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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_expeditions_to_Punt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_expeditions_to_Punt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Egyptian expeditions to Punt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_expeditions_to_Punt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ta_netjer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ta_netjer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Ta netjer</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ta_netjer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proposed locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arabian peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punt_as_depicted_by_Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punt_as_depicted_by_Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Punt as depicted by Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punt_as_depicted_by_Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Older_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Older literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Land of Punt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poent" title="Poent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%91%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" title="ፑንት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፑንት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B7" title="بنط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পুন্ত রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুন্ত রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пунт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пунт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пунт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пунт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro_ar_Pount" title="Bro ar Pount – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro ar Pount" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_de_Punt" title="País de Punt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="País de Punt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(Goldland)" title="Punt (Goldland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punt (Goldland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Γη του Πουντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γη του Πουντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سرزمین پونت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزمین پونت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Pount" title="Pays de Pount – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays de Pount" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="푼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Punt" title="Negeri Punt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negeri Punt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnt" title="Púnt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púnt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paese_di_Punt" title="Paese di Punt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paese di Punt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="פונת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta" title="Punta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Punta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntas" title="Puntas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puntas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="പുന്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുന്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पुंताचे राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुंताचे राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poent" title="Poent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E5%9B%BD" title="プント国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プント国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_(pa%C3%ADs)" title="Pont (país) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pont (país)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(kraina)" title="Punt (kraina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Punt (kraina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punte" title="Punte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Punte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пунт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пунт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Land of Punt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(starovek%C3%BD_Egypt)" title="Punt (staroveký Egypt) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Punt (staroveký Egypt)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%BEela_Punt" title="Dežela Punt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dežela Punt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul_Udug" title="Dhul Udug – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhul Udug" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пунт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пунт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt" title="Punt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupain_ng_Punt" title="Lupain ng Punt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lupain ng Punt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_%C3%9Clkesi" title="Punt Ülkesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Punt Ülkesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Пунт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пунт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E1%BB%A9_Punt" title="Xứ Punt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xứ Punt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katunaan_han_Punt" title="Katunaan han Punt – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katunaan han Punt" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E7%89%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9C%B0" title="邦特之地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邦特之地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient trading confederation in the Horn of Africa (2500 BCE – 980 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient kingdom. For the region in Somalia, see <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Punt <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pwente.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pwente.png/50px-Pwente.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pwente.png/75px-Pwente.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Pwente.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_1450_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the extent of the Land of Punt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypt_1450_BC.svg/220px-Egypt_1450_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypt_1450_BC.svg/330px-Egypt_1450_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypt_1450_BC.svg/440px-Egypt_1450_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Egyptian empire (highlighted) with Punt in South-East corner (commonly agreed location)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500–980 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Land of Punt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pwente.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pwente.png/40px-Pwente.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pwente.png/60px-Pwente.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pwente.png/80px-Pwente.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pwnt#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:pwnt">pwnt</a></i>; alternate <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language#Egyptological_pronunciation" title="Egyptian language">Egyptological readings</a> <i>Pwene</i>(<i>t</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/puːnt/</span>) was an ancient kingdom known from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> trade records. It produced and exported <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, aromatic <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a> and wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent evidence locates it in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that it includes or corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a>, as later known by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical scholars</a> have identified it with the biblical land of <a href="/wiki/Phut" class="mw-redirect" title="Phut">Put</a> or <a href="/wiki/Havilah" title="Havilah">Havilah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At times Punt is referred to as <i>Ta netjer</i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%EA%9C%A3-n%E1%B9%AFr#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tꜣ-nṯr">tꜣ nṯr</a></i>), <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Land of the God</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact location of Punt is debated by historians. Various locations have been offered, southeast of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, a coastal region south of it along the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in present day north-east <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>. </p><p>It is also possible that it covered both the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the area across the sea, in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Arabia">Southern Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Najovits2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Najovits2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meeks_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meeks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autonomous state of <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>, the modern day Somali administrative region at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> is named in honor of this ancient kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_expeditions_to_Punt">Egyptian expeditions to Punt</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punt_houses.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Punt_houses.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="103" /></a><figcaption>A landscape of Punt, showing several houses on stilts, two fruiting <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> trees, a bird (<i><a href="/wiki/Hedydipna_metallica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedydipna metallica">Hedydipna metallica</a></i>), a cow, an unidentified fish and a turtle, in water which in the original was green to show that it is salt or tidal,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a sketch from the walls of the mortuary temple of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a>, depicting a royal expedition to Punt</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest recorded ancient Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> (25th century BC), returning with cargoes of <i>antyue</i> and Puntites. However, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from Punt is recorded as having been in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as early as the time of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, there were more expeditions to Punt in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth</a> dynasties of Egypt. In the Twelfth Dynasty, trade with Punt was celebrated in popular literature in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Shipwrecked_Sailor" title="Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor">Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor</a></i>. </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> (11th dynasty, ca. 2000 BC), an officer named <a href="/wiki/Hannu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannu">Hannu</a> organized one or more voyages to Punt, but it is uncertain whether he personally traveled on these expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt.<sup id="cite_ref-p145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> fleet to facilitate trade between the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and points south as far as Punt to bring mortuary goods to <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> in exchange for Nubian gold. Hatshepsut personally made the most famous ancient Egyptian expedition that sailed to Punt. Her <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">artists revealing</a> much about the royals, inhabitants, habitation and variety of trees on the island, revealing it as the "Land of the Gods, a region far to the east in the direction of the sunrise, blessed with products for religious purposes", where traders returned with gold, ivory, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, aromatic resins, animal skins, live animals, eye-makeup cosmetics, fragrant woods, and cinnamon.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Queen Hatshepsut</a> in the 15th century BC, ships regularly crossed the Red Sea in order to obtain <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, copper, carved amulets, <a href="/wiki/Naptha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naptha">naptha</a> and other goods transported overland and down the Dead Sea to Elat at the head of the gulf of Aqaba where they were joined with <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> coming north both by sea and overland along trade routes through the mountains running north along the east coast of the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2005 expedition to <a href="/wiki/Mersa/Wadi_Gawasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersa/Wadi Gawasis">Mersa/Wadi Gawasis</a>, Egypt by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathryn Bard">Kathryn Bard</a> found remains of Egyptian seagoing vessels and hieroglyphic texts on stelae about royal expeditions to Punt, including cedar planks from Queen Hatshepsut's expedition in te 15th century BCE, demonstrating that Mersa/Wadi Gawasis was the port in Egypt from which trade to Punt some 1200 km south on the Red Sea was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatshepsut-tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hatshepsut-tree.jpg/220px-Hatshepsut-tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hatshepsut-tree.jpg/330px-Hatshepsut-tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hatshepsut-tree.jpg/440px-Hatshepsut-tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A tree in front of <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut%27s_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatshepsut's temple">Hatshepsut's temple</a>, claimed to have been brought from Punt by Hatshepsut's Expedition, which is depicted on the Temple walls</figcaption></figure> <p>A report of that five-ship voyage survives on <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut's mortuary temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p149_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p149-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the temple texts, Hatshepsut "maintains the fiction that her envoy" Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Nehsi" title="Nehsi">Nehsi</a>, who is mentioned as the head of the expedition, had travelled to Punt "in order to extract tribute from the natives" who admit their allegiance to the Egyptian pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, Nehsi's expedition was a simple trading mission to a land, Punt, which was by this time a well-established trading post.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Nehsi's visit to Punt was not inordinately brave since he was "accompanied by at least five shiploads of [Egyptian] marines" and greeted warmly by the chief of Punt and his immediate family.<sup id="cite_ref-p149_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p149-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puntites "traded not only in their own produce of incense, ebony and short-horned cattle, but [also] in goods from other African states including gold, ivory and animal skins."<sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the temple reliefs, the Land of Punt was ruled at that time by King Parahu and Queen Ati.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This well illustrated expedition of Hatshepsut occurred in Year 9 of the female pharaoh's reign with the blessing of the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Said by Amen, the Lord of the Thrones of the Two Land: "Come, come in peace my daughter, the graceful, who art in my heart, King Maatkare [i.e. Hatshepsut]... I will give thee Punt, the whole of it... I will lead your soldiers by land and by water, on mysterious shores, which join the harbours of incense... They will take incense as much as they like. They will load their ships to the satisfaction of their hearts with trees of green [i.e., fresh] incense, and all the good things of the land."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/220px-Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/330px-Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg/440px-Relief_of_Hatshepsut%27s_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's expedition to the Land of Punt as depicted from her temple at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>While the Egyptians "were not particularly well versed in the hazards of sea travel, and the long voyage to Punt must have seemed something akin to a journey to the moon for present-day explorers... the rewards of [obtaining frankincense, ebony and myrrh] clearly outweighed the risks."<sup id="cite_ref-p145_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive account of the expedition, based on the tableaux, was provided by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Edwards" title="Amelia Edwards">Amelia Edwards</a> in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891275–296_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891275–296-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Tyson_Smith" title="Stuart Tyson Smith">Stuart Tyson Smith</a>, Egyptologist and professor of anthropology at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, "The scene of an expedition to Punt from Queen Hatshepsuis mortuary complex at Deir el-Bahri shows Puntites with red skin and facial features similar to Egyptians, long or bobbed hair, goatee beards, and kilts".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatshepsut's 18th dynasty successors, such as <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, also continued the Egyptian tradition of trading with Punt.<sup id="cite_ref-145-146_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145-146-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade with Punt continued into the start of the 20th dynasty before terminating prior to the end of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145-146_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145-146-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Harris_I" title="Papyrus Harris I">Papyrus Harris I</a>, a contemporary Egyptian document that details events that occurred in the reign of the early 20th dynasty king <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>, includes an explicit description of an Egyptian expedition's return from Punt: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They arrived safely at the desert-country of <a href="/wiki/Coptos" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptos">Coptos</a>: they moored in peace, carrying the goods they had brought. [The goods] were loaded, in travelling overland, upon <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">asses</a> and upon men, being reloaded into vessels at the harbour of Coptos. [The goods and the Puntites] were sent forward downstream, arriving in festivity, bringing tribute into the royal presence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the end of the New Kingdom period, Punt became "an unreal and fabulous land of myths and legends."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Egyptians continued to compose love songs about Punt, "When I hold my love close, and her arms steal around me, I'm like a man translated to Punt, or like someone out in the reedflats, when the world suddenly bursts into flower."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ta_netjer"><i>Ta netjer</i></h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punt2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Punt2.JPG/220px-Punt2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Punt2.JPG/330px-Punt2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Punt2.JPG/440px-Punt2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="2845" /></a><figcaption>This relief depicts incense and myrrh trees obtained by Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt</figcaption></figure><p>At times, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a> called Punt <i>Ta netjer</i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%EA%9C%A3-n%E1%B9%AFr#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tꜣ-nṯr">tꜣ nṯr</a></i>), meaning "God's Land".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This referred to the fact that it was among the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Sun God</a>, that is, the regions located in the direction of the sunrise, to the East of Egypt. These eastern regions' resources included products used in temples, notably incense. Older literature maintained that the label "God's Land", when interpreted as "Holy Land" or "Land of the gods/ancestors", meant that the ancient Egyptians viewed the Land of Punt as their ancestral homeland. W. M. <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> believed that the <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_Race_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic Race Theory">Dynastic Race</a> came from or through Punt and that "Pan, or Punt, was a district at the south end of the Red Sea, which probably embraced both the African and Arabian shores."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a> stated that "Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt...".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Breasted in 1906 argued that the term Ta netjer was not only applied to Punt, located southeast of Egypt, but also to regions of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> east and northeast of Egypt, such as <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, which was the source of wood for temples.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the murals of the Hatshepsut temple at Deir el-Bahri, the King and Queen of Punt are depicted along with their retinue. Due to her unusual appearance, the Queen was sometimes hypothesized to have had advanced <a href="/wiki/Steatopygia" title="Steatopygia">steatopygia</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis" title="Elephantiasis">elephantiasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenson_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenson-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_locations">Proposed locations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NC_Punt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg/220px-NC_Punt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg/330px-NC_Punt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/NC_Punt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Supposed location around the Red Sea and major travel routes by land and sea</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority opinion places Punt in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, based on the fact that the products of Punt (as depicted in the Hatshepsut illustrations) were abundantly found in the Horn of Africa but were less common or sometimes absent in Arabia. These products included gold and aromatic resins such as <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>; the wild animals depicted in Punt included <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">baboons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>. Richard Pankhurst states: "[Punt] has been identified with territory on both the Arabian and the Horn of Africa coasts. Consideration of the articles that the Egyptians obtained from Punt, notably gold and ivory, suggests, however, that these were primarily of African origin. ... This leads us to suppose that the term Punt probably applied more to African than Arabian territory."<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)" title="Ian Shaw (Egyptologist)">Ian Shaw</a> wrote that "There is still some debate regarding the precise location of Punt, which was once identified with the region of modern Somalia. A strong argument has now been made for its location in either southern Sudan or the Eritrean region of Ethiopia, where the indigenous plants and animals equate most closely with those depicted in the Egyptian reliefs and paintings".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Simon Najovits, the area comprising <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the Horn of Africa is considered the most likely location.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> analyzed hair from two mummified baboons using oxygen isotope analysis and were able to work out where they originated. The researchers compared the oxygen isotope samples in the ancient baboons to those found in their modern-day brethren. The isotope samples in baboons in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> did not match, but those in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> did match. The research team concluded that Punt was most likely a circumscribed region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, Polish archaeologists who have been conducting research in The Temple of Hatshepsut since 1961 discovered the only depiction of a secretary bird (<i><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_serpentarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittarius serpentarius">Sagittarius serpentarius</a></i>) known from ancient Egypt in the Bas-reliefs from the Portico of Punt that depicted the great Pharaonic expedition to the Land of Punt.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, primatologists from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> examined tissues from mummified baboons recovered from New Kingdom and Ptolemaic sites in Egypt that were believed to have come from Punt. The study revealed that the mummified baboons were all born outside of Egypt and were <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">hamadryas baboons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">hamadryas baboon</a> is a species of baboon native to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. The strontium ration in the tooth enamel confirmed that the baboons were born in an area stretching across present day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and north western <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that Punt might be located in eastern Sudan and western Eritrea where the <a href="/wiki/Gash_Group" title="Gash Group">Gash Group</a> (about 3000 to 1800 BC) and later the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Mokram_Group" title="Jebel Mokram Group">Jebel Mokram Group</a> flourished. Especially at Gash Group sites, many Egyptian pottery vessels and Egyptian faience beads were found, indicating close contacts with Egypt. Found Red Sea shells demonstrate contact with the Red Sea coast.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A news website in 2023 published evidence that <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> taken from <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">mummified</a> <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a> may have shown where Punt was in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023-11-11_AT_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-11-11_AT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A primarily German team of researchers published the results of extracting <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> from a mummified baboon. By comparing that with mitochondrial DNA extracted from 14 museum specimen baboons from the 19th and 20th centuries with known provenances, they concluded that the mummified baboon came from modern-day Eritrea.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the mummified baboon dates from a period when Egypt was trading with Punt, it may be assumed to come from there, and the authors suggested (but were unable to prove) that Punt is likely to be the same as the later-<a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> port city of <a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023-11-11_AT_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-11-11_AT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_peninsula">Arabian peninsula</h3></div> <p>Dimitri Meeks disagrees with the Horn of Africa hypothesis and points to ancient inscriptions that locate Punt in the western coast of the Arabian Peninsula, from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> to Yemen, he has written that "Texts locating Punt beyond doubt to the south are in the minority, but they are the only ones cited in the current consensus about the location of the country. Punt, we are told by the Egyptians, is situated – in relation to the Nile Valley – both to the north, in contact with the countries of the Near East of the Mediterranean area, and also to the east or south-east, while its furthest borders are far away to the south. Only the Arabian Peninsula satisfies all these indications."<sup id="cite_ref-Meeks_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meeks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <p>Some scholars have argued that Punt is the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pandyan Kingdom">early Pandyan</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a>, present day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An artifact datable to the Fifth Dynasty was originally stated to be made from <i><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_ebenum" title="Diospyros ebenum">Diospyros ebenum</a></i> wood, a tree which is originally of Southern India and Sri Lanka. However, such identification is now considered unconfirmed because of the unlikelihood of such an early contact between Egypt and the Indian subcontinent, together with the difficulty of correctly identifying a plant specimen dead for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punt_as_depicted_by_Ancient_Egypt">Punt as depicted by Ancient Egypt</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa-rehu,_the_Prince_of_Punt,_his_wife_and_his_two_sons,_and_a_daughter._(1902)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/250px-Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/375px-Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/500px-Pa-rehu%2C_the_Prince_of_Punt%2C_his_wife_and_his_two_sons%2C_and_a_daughter._%281902%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="361" /></a></span><br />Queen Ati and King Perahu of Punt and their Attendants as depicted on Pharaoh Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri </td> <td width="30%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts,_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg/250px-Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg/375px-Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg/500px-Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts%2C_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span><br />Men from Punt carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pwenet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Pwenet.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="40" /></a></span><br /><br />Egyptian spelling "pwenet"<br />the second "n" is a phonetic complement to "wen" and is not spoken<br />the last sign is the determinative for <i>country</i>, <i>land</i> </td> <td width="30%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punthouse01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Punthouse01.gif/200px-Punthouse01.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Punthouse01.gif/300px-Punthouse01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Punthouse01.gif 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Wall relief </td> <td width="30%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punthouse02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Punthouse02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Huts as in relief </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a>, a classical geographical term which was applied to parts of Sub-Saharan Africa which included Sudan and Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a>, an unidentified place mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a source of riches for Solomon's Temple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>, another unidentified place mentioned in the Bible</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, <i>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</i>, British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. 1995, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw & Nicholson, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634170-800-we-have-finally-found-the-land-of-punt-where-pharaohs-got-their-gifts/">"We have finally found the land of Punt, where pharaohs got their gifts"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 14 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=We+have+finally+found+the+land+of+Punt%2C+where+pharaohs+got+their+gifts&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg25634170-800-we-have-finally-found-the-land-of-punt-where-pharaohs-got-their-gifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/punt/">"Punt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punt&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpunt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlückigerHanbury2014" class="citation book cs1">Flückiger, Friedrich August; Hanbury, Daniel (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTTeAgAAQBAJ&q=opone+punt&pg=PA136"><i>Pharmacographia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108069304" title="Special:BookSources/9781108069304"><bdi>9781108069304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacographia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.isbn=9781108069304&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCckiger&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft.au=Hanbury%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTTeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dopone%2Bpunt%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich"><i>In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247246" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247246"><bdi>9780520247246</bdi></a>. <q>opone punt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Myths+%26+Heroes%3A+Exploring+Four+Epic+Legends+of+the+World&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247246&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmythsh00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1922" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, W. F. (1922). "The Location of the Garden of Eden". <i>American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F369964">10.1086/369964</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-0516">1062-0516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/528684">528684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170465632">170465632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Semitic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Location+of+the+Garden+of+Eden&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=1062-0516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170465632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F528684%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F369964&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sadler, Rodney Jr. (2009). "Put". In <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Sakenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharine Sakenfeld">Katharine Sakenfeld</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible">New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</a></i>. Vol. 4. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 691–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Put&rft.btitle=New+Interpreter%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=691-92&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=Rodney+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted, John Henry (1906–1907), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary, p. 433, vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Najovits2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Najovits2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimson_R._Najovits2003" class="citation book cs1">Simson R. Najovits (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y72qrAmKcfEC&pg=PA77"><i>Egypt, Trunk of the Tree, Vol. I: A Modern Survey of an Ancient Land</i></a>. Vol. 1. Algora Publishing. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-234-7"><bdi>978-0-87586-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Trunk+of+the+Tree%2C+Vol.+I%3A+A+Modern+Survey+of+an+Ancient+Land&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2003-05&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-234-7&rft.au=Simson+R.+Najovits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY72qrAmKcfEC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meeks-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meeks_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meeks_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Meeks – Chapter 4 – "Locating Punt" from the book <i>Mysterious Lands</i>", by David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirke.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Where Is Punt? Nova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/egypt-punt.html">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/egypt-punt.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114727">"Puntland profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Puntland+profile&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14114727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html">"Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt"</a>. <i>digital.library.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Queen+Hatasu%2C+and+Her+Expedition+to+the+Land+of+Punt.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fedwards%2Fpharaohs%2Fpharaohs-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, pp. 427–433, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p145_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p145_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El-Sayed Mahfouz: <i>Amenemhat IV at Wadi Gawasis</i>, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale A. (BIFAO) 2010, vol. 110, [165–173, 485, 491 [11 p.], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0583-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0583-6">978-2-7247-0583-6</a>, see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.refdoc.fr/Detailnotice?idarticle=54917997">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Richard L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ&q=egypt+land+of+punt+cinnamon&pg=PA45"><i>Premodern Trade in World History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134095803" title="Special:BookSources/9781134095803"><bdi>9781134095803</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134095803&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBB9AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Degypt%2Bland%2Bof%2Bpunt%2Bcinnamon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManansala1994" class="citation book cs1">Manansala, Paul (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=as9GAAAAMAAJ&q=punt+sri+lanka+naga"><i>The Naga race</i></a>. University of Michigan: Firma KLM. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naga+race&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Manansala&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Das9GAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpunt%2Bsri%2Blanka%2Bnaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/archaeology/archaeological-investigations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt/">"Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt"</a>. <i>BU Arts & Scences Archaeology</i>. Boston University. 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BU+Arts+%26+Scences+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Investigations+at+Mersa%2FWadi+Gawasis%2C+Egypt&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Farchaeology%2Farchaeological-investigations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard2005" class="citation news cs1">Stoddard, Tim (18 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html">"Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt"</a>. <i>B.U. Bridge</i>. Vol. 7, no. 23. Boston University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B.U.+Bridge&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+ancient+ships+in+Egypt&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=23&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fbridge%2Farchive%2F2005%2F03-18%2Farchaeologist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p149-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p149_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p149_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyldesley,_Hatchepsut,_p.147_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, pp. 246–295, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Naville, The Life and Monuments of the Queen in T.M. Davis (ed.), <i>the tomb of Hatshopsitu</i>, London: 1906. pp.28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891275–296-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1891275–296_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1891">Edwards 1891</a>, pp. 275–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Stuart_Tyson._Redford,_Donald_(ed.)._p28-292001" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Stuart Tyson. Redford, Donald (ed.). p28-29 (1 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3/page/n35/mode/2up">"Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt – Volume 3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Volume+3&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.au=Smith%2C+Stuart+Tyson.+Redford%2C+Donald+%28ed.%29.+p28-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3%2Fpage%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145-146-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-145-146_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-145-146_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, pp.145–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. A. Kitchen, "Punt and how to get there", <i>Orientalia</i> 40 (1971), 184–207:190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, <i>Hatchepsut</i>, p.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, David B (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/88"><i>Mysterious Lands</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844720040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844720040"><bdi>978-1844720040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysterious+Lands&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1844720040&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=David+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteriouslands0000unse%2Fpage%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, p. 658, vol. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofegypt01petr#page/n33/mode/2up">'A history of Egypt' Vol. I, p. 13</a> Moreover <i>The Making of Egypt</i> (1939) states that the Land of Punt was "sacred to the Egyptians as the source of their race."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short History of the Egyptian People, by E. A. Wallis Budge. Budge stated that "Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted 1906–07, p. 451,773,820,888, vol. II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.W. Phillipson. 2005. African archaeology, page 81 of 389 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christenson-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christenson_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Christenson, Bernard (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-pdf/42/9/1344/900616/42-9-1344a.pdf">"Queen of Punt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>42</b> (9): 1344–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F503306">10.1086/503306</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586397">16586397</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Queen+of+Punt&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1344-5&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F503306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16586397&rft.aulast=Christenson&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcid%2Farticle-pdf%2F42%2F9%2F1344%2F900616%2F42-9-1344a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcpQqkHr328C"><i>The Ethiopians: A history</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+history&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22493-8&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcpQqkHr328C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonderson2007" class="citation book cs1">Monderson, Frederick (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAnTJQWWnoAC"><i>Frederick Monderson - Google Books</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781425966447" title="Special:BookSources/9781425966447"><bdi>9781425966447</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Monderson+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=9781425966447&rft.aulast=Monderson&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAnTJQWWnoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzo2022" class="citation book cs1">Manzo, Andrea (2022). <i>Ancient Egypt in its African context : economic networks, social and cultural interactions</i>. Cambridge. pp. 133–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009074544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009074544"><bdi>978-1009074544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt+in+its+African+context+%3A+economic+networks%2C+social+and+cultural+interactions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=133-160&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1009074544&rft.aulast=Manzo&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2003). <i>The Oxford history of ancient Egypt</i> (New ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Materials+and+Industries&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780486144948&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Harris%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWHvAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DDiospyros%2Bebenum%2Begypt%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1973" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Anne (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXiMtMnPHikC&q=Diospyros+ebenum+egypt&pg=PA129"><i>Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary</i></a>. BRILL. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004035140" title="Special:BookSources/9789004035140"><bdi>9789004035140</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diodorus+Siculus%2C+Book+1%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9789004035140&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXiMtMnPHikC%26q%3DDiospyros%2Bebenum%2Begypt%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury,_Louise1988" class="citation cs2">Bradbury, Louise (1988), "Reflections on Travelling to 'God's Land' and Punt in the Middle Kingdom", <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>, <b>25</b>: 127–156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000875">10.2307/40000875</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000875">40000875</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Travelling+to+%27God%27s+Land%27+and+Punt+in+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=127-156&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40000875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreasted1906–1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, John Henry</a> (1906–1907), <i>Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary</i>, vol. 1–5, University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt%3A+Historical+Documents+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Persian+Conquest%2C+collected%2C+edited%2C+and+translated%2C+with+Commentary&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1906%2F1907&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-sayed2010" class="citation journal cs1">El-sayed, Mahfouz (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/110/10/">"Amenemhat IV au ouadi Gaouasis"</a>. <i>BIFAO</i>. <b>110</b>: 165–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIFAO&rft.atitle=Amenemhat+IV+au+ouadi+Gaouasis&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=165-173&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=El-sayed&rft.aufirst=Mahfouz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifao.egnet.net%2Fbifao%2F110%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fattovich, Rodolfo. 1991. "The Problem of Punt in the Light of the Recent Field Work in the Eastern Sudan". In <i>Akten des vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses, München 1985</i>, edited by Sylvia Schoske. Vol. 4 of 4 vols. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. 257–272.</li> <li>———. 1993. "Punt: The Archaeological Perspective". In <i>Sesto congresso internazionale de egittologia: Atti</i>, edited by Gian Maria Zaccone and Tomaso Ricardi di Netro. Vol. 2 of 2 vols. Torino: Italgas. 399–405.</li> <li>Herzog, Rolf. 1968. <i>Punt</i>. Abhandlungen des Deutsches Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, Ägyptische Reihe 6. Glückstadt: Verlag J. J. Augustin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kitchen" title="Kenneth Kitchen">Kitchen, Kenneth</a> (1971), "Punt and How to Get There", <i>Orientalia</i>, <b>40</b>: 184–207</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Punt+and+How+to+Get+There&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=184-207&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1993" class="citation cs2">Kitchen, Kenneth (1993), "The Land of Punt", in Shaw, Thurstan; Sinclair, Paul; Andah, Bassey; et al. (eds.), <i>The Archaeology of Africa: Foods, Metals, Towns</i>, vol. 20, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 587–608</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Land+of+Punt&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Africa%3A+Foods%2C+Metals%2C+Towns&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=587-608&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeks2003" class="citation cs2">Meeks, Dimitri (2003), "Locating Punt", in O'Connor, David B.; Quirke, Stephen G. J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/53"><i>Mysterious Lands, Encounters with ancient Egypt</i></a>, vol. 5, London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London, University College London Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/53">53–80</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-004-0"><bdi>978-1-84472-004-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Locating+Punt&rft.btitle=Mysterious+Lands%2C+Encounters+with+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=53-80&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+University+College+London%2C+University+College+London+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84472-004-0&rft.aulast=Meeks&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteriouslands0000unse%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaice1992" class="citation cs2">Paice, Patricia (1992), "The Punt Relief, the Pithom Stela, and the Periplus of the Erythean Sea", in Harrak, Amir (ed.), <i>Contacts Between Cultures: Selected Papers from the 33rd International Congress of Asian and North African Studies, Toronto, 15–25 August 1990</i>, vol. 1, Lewiston, Queenston, and Lampeter: The Edwin Mellon Press, pp. 227–235</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Punt+Relief%2C+the+Pithom+Stela%2C+and+the+Periplus+of+the+Erythean+Sea&rft.btitle=Contacts+Between+Cultures%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+33rd+International+Congress+of+Asian+and+North+African+Studies%2C+Toronto%2C+15%E2%80%9325+August+1990&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+Queenston%2C+and+Lampeter&rft.pages=227-235&rft.pub=The+Edwin+Mellon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Paice&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>O'Connor, David (1994), <i>Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 41–44.</li> <li>Wicker, F. D. P. (July, 1998), "The Road to Punt", <i>The Geographical Journal.</i> Vol. 164, no. 2. 155–167</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_literature">Older literature</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_D%C3%BCmichen" title="Johannes Dümichen">Johannes Dümichen</a>: <i>Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin</i>, Leipzig, 1868.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Edwards" title="Amelia Edwards">Edwards, Amelia B.</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewMrAAAAYAAJ"><i>Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaohs%2C+Fellahs+and+Explorers&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Amelia+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewMrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Wilhelm Max Müller">Wilhelm Max Müller</a>: <i>Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern</i>, Leipzig, 1893.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erman" title="Adolf Erman">Adolf Erman</a>: <i>Life in Ancient Egypt</i>, London, 1894.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Naville" title="Édouard Naville">Édouard Naville</a>: "Deir-el-Bahri" in <i>Egypt Exploration Fund, Memoirs XII, XIII, XIV, and XIX</i>, London, 1894 et seq.</li> <li>James Henry Breasted: <i>A History of the Ancient Egyptians</i>, New York, 1908.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808194437/http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/punt.html">"Ancient African History: The Land of Punt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/punt.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+African+History%3A+The+Land+of+Punt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homestead.com%2Fwysinger%2Fpunt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span> with quotes from Breasted (1906) and Petrie (1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html">Queen Hatasu, and Her Expedition to the Land of Punt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506221249/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1891)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121130032654/http://ib205.tripod.com/hatshepsut_temple.html">"Deir el-Bahri: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/hatshepsut_temple.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deir+el-Bahri%3A+Mortuary+Temple+of+Hatshepsut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2F~ib205%2Fhatshepsut_temple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022032425/http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/bauwerke/djeser/dj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm">"Hall of Punt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/bauwerke/djeser/dj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hall+of+Punt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maat-ka-ra.de%2Fenglish%2Fbauwerke%2Fdjeser%2Fdj_portico_2_hall_punt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span> at Deir el-Bahri</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125738/http://maat-ka-ra.de/english/punt/puntlage.htm">"Where was Punt?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/punt/puntlage.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+was+Punt%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maat-ka-ra.de%2Fenglish%2Fpunt%2Fpuntlage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span> discussion by Dr. Karl H. Leser</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/QUEEN.html">Queen of Punt syndrome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News reports on Wadi Gawasis excavations</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard2005" class="citation news cs1">Stoddard, Tim (18 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html">"Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt"</a>. <i>B.U. Bridge</i>. Vol. 7, no. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B.U.+Bridge&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+discover+ancient+ships+in+Egypt&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=23&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fbridge%2Farchive%2F2005%2F03-18%2Farchaeologist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span>: Excavations at Wadi Gawasis, possibly the ancient Egyptian port Saaw.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7190">Remains of ancient Egyptian seafaring ships discovered</a> (New Scientist, 23 March 2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923020538/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm">"Sailing to distant lands"</a>. Al Ahram. 2 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/745/hr1.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sailing+to+distant+lands&rft.pub=Al+Ahram&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2005%2F745%2Fhr1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208231638/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/science/news/article_1088919.php/Ancient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port">"Ancient ship remains are unearthed"</a>. Deutsche Press Agentur. 26 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1088919.php/Ancient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port">the original</a> on 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+ship+remains+are+unearthed&rft.pub=Deutsche+Press+Agentur&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_1088919.php%2FAncient_ship_remains_are_unearthed_at_Egyptian_Red_Sea_port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+of+Punt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231061938/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11705263/#.WRCLpbzyv1I">4,000-year-old shipyard unearthed in Egypt</a> (MSNBC, 6 March 2006).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Africa" title="Template talk:History of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" 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