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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%84" title="تواسم متقارب متماثل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تواسم متقارب متماثل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplesiomorfia" title="Simplesiomorfia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Simplesiomorfia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorfia" title="Plesiomorfia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plesiomorfia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphie" title="Plesiomorphie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plesiomorphie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplesiomorfia" title="Simplesiomorfia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simplesiomorfia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpleziomorfo" title="Simpleziomorfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Simpleziomorfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نزدیک‌ریختی و هم‌نزدیک‌ریختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نزدیک‌ریختی و هم‌نزدیک‌ریختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympl%C3%A9siomorphie" title="Symplésiomorphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symplésiomorphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplesiomorf%C3%ADa" title="Simplesiomorfía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Simplesiomorfía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplesiomorfia" title="Simplesiomorfia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simplesiomorfia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplesiomorfie" title="Symplesiomorfie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Symplesiomorfie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്ലീസിയോമോർഫി ആൻഡ് സിംപ്ലീസിയോമോർഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീസിയോമോർഫി ആൻഡ് സിംപ്ലീസിയോമോർഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplesiomorfie" title="Symplesiomorfie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symplesiomorfie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%BD%A2%E8%B3%AA" title="共有原始形質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共有原始形質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplezjomorfia" title="Symplezjomorfia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symplezjomorfia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorfia" title="Plesiomorfia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plesiomorfia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleziomorfie_%C8%99i_simpleziomorfie" title="Pleziomorfie și simpleziomorfie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleziomorfie și simpleziomorfie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorfi_ve_simplesiomorfi" title="Plesiomorfi ve simplesiomorfi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plesiomorfi ve simplesiomorfi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q932223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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title="Plesiomorphy">Plesiomorphy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plesiomorphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Plesiomorphy.jpg/220px-Plesiomorphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Plesiomorphy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phylogenies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenies">Phylogenies</a> showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">trait</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-PageHolmes2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PageHolmes2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg/220px-Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg/330px-Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg/440px-Cladogram_imaginary_birds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Imaginary cladogram.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yellow mask is a plesiomorphy for each living masked species, because it is ancestral.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a symplesiomorphy for them. But for the four living species as a whole, it is an apomorphy because it is not ancestral for all of them. The yellow tail is a plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy for all living species.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a>, a <b>plesiomorphy</b> ("near form") and <b>symplesiomorphy</b> are synonyms for an ancestral <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">character</a> shared by all members of a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. </p><p>Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, <a href="/wiki/Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy" title="Apomorphy and synapomorphy">apomorphy, and synapomorphy</a>, all mean a trait shared between species because they share an ancestral species.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apomorphic and synapomorphic characteristics convey much information about evolutionary clades and can be used to define taxa. However, plesiomorphic and symplesiomorphic characteristics cannot. </p><p>The term <i>symplesiomorphy</i> was introduced in 1950 by German <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A backbone is a plesiomorphic trait shared by birds and mammals, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Birds and mammals share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. snakes, lizards, turtles, fish, frogs, all have backbones and none are either birds nor mammals. </p><p>Being a <a href="/wiki/Hexapod" class="mw-disambig" title="Hexapod">hexapod</a> is plesiomorphic trait shared by <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a>, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Ants and beetles share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. bugs, flies, bees, aphids, and many more clades, all are hexapods and none are either ants nor beetles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elytra" class="mw-redirect" title="Elytra">Elytra</a> are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the beetle clade, Elytra are plesiomorphic between clades of beetles, e.g. they do not distinguish the <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dung beetles">dung beetles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhorn beetles">horned beetles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metapleural_gland" title="Metapleural gland">metapleural gland</a> is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the ant clade. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">Feathers</a> are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the bird clade, <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the mammal clade. Note that some mammal species have lost their hair, so the absence of hair does not exclude a species from being a mammal. Another mammalian synapomorphy is milk. All mammals produce milk and no other clade contains animals which produce milk. Feathers, and milk are also apomorphies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of these terms are by definition relative, in that a trait can be a plesiomorphy in one context and an apomorphy in another, e.g. having a backbone is plesiomorphic between birds and mammals, but is apomorphic between them and insects. That is birds and mammals are <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> for which the backbone is a defining synapomorphic characteristic, while insects are <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> for which the absence of a backbone is a defining characteristic. </p><p>Species should not be grouped purely by <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> similarity. Because a plesiomorphic character inherited from a common ancestor can appear anywhere in a phylogenetic tree, its presence does not reveal anything about the relationships within the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus grouping species requires distinguishing ancestral from derived character states.<sup id="cite_ref-Futuyma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futuyma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example is thermo-regulation in <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, which is the clade containing the lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic</a> (coldblooded), while birds are <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermic</a> (warmblooded). Being coldblooded is symplesiomorphic for lizards, turtles, and crocodiles, but they do not form a clade, as crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards and turtles. Thus using coldbloodedness as an apomorphic trait to group crocodiles with lizards and turtles, would be an error, and thus it is a plesiomorphic trait shared by these three clades due to their distant common ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomorphy">Apomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">Autapomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Synapomorphy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a dissenting view, see "About nothing" by Brower and de Pinna 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Brower_dePinna_2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brower_dePinna_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PageHolmes2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PageHolmes2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_D.M._PageEdward_C._Holmes2009" class="citation book cs1">Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2lWhjuK8m8C"><i>Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1336-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-1336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Evolution%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Approach&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1336-9&rft.au=Roderick+D.M.+Page&rft.au=Edward+C.+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2lWhjuK8m8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman,_Scott,_1955-2015" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Scott, 1955- (2015). <i>Evolutionary analysis</i>. Herron, Jon C., 1962- (5th ed.). Harlow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781292061276" title="Special:BookSources/9781292061276"><bdi>9781292061276</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903941931">903941931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+analysis&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903941931&rft.isbn=9781292061276&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Scott%2C+1955-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brower_dePinna_2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brower_dePinna_2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowerde_Pinna2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brower, Andrew V. Z.; de Pinna, M. C. C. (2014). "About Nothing". <i>Cladistics</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 330–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcla.12050">10.1111/cla.12050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34788975">34788975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221550586">221550586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cladistics&rft.atitle=About+Nothing&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=330-336&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221550586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34788975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcla.12050&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Andrew+V.+Z.&rft.au=de+Pinna%2C+M.+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1982" class="citation cs2">Patterson, Colin (1982), "Morphological characters and homology", in Joysey, Kenneth A; Friday, A. E. (eds.), <i>Problems in Phylogenetic Reconstruction</i>, Systematics Association Special Volume 21, London: Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-391250-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-391250-4"><bdi>0-12-391250-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morphological+characters+and+homology&rft.btitle=Problems+in+Phylogenetic+Reconstruction&rft.place=London&rft.series=Systematics+Association+Special+Volume+21&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-12-391250-4&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Futuyma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Futuyma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFutuyma1998" class="citation cs2">Futuyma, Douglas J. (1998), <i>Evolutionary Biology</i> (3rd ed.), Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc., p. 95, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-189-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-189-9"><bdi>0-87893-189-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87893-189-9&rft.aulast=Futuyma&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald,_J._David2014" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, J. David (2014-08-19). <i>Aristotle's ladder, Darwin's tree : the evolution of visual metaphors for biological order</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231537667" title="Special:BookSources/9780231537667"><bdi>9780231537667</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884645828">884645828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+ladder%2C+Darwin%27s+tree+%3A+the+evolution+of+visual+metaphors+for+biological+order&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884645828&rft.isbn=9780231537667&rft.au=Archibald%2C+J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlesiomorphy+and+symplesiomorphy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenesis" title="Phylogenesis">Phylogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">Phylogenetic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">Long branch attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">Grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">Lineage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">Ghost lineage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">Ghost population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inference methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">Maximum parsimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" title="Phylogenetic reconciliation">Phylogenetic reconciliation</a></li> <li>Probabilistic methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Bayesian inference in phylogeny">Bayesian inference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" title="Distance matrices in phylogeny">Distance-matrix methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor-joining" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor-joining">Neighbor-joining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Least squares inference in phylogeny">Least squares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" title="Three-taxon analysis">Three-taxon analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">Phylogenetic comparative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" title="Phylogenetic signal">Phylogenetic signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" title="List of phylogenetics software">Phylogenetics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenomics" title="Phylogenomics">Phylogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">Primitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">Plesiomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">Symplesiomorphy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Derived <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Apomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Synapomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">Autapomorphy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomenclature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a 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