10.1086/160241</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Observation+of+interstellar+ammonia+ice&rft.au=Knacke%2C+R.+F.%2C+McCorkle%2C+S.%2C+Puetter%2C+R.+C.%2C+Erickson%2C+E.+F.%2C+Kraetschmer%2C+W.&rft.aulast=Knacke%2C+R.+F.%2C+McCorkle%2C+S.%2C+Puetter%2C+R.+C.%2C+Erickson%2C+E.+F.%2C+Kraetschmer%2C+W.&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ApJ...260..141K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F160241&rft.jtitle=APJ&rft.pages=141&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=260" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Orton, G. S., Aumann, H. H., Martonchik, J. V., Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus 52 (1): 81. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Icar...52...81O">1982Icar...52...81O</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2882%2990170-1">10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Airborne+spectroscopy+of+Jupiter+in+the+100-+to+300-cm%3Csup%3E%E2%88%921%3C%2Fsup%3E+region%3A+Global+properties+of+ammonia+gas+and+ice+haze&rft.aulast=Orton%2C+G.+S.%2C+Aumann%2C+H.+H.%2C+Martonchik%2C+J.+V.%2C+Appleby%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.%2C+Aumann%2C+H.+H.%2C+Martonchik%2C+J.+V.%2C+Appleby%2C+J.+F.&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Icar...52...81O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2882%2990170-1&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.pages=81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=52" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Benson, P. J., Myers, P. (1989). "A survey for dense cores in dark clouds". APJS 71: 89. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJS...71...89B">1989ApJS...71...89B</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F191365">10.1086/191365</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=A+survey+for+dense+cores+in+dark+clouds&rft.au=Benson%2C+P.+J.%2C+Myers%2C+P.&rft.aulast=Benson%2C+P.+J.%2C+Myers%2C+P.&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJS...71...89B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F191365&rft.jtitle=APJS&rft.pages=89&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=71" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Mebold, U., Heithausen, A., Reif, K.; Heithausen; Reif (1987). "Ammonia in the galactic halo and the infrared cirrus". AAP 180: 213. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A&A...180..213M">1987A&A...180..213M</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia+in+the+galactic+halo+and+the+infrared+cirrus&rft.au=Heithausen&rft.aulast=Mebold%2C+U.%2C+Heithausen%2C+A.%2C+Reif%2C+K.&rft.au=Mebold%2C+U.%2C+Heithausen%2C+A.%2C+Reif%2C+K.&rft.au=Reif&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987A%26A...180..213M&rft.jtitle=AAP&rft.pages=213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=180" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/Libraries/Aqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual/Physical_Properties.sflb.ashx">"Aqua Ammonia"</a>. airgasspecialtyproducts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://web.archive.org/web/20101119084300/http://airgasspecialtyproducts.com/Libraries/Aqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual/Physical_Properties.sflb.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Aqua+Ammonia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airgasspecialtyproducts.com%2FLibraries%2FAqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual%2FPhysical_Properties.sflb.ashx&rft.pub=airgasspecialtyproducts.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Attribution</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="12" height="12" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"/></a> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.1911encyclopedia.com/Ammonia">"Ammonia"</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.atitle=Ammonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1911encyclopedia.com%2FAmmonia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> <h2>Further reading[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li>Bretherick, L., ed. (1986). Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory (4th ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85186-489-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85186-489-9">0-85186-489-9</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16985764">16985764</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Hazards+in+the+Chemical+Laboratory&rft.date=1986&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16985764&rft.isbn=0-85186-489-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080379419" title="Special:BookSources/0080379419">0080379419</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Norman++N.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman++N.&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0080379419&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2000). Inorganic Chemistry (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582310803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582310803">978-0582310803</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Housecroft%2C+C.+E.&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0582310803&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Weast, R. C., ed. (1972). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=1972&rft.edition=53rd&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ul> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ammonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ammonia">Ammonia</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0414.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0414</a> (anhydrous ammonia), ilo.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0215.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0215</a> (aqueous solutions), ilo.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=222">CID 222</a> from <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.inrs.fr/fichetox/ft16.html">"Ammoniac et solutions aqueuses"</a> (in French). Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia&rft.btitle=Ammoniac+et+solutions+aqueuses&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrs.fr%2Ffichetox%2Fft16.html&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+Recherche+et+de+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.ammoniaspills.org/">Emergency Response to Ammonia Fertilizer Releases (Spills)</a> for the Minnesota Department of Agriculture.ammoniaspills.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ammonia">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Ammonia Page</a>, cdc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0028.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Ammonia</a>, cdc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Ammonia_NH3-210353">Ammonia, video</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon#Compounds" title="Argon">Argon hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Carborundum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">Cyanogen radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen (molecular)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_monohydride_cation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium monohydride cation (page does not exist)">Magnesium monohydride cation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen (molecular)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_nitrogen_monohydride" title="Interstellar nitrogen monohydride" class="mw-redirect">Nitrogen monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononitrogen_monosulfide" title="Mononitrogen monosulfide">Nitrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen (molecular)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus monoxide (page does not exist)">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus nitride (page does not exist)">Phosphorus nitride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride#Production" title="Silicon nitride">Silicon mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfur monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_oxide" title="Titanium oxide">Titanium oxide</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="17" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" class="image" title="link = Nitrous oxide"><img alt="link = Nitrous oxide" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" width="60" height="24" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441"/></a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png" class="image" title="link = Ethanol"><img alt="link = Ethanol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" width="60" height="41" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754"/></a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" class="image" title="link = Buckminsterfullerene"><img alt="link = Buckminsterfullerene" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" width="60" height="63" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formyl" title="Formyl" class="mw-redirect">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide (HCN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium cyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Phosphaethyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Protonated molecular hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_naphthalocyanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon naphthalocyanine (page does not exist)">Silicon naphthalocyanine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thioxoethenylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioxoethenylidene (page does not exist)">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li>Ammonia</li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Cyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclopropynylidyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopropynylidyne (page does not exist)">Cyclopropynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonate" title="Protonate" class="mw-redirect">Protonated</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonate" title="Protonate" class="mw-redirect">Protonated</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3,5-Trithiane" title="1,3,5-Trithiane">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricarbon_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricarbon monoxide (page does not exist)">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricarbon_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricarbon sulfide (page does not exist)">Tricarbon sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanomethyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanomethyl (page does not exist)">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxy" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonate" title="Protonate" class="mw-redirect">Protonated</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene#Silicon_carbide" title="Graphene">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclopropenone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopropenone (page does not exist)">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketenimine" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propynal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propynal (page does not exist)">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonate" title="Protonate" class="mw-redirect">Protonated</a> <a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Methylacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Propenal</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanotriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propene" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene) ("bucky-ball")</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanopentaacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanotetra-acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propanal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">n-Propyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated molecules</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>Ammonia</li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Methylacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N2D%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N2D+ (page does not exist)">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Ethyl methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silylidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silylidine (page does not exist)">Silylidine</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" title="RNA world hypothesis" class="mw-redirect">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150506154644/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" 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hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniaak" title="Ammoniaak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αμμωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoniacu" title="Almoniacu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آمونیاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniac" title="Ammoniac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B3inia" title="Amóinia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B2inia" title="Amòinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="નવસાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="암모니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ամոնիակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अमोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amono" title="Amono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3n%C3%ADak" title="Ammóníak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אמוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಮೊನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonyak" title="Amonyak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonjaks" title="Amonjaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniakas" title="Amoniakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3nia" title="Ammónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Амонијак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അമോണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="तिक्ताति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アンモニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammiak" title="Ammiak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="امونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ACa" title="Amonìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniaku" title="Amoniaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammun%C3%ACaca" title="Ammunìaca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Амонијак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakki" title="Ammoniakki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonya" title="Amonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அமோனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แอมโมเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonyak" title="Amonyak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аміак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonya" title="Amonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150506154644/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 5 May 2015, at 13:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" 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