CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xmlns:article="http://ogp.me/ns/article#" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" > <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research - OurResearch blog</title> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/xmlrpc.php"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research - OurResearch blog" /> <meta property="og:description" content="New research from the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research analyzes global migration of scholars, using bibliometric data. ... Overall, we are very proud that OpenAlex is being recognized as an emerging high-quality, completely open source of bibliometric data that can be used for demographic research. The lack of restrictions on our data is extremely important as it eliminates barriers that researchers face in doing their work." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OurResearch blog" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-04-20T13:00:18+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-04-20T13:00:20+00:00" /> <meta name="author" content="Jason Portenoy" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Jason Portenoy" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/","url":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/","name":"New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research - OurResearch blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-04-20T13:00:18+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-20T13:00:20+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/#/schema/person/636c8760ee432d3d6502edbd0aa19a6a"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/#website","url":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/","name":"OurResearch blog","description":"News from the OurResearch team","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/#/schema/person/636c8760ee432d3d6502edbd0aa19a6a","name":"Jason Portenoy","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/#/schema/person/image/6bccfcc2d432ab16852e620cd7eaa989","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66d6434f01ec092daf0616b1eb7a8b88?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66d6434f01ec092daf0616b1eb7a8b88?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Jason Portenoy"},"url":"https://blog.ourresearch.org/author/jportenoy/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.stripe.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="OurResearch blog » Feed" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="OurResearch blog » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="OurResearch blog » New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research Comments Feed" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/feed/" />     <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='goal-block-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/blocks/goal/style.css?ver=1627626630' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='complete-goal-block-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/blocks/complete-goal/style.css?ver=1627626630' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='GP_Custom_Forms-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/include/lib/GP_Custom_Forms/assets/css/gp_custom_forms.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='GP_Custom_Forms_RateIt-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/include/lib/GP_Custom_Forms/assets/rateit/rateit.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tm_clicktotweet-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/click-to-tweet-by-todaymade/assets/css/styles.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give-styles-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/css/give.css?ver=3.18.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='give-donation-summary-style-frontend-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/css/give-donation-summary.css?ver=3.18.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mc4wp-form-basic-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/css/form-basic.css?ver=4.9.19' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='nfd-wonder-blocks-utilities-inline-css' type='text/css'> .nfd-relative{position:relative!important}.-nfd-bottom-1{bottom:-.25rem!important}.-nfd-top-0\.5{top:-.125rem!important}.-nfd-top-1{top:-.25rem!important}.nfd-top-10{top:2.5rem!important}.nfd-col-start-1{grid-column-start:1!important}.nfd-col-start-2{grid-column-start:2!important}.nfd-col-start-3{grid-column-start:3!important}.nfd-col-start-4{grid-column-start:4!important}.nfd-col-start-5{grid-column-start:5!important}.nfd-col-start-6{grid-column-start:6!important}.nfd-col-start-7{grid-column-start:7!important}.nfd-col-end-10{grid-column-end:10!important}.nfd-col-end-11{grid-column-end:11!important}.nfd-col-end-12{grid-column-end:12!important}.nfd-col-end-13{grid-column-end:13!important}.nfd-col-end-7{grid-column-end:7!important}.nfd-col-end-8{grid-column-end:8!important}.nfd-col-end-9{grid-column-end:9!important}.nfd-row-start-1{grid-row-start:1!important}.-nfd-mx-2:not([style*=margin]){margin-left:-.5rem!important;margin-right:-.5rem!important}.nfd-my-0:not([style*=margin]){margin-bottom:0!important;margin-top:0!important}.nfd-mb-8:not([style*=margin]){margin-bottom:2rem!important}.nfd-mt-8:not([style*=margin]){margin-top:2rem!important}.nfd-mt-\[-100px\]:not([style*=margin]){margin-top:-100px!important}.nfd-grid{display:grid!important}.nfd-h-full{height:100%!important}.nfd-w-full{width:100%!important}.nfd-shrink-0{flex-shrink:0!important}.nfd-grow{flex-grow:1!important}.nfd-grid-cols-11{grid-template-columns:repeat(11,minmax(0,1fr))!important}.nfd-grid-cols-12{grid-template-columns:repeat(12,minmax(0,1fr))!important}.nfd-grid-cols-2{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))!important}.nfd-grid-rows-1{grid-template-rows:repeat(1,minmax(0,1fr))!important}.nfd-items-center{align-items:center!important}.nfd-gap-y-10{row-gap:2.5rem!important}.nfd-overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden!important}.nfd-border-b{border-bottom-width:1px!important}.nfd-p-0:not([style*=padding]){padding:0!important}.nfd-p-10:not([style*=padding]){padding:2.5rem!important}.nfd-p-2:not([style*=padding]){padding:.5rem!important}.nfd-p-4:not([style*=padding]){padding:1rem!important}.nfd-p-8:not([style*=padding]){padding:2rem!important}.nfd-px-0:not([style*=padding]){padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.nfd-px-4:not([style*=padding]){padding-left:1rem!important;padding-right:1rem!important}.nfd-px-8:not([style*=padding]){padding-left:2rem!important;padding-right:2rem!important}.nfd-py-0:not([style*=padding]){padding-bottom:0!important;padding-top:0!important}.nfd-py-4:not([style*=padding]){padding-bottom:1rem!important;padding-top:1rem!important}.nfd-py-5:not([style*=padding]){padding-bottom:1.25rem!important;padding-top:1.25rem!important}.nfd-pt-0:not([style*=padding]){padding-top:0!important}.nfd-text-left{text-align:left!important}.nfd-wc-products{self-align:flex-start!important;flex-grow:0!important}.nfd-wc-products>ul{row-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--2xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-grid__product-image{overflow:hidden!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-grid__product-image img{transition:transform .6s ease-in-out!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-grid__product-image img:hover{transform:scale(1.1)!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-components-product-sale-badge{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(4px)!important;backdrop-filter:blur(4px)!important;background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.5)!important;border:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.2)!important;border-radius:999px!important;font-size:.8125rem!important;font-weight:700!important;margin:6px!important;padding:4px 12px!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-components-product-sale-badge>span{background:transparent!important}.nfd-wc-products .wc-block-components-product-price{color:inherit!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{background-color:var(--wndb--color--borders)!important;border:2px solid var(--wndb--color--subtle)!important;border-radius:999px!important;max-width:100%!important;padding:0!important;width:25rem!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper input[type=search]{background:none!important;border:none!important;border-bottom-left-radius:999px!important;border-top-left-radius:999px!important;color:var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)!important;font-size:1.25rem!important;font-weight:500!important;min-height:3.75rem!important;padding-inline:24px!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper:has(button:focus),.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper:has(input[type=search]:focus){outline:2px solid var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)!important;outline-offset:2px!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__button{aspect-ratio:1/1!important;background:var(--wndb-gray-800)!important;border-radius:999px!important;height:100%!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:2px!important;margin-top:2px!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__button:focus,.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__button:hover{background:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important;filter:none!important;outline:2px solid var(--wndb-gray-900)!important;outline-offset:2px!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper input[type=search]::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--wndb--color--text--faded)!important}.nfd-wc-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper input[type=search]::placeholder{color:var(--wndb--color--text--faded)!important}:root{--wndb-mask-color:rgba(0,0,0,.15);--wndb-mask-position:50% 50% at 50% 20%;--wndb-mask-opacity:0.35}[class*=nfd-bg-effect]{isolation:isolate!important;position:relative!important}.nfd-bg-effect-position-center{--wndb-mask-position:50% 50% at 50% 50%}[class*=nfd-bg-effect]:after{content:""!important;inset:0!important;-webkit-mask-image:radial-gradient(ellipse var(--wndb-mask-position),#000 70%,rgba(0,0,0,.3) 100%)!important;mask-image:radial-gradient(ellipse var(--wndb-mask-position),#000 70%,rgba(0,0,0,.3) 100%)!important;opacity:var(--wndb-mask-opacity)!important;pointer-events:none!important;position:absolute!important;z-index:-1!important}.nfd-bg-effect-dots:after{--wndb-mask-opacity:1;background:radial-gradient(var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important;background-size:20px 20px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid:after{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important;background-size:50px 50px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-perspective{perspective:1000px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-perspective:after{--wndb-mask-opacity:0.6;background-size:100px 100px!important;transform:rotateX(-60deg) translateZ(0)!important;transform-origin:top!important;transform-style:preserve-3d!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-2:after,.nfd-bg-effect-grid-perspective:after{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-2:after{background-size:14px 32px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-3{overflow:hidden!important}.nfd-bg-effect-grid-3:after{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important;background-size:32px 80px!important;right:-40%!important;top:-20%!important;transform:scale(1.5) skew(-30deg,30deg)!important}.nfd-bg-effect-lines:after{--wndb-mask-opacity:0.4;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important;background-size:48px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-lines-2{--wndb-mask-opacity:0.45;overflow:hidden!important;perspective:1000px!important}.nfd-bg-effect-lines-2:after{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,var(--wndb-mask-color) 1px,transparent 1px)!important;background-size:30px!important;right:-40%!important;top:-20%!important;transform:rotateX(-45deg) skew(-16deg) translateZ(0)!important;transform-origin:right!important;transform-style:preserve-3d!important}.nfd-mask-opacity-0:after{--wndb-mask-opacity:0.8}:where(:root){--wndb--max-w--prose:min(65ch,1100px)}.nfd-max-w-prose:not(.nfd-max-w-full),:where(.nfd-text-balance:not(.nfd-max-w-full)){max-width:var(--wndb--max-w--prose)!important}.nfd-max-w-prose:not(.nfd-max-w-full).has-text-align-center,:where(.nfd-text-balance:not(.nfd-max-w-full)).has-text-align-center{margin-inline:auto!important}.nfd-max-w-prose:not(.nfd-max-w-full).has-text-align-right,:where(.nfd-text-balance:not(.nfd-max-w-full)).has-text-align-right{margin-inline-start:auto!important}:where(.nfd-text-balance){text-wrap:balance!important}.nfd-text-balance>h1,.nfd-text-balance>h2,.nfd-text-balance>h3,.nfd-text-balance>h4,.nfd-text-balance>p{text-wrap:balance!important}.nfd-text-pretty,.nfd-text-pretty>h1,.nfd-text-pretty>h2,.nfd-text-pretty>h3,.nfd-text-pretty>h4,.nfd-text-pretty>p{text-wrap:pretty!important}.wp-block-image figcaption{font-weight:400!important;margin-inline:auto!important;max-width:64ch!important;padding-block-start:.5em!important;text-wrap:balance!important}.wp-block-quote>.nfd-text-pretty{font-weight:550;margin-block:.25em}:where(:root){--wndb--text-scale-factor:1;--wndb--text--xs:0.75rem;--wndb--text--sm:0.875rem;--wndb--text--base:1rem;--wndb--text--md:1.125rem;--wndb--text--lg:1.5rem;--wndb--text--xl:2.375rem;--wndb--text--huge:clamp(2.75rem,1.4688rem + 2.5vw,3.5rem);--wndb--text-giga:clamp(3.25rem,2.546875rem + 2.25vw,4.375rem)}.nfd-text-xs:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--xs)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important}.nfd-text-xs:not([style*=letter-spacing]){letter-spacing:.05em!important}.nfd-text-sm:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--sm)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important}.nfd-text-base:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--base)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important}.nfd-text-md:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--md)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important}.nfd-text-base:not([style*=line-height]),.nfd-text-md:not([style*=line-height]){line-height:1.6!important}.nfd-text-lg:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--lg)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important}.nfd-text-lg:not([style*=line-height]){line-height:1.4!important}.nfd-text-lg:not([style*=letter-spacing]){letter-spacing:0!important}.nfd-text-lg:not([style*=font-weight]){font-weight:500!important}.nfd-text-xl:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size]){font-size:var(--wndb--text--xl)!important}.nfd-text-xl:not([style*=line-height]){line-height:1.25!important}.nfd-text-xl:not([style*=letter-spacing]){letter-spacing:-.01em!important}.nfd-text-xl:not([style*=font-weight]){font-weight:500!important}:where(.nfd-text-huge:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text--huge)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important;max-width:var(--wndb--max-w--prose)!important;text-wrap:balance!important}:where(.nfd-text-giga:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])).has-text-align-center,:where(.nfd-text-huge:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])).has-text-align-center{margin-inline:auto!important}:where(.nfd-text-giga:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])).has-text-align-right,:where(.nfd-text-huge:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])).has-text-align-right{margin-inline-start:auto!important}.nfd-text-huge:not([style*=line-height]){line-height:1.1!important}.nfd-text-huge:not([style*=letter-spacing]){letter-spacing:-.025em!important}.nfd-text-huge:not([style*=font-weight]){font-weight:500!important}:where(.nfd-text-giga:not([class*=font-size]):not([style*=font-size])){font-size:calc(var(--wndb--text-giga)*var(--wndb--text-scale-factor))!important;max-width:var(--wndb--max-w--prose)!important;text-wrap:balance!important}.nfd-text-giga:not([style*=line-height]){line-height:1.1!important}.nfd-text-giga:not([style*=letter-spacing]){letter-spacing:-.04em!important}.nfd-text-giga:not([style*=font-weight]){font-weight:500!important}:root{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:1400ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:50ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function:cubic-bezier(0.4,1,0.65,1);--nfd-wb-anim-transition:all var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.nfd-wb-animate{transition:none!important}.nfd-wb-twist-in,[class*=nfd-wb-]{clip-path:none!important;opacity:1!important;transform:none!important}}@media (max-width:782px){.nfd-wb-animate{transition:none!important}.nfd-wb-twist-in,[class*=nfd-wb-]{clip-path:none!important;opacity:1!important;transform:none!important}}.nfd-wb-animate[data-replay-animation]{transition:none!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [class*=nfd-wb-]{clip-path:none!important;opacity:1!important;transform:none!important}[class*=nfd-wb-fade-in]{--nfd-wb-anim-transition:opacity var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay),transform var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay);transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-fade-in-bottom{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:1200ms;opacity:0;transform:translate3d(0,90px,0);transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-fade-in-bottom-short{transform:translate3d(0,32px,0) scale3d(.96,.96,.96);transform-origin:center bottom}.nfd-wb-fade-in-bottom-short,.nfd-wb-fade-in-top-short{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:600ms;opacity:0;transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-fade-in-top-short{transform:translate3d(0,-32px,0) scale3d(.96,.96,.96);transform-origin:center top}.nfd-wb-fade-in-left-short{transform:translate3d(-32px,0,0) scale3d(.96,.96,.96);transform-origin:center left}.nfd-wb-fade-in-left-short,.nfd-wb-fade-in-right-short{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:600ms;opacity:0;transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-fade-in-right-short{transform:translate3d(32px,0,0) scale3d(.96,.96,.96);transform-origin:right center}.nfd-wb-animated-in:not([data-replay-animation])[class*=nfd-wb-fade-in]{opacity:1;transform:translateZ(0) scaleX(1)}.nfd-wb-zoom-in{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:1200ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition:opacity var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay),transform var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay);transform:scale3d(.4,.4,.4)}.nfd-wb-zoom-in,.nfd-wb-zoom-in-short{opacity:0;transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-zoom-in-short{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:600ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition:opacity var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay),transform var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay);transform:scale3d(.92,.92,.92)}.nfd-wb-animated-in:not([data-replay-animation])[class*=nfd-wb-zoom-]{opacity:1!important;transform:scaleX(1)!important}div:has(>.nfd-wb-twist-in){perspective:1200px}.nfd-wb-twist-in{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:1000ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition:opacity var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay),transform var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay);opacity:0;transform:translateY(40px) scale(.8) rotateY(30deg) rotate(-12deg) translateZ(0);transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-animated-in:not([data-replay-animation]).nfd-wb-twist-in{opacity:1!important;transform:translateY(0) scale(1) rotateY(0deg) rotate(0deg) translateZ(0)!important}.nfd-wb-reveal-right{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration:1500ms;--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function:cubic-bezier(0.4,0,0,1);--nfd-wb-anim-transition:clip-path var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-duration) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-easing-function) var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay);clip-path:inset(0 100% 0 0);transition:var(--nfd-wb-anim-transition)}.nfd-wb-animated-in>.nfd-wb-reveal-right:not([data-replay-animation]){clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)!important}.nfd-delay-50{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:50ms}.nfd-delay-150{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:150ms}.nfd-delay-300{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:300ms}.nfd-delay-450{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:450ms}.nfd-delay-600{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:600ms}.nfd-delay-750{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:750ms}.nfd-delay-900{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:900ms}.nfd-delay-1050{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:1050ms}.nfd-delay-1200{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:1200ms}.nfd-delay-1350{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:1350ms}.nfd-delay-1500{--nfd-wb-anim-transition-delay:1500ms}:where(:root){--wndb--container:1200px;--wndb--container--wide:1340px}body .is-layout-constrained:has(.nfd-container.is-layout-constrained)>.nfd-container.is-layout-constrained{max-width:unset!important;width:100%!important}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-container:is(.is-layout-constrained)>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull):not(.alignwide)),.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-container>:where(.wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull):not(.alignwide)):not([style*=margin]),.nfd-container:is(.is-layout-constrained)>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull):not(.alignwide)),.nfd-container:is(.nfd-my-0)>div,.nfd-container>:where(.wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull):not(.alignwide)){max-width:var(--wndb--container);width:100%}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-container:is(.is-layout-constrained)>.alignwide,.nfd-container:is(.is-layout-constrained).alignwide>:where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)):not([style*=margin]),.nfd-container:is(.is-layout-constrained)>.alignwide,.nfd-container:is(.nfd-my-0)>.alignwide{max-width:var(--wndb--container--wide);width:100%}.nfd-container:not(.alignfull){padding-inline:var(--wndb--p)!important}.nfd-container:is(.nfd-my-0)>div:not([style*=margin]){margin-inline:auto!important}[class*=nfd-divider-]{position:relative;z-index:13}[class*=nfd-divider-]~[class*=nfd-divider-]{z-index:12!important}[class*=nfd-divider-]~[class*=nfd-divider-]~[class*=nfd-divider-]{z-index:11!important}[class*=nfd-divider-]:before{background:inherit!important;bottom:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*-1)!important;content:""!important;height:var(--wndb--divider-size)!important;left:0!important;pointer-events:none!important;position:absolute!important;width:100%!important;z-index:10!important}.nfd-divider-arrow{--wndb--divider-size:16px}.nfd-divider-arrow:before{bottom:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*-1)!important;height:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*2)!important;left:50%!important;transform:translateX(-50%) rotate(45deg)!important;width:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*2)!important}.nfd-divider-clouds{--wndb--divider-size:150px}.nfd-divider-clouds:after,.nfd-divider-clouds:before{background:inherit!important;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' preserveAspectRatio='xMidYMax slice' viewBox='0 0 283.5 27.8'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fff' d='M0 0v6.7c1.9-.8 4.7-1.4 8.5-1 9.5 1.1 11.1 6 11.1 6s2.1-.7 4.3-.2c2.1.5 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.6s.2-.5 1.4-.7 1.7.2 1.7.2 0-2.1 1.9-2.8 3.6.7 3.6.7.7-2.9 3.1-4.1 4.7 0 4.7 0 1.2-.5 2.4 0 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.4h1.4c.7 0 1.2.7 1.2.7s.8-1.8 4-2.2c3.5-.4 5.3 2.4 6.2 4.4q.6-.6 1.8-.9c2.8-.7 4 .7 4 .7s1.7-5 11.1-6c9.5-1.1 12.3 3.9 12.3 3.9s1.2-4.8 5.7-5.7 6.8 1.8 6.8 1.8.6-.6 1.5-.9c.9-.2 1.9-.2 1.9-.2s5.2-6.4 12.6-3.3c7.3 3.1 4.7 9 4.7 9s1.9-.9 4 0 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.4 1.9-1.2 4.5-1.2 4.3 1.2 4.3 1.2.2-1 1.4-1.7 2.1-.7 2.1-.7-.5-3.1 2.1-5.5 5.7-1.4 5.7-1.4 1.5-2.3 4.2-1.1 1.7 5.2 1.7 5.2.3-.1 1.3.5c.5.4.8.8.9 1.1.5-1.4 2.4-5.8 8.4-4 7.1 2.1 3.5 8.9 3.5 8.9s.8-.4 2 0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1-1.1 2.3-1.1 2.1.5 2.1.5 1.9-3.6 6.2-1.2 1.9 6.4 1.9 6.4 2.6-2.4 7.4 0c3.4 1.7 3.9 4.9 3.9 4.9s3.3-6.9 10.4-7.9 11.5 2.6 11.5 2.6.8 0 1.2.2.9.9.9.9 4.4-3.1 8.3.2c1.9 1.7 1.5 5 1.5 5s.3-1.1 1.6-1.4 2.3.2 2.3.2-.1-1.2.5-1.9 1.9-.9 1.9-.9-4.7-9.3 4.4-13.4c5.6-2.5 9.2.9 9.2.9s5-6.2 15.9-6.2 16.1 8.1 16.1 8.1.7-.2 1.6-.4V0z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")!important;background-repeat:repeat-x!important;background-size:cover!important;content:""!important;height:var(--wndb--divider-size)!important;left:0!important;pointer-events:none!important;position:absolute!important;top:0!important;width:100%!important;z-index:10!important}.nfd-divider-clouds:after{bottom:0!important;top:auto!important;transform:rotate(180deg)!important}.nfd-divider-ellipse{--wndb--divider-size:50px}.nfd-divider-ellipse:before{clip-path:ellipse(50% var(--wndb--divider-size) at 50% 0)!important}.nfd-divider-rounded:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--divider-size:50px}.nfd-divider-rounded:before:not([style*=-radius]){border-bottom-left-radius:var(--wndb--divider-size)!important;border-bottom-right-radius:var(--wndb--divider-size)!important}.nfd-divider-slant,.nfd-divider-slant-invert{--wndb--divider-size:80px}.nfd-divider-slant:before{bottom:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*-1 + 1px)!important;clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,0 100%)!important}.nfd-divider-slant-invert:before{bottom:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*-1 + 1px)!important;clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,100% 100%)!important}.nfd-divider-triangle{--wndb--divider-size:80px}.nfd-divider-triangle:before{bottom:calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*-1 + 1px)!important;clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,50% 100%)!important}.nfd-divider-zigzag{--wndb--divider-size:8px}.nfd-divider-zigzag:before{-webkit-mask:conic-gradient(from -45deg at bottom,#0000,#000 1deg 89deg,#0000 90deg) 50% /calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*2) 100%!important;mask:conic-gradient(from -45deg at bottom,#0000,#000 1deg 89deg,#0000 90deg) 50% /calc(var(--wndb--divider-size)*2) 100%!important}:where(:root){--wndb--divider-size:0px}.nfd-grid-cols-1-2-1{grid-template-columns:1fr 2fr 1fr!important}:where(:root){--wndb--padding-factor:1;--wndb--p:2.375rem;--wndb--p--xs:0.75rem;--wndb--p--sm:1.5rem;--wndb--p--md:2rem;--wndb--p--lg:clamp(3.5rem,7vw,6.25rem);--wndb--p--square:2.5rem;--wndb--p--square-lg:4rem}.nfd-p-card-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--xs)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-p-card-md:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-p-card-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}@media screen and (min-width:782px){.nfd-p-card-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*1.5*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}}.nfd-p-card-square-lg:not([style*=padding]),.nfd-p-card-square:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--square)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}@media screen and (min-width:782px){.nfd-p-card-square-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--square-lg)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}}.nfd-p-xs:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--xs)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-py-xs:not([style*=padding]){padding-block:calc(var(--wndb--p--xs)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pt-xs:not([style*=padding]){padding-block-start:calc(var(--wndb--p--xs)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-px-xs:not([style*=padding]){padding-inline:calc(var(--wndb--p--xs)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-p-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-px-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding-inline:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-py-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding-block:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pt-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding-block-start:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pb-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding-block-end:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pl-sm:not([style*=padding]){padding-left:calc(var(--wndb--p--sm)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-p-md:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-px-md:not([style*=padding]){padding-inline:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pb-md:not([style*=padding]),.nfd-pt-md:not([style*=padding]),.nfd-py-md:not([style*=padding]){padding-block:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-p-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--lg)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-py-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding-block:calc(var(--wndb--p--lg)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pt-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding-block-start:calc(var(--wndb--p--lg)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pb-lg:not([style*=padding]){padding-block-end:calc(var(--wndb--p--lg)*var(--wndb--padding-factor))!important}.nfd-pl-offset-md:not([style*=padding]){margin-left:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor)*-1)!important;padding-left:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*var(--wndb--padding-factor) - 3px)!important}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-overlap-x,.nfd-overlap-x{gap:0}.nfd-overlap-x>:not(:first-child){margin-inline-start:-1.275rem!important}@media (min-width:768px){.-nfd-translate-y-1\/2{transform:translateY(-50%)!important}}.nfd-pseudo-play-icon{align-items:center!important;display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;position:relative!important}.nfd-pseudo-play-icon>a{inset:0!important;position:absolute!important}:not(.is-root-container) .nfd-pseudo-play-icon>a{text-indent:-9999px!important}.nfd-pseudo-play-icon:before{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(3px)!important;backdrop-filter:blur(3px)!important;background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.1)!important;border-radius:100%!important;content:""!important;height:3rem!important;left:50%!important;opacity:1!important;pointer-events:none!important;position:absolute!important;top:50%!important;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)!important;transition:all .2s ease!important;width:3rem!important}.nfd-pseudo-play-icon:has(a:hover):before{background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.3)!important;height:4rem!important;width:4rem!important}.nfd-pseudo-play-icon:after{border-style:solid!important;border-bottom:10px solid transparent!important;border-left:16px solid!important;border-right:0!important;border-top:10px solid transparent!important;content:""!important;height:16px!important;height:0!important;left:50%!important;margin-left:2px!important;pointer-events:none!important;position:absolute!important;top:50%!important;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)!important;width:16px!important;width:0!important}:where(:root){--wndb--gap--scale-factor:1;--wndb--gap--xs:0.25rem;--wndb--gap--sm:0.5rem;--wndb--gap--md:1rem;--wndb--gap--lg:1.5rem;--wndb--gap--xl:2rem;--wndb--gap--2xl:2.5rem;--wndb--gap--3xl:3.5rem;--wndb--gap--4xl:6rem}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-0,.nfd-gap-0{gap:0}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-xs,.nfd-gap-xs{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--xs)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-sm,.nfd-gap-sm{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--sm)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-md,.nfd-gap-md{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--md)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-lg,.nfd-gap-lg{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--lg)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-xl,.nfd-gap-xl{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-2xl,.nfd-gap-2xl{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--2xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-3xl,.nfd-gap-3xl{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--3xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-4xl,.nfd-gap-4xl{gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--4xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-x-4xl,.nfd-gap-x-4xl{-moz-column-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--4xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor));column-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--4xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-x-lg,.nfd-gap-x-lg{-moz-column-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--lg)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor));column-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--lg)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-y-lg,.nfd-gap-y-lg{row-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--lg)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-y-xl,.nfd-gap-y-xl{row-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-y-2xl,.nfd-gap-y-2xl{row-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--2xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-gap-y-3xl,.nfd-gap-y-3xl{row-gap:calc(var(--wndb--gap--3xl)*var(--wndb--gap--scale-factor))}.nfd-border-2{border-bottom-width:2px!important}.nfd-border-strong{border-color:var(--wndb-color--borders-strong)!important}:where(:root){--wndb--button--outline-width:0px;--wndb--button-sm--font-size:1rem;--wndb--button-lg-x:2rem;--wndb--button-lg-y:0.75rem;--wndb--button-lg--font-size:1.125rem;--wndb--button-xl-x:3rem;--wndb--button-xl-y:1rem;--wndb--button-xl--font-size:1.125rem}[class*=nfd-btn].is-style-outline{--wndb--button--outline-width:2px}[class*=nfd-btn]>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(.625rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width)) calc(1.125rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width))!important}.nfd-btn-sm>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(.375rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width)) calc(1rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width))!important}.nfd-btn-sm:not(.has-custom-font-size)>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=font-size]){font-size:var(--wndb--button-sm--font-size)!important}.nfd-btn-lg>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--button-lg-y) - var(--wndb--button--outline-width)) var(--wndb--button-lg-x)!important}.nfd-btn-lg:not(.has-custom-font-size)>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=font-size]){font-size:var(--wndb--button-lg--font-size)!important}.nfd-btn-lg:not([style*=font-weight])>.wp-block-button__link{font-weight:600!important}.nfd-btn-xl>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(var(--wndb--button-xl-y) - var(--wndb--button--outline-width)) var(--wndb--button-xl-x)!important}.nfd-btn-xl:not(.has-custom-font-size)>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=font-size]){font-size:var(--wndb--button-xl--font-size)!important}.nfd-btn-xl:not([style*=font-weight])>.wp-block-button__link{font-weight:600!important}.nfd-btn-wide>.wp-block-button__link:not([style*=padding]){padding:calc(.625rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width)) calc(2rem - var(--wndb--button--outline-width))!important}[class*=nfd-btn]:is(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)!important}.nfd-btn:is(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover{--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900);border-color:var(--wndb-white)!important}[class*=nfd-button]>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{filter:brightness(.8)!important}.nfd-theme-primary [class*=nfd-btn]:not(.is-style-outline):not(.nfd-btn-secondary):not(.nfd-btn-tertiary)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb-gray-800)!important}.nfd-theme-primary [class*=nfd-btn]:not(.is-style-outline):not(.nfd-btn-secondary):not(.nfd-btn-tertiary)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{background-color:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important}.nfd-theme-primary [class*=nfd-btn]:is(.is-style-outline):not(.nfd-btn-secondary):not(.nfd-btn-tertiary)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):not(.has-text-color):hover{background-color:var(--wndb-white)!important;border-color:var(--wndb-white)!important;color:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important}.nfd-btn-secondary:is(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover{--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900);border-color:var(--wndb-white)!important}.nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb-white)!important}.nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb-gray-800)!important}.nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{background-color:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important}.nfd-theme-dark .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),.nfd-theme-darker .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb-white)!important}.nfd-theme-dark .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-theme-darker .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important}.nfd-theme-dark .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover,.nfd-theme-darker .nfd-btn-secondary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{background-color:var(--wndb-white)!important;color:var(--wndb-gray-900)!important;filter:brightness(.8)!important}.nfd-btn-tertiary:is(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover{--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900)}.nfd-btn-tertiary:is(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not([class*=-border-color]){border-color:var(--wndb--color--subtle)!important}.nfd-btn-tertiary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)!important}.nfd-btn-tertiary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb--color--borders)!important}.nfd-btn-tertiary:not(.is-style-outline)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb--color--subtle)}:where(:root){--wndb--shadow--xs:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(18,18,23,.065);--wndb--shadow--sm:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(18,18,23,.1),0 1px 2px 0 rgba(18,18,23,.06)}.nfd-shadow-xs:not([style*=box-shadow]){box-shadow:var(--wndb--shadow--xs)!important}.nfd-shadow-sm:not([style*=box-shadow]){box-shadow:var(--wndb--shadow--sm)!important}.nfd-bg-subtle.nfd-shadow-xs:not([style*=box-shadow]),.nfd-theme-light .nfd-shadow-xs:not([style*=box-shadow]){--wndb--shadow--xs:none}:where(:root){--wndb--rounded--scale-factor:1;--wndb--border--radius--sm:0.25rem;--wndb--border--radius--md:0.5rem;--wndb--border--radius--lg:0.75rem;--wndb--border--radius--xl:1rem}[class*=nfd-rounded]:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded]:not([style*=-radius])>.components-resizable-box__container>img:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded]:not([style*=-radius])>.wp-element-button:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded]:not([style*=-radius])>a>img,[class*=nfd-rounded]:not([style*=-radius])>img{border-radius:calc(var(--wndb--border--radius)*var(--wndb--rounded--scale-factor))!important}[class*=nfd-rounded-t-]:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded-t-]:not([style*=-radius])>.components-resizable-box__container>img:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded-t-]:not([style*=-radius])>.wp-element-button:not([style*=-radius]),[class*=nfd-rounded-t-]:not([style*=-radius])>a>img,[class*=nfd-rounded-t-]:not([style*=-radius])>img{border-radius:calc(var(--wndb--border--radius)*var(--wndb--rounded--scale-factor)) calc(var(--wndb--border--radius)*var(--wndb--rounded--scale-factor)) 0 0!important}.nfd-overflow-hidden.nfd-rounded-xl iframe:not([style*=-radius]){border-radius:calc(var(--wndb--border--radius--md)*var(--wndb--rounded--scale-factor))!important}.nfd-rounded-none:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--border--radius:0}.nfd-rounded-sm:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--border--radius:var(--wndb--border--radius--sm)}.nfd-rounded,.nfd-rounded-md,.nfd-rounded-t-md:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--border--radius:var(--wndb--border--radius--md)}.nfd-rounded-lg,.nfd-rounded-t-lg:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--border--radius:var(--wndb--border--radius--lg)}.nfd-rounded-t-xl:not([style*=-radius]),.nfd-rounded-xl{--wndb--border--radius:var(--wndb--border--radius--xl)}.nfd-rounded-full:not([style*=-radius]){--wndb--border--radius:9999px}:where(:root){--wndb-gray:#6c6c89;--wndb-gray-50:#f7f7f8;--wndb-gray-100:#ebebef;--wndb-gray-150:#e5e5e9;--wndb-gray-200:#d1d1db;--wndb-gray-300:#a9a9bc;--wndb-gray-400:#8a8aa3;--wndb-gray-500:#6c6c89;--wndb-gray-600:#55556d;--wndb-gray-700:#3f3f50;--wndb-gray-800:#1d1d22;--wndb-gray-900:#121217;--wndb-white:#fff;--wndb-white-50:hsla(0,0%,100%,.05);--wndb-white-100:hsla(0,0%,100%,.1);--wndb-white-150:hsla(0,0%,100%,.15);--wndb-white-200:hsla(0,0%,100%,.2);--wndb-white-300:hsla(0,0%,100%,.3);--wndb-white-400:hsla(0,0%,100%,.4);--wndb-white-500:hsla(0,0%,100%,.5);--wndb-white-600:hsla(0,0%,100%,.6);--wndb-white-700:hsla(0,0%,100%,.7);--wndb-white-800:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);--wndb-white-900:hsla(0,0%,100%,.9);--wndb--color--primary:#00f;--wndb--color--secondary:#00f;--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-50);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-gray-800);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-gray-600);--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-gray-150);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb-gray-100);--wndb--color--borders-strong:var(--wndb--color--text--faded);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-gray-200);--wndb--color--links:var(--wndb--color--primary);--wndb--color--body:var(--wndb--color--surface)}.is-style-nfd-theme-white,.nfd-theme-white:not([class*=is-style-nfd-theme]){--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-gray-150);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb-gray-100);--wndb--color--links:var(--wndb--color--primary);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-gray-200);--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-gray-700);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-gray-800)}.is-style-nfd-theme-light,.nfd-theme-light:not([class*=is-style-nfd-theme]){--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-gray-150);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb-gray-150);--wndb--color--links:var(--wndb--color--primary);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-gray-200);--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-50);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-gray-900);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-gray-700);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-gray-800)}.is-style-nfd-theme-dark,.nfd-theme-dark:not([class*=is-style-nfd-theme]){--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-white-100);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb--color--borders);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-white-200);--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-800);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-white-800);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--shadow--sm:none;--wndb--shadow--xs:none;--wndb-mask-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.12)}.is-style-nfd-theme-darker,.nfd-theme-darker:not([class*=is-style-nfd-theme]){--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-white-100);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb--color--borders);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-white-200);--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-900);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-white-800);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--shadow--sm:none;--wndb--shadow--xs:none;--wndb-mask-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.12)}.is-style-nfd-theme-primary,.nfd-theme-primary:not([class*=is-style-nfd-theme]){--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-white-100);--wndb--color--borders-light:var(--wndb--color--borders);--wndb--color--subtle:var(--wndb-white-200);--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb--color--primary);--wndb--color--text--contrast:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-white-900);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--shadow--sm:none;--wndb--shadow--xs:none;--wndb-mask-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.12)}.nfd-bg-surface:not(.has-background),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme]:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb--color--surface)!important}.nfd-bg-surface:not(.has-text-color),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme]:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--text)!important}.nfd-text-faded p:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background):not(.nfd-text-primary),.nfd-text-faded time:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-background),.nfd-text-faded>a:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background),ol.nfd-text-faded:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background):not(.nfd-text-primary),p.nfd-text-faded:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background),ul.nfd-text-faded:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background):not(.nfd-text-primary){color:var(--wndb--color--text--faded)!important}.editor-styles-wrapper div .nfd-text-contrast:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.editor-styles-wrapper div :where(.nfd-text-contrast:not(.has-text-color):not(.wp-element-button)) a:where(:not(:hover)),.wp-site-blocks .nfd-text-contrast:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-site-blocks .nfd-text-contrast:where(:not(.has-text-color)) a:where(:not(:hover)){color:var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)}.nfd-bg-surface [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]):not(.nfd-border-strong),.nfd-bg-surface [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>img:not(.has-border-color):not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]),.nfd-bg-surface [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>img:not(.has-border-color):not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>.components-resizable-box__container>img:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]),.nfd-bg-surface:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]):not(.has-border-color):not(.nfd-border-strong),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme] [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]):not(.nfd-border-strong),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme] [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>img:not(.has-border-color):not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme] [style*=border]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>img:not(.has-border-color):not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color])>.components-resizable-box__container>img:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme]:not([class*=border-color]):not([style*=border-top-color]):not([style*=border-right-color]):not([style*=border-bottom-color]):not([style*=border-left-color]):not(.has-border-color):not(.nfd-border-strong){border-color:var(--wndb--color--borders)!important}[class*=is-style-nfd-theme] .wp-block-separator:not(.has-background):not(.has-text-color):not(.nfd-border-strong) .nfd-bg-surface .wp-block-separator:not(.has-background):not(.has-text-color):not(.nfd-border-strong){border-bottom-color:var(--wndb--color--borders)!important}.nfd-bg-surface .wp-block-separator:not(.has-background):not(.has-text-color):not(.nfd-border-2),[class*=is-style-nfd-theme] .wp-block-separator:not(.has-background):not(.has-text-color):not(.nfd-border-2){border-bottom-width:1px!important}.nfd-border-bg{--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb--color--surface)}.nfd-border-primary{--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb--color--primary)}.nfd-border-inherit{--wndb--color--borders:inherit}.nfd-bg-accent:not(.has-background),.nfd-bg-primary:not(.has-background),.wp-block-cover.nfd-bg-accent>.wp-block-cover__background:not([class*=background-color]),.wp-block-cover.nfd-bg-primary>.wp-block-cover__background:not([class*=background-color]){background-color:var(--wndb--color--primary)!important}.nfd-bg-accent:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-bg-primary:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--white)!important}.nfd-bg-subtle:not(.has-background):not(.wp-block-button),.nfd-bg-subtle:not(.has-background)>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb--color--borders-light)!important;color:var(--wndb--color--text--contrast)!important}.nfd-text-primary:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-button.wndb-text-primary>a:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--primary)!important}.nfd-text-secondary:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-button.wndb-text-secondary>a:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--secondary)!important}.nfd-theme-primary .nfd-text-primary:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-theme-primary .nfd-text-secondary:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-theme-primary .wp-block-button.wndb-text-primary>a:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-theme-secondary .wp-block-button.wndb-text-secondary>a:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--contrast)!important}.nfd-theme-dark .nfd-text-primary:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-theme-darker .nfd-text-primary:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--secondary)!important}.nfd-text-subtle:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--subtle)!important}.editor-styles-wrapper div .nfd-text-current:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.editor-styles-wrapper div :where(.nfd-text-current:not(.has-text-color):not(.wp-element-button)) a:where(:not(:hover)),.wp-site-blocks .nfd-text-current:where(:not(.has-text-color)),.wp-site-blocks .nfd-text-current:where(:not(.has-text-color)) a:where(:not(:hover)){color:currentColor}[class*=nfd-theme-] .wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only:not(.has-icon-color) .wp-block-social-link{color:var(--wndb--color--text--faded)!important;fill:var(--wndb--color--text--faded)!important}[class*=nfd-theme-] .wp-block-social-links.is-style-logos-only:not(.has-icon-color) .wp-block-social-link:hover{color:var(--wndb--color--text)!important;fill:var(--wndb--color--text)!important}.nfd-container.is-position-sticky:not([class*=nfd-bg-surface]):not([class*=is-style-nfd-]):not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb--color--body)!important}.nfd-bg-gray-100:not(.has-background),.nfd-bg-gray-800:not(.has-background){background-color:var(--wndb--color--surface)!important}.nfd-bg-gray-100:not(.has-text-color),.nfd-bg-gray-800:not(.has-text-color){color:var(--wndb--color--text)!important}.nfd-bg-gray-800{--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-800);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-white);--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-white-100);--wndb--color--text--faded:var(--wndb-white-700)}.nfd-bg-gray-100{--wndb--color--surface:var(--wndb-gray-50);--wndb--color--text:var(--wndb-gray-700);--wndb--color--borders:var(--wndb-gray-100)}.nfd-text-opacity-80 p:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background),.nfd-text-opacity-80 time:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-background),p.nfd-text-opacity-80:not(.has-text-color):not(.has-link-color):not(.has-background){opacity:.8!important}:where(:root){--wndb--slider-height:100lvh}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal,.nfd-scroll-slider-vertical{flex-wrap:nowrap!important;height:var(--wndb--slider-height)!important;overflow-y:auto!important;scroll-snap-type:y mandatory!important;-ms-overflow-style:none!important;scrollbar-width:none!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal::-webkit-scrollbar,.nfd-scroll-slider-vertical::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-vertical{height:100vh!important;overflow-y:auto!important;scroll-snap-type:y mandatory!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-vertical>*{scroll-snap-align:start!important;width:100%!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal{flex-direction:row!important;overflow-x:auto!important;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal>*{flex-shrink:0!important;scroll-snap-align:start!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal>.wp-block-cover{width:100vw!important}.nfd-container.alignfull .nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal{--half-container:calc(50vw - var(--wndb--container)/2);padding-left:var(--half-container)!important;padding-right:var(--half-container)!important;scroll-padding:var(--half-container)!important}.nfd-scroll-slider-horizontal.nfd-scroll-slider-animate>.wp-block-cover:first-child{animation:scroll-slider-slide 1s ease 1s forwards}@keyframes scroll-slider-slide{0%{margin-left:0}to{margin-left:-100vw}}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe .is-root-container{min-height:8rem!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe figure:has([style*="aspect-ratio: 16 / 9"]){width:100%!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 100vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:100vh"]{min-height:800px!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 70vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:70vh"]{min-height:560px!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 50vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:50vh"]{min-height:400px!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 35vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:35vh"]{min-height:280px!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 30vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:30vh"]{min-height:240px!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height: 10vh"],.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe [style*="min-height:10vh"]{min-height:80px!important}.nfd-wba-modal *{box-sizing:border-box!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe .nfd-wb-animate{opacity:1!important;transform:none!important;transition:none!important}.block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe .is-root-container>.nfd-container:not([class*=nfd-p-]):not([class*=nfd-py-]):not([class*=nfd-pt-]):not([class*=nfd-pb-]):not([style*=padding]){padding-block:var(--wndb--p)!important}ol.nfd-gap-sm:not(.is-layout-flex) li:not(:last-child),ul.nfd-gap-sm:not(.is-layout-flex) li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:.5em!important}ol.nfd-gap-md:not(.is-layout-flex) li:not(:last-child),ul.nfd-gap-md:not(.is-layout-flex) li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:1em!important}ul.nfd-list-check{list-style-type:none!important;padding-inline-start:1em!important}ul.nfd-list-check li:before{content:"✓";display:inline-block;margin-inline-end:8px}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] :where(.wp-block-post-author__avatar img){border-radius:999px;display:block}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] :where(.avatar-48){height:36px!important;width:36px!important}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] :where(.wp-block-post-author__content){display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px;justify-content:center}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] .wp-block-post-author__avatar{margin-right:12px!important}.nfd-query-loop-1 :where(.wp-block-cover){aspect-ratio:2/1.1}.nfd-query-loop-1 :where(.wp-block-post-author__content){align-items:center!important;flex-direction:row!important}.nfd-query-loop-1 :where(.wp-block-post-author__byline){font-size:1em!important;opacity:.8!important}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] :where(.wp-block-categories){display:flex;gap:8px;list-style:none;padding:0}[class*=nfd-query-loop-] :where(.wp-block-categories a){color:inherit!important}.nfd-query-loop-2 .wp-block-cover__background{-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent 25%,#000 75%)!important;mask-image:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent 25%,#000 75%)!important}.nfd-query-loop-3 :where(.wp-block-post-author__name){display:none!important}.nfd-form-items-grow>div:not(.wp-block-jetpack-button){flex-grow:1!important}.nfd-jp-form.nfd-text-center .consent{text-align:center!important}.nfd-jp-form .contact-form-submission .go-back-message .link{color:currentColor!important;text-decoration:underline!important}.nfd-jp-form .contact-form-submission .go-back-message{margin-top:0!important}.nfd-jp-form .contact-form-submission{border-color:currentColor!important;padding:calc(var(--wndb--p--md)*.5) 0!important}.nfd-jp-form textarea{resize:vertical!important}.nfd-jp-form .wp-block-button__link{padding-block-end:10px!important;padding-block-start:10px!important}.nfd-jp-form .consent,.nfd-jp-form .jetpack-field-checkbox .jetpack-field-label .jetpack-field-label__input,.nfd-jp-form .jetpack-field-consent .jetpack-field-label .jetpack-field-label__input{font-size:.875rem!important;line-height:1.5em!important;text-transform:none!important;text-wrap:balance!important}.nfd-jp-form input[type=checkbox]{padding:0!important}.nfd-mask-fade-to-b>.wp-block-cover__background{-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent 50%,#000 120%)!important;mask-image:linear-gradient(180deg,transparent 50%,#000 120%)!important}.nfd-mask-radial-center>.wp-block-cover__background{-webkit-mask-image:radial-gradient(circle,transparent -40%,rgba(0,0,0,.9) 58%)!important;mask-image:radial-gradient(circle,transparent -40%,rgba(0,0,0,.9) 58%)!important}p[style*=text-decoration]>a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:inherit!important}.is-style-dots.nfd-text-left:before{padding-left:0!important}.nfd-h-full,.nfd-h-full>.components-resizable-box__container>img,.nfd-h-full>img{height:100%!important}.nfd-w-full,.nfd-w-full>.components-resizable-box__container>img,.nfd-w-full>img{width:100%!important}.nfd-backdrop-blur-sm{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(4px)!important;backdrop-filter:blur(4px)!important}.nfd-backdrop-blur-md{-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px)!important;backdrop-filter:blur(8px)!important}.nfd-absolute-header{left:0!important;position:absolute!important;right:0!important;z-index:10!important}.editor-styles-wrapper .nfd-absolute-header{position:static!important}.nfd-absolute-header:not([style*=margin]){margin:0!important}:is([style*="min-height:100vh"]){min-height:calc(100vh - var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height))!important}@supports (height:100dvh){:is([style*="height:100vh"]){min-height:calc(100dvh - var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height, 0px))!important}}.nfd-wk-search .wp-block-search__input{font-size:inherit!important;min-height:50px!important;padding:8px 16px!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){border-radius:var(--wndb--border--radius--sm)!important}.nfd-stretch-cover-child,.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container{display:flex!important;flex-direction:column!important}.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container>.nfd-pseudo-play-icon,.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container>.wp-block-group{align-items:inherit!important;flex-grow:1!important;justify-content:inherit!important}.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container>.wp-block-group,.nfd-stretch-cover-child .wp-block-cover__inner-container>p{width:100%!important}.nfd-container summary{line-height:1.5!important;padding-right:32px!important;position:relative!important}.nfd-container summary::marker{content:none!important}.nfd-container summary:before{align-items:center!important;background-color:var(--wndb--color--borders)!important;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIyNCIgaGVpZ2h0PSIyNCIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlPSJjdXJyZW50Q29sb3IiIHN0cm9rZS1saW5lY2FwPSJyb3VuZCIgc3Ryb2tlLWxpbmVqb2luPSJyb3VuZCIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIyIiBjbGFzcz0ibHVjaWRlIGx1Y2lkZS1wbHVzIiB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik01IDEyaDE0TTEyIDV2MTQiLz48L3N2Zz4=")!important;background-position:50%!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important;background-size:13px!important;border-radius:999px!important;content:""!important;display:flex!important;height:1em!important;justify-content:center!important;opacity:.6!important;position:absolute!important;right:0!important;top:50%!important;transform:translateY(-50%)!important;width:1em!important}.nfd-container [open] summary{font-weight:700!important}.nfd-container [open] summary:before{opacity:1!important;transform:translateY(-50%) rotate(45deg)!important}.nfd-container summary:hover:before{opacity:1!important}.is-style-wide.wp-block-separator{width:100%!important}.nfd-aspect-video{aspect-ratio:16/9!important}@media (max-width:782px){.md\:nfd-order-2{order:2!important}.md\:nfd-my-0:not([style*=margin]){margin-bottom:0!important;margin-top:0!important}.md\:nfd-flex{display:flex!important}.md\:nfd-hidden{display:none!important}.md\:nfd-basis-full{flex-basis:100%!important}.md\:nfd-grid-cols-1{grid-template-columns:repeat(1,minmax(0,1fr))!important}.md\:nfd-flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap!important}.md\:nfd-items-start{align-items:flex-start!important}.md\:nfd-justify-start{justify-content:flex-start!important}.md\:nfd-justify-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.md\:nfd-justify-center{justify-content:center!important}.md\:nfd-gap-5{gap:1.25rem!important}.md\:nfd-gap-8{gap:2rem!important}.md\:nfd-self-start{align-self:flex-start!important}.md\:nfd-rounded-lg:not([style*=-radius]){border-radius:.5rem!important}.md\:nfd-border-none{border-style:none!important}.md\:nfd-p-0:not([style*=padding]){padding:0!important}.md\:nfd-px-0:not([style*=padding]){padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.md\:nfd-py-0:not([style*=padding]){padding-bottom:0!important;padding-top:0!important}.md\:nfd-text-left{text-align:left!important}.md\:nfd-text-center{text-align:center!important}} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kirumo-style-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/themes/kirumo/style.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-stripe-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_stripe_vars = {"zero_based_currency":"","zero_based_currencies_list":["JPY","KRW","CLP","ISK","BIF","DJF","GNF","KHR","KPW","LAK","LKR","MGA","MZN","VUV"],"sitename":"Our Research blog","checkoutBtnTitle":"Donate","publishable_key":"pk_live_SMtnnvlq4TpJelMdklNha8iD","checkout_image":"","checkout_address":"on","checkout_processing_text":"Donation Processing...","give_version":"3.18.0","cc_fields_format":"multi","card_number_placeholder_text":"Card Number","card_cvc_placeholder_text":"CVC","donate_button_text":"Donate Now","element_font_styles":{"cssSrc":false},"element_base_styles":{"color":"#32325D","fontWeight":500,"fontSize":"16px","fontSmoothing":"antialiased","::placeholder":{"color":"#CCCCCC"},":-webkit-autofill":{"color":"#e39f48"}},"element_complete_styles":{},"element_empty_styles":{},"element_invalid_styles":{},"float_labels":"1","base_country":"US","preferred_locale":"en"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/?ver=3.18.0" id="give-stripe-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-stripe.js?ver=3.18.0" id="give-stripe-onpage-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var give_global_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","checkout_nonce":"2f316e70a4","currency":"USD","currency_sign":"$","currency_pos":"before","thousands_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","no_gateway":"Please select a payment method.","bad_minimum":"The minimum custom donation amount for this form is","bad_maximum":"The maximum custom donation amount for this form is","general_loading":"Loading...","purchase_loading":"Please Wait...","textForOverlayScreen":"<h3>Processing...<\/h3><p>This will only take a second!<\/p>","number_decimals":"2","is_test_mode":"","give_version":"3.18.0","magnific_options":{"main_class":"give-modal","close_on_bg_click":false},"form_translation":{"payment-mode":"Please select payment mode.","give_first":"Please enter your first name.","give_last":"Please enter your last name.","give_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","give_user_login":"Invalid email address or username.","give_user_pass":"Enter a password.","give_user_pass_confirm":"Enter the password confirmation.","give_agree_to_terms":"You must agree to the terms and conditions."},"confirm_email_sent_message":"Please check your email and click on the link to access your complete donation history.","ajax_vars":{"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajaxNonce":"bc21e60725","loading":"Loading","select_option":"Please select an option","default_gateway":"stripe","permalinks":"1","number_decimals":2},"cookie_hash":"31b608f4557721c9d5081f3b29f93436","session_nonce_cookie_name":"wp-give_session_reset_nonce_31b608f4557721c9d5081f3b29f93436","session_cookie_name":"wp-give_session_31b608f4557721c9d5081f3b29f93436","delete_session_nonce_cookie":"0"}; var giveApiSettings = {"root":"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-json\/give-api\/v2\/","rest_base":"give-api\/v2"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give.js?ver=551bf44de7d34e92" id="give-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="nfd-wonder-blocks-utilities-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (()=>{var l=class{constructor({clientId:t,...n}={}){this.options={activeClass:"nfd-wb-animated-in",root:null,rootMargin:"0px",threshold:0,...n}}observeElements(t,n=null,e=!1){if(!("IntersectionObserver"in window)||!t?.length||document.documentElement.classList.contains("block-editor-block-preview__content-iframe"))return;function a(r,i){this._mutationCallback(r,i,n)}let o=new IntersectionObserver(this._handleIntersection.bind(this),this.options),d=new MutationObserver(a.bind(this)),u=new MutationObserver(this._handleClassMutation.bind(this));t.forEach(r=>{let i=r;r.classList.contains("nfd-wb-reveal-right")&&(i=r.parentElement),o.observe(i),e&&(u.observe(i,{attributes:!0,attributeFilter:["class"]}),d.observe(i,{attributes:!0,attributeFilter:["class"]}))})}_handleIntersection(t,n){t.forEach(e=>{e.isIntersecting&&(e.target.classList.add(this.options.activeClass),e.target.querySelectorAll(".nfd-wb-animate").forEach(a=>{a.classList.add(this.options.activeClass)}),n.unobserve(e.target))})}_handleClassMutation(t){t.forEach(n=>{if(n?.type==="attributes"){let e=n.target;e.classList.contains("nfd-wb-animated-in")||e.classList.add("nfd-wb-animated-in")}})}_mutationCallback(t,n,e=null){t.forEach(a=>{if(a?.type==="attributes"){let o=a.target;e&&e===o.getAttribute("data-block")&&(o.getAttribute("data-replay-animation")===null&&(o.setAttribute("data-replay-animation",!0),requestAnimationFrame(()=>{o.removeAttribute("data-replay-animation")})),n.disconnect())}})}};document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",()=>{c()});document.addEventListener("wonder-blocks/toolbar-button-added",()=>{c()});document.addEventListener("wonder-blocks/animation-changed",s=>{let t=s?.detail?.clientId;c(t)});document.addEventListener("wonder-blocks/block-order-changed",()=>{c()});window.onload=function(){c()};function c(s=null){let t=document.body.classList.contains("block-editor-page")||!!s||document.body.classList.contains("block-editor-iframe__body"),n=t?document.querySelector(".interface-interface-skeleton__content"):null,e=new l({root:n,threshold:0});requestAnimationFrame(()=>{let a=Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName("nfd-wb-animate"));e.observeElements(a,s,t)})}})(); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/2017" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://blog.ourresearch.org/?p=2017' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fnew-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fnew-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research%2F&format=xml" />  <meta name="resource_type" content="knowledgeblog"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="OurResearch blog"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/04/20"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2023"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jason Portenoy"/> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Portenoy, Jason"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research"/>  <meta property="og:site_name" content="OurResearch blog"/> <meta property="og:title" content="New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/"/> <meta property="og:author" content="https://blog.ourresearch.org/?kblog-header-p=2017&kblog-header-author=0"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-04-20"/> <meta name="generator" content="Give v3.18.0" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style type="text/css"> a, a:active, a:hover, a:visited, a:visited:hover, .site-title a:hover, .main-navigation a:hover, .footer-wrap a:hover { color: #000000; } .comment-list .comment-reply-link:hover, a.button, a.button:hover, button:hover, input[type="submit"]:hover { background: #000000; } </style> <style type="text/css"> #mobile-menu, .mobile-header, #masthead, .footer-wrap, #nav-toggle, button, a.button, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] { background: 333333;; } </style> <style>.mc4wp-checkbox-wp-comment-form{clear:both;width:auto;display:block;position:static}.mc4wp-checkbox-wp-comment-form input{float:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-appearance:checkbox;width:auto;max-width:21px;margin:0 6px 0 0;padding:0;position:static;display:inline-block!important}.mc4wp-checkbox-wp-comment-form label{float:none;cursor:pointer;width:auto;margin:0 0 16px;display:block;position:static}</style><style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/favicon.png?fit=16%2C15&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/favicon.png?fit=16%2C15&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/favicon.png?fit=16%2C15&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/favicon.png?fit=16%2C15&ssl=1" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> body { padding-top: 0; } h2.site-description { color: #333 !important; } h1.site-title { font-weight: 700; } #masthead { background: #fff !important; padding: 80px 0 90px } .mobile-header { margin-bottom: 70px; } #masthead a { color: #333 !important; } #site-navigation { display: none !important; } #mobile-menu { display: none; } .entry-header h1 { line-height: 1.2; } .entry-title a { font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; } .hentry { margin-bottom: 150px; padding-bottom: 150px; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; } </style> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="post-template-default single single-post postid-2017 single-format-standard custom-background group-blog"> <div id="page-clip"> <nav id="mobile-menu" role="navigation"> <div id="nav-toggle"> <div class="toggle genericon"></div> </div> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu"><ul> <li ><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-942" class="menu-item-942"></li> <li id="menu-item-592" class="menu-item-592"></li> <li id="menu-item-1660" class="menu-item-1660"></li> <li id="menu-item-1661" class="menu-item-1661"></li> <li id="menu-item-1662" class="menu-item-1662"></li> <li id="menu-item-1765" class="menu-item-1765"></li> <li id="menu-item-1766" class="menu-item-1766"></li> <li id="menu-item-1767" class="menu-item-1767"></li> <li id="menu-item-1298" class="menu-item-1298"></li> <li id="menu-item-966" class="menu-item-966"></li> </ul></div> </nav> <div id="page-wrap"> <div class="mobile-header"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/" rel="home">OurResearch blog</a></h1> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div class="header-wrap"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/" rel="home">OurResearch blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">News from the OurResearch team</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div class="menu"><ul> <li ><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/">Home</a></li><li class="menu-item-942"></li> <li class="menu-item-592"></li> <li class="menu-item-1660"></li> <li class="menu-item-1661"></li> <li class="menu-item-1662"></li> <li class="menu-item-1765"></li> <li class="menu-item-1766"></li> <li class="menu-item-1767"></li> <li class="menu-item-1298"></li> <li class="menu-item-966"></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="page" class="hfeed site">  <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-2017" class="post-2017 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-open-science category-openalex tag-openscience tag-openalex"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">New study shows OpenAlex is a good alternative to Scopus for demographic research</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <span class="genericon genericon-standard post-format-icon"></span><div class="post-format-content"> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=kblog-metadata.php&rft.title=New+study+shows+OpenAlex+is+a+good+alternative+to+Scopus+for+demographic+research&rft.source=OurResearch+blog&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fnew-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research%2F&rft.au=Jason+Portenoy&rft.format=text&rft.language=English"></span> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Highlights</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>New research from the <a href="https://www.demogr.mpg.de/">Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research</a> analyzes global migration of scholars, using bibliometric data. They do a <strong>side-by-side comparison </strong>of this analysis <strong>between Scopus and OpenAlex </strong>data.</li> <li><strong>Counts of scholars by country are highly correlated </strong>between Scopus and OpenAlex.</li> <li>Migration events are less correlated between the two, but <strong>trends in migration between top pairs of countries are consistent </strong>between them. There is higher correlation with Western countries, and OpenAlex has more coverage of non-Western countries.</li> <li><strong>OpenAlex is open. Scopus is not. </strong>This puts limits on how researchers can perform and share this type of analysis.</li> </ul> <p>A <a href="https://doi.org/10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-018">new working paper</a>[1] from researchers at the <a href="https://www.demogr.mpg.de/">Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR)</a> uses bibliometric data to study the migration patterns of scholars between countries. Within the field of demography, there is a lack of high-quality data about human migration; so this use of scholarly publication data to infer global-scale migration of scholars is a welcome contribution. They compare the use of two sources of large-scale bibliometric data: “Elsevier’s proprietary Scopus and the openly available OpenAlex.”</p> <p>The findings of the paper suggest that OpenAlex is a source of open data that shows promise as a replacement for the more established—but more restricted—Scopus data. Overall counts of scholars between countries over time have a high correlation between Scopus and OpenAlex, “with a median correlation close to 1.” The analysis of migration events between the two databases shows less correlation overall, but among the top pairs of countries, “the bilateral flows … are consistent in the two databases.” The authors go on to discuss the reason for the differences, noting that “[this] could signal a large difference in coverage of individual migration trajectories between these two databases and can also stem from the small net migration rates which fluctuate with small differences in measurement rather than population counts which are larger and small changes do not cause them to fluctuate.” In other words, while smaller scale trends may present differently between different data sources due to the nuances and idiosyncrasies of each one, the larger-scale trends are consistent.</p> <p>The results also suggest that, in some cases, OpenAlex may be an even better resource than Scopus for this analysis. The authors note that the magnitude of migration flows is much larger in OpenAlex compared to Scopus, and that “this could indicate that the higher coverage of publications in OpenAlex might help discover some under-explored scholarly migration corridors worldwide.”</p> <p>The paper does note some limitations of using OpenAlex as opposed to Scopus for their purposes, specifically, “the quality of the author name disambiguation and identifiers in OpenAlex needs further evaluation in future research.” Evaluating the job that OpenAlex has done assigning authors to all of their papers was outside the scope of this research, but they are able to refer to established research validating the Scopus data. We look forward to this validation on the OpenAlex data both from us and from other independent researchers. We’re also happy to say that we are continually making improvements in our author name disambiguation, so our data will be getting better and better!</p> <p>Finally, there is the big difference between the two services: OpenAlex is open, while Scopus is not. The authors touch on this several times throughout the paper, both directly and indirectly. They mention that they must limit the years of their analysis, due to “our license terms for Scopus data”. In their Methods section, they describe the multiple steps they had to take to gain access to and acquire the Scopus data, while for OpenAlex, the process was much simpler: “we obtain the publicly available data and process it ourselves”. And in the Acknowledgements section, they explain that the Scopus license terms only permit sharing aggregated results, and no individual data is shared.</p> <p>Overall, we are very proud that OpenAlex is being recognized as an emerging high-quality, completely open source of bibliometric data that can be used for demographic research. The lack of restrictions on our data is extremely important as it eliminates barriers that researchers face in doing their work. Please <a href="https://doi.org/10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-018">check out their paper to learn more about their work!</a></p> <p><br>[1] Akbaritabar, A., Theile, T. & Zagheni, E. Global flows and rates of international migration of scholars. WP-2023-018<a href="https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/publications_databases_6118/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/global_flows_and_rates_of_international_migration_of_scholars_7729"> https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/publications_databases_6118/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/global_flows_and_rates_of_international_migration_of_scholars_7729</a> (2023) doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-018">10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-018</a>.</p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span>Print</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20New%20study%20shows%20OpenAlex%20is%20a%20good%20alternative%20to%20Scopus%20for%20demographic%20research&body=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fnew-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="9a0864edc4" data-email-share-track-url="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=email"><span>Email</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-2017" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-2017" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-2017" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-2017" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span>Pinterest</span></a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=tumblr" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Tumblr" ><span>Tumblr</span></a></li><li class="share-pocket"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-pocket sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=pocket" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pocket" ><span>Pocket</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span>Reddit</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <div> <span class="genericon genericon-month"></span><span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-04-20T06:00:18-07:00">April 20, 2023</time><time class="updated" datetime="2023-04-20T06:00:20-07:00">April 20, 2023</time></a></span><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/author/jportenoy/">Jason Portenoy</a></span></span> </div> <div> <span class="comments-link"><span class="genericon genericon-comment"></span><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </div> <div class="cat-links"> <span class="genericon genericon-category"></span>Posted in <a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/category/open-science/" rel="category tag">Open Science</a>, <a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/category/openalex/" rel="category tag">OpenAlex</a> </div> <div class="tags-links"> <span class="genericon genericon-tag"></span>Tagged <a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/tag/openscience/" rel="tag">#openscience</a>, <a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/tag/openalex/" rel="tag">OpenAlex</a> </div> </footer></article> <nav class="navigation post-navigation" role="navigation"> <h1 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h1> <div class="nav-links"> <div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/how-you-can-help-keep-openalex-free/" rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav genericon genericon-previous"></span> How you can help keep OpenAlex free</a></div> <div class="nav-next"><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/assigning-institutions-new-england-journal-of-medicine-case-study/" rel="next">Assigning Institutions — New England Journal of Medicine Case Study <span class="meta-nav genericon genericon-next"></span></a></div> </div> </nav> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3> <form id="commentform" class="comment-form"> <iframe title="Comment Form" src="https://jetpack.wordpress.com/jetpack-comment/?blogid=66563426&postid=2017&comment_registration=0&require_name_email=1&stc_enabled=0&stb_enabled=0&show_avatars=1&avatar_default=mystery&greeting=Leave+a+Reply&jetpack_comments_nonce=da8f18e7f8&greeting_reply=Leave+a+Reply+to+%25s&color_scheme=light&lang=en_US&jetpack_version=14.0&iframe_unique_id=1&show_cookie_consent=10&has_cookie_consent=0&is_current_user_subscribed=0&token_key=%3Bnormal%3B&sig=ba491c2c3d417520a1341ff8e727a832e92b58c5#parent=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fnew-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research%2F" name="jetpack_remote_comment" style="width:100%; height: 430px; border:0;" class="jetpack_remote_comment" id="jetpack_remote_comment" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups" > </iframe>  <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { var commentForms = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); for (var i = 0; i < commentForms.length; i++) { commentForms[i].allowTransparency = false; commentForms[i].scrolling = 'no'; } }); </script>  </form> </div> <input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="" /> </div> </main> </div> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title">About Us</h3> <div class="textwidget"><a href="http://ourresearch.org">OurResearch</a> is a nonprofit working to make scholarly research more open, accessible, and reusable. We build and support open-source, open-data services including <a href="https://unpaywall.org">Unpaywall</a>, <a href="https://unsub.org">Unsub</a>, and <a href="https://openalex.org">OpenAlex.</a></div> </aside><aside id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"></div></aside><aside id="search-2" class="widget widget_search"><h3 class="widget-title">Search this blog</h3><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://blog.ourresearch.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s"> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search"> </form> </aside><aside id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h3 class="widget-title">Donate</h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">Donations fuel our servers and our enthusiasm, and help us maintain our non-profit status. <a href="/donations/donate/">Donate here</a>.</div></aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap"> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> Subscribe: <a href="http://blog.impactstory.org/feed/">RSS</a> | <a href="http://blog.impactstory.org/feed/atom/">Atom</a> | <a href="http://eepurl.com/RaRZ1">via Email</a> |<a href="http://www.twitter.com/impactstory">Follow us on Twitter</a> | <a href="http://wordpress.org/" rel="generator" class="genericon genericon-wordpress" title="Proudly Powered by WordPress"></a> Theme: Kirumo by <a href="http://johnregan3.com" rel="designer">johnregan3</a>. </div> <nav id="footer-navigation" class="social-menu" role="navigation"> <div class="menu"><ul> <li ><a href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/">Home</a></li><li class="menu-item-942"></li> <li class="menu-item-592"></li> <li class="menu-item-1660"></li> <li class="menu-item-1661"></li> <li class="menu-item-1662"></li> <li class="menu-item-1765"></li> <li class="menu-item-1766"></li> <li class="menu-item-1767"></li> <li class="menu-item-1298"></li> <li class="menu-item-966"></li> </ul></div> </div> </nav> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/new-study-shows-openalex-is-a-good-alternative-to-scopus-for-demographic-research\/":2017}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/include/lib/GP_Custom_Forms/assets/js/gp_custom_forms.js?ver=6.7.1" id="GP_Custom_Forms-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="before_and_after-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var before_and_after_vars = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/before-and-after/assets/js/before_and_after_fe.js?ver=6.7.1" id="before_and_after-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/blog.ourresearch.org\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="give-donation-summary-script-frontend-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var GiveDonationSummaryData = {"currencyPrecisionLookup":{"USD":2,"EUR":2,"GBP":2,"AUD":2,"BRL":2,"CAD":2,"CZK":2,"DKK":2,"HKD":2,"HUF":2,"ILS":2,"JPY":0,"MYR":2,"MXN":2,"MAD":2,"NZD":2,"NOK":2,"PHP":2,"PLN":2,"SGD":2,"KRW":0,"ZAR":2,"SEK":2,"CHF":2,"TWD":2,"THB":2,"INR":2,"TRY":2,"IRR":2,"RUB":2,"AED":2,"AMD":2,"ANG":2,"ARS":2,"AWG":2,"BAM":2,"BDT":2,"BHD":3,"BMD":2,"BND":2,"BOB":2,"BSD":2,"BWP":2,"BZD":2,"CLP":0,"CNY":2,"COP":2,"CRC":2,"CUC":2,"CUP":2,"DOP":2,"EGP":2,"GIP":2,"GTQ":2,"HNL":2,"HRK":2,"IDR":2,"ISK":0,"JMD":2,"JOD":2,"KES":2,"KWD":2,"KYD":2,"MKD":2,"NPR":2,"OMR":3,"PEN":2,"PKR":2,"RON":2,"SAR":2,"SZL":2,"TOP":2,"TZS":2,"UAH":2,"UYU":2,"VEF":2,"XCD":2,"AFN":2,"ALL":2,"AOA":2,"AZN":2,"BBD":2,"BGN":2,"BIF":0,"XBT":8,"BTN":1,"BYR":2,"BYN":2,"CDF":2,"CVE":2,"DJF":0,"DZD":2,"ERN":2,"ETB":2,"FJD":2,"FKP":2,"GEL":2,"GGP":2,"GHS":2,"GMD":2,"GNF":0,"GYD":2,"HTG":2,"IMP":2,"IQD":2,"IRT":2,"JEP":2,"KGS":2,"KHR":0,"KMF":2,"KPW":0,"KZT":2,"LAK":0,"LBP":2,"LKR":0,"LRD":2,"LSL":2,"LYD":3,"MDL":2,"MGA":0,"MMK":2,"MNT":2,"MOP":2,"MRO":2,"MUR":2,"MVR":1,"MWK":2,"MZN":0,"NAD":2,"NGN":2,"NIO":2,"PAB":2,"PGK":2,"PRB":2,"PYG":2,"QAR":2,"RSD":2,"RWF":2,"SBD":2,"SCR":2,"SDG":2,"SHP":2,"SLL":2,"SOS":2,"SRD":2,"SSP":2,"STD":2,"SYP":2,"TJS":2,"TMT":2,"TND":3,"TTD":2,"UGX":2,"UZS":2,"VND":1,"VUV":0,"WST":2,"XAF":2,"XOF":2,"XPF":2,"YER":2,"ZMW":2},"recurringLabelLookup":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/give/assets/dist/js/give-donation-summary.js?ver=3.18.0" id="give-donation-summary-script-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/themes/kirumo/inc/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=20130115" id="kirumo-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/themes/kirumo/inc/js/kirumo.js?ver=6.7.1" id="kirumo-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"66563426\",\"post\":\"2017\",\"tz\":\"-8\",\"srv\":\"blog.ourresearch.org\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "66563426", "2017" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1731997821" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://blog.ourresearch.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.0" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcompocket', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' ); const watchReply = function() { // Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice. if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) { // Cache the Core function. addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm; const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' ); const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' ); function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) { const url = new URL( iframe.src ); if ( commentParentValue ) { url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue ) } else { url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' ); } if( iframe.src !== url.href ) { iframe.src = url.href; } }; cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () { tellFrameNewParent( false ); } ); addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) { tellFrameNewParent( parentId ); return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments ); }; } } document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply ); // In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces. document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply ); const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); window.addEventListener('message', function(event) { if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') { return; } if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) { return; } const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId; // Change height for the matching comment iframe for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) { const iframe = commentIframes[i]; const url = new URL(iframe.src); const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id'); if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) { iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px'; return; } } }); })(); </script> </body> </html>