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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">3rd century BC shipwreck off Sicily</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Marsala punic shipwreck</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsala_ship_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a model of a boat in a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marsala_ship_4.jpg/220px-Marsala_ship_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marsala_ship_4.jpg/330px-Marsala_ship_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marsala_ship_4.jpg/440px-Marsala_ship_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of the remains of the Marsala Punic Ship at the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anselmi</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck is located in Sicily"><img alt="Marsala Punic shipwreck is located in Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg/250px-Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg/375px-Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg/500px-Italy_Sicily_location_map_IT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.396%;left:15.665%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marsala Punic shipwreck"><img alt="Marsala Punic shipwreck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anselmi</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Punta Scario</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&params=37.80115_N_12.426615_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°48′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°25′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.80115°N 12.426615°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.80115; 12.426615</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Site of a sunken ship</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">Believed to have sunk in the mid 3rd century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultures</th><td class="infobox-data">Punic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Satellite of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated with</th><td class="infobox-data">Crew of military and merchant vessels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1971–1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data">Honor Frost</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Conserved</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Marsala Punic shipwreck</b> is a third-century-BC <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwreck</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> ships. The wreck was discovered in 1969, off the shore of Isola Lunga, not far from <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a> on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. It was excavated from 1971 onwards<i>.</i> The excavation, led by <a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a> and her team, lasted four years and revealed a substantial portion of the hull structure. </p><p>The first, more significant wreck, turned out to be an ancient military <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> that was named the Marsala Punic Ship. The second ship, dubbed Sister Ship, was identified as a merchant vessel. Inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Punic script</a> have made it possible to attribute the remains unquestionably to the Punics. Upon its discovery, the Marsala shipwreck was the sole surviving wreck from its era. The Marsala Punic Ship is believed to have played a role in the momentous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Battle of the Aegates</a> in 241 BC. The ship's state of preservation, unique features, and artifacts offered a glimpse into the advanced production techniques, and daily life aboard ancient warships. The study of the wreck has advanced current knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Carthage#Carthaginian_navy" title="Military of Carthage">Carthaginian navy</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> and validated some information provided by ancient sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_location">Discovery and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1969, Diego Boninni, the captain of a <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">commercial dredge</a> operating off the shore of Isola Lunga, not far from <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a> on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, discovered underwater formations covered with <a href="/wiki/Posidonia" title="Posidonia">Posidonia seagrass</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveque2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boninni showed some of his discoveries to Eduardo Lipari, a local whose family was connected to archeological excavations in the area. That same year, Boninni and Lipari took diver-archaeologist Gerhard Kapitän and British pioneer underwater archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a> to the site of the underwater heaps. Frost and Kapitän returned to the area to further investigate what they had identified as ship <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a> piles, evidence of ancient marine wrecks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor_Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an older lady sitting at a table with a book in her hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Honor_Frost.jpg/250px-Honor_Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Honor_Frost.jpg/330px-Honor_Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Honor_Frost.jpg/440px-Honor_Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer marine archaeologist Honor Frost</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the wrecks surveyed in 1970 yielded a spearhead discovered within the ballast pile, along with a warship-type anchor found nearby. Other iron objects were also found, including what was interpreted to be a <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)"><i>corvus</i></a>, a military boarding device that played a notable role during the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. Based on the collective discoveries, Frost inferred that the site potentially represents the wreck of a warship. Likewise, the presence of other ballast piles in the vicinity suggested that the sinkings in the area were likely the result of acts of war. Frost returned in 1971 to the "Anchor and Spearhead Wreck" but her team's soundings did not find any wooden ship remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116–18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116–18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, expedition photographer <a href="/wiki/David_Singmaster" title="David Singmaster">David Singmaster</a> signaled an off-course find to Frost at a depth of 2.5 m (8.2 ft). He had found two new piles of ballast stones, with a large <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> timber emerging from the sand in between. More wooden remains of the ancient vessel were found, some of which were inscribed with Punic letters. The Punic letters were used as numerals and were painted at intervals along the keel to the positions of the ribs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007104_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007104-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessel was dubbed the Marsala Punic Ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sicilian authorities and the <a href="/wiki/British_School_at_Rome" title="British School at Rome">British School at Rome</a> mandated archaeologist Honor Frost to direct the excavations which were carried out over the course of four successive annual campaigns. Annual reports were published in the <a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</a>. The final report was published by the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei</a> in 1981.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The excavation was carried out off the shore of Isola Lunga, north of the Marsala, a town known in the ancient era as Lilybaeum and founded by the Carthaginians after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a> in 397 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the stern and very few other remains of another ship were discovered 70 m (230 ft) south of the Marsala Punic Ship. The second vessel was named Sister Ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punic.keel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wooden object on a stand, on display in a museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Punic.keel.JPG/250px-Punic.keel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Punic.keel.JPG/330px-Punic.keel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Punic.keel.JPG/500px-Punic.keel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Punic Ship <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> detail</figcaption></figure> <p>The reconstructed Marsala Punic Ship retains the ship's original dimensions and materials. The ship was constructed from <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acer_platanoides" title="Acer platanoides">aceraceous</a> wood, materials that did not respond well to chemical preservation treatments. The Marsala Punic Ship boasted a straight <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> measuring 30 m (98 ft), making the overall length nearly 35 m (115 ft), with a width of 4.8 m (16 ft), including the side gangways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981248–271_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981248–271-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimated at around 120 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation findings and the shape of the vessel indicated that the remains were not from a merchant ship. Merchant ships typically have features designed for storing goods or drinking water, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">crockery</a> discovered at the site was meant for individual use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was found to contain various types of butchered meats, such as deer, horse, beef, mutton, goat, and pork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198153–58_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198153–58-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, fragments of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> stalks were found, presumably for the <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">oarsmen</a> to chew on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198162_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198162-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologists made several other discoveries, including fragments of a basket, a rope, and human bones, suggesting that a person had been trapped. The presence of ballast confirmed the military nature of the Marsala Punic Ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost19817–8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost19817–8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship's hydrodynamic features demonstrate the maritime expertise inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, renowned innovators in shipbuilding who influenced both the Greeks and Romans. Additionally, it is believed that despite its <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a> dimensions, the Marsala Ship was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">quadrireme</a> modeled after the fast and agile <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodian</a> galleys. In 264 BC, the Romans seized Phoenician quinqueremes that ran aground. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> reports that the ship served as a model for the Romans' fleet ships; they realized the additional advantage of using <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joints</a> in shipbuilding, as the lumber used in edge-joined ship <a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">strakes</a> does not have to be <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">dried</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the First Punic War in 260 BC, the Phoenician shipbuilding technology allowed the Romans to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes within two months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marsala wreck was entirely conceived and realized ‘shell first’ because of the presence of bolted floor timbers </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_Ship">Sister Ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sister Ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the first ship, archaeologists discovered the remains of 12 m (39 ft) of keel on the stern and port side. On the bow of the second ship, they discovered the remains of a wooden spur and elements of Punic calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">naval ram</a> of the Sister Ship was discovered and reconstructed: unlike the trident-shaped rams depicted on <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_coinage" title="Carthaginian coinage">Carthaginian coins</a>, it is in the shape of a 3-metre-long upward curving beak, made of metal-coated wood. A thick, resinous coating covered the wood of the remains of the ram, along with nails and fragments of a copper plate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981267–270_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981267–270-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barely emerging from the water, it was connected to the bow by a novel fastener designed to break on impact during ramming. This mechanism would enable the attacking vessel to easily disengage from its adversary's battered side and stay afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel201463_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel201463-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-14 dating</a> of wood fragments, the ships were estimated to be from around 235 ±65 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981273,_279–280_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981273,_279–280-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Frost, the <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">paleography</a> of the Punic inscriptions found on the timbers of the wrecks indicate the ships were built between 300 and 260 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions made it possible for Frost to attribute the remains unquestionably to the Carthaginians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198119-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marsala ships may have played a role in the momentous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Battle of the Aegates</a> in 241 BC, as there is no other recorded battle that could explain the presence of shipwrecks along the shore at Isola Lunga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle saw the Roman fleet pitted against the Carthaginian fleet, resulting in a resounding victory for Rome and marking a decisive moment in the First Punic War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007122,_125–126_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007122,_125–126-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is disagreement among specialists regarding the role of the recovered ships. Honor Frost views the ships as having been combat vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveque2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Franco-Tunisian historian and archaeologist Hédi Dridi, following <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Bartoloni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Bartoloni (page does not exist)">Piero Bartoloni</a>'s perspective, believes that the recovered ships served as scout vessels, responsible for surveillance or acting as a link between larger ships engaged in direct combat. This interpretation is particularly influenced by the absence of bronze rostrums on the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveque2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Understanding the belt of corrugation on the waterline of the Marsala "Punie Ship" is a puzzle that demands our attention. After over twenty years of speculation about isolated aspects of this wreck, a reminder of background information is warranted. Within the ancient Mediterranean family of smooth-skinned, mortise-and-tenon-built, "round" hulls, examined in considerable number since the 1950s, this Punic hull stands out with its unique features, notably its shape: it represents a " long" vessel, a characteristic that holds significant historical and archaeological value.<sup id="cite_ref-f650_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f650-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding the belt of corrugation on the waterline of the Marsala "Punie Ship" is a puzzle that demands our attention. After over twenty years of speculation about isolated aspects of this wreck, a reminder of background information is warranted. Within the ancient Mediterranean family of smooth-skinned, mortise-and-tenon-built, "round" hulls, examined in considerable number since the 1950s, this Punic hull stands out with its unique features, notably its shape: it represents a " long" vessel, a characteristic that holds significant historical and archaeological value.<sup id="cite_ref-f650_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f650-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> === Resurfacing and conservation === While the Marsala Punic Ship was raised and displayed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_Archaeological_Museum_Baglio_Anserlmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anserlmi (page does not exist)">Regional Archaeological Museum Baglio Anserlmi</a> in Marsala, the Sister Ship was reburied on the seafloor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the Marsala Punic Ship were used to reconstruct a metal framework of the best-preserved section of the hull in 1979. However, due to inadequate protection, the ship suffered from corrosion, and the ravages of the elements while housed in a simple 19th-century wine shed. In 1980, a temporary measure was taken by covering the ship with a plastic tarp. Concerns over the deteriorating supports and wooden elements led the archaeological community to demand better preservation conditions. With the assistance of Danish experts, including Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Crumlin_Pedersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ole Crumlin Pedersen (page does not exist)">Ole Crumlin Pedersen</a> and the Regional Conservation Center in Palermo, another reconstruction was carried out. Pedersen, having experience in reconstructing <a href="/wiki/Skuldelev_ships" title="Skuldelev ships">Viking ships</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Skuldelev" title="Skuldelev">Skuldelev</a>, Denmark, collaborated on the project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen1986209_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen1986209-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasch199779–81_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasch199779–81-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, a 3D documentation project of the Marsala Punic Ship successfully created high-resolution digital records of the Marsala Punic Ship, its associated timbers, and the original molds from the excavation. The laser scans and photogrammetry data provided valuable insights into the ship's current condition and stress points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance">Significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shapes of the remains of the ships complement each other, in particular with a ram, and provide a unique document of the Carthaginian navy during the First Punic War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1978_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1978-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information supplied by the excavation and the study of the Marsala Punic shipwreck corroborated naval depictions in Punic numismatics and <a href="/wiki/Tophet" title="Tophet">Carthage tophet</a> steles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschaouch199368_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschaouch199368-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painted markings and traces of two alphabetic sequences discovered on the ships' hulls, along with its Phoenician origin, indicate a standardized <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated components</a> production process, explaining the rapid deployment of Carthaginian military fleets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each plank of the keel was marked with an alphabetic sign intended for assembly;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129–130_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129–130-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punic words have also been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscriptions were found on the inner side of the keel and the hull. Each sign indicated the position of each piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_Guzzo200795_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_Guzzo200795-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's components were assembled by carpenters after being prepared by joiners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This archaeological discovery corroborates ancient historians' observations regarding the remarkable speed of construction of these Punic ships, which was previously considered unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1978_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1978-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> reported that during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a> around 147 B.C., despite the Roman siege of Carthage, the Carthaginians built several dozen triremes and quinqueremes. Since the discovery in Marsala, modern historians have been provided with further evidence supporting the assertion regarding the remarkable speed of construction of these Punic ships. This construction system validated <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>' account of the Romans capturing a Punic ship and using it as a model to build their own fleet in record time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo Phoenician shipwreck</a> – Phoenician shipwreck near the coast of Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun shipwreck</a> – 14th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a> – Island and ancient city</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeveque2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeveque2019_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeveque2019">Leveque 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198116–18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198116–18_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007104-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007104_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2007">Goldsworthy 2007</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119,_271_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 19, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981271_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992262_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński1992">Lipiński 1992</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981248–271-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981248–271_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 248–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Bohec201154_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Bohec2011">Le Bohec 2011</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198153–58-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198153–58_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 53–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198162-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198162_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost19817–8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost19817–8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESleeswyk1980244_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSleeswyk1980">Sleeswyk 1980</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nantet, Emmanuel. <i>Sailing from Polis to Empire Ships in the Eastern Mediterranean during Hellenistic Period</i>. Open Book Publishers, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1992153_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipiński1992">Lipiński 1992</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981267–270-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981267–270_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 267–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007101_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2007">Goldsworthy 2007</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel201463-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel201463_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLancel2014">Lancel 2014</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981273,_279–280-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981273,_279–280_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, pp. 273, 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1981275_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost198119-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost198119_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1981">Frost 1981</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007122,_125–126-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2007122,_125–126_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2007">Goldsworthy 2007</a>, pp. 122, 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDridi2006">Dridi 2006</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f650-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f650_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f650_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPedersenAverdung2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Ralph K.; Averdung, Denise (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259781936_The_Marsala_Punic_Warships_Reconsidering_their_Nature_and_the_Function_of_the_Ram">"The Marshall Punic Warships: Reconsidering their Nature and the Function of the "Ram"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Skyllis</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>131<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skyllis&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Punic+Warships%3A+Reconsidering+their+Nature+and+the+Function+of+the+%22Ram%22&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Ralph+K.&rft.au=Averdung%2C+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259781936_The_Marsala_Punic_Warships_Reconsidering_their_Nature_and_the_Function_of_the_Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolakowskiTanner2019_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolakowskiTanner2019">Polakowski & Tanner 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen1986209-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrumlin-Pedersen1986209_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrumlin-Pedersen1986">Crumlin-Pedersen 1986</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasch199779–81-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasch199779–81_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasch1997">Basch 1997</a>, pp. 79–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost1978-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1978_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost1978_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrost1978">Frost 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschaouch199368-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschaouch199368_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeschaouch1993">Beschaouch 1993</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129–130-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDridi2006129–130_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDridi2006">Dridi 2006</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_Guzzo200795-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_Guzzo200795_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmadasi_Guzzo2007">Amadasi Guzzo 2007</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsala_Punic_shipwreck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmadasi_Guzzo2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Giulia_Amadasi_Guzzo" title="Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo">Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgwOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Carthage</i></a> (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053962-9"><bdi>978-2-13-053962-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80145903">80145903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80145903&rft.isbn=978-2-13-053962-9&rft.aulast=Amadasi+Guzzo&rft.aufirst=Maria+Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgwOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasch1997" class="citation journal cs1">Basch, Lucien (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x">"Note: The Punic Ship: an obituary"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IJNAr..26...79B">1997IJNAr..26...79B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Note%3A+The+Punic+Ship%3A+an+obituary&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997IJNAr..26...79B&rft.aulast=Basch&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1997.tb01318.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrumlin-Pedersen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/jda/article/view/127235">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aspects of Viking-Age shipbuilding: In the light of the construction and trials of the Skuldelev ship-replicas Saga Siglar and Roar Ege."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Danish Archaeology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0108464X.1986.10589968">10.1080/0108464X.1986.10589968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0108-464X">0108-464X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Danish+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%22Aspects+of+Viking-Age+shipbuilding%3A+In+the+light+of+the+construction+and+trials+of+the+Skuldelev+ship-replicas+Saga+Siglar+and+Roar+Ege.%22&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0108464X.1986.10589968&rft.issn=0108-464X&rft.aulast=Crumlin-Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fjda%2Farticle%2Fview%2F127235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeschaouch1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beschaouch, Azedine (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvh0QgAACAAJ"><i>La légende de Carthage</i></a> [<i>The legend of Carthage</i>] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053212-4"><bdi>978-2-07-053212-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969831345">969831345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+l%C3%A9gende+de+Carthage&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F969831345&rft.isbn=978-2-07-053212-4&rft.aulast=Beschaouch&rft.aufirst=Azedine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvh0QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bohec2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yann_Le_Bohec" title="Yann Le Bohec">Le Bohec, Yann</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDgPDQAAQBAJ"><i>Histoire Militaire des Guerres Puniques Ned</i></a> [<i>Military history of the Punic wars</i>] (in French). Monaco: Editions du Rocher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-268-00404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-268-00404-4"><bdi>978-2-268-00404-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1390083590">1390083590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Militaire+des+Guerres+Puniques+Ned&rft.place=Monaco&rft.pub=Editions+du+Rocher&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1390083590&rft.isbn=978-2-268-00404-4&rft.aulast=Le+Bohec&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDgPDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDridi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dridi, Hédi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HUPAQAAMAAJ&q=H%C3%A9di+Dridi,+Carthage+et+le+monde+punique"><i>Carthage et le monde punique</i></a> [<i>Carthage and the Punic world</i>] (in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-41033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-41033-3"><bdi>978-2-251-41033-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934241897">934241897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+et+le+monde+punique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+Belles+Lettres&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934241897&rft.isbn=978-2-251-41033-3&rft.aulast=Dridi&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HUPAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DH%25C3%25A9di%2BDridi%2C%2BCarthage%2Bet%2Ble%2Bmonde%2Bpunique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frost, Honor (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=12762657">"Seul bateau de guerre connu de l'antiquité méditerranéenne: le navire punique de Marsala"</a> [The only known warship of Mediterranean antiquity: the Punic ship of Marsala]. <i>Dossiers de l'Archéologie</i> (in French) (29). Dijon: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dossiers+de+l%27Arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.atitle=Seul+bateau+de+guerre+connu+de+l%27antiquit%C3%A9+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne%3A+le+navire+punique+de+Marsala&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpascal-francis.inist.fr%2Fvibad%2Findex.php%3Faction%3DgetRecordDetail%26idt%3D12762657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost1981" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, Honor (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=lmu_ebook_collection">"Lilybaeum (Marsala) -The Punic Ship: Final Excavation Report"</a>. <i>Notizie degli scavi di antichità</i>. 8. <b>XXX</b>. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174416026">174416026</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529145702/https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=lmu_ebook_collection">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notizie+degli+scavi+di+antichit%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Lilybaeum+%28Marsala%29+-The+Punic+Ship%3A+Final+Excavation+Report&rft.volume=XXX&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174416026&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lmu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dlmu_ebook_collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJlcnQAACAAJ"><i>The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars, 265-146 BC</i></a>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780304366422" title="Special:BookSources/9780304366422"><bdi>9780304366422</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/633188841">633188841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Carthage%3A+The+Punic+Wars%2C+265-146+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F633188841&rft.isbn=9780304366422&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJlcnQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLancel2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Lancel" title="Serge Lancel">Lancel, Serge</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iiiu4qmpGnkC"><i>Carthage</i></a> (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-64012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-64012-9"><bdi>978-2-213-64012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-213-64012-9&rft.aulast=Lancel&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiiu4qmpGnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeveque2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leveque, Francis (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208093544/https://marine-antique.net/Les-navires-de-guerre-puniques-de">"Les navires de guerre puniques de Marsala"</a> [The Punic warships from Marsala]. <i>Marine Antique</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marine-antique.net/Les-navires-de-guerre-puniques-de">the original</a> on 8 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Antique&rft.atitle=Les+navires+de+guerre+puniques+de+Marsala&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Leveque&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarine-antique.net%2FLes-navires-de-guerre-puniques-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipiński1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)" title="Edward Lipiński (orientalist)">Lipiński, Edward</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOcR5DZoeiMC"><i>Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique</i></a> (in French). Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-50033-1"><bdi>978-2-503-50033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28082115">28082115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+civilisation+ph%C3%A9nicienne+et+punique&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28082115&rft.isbn=978-2-503-50033-1&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOcR5DZoeiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolakowskiTanner2019" class="citation web cs1">Polakowski, Mateusz; Tanner, Pat (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honorfrostfoundation.org/2019/05/24/3d-documentation-of-the-marsala-punic-ship-digital-conservation-and-archiving/">"3D Documentation of the Marsala Punic Ship: Digital Conservation and Archiving - 2020"</a>. <i>Honor Frost Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201224807/https://honorfrostfoundation.org/2019/05/24/3d-documentation-of-the-marsala-punic-ship-digital-conservation-and-archiving/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honor+Frost+Foundation&rft.atitle=3D+Documentation+of+the+Marsala+Punic+Ship%3A+Digital+Conservation+and+Archiving+-+2020&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Polakowski&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft.au=Tanner%2C+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonorfrostfoundation.org%2F2019%2F05%2F24%2F3d-documentation-of-the-marsala-punic-ship-digital-conservation-and-archiving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSleeswyk1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sleeswyk, A. W. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x">"Phoenician joints, <i>coagmenta punicana</i>"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980IJNAr...9..243S">1980IJNAr...9..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-2414">1057-2414</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4645771469">4645771469</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531061549/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Phoenician+joints%2C+coagmenta+punicana&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4645771469&rft.issn=1057-2414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980IJNAr...9..243S&rft.aulast=Sleeswyk&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsala+Punic+shipwreck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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id="Vessels220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambratija_shipwreck" title="Zambratija shipwreck">Zambratija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Canaanite and Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27agan_Michael_Ship" title="Ma'agan Michael Ship">Ma'agan Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_shipwrecks_of_Mazarr%C3%B3n" title="Phoenician shipwrecks of Mazarrón">Mazarrón</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nordic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam ship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Port" title="Alexandria Port">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia#History" title="Civitavecchia">Centumcellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmutha" title="Charmutha">Charmutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisida" title="Nisida">Nesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus" title="Portus">Portus Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa#Ancient_times" title="Pisa">Portus Pisanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Puteoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Oakleaf" title="Ferriby Boats">Oakleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats#Morgawr" title="Ferriby Boats">Morgawr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Polybius)" title="Histories (Polybius)"><i>Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>  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