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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern Graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization_and_entrance_into_mainstream_pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization_and_entrance_into_mainstream_pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization_and_entrance_into_mainstream_pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Global movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of graffiti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_graffiti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of graffiti subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stencil_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stencil_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stencil graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stencil_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stickers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throw_ups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throw_ups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Throw ups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throw_ups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Pieces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildstyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildstyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Wildstyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildstyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Modern experimentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Personal expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Territorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_and_political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_and_political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Radical and political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_and_political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Genocide denial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_graffiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_graffiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Offensive graffiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_graffiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_and_high_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_and_high_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decorative and high art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_and_high_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracker_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracker_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.1</span> <span>Tracker databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracker_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gang_injunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gang_injunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.2</span> <span>Gang injunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gang_injunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hotlines_and_reward_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hotlines_and_reward_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.3</span> <span>Hotlines and reward programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hotlines_and_reward_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_warrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_warrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.4</span> <span>Search warrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_warrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Dramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graffiti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="جرافيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرافيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8" title="দেৱাল লিখন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেৱাল লিখন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qraffiti" title="Qraffiti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qraffiti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্রাফিতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রাফিতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%81n-ch%C5%8D" title="Loān-chō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Loān-chō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96" title="Графіці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Графіці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96" title="Графіці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Графіці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Графити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit_(art)" title="Grafit (art) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grafit (art)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Γκράφιτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκράφιτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitio" title="Grafitio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafitio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوارنگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوارنگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%EC%84%9C" title="낙서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Գրաֆիտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաֆիտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="दीवारकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दीवारकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffitismo" title="Graffitismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Graffitismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="גרפיטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפיטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಗೀಚುಬರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೀಚುಬರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გრაფიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Граффити – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Граффити" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machata" title="Machata – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Machata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Граффити – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Граффити" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphitum" title="Graphitum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graphitum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafitis" title="Grafitis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafitis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Графити – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Графити" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്രഫിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രഫിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="جرافيتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرافيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گرافیتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرافیتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="ဂရက်ဖတီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရက်ဖတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D" title="落書き – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="落書き" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffitlar" title="Graffitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Graffitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="گریفٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریفٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%BC%D9%8A" title="ګرافيټي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرافيټي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grafito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Граффити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Граффити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafity" title="Grafity – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grafity" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafit_(umetnost)" title="Grafit (umetnost) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafit (umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83)" title="Графит (натпис на зиду) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графит (натпис на зиду)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சுவரெழுத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவரெழுத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รอยขูดขีดเขียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอยขูดขีดเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Деворнигорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Деворнигорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiti" title="Grafiti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafiti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="Графіті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графіті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Graffiti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%82%E9%B8%A6" title="涂鸦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="涂鸦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%97%E9%B4%89" title="塗鴉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塗鴉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAsnu%C5%9Fte" title="Dêsnuşte – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dêsnuşte" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%97%E9%B4%89%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="塗鴉藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塗鴉藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17514#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Drawings and paintings on walls</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Graffiti (disambiguation)">Graffiti (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graffiti&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Too_many_photos plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/40px-Image_cancel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/60px-Image_cancel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/80px-Image_cancel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains too many pictures for its overall length</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Graffiti" title="Talk:Graffiti">talk page</a>. 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Graffiti</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg/220px-Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg/330px-Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg/440px-Former_roof_felt_factory_in_Tampere_Jun2012_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An abandoned <a href="/wiki/Roof_felt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof felt">roof felt</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Santalahti" title="Santalahti">Santalahti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> which has been painted with graffiti, including work by <a href="/wiki/1UP_(graffiti_crew)" title="1UP (graffiti crew)">1UP</a> (top left), 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1960s-present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAKI_183" title="TAKI 183">TAKI 183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornbread_(graffiti_artist)" title="Cornbread (graffiti artist)">Cornbread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop (culture)">Hip hop culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_graffiti" title="Commercial graffiti">Commercial graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_art" title="Urban art">Urban art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Graffiti</b> (singular <i><b>graffiti</b></i> or <i><b>graffito</b></i>, the latter only used in <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffiti archeology</a>) is writing or drawings made on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view.<sup id="cite_ref-oxd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graffiti ranges from simple written <a href="/wiki/Moniker_(graffiti)" title="Moniker (graffiti)">"monikers"</a> to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">since ancient times</a>, with examples dating back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graffito_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graffito-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern graffiti began in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_nomenclature" title="New York City Subway nomenclature">New York City subway</a> system and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in the early 1970s and later spread to the rest of the United States and throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word <i>graffiato</i> ("scratched").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahd_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> were used. The word originates from Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">γράφειν</span></span>—<i>graphein</i>—meaning "to write".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Rufus_est_caricature_villa_misteri_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> graffito <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> of a politician. <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffitti,_Castellania,_Malta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg/220px-Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg/330px-Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg/440px-Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Figure graffito, similar to a relief, at <a href="/wiki/Castellania_(Valletta)" title="Castellania (Valletta)">the Castellania, in Valletta</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_graffiti">Prehistoric graffiti</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_graffiti_symbols" title="Megalithic graffiti symbols">Megalithic graffiti symbols</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyphs</a> date between 40,000 and 10,000 years old, the oldest being <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a> were made 35,000 years ago, but little is known about who made them or why.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early artists created <a href="/wiki/Stencil_graffiti" title="Stencil graffiti">stencil graffiti</a> of their hands with paint blown through a tube. These stencils may have functioned similarly to a modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">tag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_graffiti">Ancient graffiti</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_graffiti" title="Roman graffiti">Roman graffiti</a></div> <p>The oldest written graffiti was found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> around 2500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also includes word games such as the <a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a>, "I was here" type markings, and comments on gladiators.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was generally not considered vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain graffiti was seen as blasphemous and was removed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alexamenos_graffito" title="Alexamenos graffito">Alexamenos graffito</a>, which may contain one of the earliest depictions of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. The graffito features a human with the head of a donkey on a cross with the text "Alexamenos worships [his] god."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_graffiti">Medieval graffiti</h3></div> <p>The only known source of the <a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a> language, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">ancient form of Arabic</a>, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. </p><p>Among the ancient political graffiti examples were <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> Arab and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sajistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, manifesting a strong hatred towards the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> regime and its <i><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">walis</a></i>, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls.<sup id="cite_ref-green_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> descended into the ruins of Nero's <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the <i><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grottesche</a></i> style of decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-archeology_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archeology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ancient graffiti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 66px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 64px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti from the Museum of Ancient Graffiti (fr), France"><img alt="Graffiti from the Museum of Ancient Graffiti (fr), France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Graffiti_4.JPG/96px-Graffiti_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Graffiti_4.JPG/145px-Graffiti_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Graffiti_4.JPG/193px-Graffiti_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti from the Museum of Ancient Graffiti <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_du_graffiti_ancien" class="extiw" title="fr:Maison du graffiti ancien">(fr)</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_graffito.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satirical Alexamenos graffito, possibly the earliest known representation of Jesus"><img alt="Satirical Alexamenos graffito, possibly the earliest known representation of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jesus_graffito.jpg/158px-Jesus_graffito.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jesus_graffito.jpg/237px-Jesus_graffito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jesus_graffito.jpg/317px-Jesus_graffito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satirical <a href="/wiki/Alexamenos_graffito" title="Alexamenos graffito">Alexamenos graffito</a>, possibly the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">representation of Jesus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientgrafS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem"><img alt="Graffiti, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AncientgrafS.jpg/168px-AncientgrafS.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AncientgrafS.jpg/253px-AncientgrafS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AncientgrafS.jpg/337px-AncientgrafS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viking mercenary graffiti at the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey"><img alt="Viking mercenary graffiti at the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg/240px-Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg/360px-Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg/480px-Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> mercenary graffiti at the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on the Mirror Wall, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Graffiti on the Mirror Wall, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg/234px-Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg/351px-Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on the <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya#Mirror_wall" title="Sigiriya">Mirror Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_graffiti">Contemporary graffiti</h3></div> <p>In the 1790s, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars:_Campaigns_of_1798" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798">campaign of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JinxArtCrimes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JinxArtCrimes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s survives on one of the columns of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sounion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Sounion">Cape Sounion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-shanks_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known example of <a href="/wiki/Moniker_(graffiti)" title="Moniker (graffiti)">graffiti monikers</a> were found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Bill_Daniel_(filmmaker)" title="Bill Daniel (filmmaker)">Bill Daniel</a> in his 2005 film, <i>Who is Bozo Texino?</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bozo-texino-walker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozo-texino-walker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozo-texino-film_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozo-texino-film-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary graffiti has been seen on landmarks in the US, such as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Rock" title="Independence Rock">Independence Rock</a>, a national landmark along the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:<sup id="cite_ref-reagan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reagan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Austin White – Chicago, Ill – 1918<br /> Austin White – Chicago, Ill – 1945<br /> This is the last time I want to write my name here. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Kilroy_was_here" title="Kilroy was here">Kilroy was here</a>" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a> (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".<sup id="cite_ref-russel_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">World War II graffiti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A,_Italien,_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soldier with tropical fantasy graffiti (1943–1944)"><img alt="Soldier with tropical fantasy graffiti (1943–1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg/261px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg/391px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg/521px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-309-0816-20A%2C_Italien%2C_Soldat_zeichnend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soldier with tropical fantasy graffiti (1943–1944)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Army graffiti in the ruins of the Reichstag, in Berlin (1945)"><img alt="Soviet Army graffiti in the ruins of the Reichstag, in Berlin (1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg/171px-Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg/257px-Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg/343px-Graffiti_inside_the_ruins_of_the_German_Reichstag_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet Army graffiti in the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_D-Day_Wall,_Southampton,_10_June_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The D-Day Wall in Western Esplanade, Southampton."><img alt="The D-Day Wall in Western Esplanade, Southampton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg/180px-The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg/270px-The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg/360px-The_D-Day_Wall%2C_Southampton%2C_10_June_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The D-Day Wall in Western Esplanade, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Permanent engraving of Kilroy on the World War II Memorial, in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Permanent engraving of Kilroy on the World War II Memorial, in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg/269px-Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg/404px-Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg/538px-Kilroy_Was_Here_-_Washington_DC_WWII_Memorial_-_Jason_Coyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Permanent engraving of <a href="/wiki/Kilroy_was_here" title="Kilroy was here">Kilroy</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II Memorial</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Early spray-painted graffiti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png" class="mw-file-description" title="New York City Subway train covered in graffiti (1973)."><img alt="New York City Subway train covered in graffiti (1973)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png/264px-NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png/396px-NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png/528px-NYC_R36_1_subway_car.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> train covered in graffiti (1973).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM,_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in Chicago (1973)"><img alt="Graffiti in Chicago (1973)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg/265px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg/397px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg/529px-GRAFFITI_ON_A_WALL_IN_CHICAGO._SUCH_WRITING_HAS_ADVANCED_AND_BECOME_AN_ART_FORM%2C_PARTICULARLY_IN_METROPOLITAN_AREAS...._-_NARA_-_556232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (1973)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Graffiti">Modern Graffiti</h3></div> <p>Modern graffiti style has been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-genius-paul-edwards-hiphopbook_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genius-paul-edwards-hiphopbook-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started with young people in 1960s and 70s in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">Tags</a> were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti, starting with artists like <a href="/wiki/TAKI_183" title="TAKI 183">TAKI 183</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornbread_(graffiti_artist)" title="Cornbread (graffiti artist)">Cornbread</a>. Later, artists began to paint throw-ups and <a href="/wiki/Piece_(graffiti)" title="Piece (graffiti)">pieces</a> on trains on the sides subway trains.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>—others, including New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a>, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While those who did early modern graffiti called it "writing", <a href="/wiki/The_Faith_of_Graffiti" title="The Faith of Graffiti">the 1974 essay "The Faith of Graffiti"</a> referred to it using the term "graffiti", which stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "<a href="/wiki/Clapton_is_God" title="Clapton is God">Clapton is God</a>" in reference to the guitarist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, north London, in the autumn of 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is <a href="/wiki/Urine_marking#Canidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine marking">urinating on the wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films like <a href="/wiki/Style_Wars" title="Style Wars">Style Wars</a> in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, <a href="/wiki/DONDI" class="mw-redirect" title="DONDI">Dondi</a>, MinOne, and <a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(artist)" title="Zephyr (artist)">ZEPHYR</a> reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-labonte_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labonte-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fab<span class="nowrap"> </span>5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-hershk_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hershk-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercialization_and_entrance_into_mainstream_pop_culture">Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_graffiti" title="Commercial graffiti">Commercial graffiti</a></div> <p>With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace symbol">peace symbol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (symbol)">heart</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Linux mascot</a>), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.<sup id="cite_ref-guerilla_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guerilla-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PSP</a> gaming system. In <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable#Controversial_advertising_campaigns" title="PlayStation Portable">this campaign</a>, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".<sup id="cite_ref-wired_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_movements">Global movements</h2></div> <p>When graffiti is done as an art form, it often utitlises the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> even in countries where it is not the primary writing system.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English words are also often used as monikers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Stencil graffiti artists such as <a href="/wiki/Blek_le_Rat" title="Blek le Rat">Blek le Rat</a> existed in Western Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, before the arrival of American graffiti and was associated more with the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> scene than with hip-hop.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, American graffiti and hiphop began to influence the European graffiti scene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern graffiti reached Eastern Europe in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the earliest graffiti exhibitions outside of the USA were in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, The Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3></div> <p>Graffiti in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf countries</a> like <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The major Iranian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Hamshahri" title="Hamshahri">Hamshahri</a></i> has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist <a href="/wiki/A1one" title="A1one">A1one</a>'s works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, <i>PingMag</i>, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-pinmag_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinmag-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a> has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("<a href="/wiki/Na_Nach_Nachma_Nachman_Meuman" title="Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman">Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman</a>") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Graffiti_in_Tel_Aviv%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A graffiti piece by the artist DeDe found in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Graffiti has played an important role within the <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> scene in the Middle East and North Africa (<a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a>), especially following the events of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> of 2011 or the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a> of 2018/19.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> where some of his works are located in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <p>South America has a very active graffiti culture, and graffiti are very common in Brazilian cities. This is blamed on the high uneven distribution of income, changing laws, and disenfranchisement.<sup id="cite_ref-manco7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manco7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pichação">Pichação</a></i> is a form of graffiti found in Brazil, which involves tall characters and is usually used as a form of protest. It contrasts with the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of <i>grafite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-revela_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revela-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent Brazilian writers include <a href="/wiki/OSGEMEOS" title="OSGEMEOS">Os Gêmeos</a>, Boleta, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rodrigues_da_Silva" title="Francisco Rodrigues da Silva">Nunca</a>, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak.<sup id="cite_ref-globo_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3></div> <p>There are also a large number of graffiti influences in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries that mostly come from modern <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.<sup id="cite_ref-kharbar_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kharbar-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Graffiti around the world</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafiti,_%C4%8Cakovec_(Croatia).2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on a wall in Čakovec, Croatia"><img alt="Graffiti on a wall in Čakovec, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg/320px-Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg/480px-Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg/640px-Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on a wall in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec" title="Čakovec">Čakovec</a>, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Budapest,_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti of the character Bender on a wall in Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Graffiti of the character Bender on a wall in Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg/240px-Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg/360px-Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg/480px-Graffiti_in_Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti of the character <a href="/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)" title="Bender (Futurama)">Bender</a> on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"><img alt="Graffiti in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG/240px-Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG/360px-Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG/480px-Graffiti_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti art in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"><img alt="Graffiti art in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG/296px-Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG/444px-Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG/592px-Mr._Wany%27s_work-in-progress_artwork_for_Kul_Sign_Festival.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti art in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in Yogyakarta, Indonesia"><img alt="Graffiti in Yogyakarta, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg/277px-Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg/415px-Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg/554px-Graffiti_in_Yogyakarta%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on a park wall in Sydney, Australia"><img alt="Graffiti on a park wall in Sydney, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg/270px-Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg/405px-Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg/540px-Camperdown_Memorial_Rest_Park_Graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on a park wall in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in São Paulo, Brazil"><img alt="Graffiti in São Paulo, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg/135px-Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg/202px-Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg/270px-Graffitiensaopaulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Absurdious-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Absourdios. Tehran-Iran, 2009."><img alt="Absourdios. Tehran-Iran, 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Absurdious-001.jpg/240px-Absurdious-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Absurdious-001.jpg/360px-Absurdious-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Absurdious-001.jpg/480px-Absurdious-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Absourdios. Tehran-Iran, 2009.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_graffiti">Types of graffiti</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti terminology">Graffiti terminology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">markers</a> are the main tools used for <a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">tagging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti)" title="Throw up (graffiti)">throw ups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piece_(graffiti)" title="Piece (graffiti)">pieces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paint_marker" title="Paint marker">Paint markers</a>, paint dabbers, and scratching tools are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some art companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Montana_Colors" title="Montana Colors">Montana Colors</a>, make art supplies specifically for graffiti and street art. Many major cities have graffiti art stores.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Graffiti making</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlg_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first graffiti shop in Russia was opened in 1992 in Tver."><img alt="The first graffiti shop in Russia was opened in 1992 in Tver." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/271px-Vlg_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/407px-Vlg_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/542px-Vlg_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first graffiti shop in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was opened in 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti application at Eurofestival in Turku, Finland"><img alt="Graffiti application at Eurofestival in Turku, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg/270px-Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg/405px-Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg/540px-Eurofestival_graffiti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti application at Eurofestival in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffity_in_the_making...(On_a_wall_at_Thrissur)_CIMG9868.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti application in India using natural pigments (mostly charcoal, plant saps, and dirt)"><img alt="Graffiti application in India using natural pigments (mostly charcoal, plant saps, and dirt)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG/240px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG/360px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG/480px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9868.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti application in India using natural pigments (mostly <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, plant <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">saps</a>, and dirt)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffity_in_the_making...(On_a_wall_at_Thrissur)_CIMG9873.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Completed landscape scene, in Thrissur, Kerala, India"><img alt="Completed landscape scene, in Thrissur, Kerala, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg/240px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg/360px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg/480px-Graffity_in_the_making...%28On_a_wall_at_Thrissur%29_CIMG9873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Completed landscape scene, in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A graffiti artist at work in London"><img alt="A graffiti artist at work in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG/135px-Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG/202px-Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG/270px-Leake_Street_TQ3079_352.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A graffiti artist at work in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stencil_graffiti">Stencil graffiti</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stencil_graffiti" title="Stencil graffiti">Stencil graffiti</a></div> <p>Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">cardboard</a> or subject <a href="/wiki/File_folder" title="File folder">folders</a>) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface. Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists <a href="/wiki/Blek_le_Rat" title="Blek le Rat">Blek le Rat</a> in Paris, in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Jef_Aerosol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jef Aerosol">Jef Aerosol</a> in Tours (France);<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stickers">Stickers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sticker_art" title="Sticker art">Sticker art</a></div> <p>Stickers, also known as slaps, are drawn or written on before being put up in public. Traditionally, free paper stickers like the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Label_228" title="Label 228">Label 228</a> or <a href="/wiki/Name_tag" title="Name tag">name tags</a> were used.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggshell stickers, which are very difficult to remove, are also frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stickers allow artists to put up their art quickly and discreetly, making them a relatively safer option for illegal graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tags">Tags</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">Tag (graffiti)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">Tagging</a> is the practice of writing ones "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Handstyle" title="Handstyle">handstyle</a> unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti. </p><p>A number of recent examples of graffiti make use of <a href="/wiki/Hashtags" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashtags">hashtags</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:1308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Densely-tagged parking area in Århus, Denmark"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg/1300px-Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="1300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg/1950px-Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg/2600px-Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14127" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg" title="File:Graffiti i baggård i århus 2c.jpg"> </a></div>Densely-tagged parking area in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Århus">Århus</a>, Denmark</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throw_ups">Throw ups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti)" title="Throw up (graffiti)">Throw up (graffiti)</a></div> <p>Throw ups, or throwies are large, bubble-writing graffiti which aim to be "throw onto" a surface as largely and quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throw ups can have fills or be "hollow".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prioritise minimal negative space<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consistency or letter space and height.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pieces">Pieces</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piece_(graffiti)" title="Piece (graffiti)">Piece (graffiti)</a></div> <p>Pieces are large, elaborate, letter-based graffiti which usually use spray paint or rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pieces often have multi-coloured fills and outlines, and may use highlights, shadows, backgrounds,<sup id="cite_ref-read_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-read-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extensions, 3D effects,<sup id="cite_ref-read_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-read-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Character_(graffiti)" title="Character (graffiti)">characters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildstyle">Wildstyle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildstyle" title="Wildstyle">Wildstyle</a></div> <p>Wildstyle is the most complex form of modern graffiti. It can be difficult for those unfamiliar with the art form to read.<sup id="cite_ref-read_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-read-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildstyle draws inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and has been described as partially abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "wildstyle" was popularized by the Wild Style graffiti crew formed by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_168" title="Tracy 168">Tracy 168</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-read_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-read-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_experimentation">Modern experimentation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg/220px-Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg/330px-Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg/440px-Knitted_graffiti_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Knitted graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG/220px-Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG/330px-Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG/440px-Spiderweb_Yarnbomb_Installation_by_Stephen_Duneier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Stephen Duneier's Spiderweb Yarnbomb installation hides and highlights previous graffiti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_Research_Lab" title="Graffiti Research Lab">Graffiti Research Lab</a> has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (<a href="/wiki/LED_art" title="LED art">throwies</a>) as new media for graffitists. <a href="/wiki/Yarnbombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarnbombing">Yarnbombing</a> is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div> <p>Theories on the use of graffiti by <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> artists have a history dating back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Asger_Jorn" title="Asger Jorn">Asger Jorn</a>, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_art">Public art</h3></div> <p>People who appreciate graffiti often believe that it should be on display for everyone in public spaces, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere from sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art to them is for everyone and should be shown to everyone for free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_expression">Personal expression</h3></div> <p>Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing onesself. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous to hinder prosecution. </p><p>With the commercialization of graffiti (and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">one of four hip hop elements</a> that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion#Introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">introverted archetypal artist</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society.<sup id="cite_ref-banksy_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banksy-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of <a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">exhibitions</a> also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it. </p><p>Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a></i> publishing a photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_208" title="Peugeot 208">Peugeot 208</a> in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Personal graffiti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_(XIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing at Temple of Philae, Egypt, depicting three men with rods, or staves"><img alt="Drawing at Temple of Philae, Egypt, depicting three men with rods, or staves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg/240px-Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg/360px-Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg/480px-Graffiti_at_the_Temple_of_Philae_%28XIII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing at <a href="/wiki/Philae_temple_complex" title="Philae temple complex">Temple of Philae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, depicting three men with rods, or staves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4091(Quisquis_amat).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscription in Pompeii lamenting a frustrated love: "Whoever loves, let him flourish, let him perish who knows not love, let him perish twice over whoever forbids love""><img alt="Inscription in Pompeii lamenting a frustrated love: "Whoever loves, let him flourish, let him perish who knows not love, let him perish twice over whoever forbids love"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg/270px-4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg/405px-4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg/540px-4091%28Quisquis_amat%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscription in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> lamenting a frustrated love: "Whoever loves, let him flourish, let him perish who knows not love, let him perish twice over whoever forbids love"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti,_Jan_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-apocalyptic despair"><img alt="Post-apocalyptic despair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg/127px-Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg/190px-Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg/253px-Post_Apocalyptic_Zombie_Graffiti%2C_Jan_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Post-apocalyptic</a> despair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mermaid_Sliema.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mermaid in Sliema, Malta"><img alt="Mermaid in Sliema, Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mermaid_Sliema.JPG/169px-Mermaid_Sliema.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mermaid_Sliema.JPG/254px-Mermaid_Sliema.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mermaid_Sliema.JPG/339px-Mermaid_Sliema.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="2987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sliema" title="Sliema">Sliema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial">Territorial</h3></div> <p>Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic <a href="/wiki/Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols">symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Initials" class="mw-redirect" title="Initials">initials</a> strictly fashioned with unique <a href="/wiki/Calligraphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligraphies">calligraphies</a>. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.<sup id="cite_ref-ley_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_and_political">Radical and political</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_(Black_Bloc_Element).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg/230px-M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg/345px-M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg/460px-M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a> members spray graffiti on a wall during an <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War#March_21,_2009" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Iraq War Protest</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many analysts and art critics see artistic value in some graffiti and recognize it as a form of <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a>. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles graffiti is an effective tool of social <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>, or for the achievement of a political goal.<sup id="cite_ref-thimar_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thimar-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In times of conflict graffiti has offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and has been an effective tool for establishing dialog. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> was extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures related to the oppressive <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule over the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>. </p><p>Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>, who conducted a campaign of stenciling <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">anti-consumerist</a> messages throughout the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> system during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-souther_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souther-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered in names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat".<sup id="cite_ref-stockho_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockho-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To document the graffiti, a punk magazine was started that was called <i>Gallery Anus</i>. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s, there was already a vibrant graffiti culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy_police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Anarchy_police.jpg/220px-Anarchy_police.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Anarchy_police.jpg/330px-Anarchy_police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Anarchy_police.jpg/440px-Anarchy_police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Police car graffitied with <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">anarchist symbols</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The student protests and general strike of <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a> saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as <i>L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire</i> ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and <i>Lisez moins, vivez plus</i> ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Sandra "Lady Pink" Fabara<sup id="cite_ref-chang_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the <a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">subvertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">culture jamming</a>, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Street_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Street Art">Street Art</a>, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.<sup id="cite_ref-ziptopia-switch_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziptopia-switch-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffpost-streetart_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpost-streetart-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brener" title="Alexander Brener">Alexander Brener</a>, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest.<sup id="cite_ref-voice_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voice-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the <a href="/wiki/Space_Hijackers" title="Space Hijackers">Space Hijackers</a> did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political <a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">imagery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tanyabaxter-Gallery_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanyabaxter-Gallery-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haynes-banksy_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haynes-banksy-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berlin human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Irmela_Mensah-Schramm" title="Irmela Mensah-Schramm">Irmela Mensah-Schramm</a> has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">right-wing extremist</a> graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Political graffiti around the world</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti with orthodox cross at the Catholic Church in Ystad, 2021"><img alt="Graffiti with orthodox cross at the Catholic Church in Ystad, 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/358px-Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/537px-Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/716px-Graffiti_-_No_To_Vaccine_-_Ystad-2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti with orthodox cross at the Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>, 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun,_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anti Iraqi war graffiti by street artist Sony Montana in Cancún, Mexico (2007)"><img alt="Anti Iraqi war graffiti by street artist Sony Montana in Cancún, Mexico (2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg/429px-Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg/643px-Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg/858px-Anti_Iraqi_war_graffiti_by_street_artist_Sony_Montana_in_Cancun%2C_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anti Iraqi war graffiti by street artist Sony Montana in <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, Mexico (2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wall in Belgrade, Serbia, with the slogan "Vote for Filip Filipović", who was the communist candidate for the mayor of Belgrade (1920)"><img alt="Wall in Belgrade, Serbia, with the slogan "Vote for Filip Filipović", who was the communist candidate for the mayor of Belgrade (1920)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg/217px-Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg/325px-Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg/434px-Vote_for_Filip_Filipovic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wall in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia, with the slogan "Vote for <a href="/wiki/Filip_Filipovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Filip Filipović (politician)">Filip Filipović</a>", who was the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">communist</a> candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Belgrade" title="Mayor of Belgrade">mayor of Belgrade</a> (1920)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An interpretation of Liberty Leading the People on the separation barrier which runs through Bethlehem"><img alt="An interpretation of Liberty Leading the People on the separation barrier which runs through Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg/267px-The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg/400px-The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg/534px-The_separation_barrier_which_runs_through_Bethlehem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4149" data-file-height="2799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An interpretation of <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> on the separation barrier which runs through <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WWII bunker near Anhalter Bahnhof (Berlin) with a graffiti inscription Wer Bunker baut, wirft Bomben (those who build bunkers, throw bombs)"><img alt="WWII bunker near Anhalter Bahnhof (Berlin) with a graffiti inscription Wer Bunker baut, wirft Bomben (those who build bunkers, throw bombs)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg/324px-BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg/485px-BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg/647px-BerlinAnhalterBunker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WWII bunker near <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Anhalter_Bahnhof" title="Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof">Anhalter Bahnhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>) with a graffiti inscription <i>Wer Bunker baut, wirft Bomben</i> (those who build bunkers, throw bombs)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on the train line leading to Central Station in Amsterdam"><img alt="Graffiti on the train line leading to Central Station in Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png/271px-Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png/407px-Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png/542px-Amsterdam_Grafitti_Freedom_Lives_When_the_State_Dies.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on the train line leading to Central Station in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riia-002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Let's JOKK" in Tartu refers to political scandal with the Estonian Reform Party (2012)."><img alt=""Let's JOKK" in Tartu refers to political scandal with the Estonian Reform Party (2012)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Riia-002.JPG/135px-Riia-002.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Riia-002.JPG/202px-Riia-002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Riia-002.JPG/270px-Riia-002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Let's JOKK" in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> refers to political scandal with the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Reform_Party" title="Estonian Reform Party">Estonian Reform Party</a> (2012).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stencil in Pieksämäki representing former president of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, well known in Finnish popular culture"><img alt="Stencil in Pieksämäki representing former president of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, well known in Finnish popular culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG/259px-Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG/388px-Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG/517px-Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki_-_Kekkos-graffiti_IMG_0227_C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stencil in <a href="/wiki/Pieks%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Pieksämäki">Pieksämäki</a> representing former president of Finland, <a href="/wiki/Urho_Kekkonen" title="Urho Kekkonen">Urho Kekkonen</a>, well known in Finnish popular culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feminist graffiti in A Coruña, Spain, that reads Enough with rosaries in our ovaries"><img alt="Feminist graffiti in A Coruña, Spain, that reads Enough with rosaries in our ovaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg/120px-Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg/179px-Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg/239px-Keep_your_rosaries_graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Female_graffiti_artists" title="Female graffiti artists">Feminist graffiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, Spain, that reads <i>Enough with rosaries in our ovaries</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Mauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berlin Wall: "Anyone who wants to keep the world as it is, does not want it to remain""><img alt="Berlin Wall: "Anyone who wants to keep the world as it is, does not want it to remain"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Berliner_Mauer.jpg/244px-Berliner_Mauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Berliner_Mauer.jpg/366px-Berliner_Mauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Berliner_Mauer.jpg/488px-Berliner_Mauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>: "Anyone who wants to keep the world as it is, does not want it to remain"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide_denial">Genocide denial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graffiti&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> capital, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> of <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Serb army</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War Criminal">war criminal</a>, convicted at <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">ethnic cleansing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thanks to your mother".<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past".<sup id="cite_ref-calvertjournal.com-Eror_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvertjournal.com-Eror-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denial</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Diskurs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan Diskurs (page does not exist)">Balkan Diskurs</a> magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which youths are being exposed to the celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".<sup id="cite_ref-balkandiskurs.com_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balkandiskurs.com-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_u_Baru,_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg/250px-Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg/375px-Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg/500px-Mural_u_Baru%2C_prikaz_ratnog_zlo%C4%8Dinca_Ratka_Mladi%C4%87a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mural in <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar, Montenegro</a>, depicting the war criminal Ratko Mladić</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous examples of genocide denial through the celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans, inhabited by Serbs, using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in the Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and the Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave.<sup id="cite_ref-calvertjournal.com-Eror_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvertjournal.com-Eror-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ba.boell.org-Druško_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ba.boell.org-Druško-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)">Interior Minister of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vulin" title="Aleksandar Vulin">Aleksandar Vulin</a> decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement".<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europeanwesternbalkans.com-Popović_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europeanwesternbalkans.com-Popović-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with the graffiti creators and their supporters,<sup id="cite_ref-balkandiskurs.com_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balkandiskurs.com-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_Against_Fascism_and_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism">International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism</a> in that way,<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-europeanwesternbalkans.com-Popović_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europeanwesternbalkans.com-Popović-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_graffiti">Offensive graffiti</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_graffitti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stop_graffitti.jpg/220px-Stop_graffitti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stop_graffitti.jpg/330px-Stop_graffitti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stop_graffitti.jpg/440px-Stop_graffitti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Gang symbol markings on public property, <a href="/wiki/Millwood,_Washington" title="Millwood, Washington">Millwood, Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly).<sup id="cite_ref-halsey_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halsey-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as <a href="/wiki/Heteroglossia" title="Heteroglossia">heteroglot</a> and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-holqu_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holqu-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A spatial local code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a> of more serious criminal activity to come.<sup id="cite_ref-kelling_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelling-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger. </p><p>By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints),<sup id="cite_ref-barker_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barker-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.<sup id="cite_ref-lynn_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynn-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a> of local officials with their mouths as <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">potholes</a>, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorative_and_high_art">Decorative and high art</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JonesyLondon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JonesyLondon.jpg/170px-JonesyLondon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JonesyLondon.jpg/255px-JonesyLondon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JonesyLondon.jpg/340px-JonesyLondon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption>A bronze work by Jonesy on a wall in Brick Lane (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>). Diameter about 8 cm.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Moda" title="Fashion Moda">Fashion Moda</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Now_Gallery" title="Now Gallery">Now Gallery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fun_Gallery" title="Fun Gallery">Fun Gallery</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village, Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-openedition-fashionmoda_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openedition-fashionmoda-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hyperallergic-fashionmoda_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyperallergic-fashionmoda-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-fashionmoda_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-fashionmoda-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nydaily-fashionmoda_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nydaily-fashionmoda-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> displayed graffiti as an art form that began in <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">New York's outer boroughs</a> and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a>. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including <a href="/wiki/Crash_(graffiti_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash (graffiti artist)">Crash</a>, Daze, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Pink" title="Lady Pink">Lady Pink</a>. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine <i>Time Out</i>, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti. </p><p>From the 1970s onwards, <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay" title="Burhan Doğançay">Burhan Doğançay</a> photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing<span class="nowrap"> </span>...) at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Pompidou" title="Centre Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </p><p>In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>'s art history text <i>Australian Painting 1788–2000</i> concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary <a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">visual culture</a>, including the work of several Australian practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-smithea_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithea-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palais" title="Grand Palais">Grand Palais</a> in Paris. <sup id="cite_ref-rfi_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfi-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rohter_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohter-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Street art graffiti</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_(Budapest,_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on a wall in Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Graffiti on a wall in Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg/183px-Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg/274px-Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg/365px-Graffiti_%28Budapest%2C_Pestszentl%C5%91rinc%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on the wall of pedestrian tunnel in Tikkurila, Vantaa, Finland"><img alt="Graffiti on the wall of pedestrian tunnel in Tikkurila, Vantaa, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg/270px-Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg/405px-Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg/540px-Graffiti_in_Tikkurila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5597" data-file-height="3731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on the wall of pedestrian tunnel in <a href="/wiki/Tikkurila" title="Tikkurila">Tikkurila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, Finland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a> has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs.<sup id="cite_ref-Leskys_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leskys-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Leskys_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leskys-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_responses">Government responses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png/170px-US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png/255px-US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png/340px-US_military_anti-graffiti_poster_in_Kuwait.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Poster at a US military base in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> decrying graffiti, itself having been graffitied</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <p>In China, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film <i>Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China</i>, Graffiti is generally accepted in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Tsang_Tsou_Choi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Tsou Choi">Tsang Tsou Choi</a> was known as the <i>King of Kowloon</i> for his <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones".<sup id="cite_ref-taitimes_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taitimes-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in <a href="/wiki/Ximending" title="Ximending">Ximending</a>, a popular shopping district. Graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to <a href="/wiki/NT$" class="mw-redirect" title="NT$">NT$</a>6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-taitimes2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taitimes2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, after several expensive cars in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_American_School" title="Singapore American School">Singapore American School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael P. Fay">Michael P. Fay</a>, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalism Act (Singapore)">Vandalism Act of Singapore</a>, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a <a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">caning</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">clemency</a>, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">president of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong" title="Ong Teng Cheong">Ong Teng Cheong</a>, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">South Korea</a>, Park Jung-soo was fined two million <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the <a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">G-20</a> Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a>, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Graffiti in Asia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsang_graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Street graffiti in Hong Kong"><img alt="Street graffiti in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tsang_graffiti.jpg/135px-Tsang_graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tsang_graffiti.jpg/202px-Tsang_graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tsang_graffiti.jpg/270px-Tsang_graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Street <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">graffiti in Hong Kong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Graffiti Piece "Tante" (by Chen Dongfan) on the surface wall of an old residential building in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"><img alt="The Graffiti Piece "Tante" (by Chen Dongfan) on the surface wall of an old residential building in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg/271px-201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg/407px-201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg/542px-201712_Graffiti_on_a_building_of_Shentangqiao1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Graffiti Piece "Tante" (by Chen Dongfan) on the surface wall of an old residential building in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, China</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg/170px-Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg/255px-Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg/340px-Graffiti_removal_berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti removal in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109194433/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/26895452">two prehistoric paintings</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Mayri%C3%A8re_sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Mayrière supérieure">Cave of Mayrière supérieure</a> near the French village of <a href="/wiki/Bruniquel" title="Bruniquel">Bruniquel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a>, earning them the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-improb_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-improb-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-europa_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called <i>I Love Budapest</i> and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.<sup id="cite_ref-index_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Graffiti in the United Kingdom">Graffiti in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg/200px-Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg/300px-Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg/400px-Leake_street_tunnel_2019-11-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>It is permitted to create graffiti in the <a href="/wiki/Leake_Street" title="Leake Street">Leake st</a> tunnel. The tunnel runs underneath Waterloo station in London. 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_Behaviour_Act_2003" title="Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003">Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003</a> became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Keep_Britain_Tidy" title="Keep Britain Tidy">Keep Britain Tidy</a> campaign issued a press release calling for <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a> of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-encams_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encams-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image. </p><p>To back the campaign, 123 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) (including then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."<sup id="cite_ref-wire_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wire-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_Behaviour_Act_2003" title="Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003">Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003</a> (as amended by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050016_en_1">Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005</a>) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">conspiracy</a> charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">criminal damage</a> costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.<sup id="cite_ref-indep_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indep-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc3_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc3-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Graffiti in Europe</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multi-artist graffiti in Barcelona, Spain"><img alt="Multi-artist graffiti in Barcelona, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg/348px-Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg/522px-Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg/696px-Mur_de_tags_au_Forum_de_Barcelone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multi-artist graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KGD_zumaia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Integration of graffiti into its environment, Zumaia, Spain (2016)"><img alt="Integration of graffiti into its environment, Zumaia, Spain (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/KGD_zumaia_1.jpg/240px-KGD_zumaia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/KGD_zumaia_1.jpg/360px-KGD_zumaia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/KGD_zumaia_1.jpg/480px-KGD_zumaia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Integration of graffiti into its environment, <a href="/wiki/Zumaia" title="Zumaia">Zumaia</a>, Spain (2016)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafiti_na_Trsatu,_Rijeka_(Croatia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti made by school children in Rijeka, Croatia"><img alt="Graffiti made by school children in Rijeka, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg/240px-Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg/360px-Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg/480px-Grafiti_na_Trsatu%2C_Rijeka_%28Croatia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti made by school children in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti written in Georgian script, Tbilisi, Georgia"><img alt="Graffiti written in Georgian script, Tbilisi, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg/271px-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg/406px-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg/542px-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti written in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical graffito of Gavrilo Princip in Belgrade, Serbia"><img alt="Historical graffito of Gavrilo Princip in Belgrade, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG/288px-Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG/431px-Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG/575px-Princip_Gavrilo_grafit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="1487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical graffito of <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti on a garage near a school in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"><img alt="Graffiti on a garage near a school in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg/270px-NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg/405px-NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg/540px-NN_07-08-2020_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti on a garage near a school in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_(19577579076).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Football related graffiti in Maribor, Slovenia"><img alt="Football related graffiti in Maribor, Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg/240px-Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg/360px-Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg/480px-Stadion_Ljudski_Vrt_%2819577579076%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> related graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, Slovenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti by Hazul in Porto, Portugal"><img alt="Graffiti by Hazul in Porto, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg/193px-Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg/257px-Our_Lady_of_the_Hattifatteners_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="3561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti by <a href="/wiki/Hazul" title="Hazul">Hazul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Portugal</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_tunnel_2009,_University_of_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg/220px-Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg/330px-Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg/440px-Graffiti_tunnel_2009%2C_University_of_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at <a href="/wiki/Camperdown,_New_South_Wales" title="Camperdown, New South Wales">Camperdown</a> (2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient rock art in Australia is seen as a sacred part of First Nations histories, and many of it is legally protected, and some are given National Heritage status.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="T set with graffiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png/220px-Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png/330px-Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png/440px-Tangara_T63_with_graffiti.png 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Trains_T_set" title="Sydney Trains T set">Sydney Trains T set</a> at <a href="/wiki/Milsons_Point_railway_station" title="Milsons Point railway station">Milsons Point railway station</a> with graffiti.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by writers. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the <a href="/wiki/Camperdown,_New_South_Wales" title="Camperdown, New South Wales">Camperdown</a> Campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or <a href="/wiki/Trespassing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trespassing">trespassing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warrin_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warrin-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-towno_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-towno-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners. </p><p>Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (<a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as <a href="/wiki/Hosier_Lane,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosier Lane, Melbourne">Hosier Lane</a> in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including <a href="/wiki/Sticker" title="Sticker">sticker</a> art, <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">poster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a> art, and <a href="/wiki/Wheatpasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheatpasting">wheatpasting</a>, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria" title="Fitzroy, Victoria">Fitzroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collingwood,_Victoria" title="Collingwood, Victoria">Collingwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northcote,_Victoria" title="Northcote, Victoria">Northcote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Victoria" title="Brunswick, Victoria">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St. Kilda</a>, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a <a href="/wiki/Perspex" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspex">perspex</a> screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.<sup id="cite_ref-wato_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wato-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg/220px-Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg/330px-Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg/440px-Christchurch_Stock_Yards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Former Christchurch stock yards</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2008 <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a>, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_the_United_States" title="Graffiti in the United States">Graffiti in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elevator_graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Elevator_graffiti.jpg/220px-Elevator_graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Elevator_graffiti.jpg/330px-Elevator_graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Elevator_graffiti.jpg/440px-Elevator_graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>An elevator position indicator with scratch graffiti</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracker_databases">Tracker databases</h4></div> <p>Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-crcp_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crcp-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gang_injunctions">Gang injunctions</h4></div> <p>Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.<sup id="cite_ref-crcp2_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crcp2-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hotlines_and_reward_programs">Hotlines and reward programs</h4></div> <p>To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.<sup id="cite_ref-lawtec_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawtec-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_warrants">Search warrants</h4></div> <p>When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.<sup id="cite_ref-paladin_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paladin-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Graffiti in the United States</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rampant graffiti hampers visibility into and out of New York City Subway cars (1973)."><img alt="Rampant graffiti hampers visibility into and out of New York City Subway cars (1973)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg/266px-SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg/399px-SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg/532px-SUBWAY_CAR_-_NARA_-_554325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rampant graffiti hampers visibility into and out of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> cars (1973).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_Tunnel_(2078441177).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti-lined tunnel in San Francisco"><img alt="Graffiti-lined tunnel in San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg/270px-Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg/405px-Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg/540px-Graffiti_Tunnel_%282078441177%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti-lined tunnel in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smear_Street_Art1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in Los Angeles (2006)"><img alt="Graffiti in Los Angeles (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Smear_Street_Art1.jpg/271px-Smear_Street_Art1.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Smear_Street_Art1.jpg/406px-Smear_Street_Art1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Smear_Street_Art1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Love_your_country,_not_government.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anti-governmental graffiti in Bolinas, California"><img alt="Anti-governmental graffiti in Bolinas, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg/240px-Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg/360px-Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg/480px-Love_your_country%2C_not_government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anti-governmental graffiti in <a href="/wiki/Bolinas,_California" title="Bolinas, California">Bolinas, California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protest art in Memphis, Tennessee"><img alt="Protest art in Memphis, Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg/320px-I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg/480px-I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg/640px-I%27m_a_Man_Mural_in_Memphis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protest art in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortlandt_Alley,_New_York-L1002108.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti in Cortlandt Alley, Tribeca, Lower Manhattan (2023)"><img alt="Graffiti in Cortlandt Alley, Tribeca, Lower Manhattan (2023)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg/271px-Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg/407px-Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg/542px-Cortlandt_Alley%2C_New_York-L1002108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9528" data-file-height="6328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti in Cortlandt Alley, <a href="/wiki/Tribeca" title="Tribeca">Tribeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> (2023)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/80_Blocks_from_Tiffany%27s" title="80 Blocks from Tiffany's">80 Blocks from Tiffany's</a></i> (1979), a rare glimpse of the late 1970s in New York City toward the end of the notorious South Bronx gangs, the documentary shows many aspects of the South Bronx's predominantly Puerto Rican community, including reformed gang members, current gang members, the police, and the community leaders who try to reach out to them.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Elevated" title="Stations of the Elevated">Stations of the Elevated</a></i> (1980), the earliest documentary about subway graffiti in New York City, with music by Charles Mingus</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Style_Wars" title="Style Wars">Style Wars</a></i> (1983), an early documentary on hip hop culture, made in New York City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piece_by_Piece_(2005_film)" title="Piece by Piece (2005 film)">Piece by Piece</a></i> (2005), a feature-length documentary on the history of San Francisco graffiti from the early 1980s</li> <li><i>Infamy</i> (2005), a feature-length documentary about graffiti culture as told through the experiences of six well-known graffiti writers and a graffiti buffer</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEXT:_A_Primer_on_Urban_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXT: A Primer on Urban Painting">NEXT: A Primer on Urban Painting</a></i> (2005), a documentary about global graffiti culture</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RASH_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="RASH (film)">RASH</a></i> (2005), a feature documentary about Melbourne, Australia, and the artists who make it a living host for street art</li> <li><i>Jisoe</i> (2007), a glimpse into the life of a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, graffiti writer shows the audience an example of graffiti in struggling Melbourne Areas.</li> <li><i>Roadsworth: Crossing the Line</i> (2009), about Montréal artist Peter Gibson and his controversial stencil art on public roads</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exit_Through_The_Gift_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit Through The Gift Shop">Exit Through The Gift Shop</a></i> (2010) was produced by the notorious artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a>. It tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Guetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierry Guetta">Thierry Guetta</a>, a French immigrant in Los Angeles, and his obsession with street art; <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invader_(artist)" title="Invader (artist)">Invader</a>, whom Guetta discovers is his cousin, are also in the film.</li> <li><i>Still on and non the wiser</i> (2011) is a ninety-minute-long documentation that accompanies the exhibition with the same name in the Kunsthalle Barmen of the <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Heydt-Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Von der Heydt-Museum">Von der Heydt-Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a> (Germany). It draws vivid portrayals of the artists by means of very personal interviews and also catches the creation process of the works before the exhibition was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-stillo_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillo-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Graffiti Wars</i> (2011), a documentary detailing <a href="/wiki/King_Robbo" title="King Robbo">King Robbo</a>'s feud with Banksy as well as the authorities' differing attitude towards graffiti and <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a><sup id="cite_ref-ch4_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch4-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramas">Dramas</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a></i> (1983), about hip hop and graffiti culture in New York City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turk_182" title="Turk 182">Turk 182</a></i> (1985), about graffiti as political activism</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bomb_the_System" title="Bomb the System">Bomb the System</a></i> (2002), about a crew of graffitists in modern-day New York City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_Life_(film)" title="Quality of Life (film)">Quality of Life</a></i> (2004) was shot in the Mission District of San Francisco, co-written by and starring a retired graffiti writer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wholetrain" title="Wholetrain">Wholetrain</a></i> (2006), a German film</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graffiti and street art in Bristol, United Kingdom. 2018"><img alt="Graffiti and street art in Bristol, United Kingdom. 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg/90px-Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg/135px-Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg/180px-Bristol_UK_graffiti_art3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graffiti and street art in Bristol, United Kingdom. 2018</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_,_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wall graffiti in the Bristol city centre. United Kingdom. 2015"><img alt="Wall graffiti in the Bristol city centre. United Kingdom. 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg/120px-Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg/180px-Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg/240px-Bristol_%2C_Wall_Graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4403171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wall graffiti in the Bristol city centre. United Kingdom. 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacman_Guggenheim_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ghosts from the computer game Pac-Man. A mosaic by Invader in Bilbao, Spain. Since 1998, Invader has placed over 4000 tile mosacis in 83 territories across the world.[130] 2008"><img alt="The ghosts from the computer game Pac-Man. A mosaic by Invader in Bilbao, Spain. Since 1998, Invader has placed over 4000 tile mosacis in 83 territories across the world.[130] 2008" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Pacman_Guggenheim_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ghosts from the computer game <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a>. A mosaic by <a href="/wiki/Invader_(artist)" title="Invader (artist)">Invader</a> in Bilbao, Spain. Since 1998, Invader has placed over 4000 tile mosacis in 83 territories across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceinvader_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceinvader-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-graffiti_coating" title="Anti-graffiti coating">Anti-graffiti coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stencil_graffiti" title="Stencil graffiti">Stencil graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_bombing" title="Yarn bombing">Yarn bombing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219082751/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/graffiti">"Graffiti"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/graffiti">the original</a> on December 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graffiti&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fgraffiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublishers" class="citation web cs1">Publishers, HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=graffiti">"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: graffiti"</a>. <i>www.ahdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+graffiti&rft.aulast=Publishers&rft.aufirst=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dgraffiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graffito-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graffito_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Graffito". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graffito&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Jeff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unescoejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1-2-6-jeff-stewart.pdf">"Graffiti vandalism? Street art and the city: some considerations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unescoe Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unescoe+Journal&rft.atitle=Graffiti+vandalism%3F+Street+art+and+the+city%3A+some+considerations&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescoejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F01%2F1-2-6-jeff-stewart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italian singular form "graffito" is so rare in English (except in specialist texts on archeology) that it is not even recorded or mentioned in some dictionaries, for example the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/graffiti">"graffiti | Origin and meaning of graffiti by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=2%2C500-year-old+erotic+graffiti+found+in+unlikely+setting+on+Aegean+island&rft.date=2014-07-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2014%2Fjul%2F06%2Fworlds-earliest-erotic-graffiti-astypalaia-classical-greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/graffito.html">"Alexamenos and pagan perceptions of Christians"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Alexamenos+and+pagan+perceptions+of+Christians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fgladiators%2Fgraffito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdan" class="citation web cs1">dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033117/http://krc2.orient.ox.ac.uk/aalc/index.php/en/safaitic-database-online">"Ancient Arabia: Languages and Cultures—Safaitic Database Online"</a>. <i>krc2.orient.ox.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krc2.orient.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ancient+Arabia%3A+Languages+and+Cultures%E2%80%94Safaitic+Database+Online&rft.au=dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrc2.orient.ox.ac.uk%2Faalc%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fsafaitic-database-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdan" class="citation web cs1">dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033208/http://krc.orient.ox.ac.uk/ociana/index.php/safaitic">"The Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia—Safaitic"</a>. <i>krc.orient.ox.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=krc.orient.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Online+Corpus+of+the+Inscriptions+of+Ancient+North+Arabia%E2%80%94Safaitic&rft.au=dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrc.orient.ox.ac.uk%2Fociana%2Findex.php%2Fsafaitic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKljunPucihar2015" class="citation book cs1">Kljun, Matjaž; Pucihar, Klen Čopič (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-22723-8_45">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Was Here": Enabling Tourists to Leave Digital Graffiti or Marks on Historic Landmarks"</a>. In Abascal, Julio; Barbosa, Simone; Fetter, Mirko; Gross, Tom; Palanque, Philippe; Winckler, Marco (eds.). <i>Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2015</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9299. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">490–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-22723-8_45">10.1007/978-3-319-22723-8_45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22723-8"><bdi>978-3-319-22723-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-9743">0302-9743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22I+Was+Here%22%3A+Enabling+Tourists+to+Leave+Digital+Graffiti+or+Marks+on+Historic+Landmarks&rft.btitle=Human-Computer+Interaction+%E2%80%93+INTERACT+2015&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0302-9743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-22723-8_45&rft.isbn=978-3-319-22723-8&rft.aulast=Kljun&rft.aufirst=Matja%C5%BE&rft.au=Pucihar%2C+Klen+%C4%8Copi%C4%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-22723-8_45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussein Mroueh (1986) حسين مروّة، <b>تراثنا كيف نعرفه</b>، مؤسسة الأبحاث العربية، بيروت، [Our Heritage, How Do We Know It], <i>Arab Research Foundation</i>, Beirut</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/builders_marks.pdf">"Tacherons on Romanesque churches"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810164425/http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/builders_marks.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2007-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tacherons+on+Romanesque+churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.green-man-of-cercles.org%2Farticles%2Fbuilders_marks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archeology-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archeology_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Archaeology, June 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97apr/rome.htm">"Underground Rome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Graffiti+Wall+Rules&rft.pub=Warringah+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warringah.nsw.gov.au%2Frules.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abc_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429195909/http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/nsw/newcastle/200505/s1376470.htm">"Newcastle beach to get 'legal graffiti' wall"</a>. ABC News Online. 25 May 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Newcastle+beach+to+get+%27legal+graffiti%27+wall&rft.date=2005-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Faustralia%2Fnsw%2Fnewcastle%2F200505%2Fs1376470.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-towno-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-towno_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townonline.com/lynnfield/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=555224">"Against the wall"</a>. North Shore:Towns Online.com. 11 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Against+the+wall&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townonline.com%2Flynnfield%2FlocalRegional%2Fview.bg%3Farticleid%3D555224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wato-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wato_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watoday.com.au/national/the-painter-painted-melbourne-loses-its-treasured-banksy-20081213-6xzy.html">"The painter painted: Melbourne loses its treasured Banksy"</a>. 13 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439867877;jsessionid=oiq+Tqxg3f+0sNwBYnDx+Q**">the original</a> on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gang+Injunctions+and+Abatement%3A+Using+Civil+Remedies+to+Curb+Gang+Related+Crimes&rft.atitle=gang+abatement&rft.aulast=O%27Deane&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcpress.com%2Fproduct%2Fisbn%2F9781439867877%3Bjsessionid%3Doiq%2BTqxg3f%2B0sNwBYnDx%2BQ%2A%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawtec-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawtec_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Deane" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">O'Deane, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003323/http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/publication.asp?pid=47">"gang"</a>. <i>Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research</i>. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gangs%3A+Theory%2C+Practice+and+Research&rft.atitle=gang&rft.aulast=O%27Deane&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawtechcustompublishing.com%2Fpublication.asp%3Fpid%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paladin-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paladin_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Deane" class="citation web cs1">O'Deane, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paladin-press.com/product/Gang_Investigators_Handbook/Gangs">"gang"</a>. <i>Gang Investigators Handbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gang+Investigators+Handbook&rft.atitle=gang&rft.aulast=O%27Deane&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paladin-press.com%2Fproduct%2FGang_Investigators_Handbook%2FGangs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stillo-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stillo_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stillonandnonthewiser.de/">"News: Der Film zur Ausstellung"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Heydt-Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Von der Heydt-Museum">Von der Heydt-Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News%3A+Der+Film+zur+Ausstellung&rft.pub=Von+der+Heydt-Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stillonandnonthewiser.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch4-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ch4_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908060123/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/graffiti-wars/4od">"Graffiti Wars"</a>. 4od. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/graffiti-wars/4od">the original</a> on 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graffiti+Wars&rft.pub=4od&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fgraffiti-wars%2F4od&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaceinvader-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spaceinvader_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space-invaders.com/about/">"About"</a>. Space-invaders.com. n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Space-invaders.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-invaders.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2017" class="citation cs2">Champion, Matthew (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.kenyon.edu/perejournal/vol6/iss1/20">"The Priest, the Prostitute, and the Slander on the Walls: Shifting Perceptions Towards Historic Graffiti"</a>, <i>Peregrinations: Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture</i>, <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>37</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peregrinations%3A+Journal+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=The+Priest%2C+the+Prostitute%2C+and+the+Slander+on+the+Walls%3A+Shifting+Perceptions+Towards+Historic+Graffiti&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.kenyon.edu%2Fperejournal%2Fvol6%2Fiss1%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baird" title="Jennifer Baird">Baird, J. A.</a>; C. Taylor (eds.), 2011, <i>Ancient Graffiti in Context</i>. New York: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graffiti" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:graffiti">graffiti</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Graffiti" class="extiw" title="commons:Graffiti"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Graffiti</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Graffiti" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Graffiti">Graffiti</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Graffiti"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Graffiti">"Graffiti" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graffiti&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraffiti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Street_art" title="Template:Street art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_art" title="Template talk:Street art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Street art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Street_art202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol paint">Aerosol paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graffiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_graffiti" title="Glossary of graffiti">terminology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstyle" title="Handstyle">Handstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screenprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint_art" title="Spray paint art">Spray paint art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subway_Art" title="Subway Art">Subway Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_graffiti" title="Moss graffiti">Moss graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece_(graffiti)" title="Piece (graffiti)">Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">Poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_graffiti" title="Reverse graffiti">Reverse graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_balancing" title="Rock balancing">Rock balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stencil_graffiti" title="Stencil graffiti">Stencil graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticker_art" title="Sticker art">Sticker art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">Tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti)" title="Throw up (graffiti)">Throw ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_bombing" title="Yarn bombing">Yarn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildstyle" title="Wildstyle">Wildstyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_artists" title="List of street artists">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graffiti_artists" title="Category:Graffiti artists">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stencil_artists" title="List of stencil artists">Stencil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chalfant" title="Henry Chalfant">Henry Chalfant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Cooper" title="Martha Cooper">Martha Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Adelaide" title="Street art in Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Atlanta" title="Street art in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall_graffiti_art" title="Berlin Wall graffiti art">Berlin (Berlin Wall)</a></li> <li>Brazil ( <a href="/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pichação">Southeastern Brazil (<i>pichação</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beco_do_Batman" title="Beco do Batman">São Paulo (Beco do Batman)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Ai_Weiwei_street_art_campaign" title="Free Ai Weiwei street art campaign">Hong Kong (Free Ai Weiwei campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Kyiv" title="Murals in Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne" title="Street art in Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York_City" title="Graffiti in New York City">New York City</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_Pointz" title="5 Pointz">5 Pointz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_Arts_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural Arts Program">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balmy_Alley" title="Balmy Alley">Balmy Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Alley" title="Clarion Alley">Clarion Alley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Sarajevo" title="Street art in Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_area_graffiti_and_street_art" title="Newtown area graffiti and street art">Sydney (Newtown area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti in Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Toronto" title="Graffiti in Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Wall_graffiti_art" title="West Bank Wall graffiti art">Palestine (West Bank Wall)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beton_Fest" title="Beton Fest">Beton Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cans_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cans Festival">The Cans Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Walls" title="Living Walls">Living Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See_No_Evil_(artwork)" title="See No Evil (artwork)">See No Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Chalk_Festival" title="Pasadena Chalk Festival">Pasadena Chalk Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Street_Art_Festival" title="Sarajevo Street Art Festival">Sarajevo Street Art Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Chalk_Festival" title="Sarasota Chalk Festival">Sarasota Chalk Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">Built environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Street party">Street party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Street_art" title="Category:Street art">Category: Street art</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hip-hop1449" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip-hop" title="Template:Hip-hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip-hop" title="Template talk:Hip-hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip-hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip-hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip-hop1449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hip-hop</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Breaking</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">DJing</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Graffiti</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Emceeing</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Beatboxing</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion" title="Hip-hop fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_activism" title="Hip-hop activism">Activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_feminism" title="Hip-hop feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip-hop" title="Feminist activism in hip-hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ hip-hop">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_festivals" title="List of hip-hop festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_production" title="Hip-hop production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip-hop" title="Old-school hip-hop">Old-school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip-hop" title="New-school hip-hop">New school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip-hop" title="Golden age hip-hop">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Subgenres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip-hop" title="Alternative hip-hop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip-hop" title="Comedy hip-hop">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip-hop" title="East Coast hip-hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip-hop">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip-hop" title="Latin hip-hop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip-hop" title="Lofi hip-hop">Lofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowend" title="Lowend">Lowend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip-hop" title="Political hip-hop">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip-hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip-hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip-hop" title="Christian hip-hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip-hop" title="Jewish hip-hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip-hop" title="Southern hip-hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip-hop" title="Underground hip-hop">Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip-hop" title="Hardcore hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hardcore</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Trap music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Fusion genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_soul" title="Hip-hop soul">Hip-hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip-hop" title="Industrial hip-hop">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Rap metal</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Flava" title="Bongo Flava">Bongo Flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_galsen" title="Hip-hop galsen">Hip-hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81_mele_paleoleo" title="Nā mele paleoleo">Nā mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_hip-hop" title="Romani hip-hop">Romani hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_rap" title="Scam rap">Scam rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip-hop_genres#Derived_genres" title="List of hip-hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Derivatives</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Electronic</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip-hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip-hop by country"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional scenes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip-hop" title="African hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">African</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip-hop" title="Algerian hip-hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip-hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beninese hip-hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip-hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip-hop" title="Gambian hip-hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_hip-hop" title="Gh hip-hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip-hop" title="Ivorian hip-hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip-hop" title="Kenyan hip-hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip-hop" title="Malawian hip-hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip-hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip-hop" title="Moroccan hip-hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip-hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip-hop">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip-hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip-hop" title="Nigerien hip-hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip-hop" title="Senegalese hip-hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip-hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip-hop" title="Tanzanian hip-hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip-hop" title="Togolese hip-hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip-hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip-hop" title="Zimbabwean hip-hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip-hop" title="Asian hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Asian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip-hop" title="Azerbaijani hip-hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip-hop" title="Bangladeshi hip-hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip-hop" title="Burmese hip-hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip-hop" title="Chinese hip-hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip-hop" title="Indian hip-hop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip-hop" title="Desi hip-hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip-hop" title="Indonesian hip-hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip-hop" title="Japanese hip-hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip-hop" title="Korean hip-hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip-hop" title="Malaysian hip-hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip-hop" title="Mongolian hip-hop">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip-hop" title="Nepalese hip-hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip-hop" title="Pakistani hip-hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip-hop" title="Pinoy hip-hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip-hop" title="Singapore hip-hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip-hop" title="Sri Lankan hip-hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip-hop" title="Taiwanese hip-hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip-hop" title="Thai hip-hop">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip-hop" title="European hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">European</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip-hop" title="Albanian hip-hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip-hop" title="Austrian hip-hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip-hop" title="Belgian hip-hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip-hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip-hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip-hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip-hop" title="Scottish hip-hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip-hop" title="Bulgarian hip-hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip-hop" title="Croatian hip-hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip-hop" title="Czech hip-hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip-hop" title="Dutch hip-hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip-hop" title="Finnish hip-hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip-hop" title="French hip-hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip-hop" title="German hip-hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip-hop" title="Greek hip-hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_tuga" title="Hip-hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip-hop" title="Hungarian hip-hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip-hop" title="Icelandic hip-hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip-hop" title="Irish hip-hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip-hop" title="Italian hip-hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip-hop" title="Macedonian hip-hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip-hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip-hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip-hop" title="Polish hip-hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip-hop" title="Romanian hip-hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_hip-hop" title="Romani hip-hop">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip-hop" title="Russian hip-hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip-hop" title="Serbian hip-hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip-hop" title="Slovak hip-hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip-hop" title="Slovenian hip-hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip-hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip-hop" title="Swedish hip-hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip-hop" title="Swiss hip-hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip-hop" title="Ukrainian hip-hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip-hop" title="Middle Eastern hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Middle Eastern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip-hop" title="Arabic hip-hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip-hop" title="Egyptian hip-hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip-hop" title="Iranian hip-hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip-hop" title="Israeli hip-hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip-hop" title="Lebanese hip-hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip-hop" title="Palestinian hip-hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip-hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip-hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip-hop" title="Turkish hip-hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip-hop" title="Yemeni hip-hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip-hop" title="Category:North American hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><b>United States:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip-hop" title="East Coast hip-hop">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip-hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Music" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip-hop" title="Chicago hip-hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip-hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip-hop" title="Twin Cities hip-hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_hip-hop" title="Milwaukee hip-hop">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip-hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip-hop" title="Southern hip-hop">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip-hop" title="Atlanta hip-hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip-hop" title="West Coast hip-hop">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip-hop in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_hip-hop" title="Alaskan hip-hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip-hop" title="Asian American hip-hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip-hop" title="Latin hip-hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip-hop" title="Native American hip-hop">Native American</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist inline" style="display:block"><b>Outside the US:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip-hop" title="Canadian hip-hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip-hop" title="Cuban hip-hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip-hop" title="Haitian hip-hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip-hop" title="Mexican hip-hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip-hop" title="Salvadoran hip-hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip-hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Oceanian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip-hop" title="Australian hip-hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip-hop" title="New Zealand hip-hop">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_hip-hop" title="Samoan hip-hop">Samoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip-hop" title="Category:South American hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">South American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip-hop" title="Brazilian hip-hop">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip-hop" title="Brasília hip-hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_skit" title="Hip-hop skit">Hip-hop skit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_and_social_injustice" title="Hip-hop and social injustice">Social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip-hop" title="Partner violence in hip-hop">Partner violence in hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_representation_in_hip-hop" title="LGBTQ representation in hip-hop">LGBTQ representation in hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip-hop" title="Feminist activism in hip-hop">Feminist activism in hip-hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip-hop" title="Category:Hip-hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939946f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939946f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="graffiti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120588&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535904605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637834">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graffiti&oldid=1275805228">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graffiti&oldid=1275805228</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graffiti_and_unauthorised_signage" title="Category:Graffiti and unauthorised signage">Graffiti and unauthorised signage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_genres" title="Category:Visual arts genres">Visual arts 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