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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bifurcating_versus_multifurcating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bifurcating versus multifurcating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bifurcating_versus_multifurcating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeled_versus_unlabeled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeled_versus_unlabeled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Labeled versus unlabeled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeled_versus_unlabeled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enumerating_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumerating_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Enumerating trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumerating_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_tree_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_tree_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Special tree types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_tree_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special tree types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_tree_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dendrogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dendrogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dendrogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dendrogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cladogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phylogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chronogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dahlgrenogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dahlgrenogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dahlgrenogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dahlgrenogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetic_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetic_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Phylogenetic network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetic_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spindle_diagram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spindle_diagram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Spindle diagram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spindle_diagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Coral of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_of_phylogenetic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_of_phylogenetic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Limitations of phylogenetic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_of_phylogenetic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phylogenetic tree</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شجرة تطور السلالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شجرة تطور السلالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filoxen%C3%A9ticu" title="Árbol filoxenéticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árbol filoxenéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogen%C3%A8tic" title="Arbre filogenètic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arbre filogenètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetick%C3%BD_strom" title="Fylogenetický strom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fylogenetický strom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلوجينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلوجينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetischer_Baum" title="Phylogenetischer Baum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phylogenetischer Baum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbol_filogen%C3%A9tico" title="Árbol filogenético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árbol filogenético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogeneza_arbo" title="Filogeneza arbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filogeneza arbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="درخت تبارزایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت تبارزایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Arbre phylogénétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbre phylogénétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann_f%C3%ADliginiteach" title="Crann fíliginiteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crann fíliginiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbore_filoxen%C3%A9tica" title="Árbore filoxenética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árbore filoxenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84%ED%86%B5%EC%88%98" title="계통수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계통수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गानुवंशिक वृक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon_filogenetika" title="Pohon filogenetika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pohon filogenetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albero_filogenetico" title="Albero filogenetico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albero filogenetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A5_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="עץ פילוגנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עץ פילוגנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эволюциялық ағаш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эволюциялық ағаш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_filojenetical_de_vive" title="Arbor filojenetical de vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arbor filojenetical de vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетско дрво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филогенетско дрво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശവൃക്ഷം (ജീവശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_filogenetik" title="Pokok filogenetik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pokok filogenetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fylogenetische stamboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%B9" title="系統樹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="系統樹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamtre_(evolusjon)" title="Stamtre (evolusjon) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stamtre (evolusjon)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_filogenetic" title="Arbre filogenetic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arbre filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drzewo_filogenetyczne" title="Drzewo filogenetyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drzewo filogenetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvore_filogen%C3%A9tica" title="Árvore filogenética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árvore filogenética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore_filogenetic" title="Arbore filogenetic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbore filogenetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Филогенетическое дерево – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филогенетическое дерево" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filogenetsko_stablo" title="Filogenetsko stablo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Filogenetsko stablo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>phylogenetic tree</b>, <b>phylogeny</b> or <b>evolutionary tree</b> is a graphical representation which shows the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> history between a set of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> during a specific time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, it is a branching <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagram</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)" title="Tree (graph theory)">tree</a> showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. In evolutionary biology, all life on Earth is theoretically part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestry">common ancestry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> is the study of phylogenetic trees. The main challenge is to find a phylogenetic tree representing optimal evolutionary ancestry between a set of species or taxa. <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics (also phylogeny inference)</a> focuses on the algorithms involved in finding optimal phylogenetic tree in the phylogenetic landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phylogenetic trees may be rooted or unrooted. In a <i>rooted</i> phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of those descendants,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a>. <i>Unrooted</i> trees illustrate only the relatedness of the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf nodes">leaf nodes</a> and do not require the ancestral root to be known or inferred. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life (biology)</a></div> <p>The idea of a <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a> arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chain_of_Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chain of Being">Great Chain of Being</a>). Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book <i>Elementary Geology</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock" title="Edward Hitchcock">Edward Hitchcock</a> (first edition: 1840). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> featured a diagrammatic <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">evolutionary "tree"</a> in his 1859 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>. Over a century later, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biologists</a> still use <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree diagrams</a> to depict <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> because such diagrams effectively convey the concept that <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> occurs through the <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">semirandom</a> splitting of lineages. </p><p>The term <i>phylogenetic</i>, or <i>phylogeny</i>, derives from the two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient greek">ancient greek</a> words <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φῦλον">φῦλον</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>phûlon</i></span>), meaning "race, lineage", and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γένεσις">γένεσις</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>génesis</i></span>), meaning "origin, source".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooted_tree">Rooted tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rooted tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_treePureThickBraille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phylogenetic_treePureThickBraille.jpg/300px-Phylogenetic_treePureThickBraille.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Phylogenetic_treePureThickBraille.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Rooted phylogenetic tree optimized for blind people. The lowest point of the tree is the root, which symbolizes the universal common ancestor to all living beings. The tree branches out into three main groups: Bacteria (left branch, letters a to i), Archea (middle branch, letters j to p) and Eukaryota (right branch, letters q to z). Each letter corresponds to a group of organisms, listed below this description. These letters and the description should be converted to Braille font, and printed using a Braille printer. The figure can be 3D printed by copying the png file and using Cura or other software to generate the Gcode for 3D printing.</figcaption></figure> <p>A rooted phylogenetic <a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">tree</a> (see two graphics at top) is a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">directed</a> tree with a unique node — the root — corresponding to the (usually <a href="/wiki/Imputation_(statistics)" title="Imputation (statistics)">imputed</a>) most recent common ancestor of all the entities at the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf node">leaves</a> of the tree. The root node does not have a parent node, but serves as the parent of all other nodes in the tree. The root is therefore a node of <a href="/wiki/Node_(computer_science)#Nodes_and_trees" title="Node (computer science)">degree</a> 2, while other internal nodes have a minimum degree of 3 (where "degree" here refers to the total number of incoming and outgoing edges).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most common method for rooting trees is the use of an uncontroversial <a href="/wiki/Outgroup_(cladistics)" title="Outgroup (cladistics)">outgroup</a>—close enough to allow inference from trait data or molecular sequencing, but far enough to be a clear outgroup. Another method is midpoint rooting, or a tree can also be rooted by using a non-stationary <a href="/wiki/Substitution_model" title="Substitution model">substitution model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrooted_tree">Unrooted tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unrooted tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/300px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/450px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg/600px-MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>An unrooted phylogenetic tree for <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gene_family" title="Gene family">superfamily</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Unrooted trees illustrate the relatedness of the leaf nodes without making assumptions about ancestry. They do not require the ancestral root to be known or inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrooted trees can always be generated from rooted ones by simply omitting the root. By contrast, inferring the root of an unrooted tree requires some means of identifying ancestry. This is normally done by including an outgroup in the input data so that the root is necessarily between the outgroup and the rest of the taxa in the tree, or by introducing additional assumptions about the relative rates of evolution on each branch, such as an application of the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bifurcating_versus_multifurcating">Bifurcating versus multifurcating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bifurcating versus multifurcating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both rooted and unrooted trees can be either <a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">bifurcating</a> or multifurcating. A rooted bifurcating tree has exactly two descendants arising from each <a href="/wiki/Interior_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior node">interior node</a> (that is, it forms a <a href="/wiki/Binary_tree" title="Binary tree">binary tree</a>), and an unrooted bifurcating tree takes the form of an <a href="/wiki/Unrooted_binary_tree" title="Unrooted binary tree">unrooted binary tree</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Free tree">free tree</a> with exactly three neighbors at each internal node. In contrast, a rooted multifurcating tree may have more than two children at some nodes and an unrooted multifurcating tree may have more than three neighbors at some nodes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeled_versus_unlabeled">Labeled versus unlabeled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labeled versus unlabeled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both rooted and unrooted trees can be either labeled or unlabeled. A labeled tree has specific values assigned to its leaves, while an unlabeled tree, sometimes called a tree shape, defines a topology only. Some sequence-based trees built from a small genomic locus, such as Phylotree,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature internal nodes labeled with inferred ancestral haplotypes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enumerating_trees">Enumerating trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enumerating trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg/300px-Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg/450px-Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg/600px-Number_of_trees_as_a_function_of_the_number_of_leaves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Increase in the total number of phylogenetic trees as a function of the number of labeled leaves: unrooted binary trees (blue diamonds), rooted binary trees (red circles), and rooted multifurcating or binary trees (green: triangles). The Y-axis scale is <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of possible trees for a given number of leaf nodes depends on the specific type of tree, but there are always more labeled than unlabeled trees, more multifurcating than bifurcating trees, and more rooted than unrooted trees. The last distinction is the most biologically relevant; it arises because there are many places on an unrooted tree to put the root. For bifurcating labeled trees, the total number of rooted trees is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6a987041030ccd0f7f93dea9650fc8e1b9872e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:25.933ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2n-3)!!={\frac {(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}(n-2)!}}}"></span> for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6bf67f9d06ca3af619657f8d20ee1322da77174" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 2}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> represents the number of leaf nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein1978_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>For bifurcating labeled trees, the total number of unrooted trees is:<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein1978_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>!</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02a169c74c828e156fd7315c5bb939f93c485d26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:25.933ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2n-5)!!={\frac {(2n-5)!}{2^{n-3}(n-3)!}}}"></span> for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73136e4a27fe39c123d16a7808e76d3162ce42bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 3}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Among labeled bifurcating trees, the number of unrooted trees with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> leaves is equal to the number of rooted trees with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fbd0b0f32b28f51962943ee9ede4fb34198a2521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1}"></span> leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of rooted trees grows quickly as a function of the number of tips. For 10 tips, there are more than <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 34\times 10^{6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>34</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 34\times 10^{6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9399400fca9cc37215c0952d138fe02ae49bf984" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.544ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 34\times 10^{6}}"></span> possible bifurcating trees, and the number of multifurcating trees rises faster, with ca. 7 times as many of the latter as of the former. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Counting trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein1978_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Labeled<br />leaves</th> <th>Binary<br />unrooted trees</th> <th>Binary<br />rooted trees</th> <th>Multifurcating<br />rooted trees</th> <th>All possible<br />rooted trees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>15</td> <td>11</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>15</td> <td>105</td> <td>131</td> <td>236 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>105</td> <td>945</td> <td>1,807</td> <td>2,752 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>945</td> <td>10,395</td> <td>28,813</td> <td>39,208 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>10,395</td> <td>135,135</td> <td>524,897</td> <td>660,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>135,135</td> <td>2,027,025</td> <td>10,791,887</td> <td>12,818,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>2,027,025</td> <td>34,459,425</td> <td>247,678,399</td> <td>282,137,824 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_tree_types">Special tree types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special tree types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dendrogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">dendrogram</a> is a general name for a tree, whether phylogenetic or not, and hence also for the diagrammatic representation of a phylogenetic tree.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/300px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/450px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png/600px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_dogs.png 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Dendrogram of the phylogeny of some dog breeds</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cladogram">Cladogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cladogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> only represents a branching pattern; i.e., its branch lengths do not represent time or relative amount of character change, and its internal nodes do not represent ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogram">Phylogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phylogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phylogram is a phylogenetic tree that has branch lengths proportional to the amount of character change.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronogram">Chronogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chronogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chronogram is a phylogenetic tree that explicitly represents time through its branch lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Santamaria2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santamaria2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg/300px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg/450px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg/600px-Phylogenetic_chart_of_Lepidoptera_chronogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>A chronogram of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this phylogenetic tree type, branch lengths are proportional to geological time.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dahlgrenogram">Dahlgrenogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dahlgrenogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgrenogram</a> is a diagram representing a cross section of a phylogenetic tree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetic_network">Phylogenetic network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phylogenetic network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">phylogenetic network</a> is not strictly speaking a tree, but rather a more general <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">directed acyclic graph</a> in the case of rooted networks. They are used to overcome some of the <a href="#Limitations_of_phylogenetic_analysis">limitations</a> inherent to trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spindle_diagram">Spindle diagram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spindle diagram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spindle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/300px-Spindle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/450px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/600px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A spindle diagram, showing the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> at class level, width of spindles indicating number of families. Spindle diagrams are often used in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">evolutionary taxonomy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A spindle diagram, or bubble diagram, is often called a romerogram, after its popularisation by the American palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Romer" title="Alfred Romer">Alfred Romer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palaeos_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaeos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents taxonomic diversity (horizontal width) against <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time</a> (vertical axis) in order to reflect the variation of abundance of various taxa through time. A spindle diagram is not an evolutionary tree:<sup id="cite_ref-3lbmonkeybrain_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3lbmonkeybrain-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the taxonomic spindles obscure the actual relationships of the parent taxon to the daughter taxon<sup id="cite_ref-palaeos_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaeos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have the disadvantage of involving the <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a> of the parental group.<sup id="cite_ref-Podani2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podani2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of diagram is no longer used in the form originally proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Podani2019_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podani2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_of_life">Coral of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coral of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coral_of_life" title="Coral of life">Coral of life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg/300px-The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg/450px-The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg/600px-The_Coral_Of_Life_Prototype.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>The Coral of Life</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin<sup id="cite_ref-notebook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notebook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also mentioned that the <i>coral</i> may be a more suitable metaphor than the <i>tree</i>. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Coral_of_life" title="Coral of life">phylogenetic corals</a> are useful for portraying past and present life, and they have some advantages over trees (<a href="/wiki/Anastomosis" title="Anastomosis">anastomoses</a> allowed, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Podani2019_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podani2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a></div> <p>Phylogenetic trees composed with a nontrivial number of input sequences are constructed using <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">computational phylogenetics</a> methods. Distance-matrix methods such as <a href="/wiki/Neighbor-joining" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor-joining">neighbor-joining</a> or <a href="/wiki/UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a>, which calculate <a href="/wiki/Genetic_distance" title="Genetic distance">genetic distance</a> from <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment" title="Multiple sequence alignment">multiple sequence alignments</a>, are simplest to implement, but do not invoke an evolutionary model. Many sequence alignment methods such as <a href="/wiki/ClustalW" class="mw-redirect" title="ClustalW">ClustalW</a> also create trees by using the simpler algorithms (i.e. those based on distance) of tree construction. <a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum parsimony">Maximum parsimony</a> is another simple method of estimating phylogenetic trees, but implies an implicit model of evolution (i.e. parsimony). More advanced methods use the <a href="/wiki/Optimality_criterion" title="Optimality criterion">optimality criterion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</a>, often within a <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian framework</a>, and apply an explicit model of evolution to phylogenetic tree estimation.<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identifying the optimal tree using many of these techniques is <a href="/wiki/NP-hard" class="mw-redirect" title="NP-hard">NP-hard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a> search and <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">optimization</a> methods are used in combination with tree-scoring functions to identify a reasonably good tree that fits the data. </p><p>Tree-building methods can be assessed on the basis of several criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>efficiency (how long does it take to compute the answer, how much memory does it need?)</li> <li>power (does it make good use of the data, or is information being wasted?)</li> <li>consistency (will it converge on the same answer repeatedly, if each time given different data for the same model problem?)</li> <li>robustness (does it cope well with violations of the assumptions of the underlying model?)</li> <li>falsifiability (does it alert us when it is not good to use, i.e. when assumptions are violated?)</li></ul> <p>Tree-building techniques have also gained the attention of mathematicians. Trees can also be built using <a href="/wiki/T-theory" title="T-theory">T-theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Phylogenetic tree">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Trees can be encoded in a number of different formats, all of which must represent the nested structure of a tree. They may or may not encode branch lengths and other features. Standardized formats are critical for distributing and sharing trees without relying on graphics output that is hard to import into existing software. Commonly used formats are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_file" title="Nexus file">Nexus file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newick_format" title="Newick format">Newick format</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_of_phylogenetic_analysis">Limitations of phylogenetic analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Limitations of phylogenetic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Phylogenetic tree">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although phylogenetic trees produced on the basis of sequenced <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> data in different species can provide evolutionary insight, these analyses have important limitations. Most importantly, the trees that they generate are not necessarily correct – they do not necessarily accurately represent the evolutionary history of the included taxa. As with any scientific result, they are subject to <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsification</a> by further study (e.g., gathering of additional data, analyzing the existing data with improved methods). The data on which they are based may be <a href="/wiki/Signal_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal noise">noisy</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the analysis can be confounded by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arenas_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arenas_2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese_2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> between species that were not nearest neighbors on the tree before hybridisation takes place, and <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved sequences</a>. </p><p>Also, there are problems in basing an analysis on a single type of character, such as a single <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or only on morphological analysis, because such trees constructed from another unrelated data source often differ from the first, and therefore great care is needed in inferring phylogenetic relationships among species. This is most true of genetic material that is subject to lateral gene transfer and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a>, where different <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> blocks can have different histories. In these types of analysis, the output tree of a phylogenetic analysis of a single gene is an estimate of the gene's phylogeny (i.e. a gene tree) and not the phylogeny of the <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> (i.e. species tree) from which these characters were sampled, though ideally, both should be very close. For this reason, serious phylogenetic studies generally use a combination of genes that come from different genomic sources (e.g., from mitochondrial or plastid vs. nuclear genomes),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or genes that would be expected to evolve under different selective regimes, so that <a href="/wiki/Homoplasy" title="Homoplasy">homoplasy</a> (false <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a>) would be unlikely to result from natural selection. </p><p>When extinct species are included as <a href="/wiki/Leaf_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf node">terminal nodes</a> in an analysis (rather than, for example, to constrain internal nodes), they are considered not to represent direct ancestors of any extant species. Extinct species do not typically contain high-quality <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">DNA</a>. </p><p>The range of useful DNA materials has expanded with advances in extraction and sequencing technologies. Development of technologies able to infer sequences from smaller fragments, or from spatial patterns of DNA degradation products, would further expand the range of DNA considered useful. </p><p>Phylogenetic trees can also be inferred from a range of other data types, including morphology, the presence or absence of particular types of genes, insertion and deletion events – and any other observation thought to contain an evolutionary signal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">Phylogenetic networks</a> are used when bifurcating trees are not suitable, due to these complications which suggest a more reticulate evolutionary history of the organisms sampled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">Computational phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_tree_alignment" title="Generalized tree alignment">Generalized tree alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" title="List of phylogenetics software">List of phylogenetics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phylogenetic_tree_visualization_software" title="List of phylogenetic tree visualization software">List of phylogenetic tree visualization software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDIT_(database)" title="PANDIT (database)">PANDIT</a>, a biological database covering protein domains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">Phylogenetic comparative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" title="Phylogenetic reconciliation">Phylogenetic reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokogeny" title="Tokogeny">Tokogeny</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhalafvand2015" class="citation book cs1">Khalafvand, Tyler (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEDEtwEACAAJ"><i>Finding Structure in the Phylogeny Search Space</i></a>. Dalhousie University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Structure+in+the+Phylogeny+Search+Space&rft.pub=Dalhousie+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Khalafvand&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEDEtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felsenstein-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felsenstein_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Felsenstein J. (2004). <i>Inferring Phylogenies</i> Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKineneWainainaMainaBoykin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kinene, T.; Wainaina, J.; Maina, S.; Boykin, L. (21 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149615">"Rooting Trees, Methods for"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology</i>: 489–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800049-6.00215-8">10.1016/B978-0-12-800049-6.00215-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128004265" title="Special:BookSources/9780128004265"><bdi>9780128004265</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149615">7149615</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Rooting+Trees%2C+Methods+for&rft.pages=489-493&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7149615%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-800049-6.00215-8&rft.isbn=9780128004265&rft.aulast=Kinene&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Wainaina%2C+J.&rft.au=Maina%2C+S.&rft.au=Boykin%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7149615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailly1981" class="citation book cs1">Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). <i>Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français</i>. Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2010035289" title="Special:BookSources/978-2010035289"><bdi>978-2010035289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/461974285">461974285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9+du+dictionnaire+grec+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F461974285&rft.isbn=978-2010035289&rft.aulast=Bailly&rft.aufirst=Anatole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailly" class="citation web cs1">Bailly, Anatole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">"Greek-french dictionary online"</a>. <i>www.tabularium.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421003247/http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of Cypriniformes fish group". <i>Gene</i>. <b>713</b>: 143967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2019.143967">10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31279710">31279710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195828782">195828782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+mitogenome+for+robust+phylogeny%3A+A+case+of+Cypriniformes+fish+group&rft.volume=713&rft.pages=143967&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195828782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31279710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2019.143967&rft.au=Parhi%2C+J.&rft.au=Tripathy%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Priyadarshi%2C+H.&rft.au=Mandal%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Pandey%2C+P.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schuh, R. T. and A. V. Z. Brower. 2009. <i>Biological Systematics: principles and applications (2nd edn.)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4799-0">978-0-8014-4799-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a>, <i>The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge</i>, 2014, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEGA,_Molecular_Evolutionary_Genetics_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis">MEGA</a>, a free software to draw phylogenetic trees.</li> <li>Gontier, N. 2011. "Depicting the Tree of Life: the Philosophical and Historical Roots of Evolutionary Tree Diagrams." Evolution, Education, Outreach 4: 515–538.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Sapp" title="Jan Sapp">Jan Sapp</a>, <i>The New Foundations of Evolution: On the Tree of Life</i>, 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phylogenetic_trees" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phylogenetic trees">Phylogenetic trees</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images">Images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204215457/http://ycc.biosci.arizona.edu/nomenclature_system/fig1.html">Human Y-Chromosome 2002 Phylogenetic Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itol.embl.de/">iTOL: Interactive Tree Of Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picbreeder.com/tol.php">Phylogenetic Tree of Artificial Organisms Evolved on Computers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222182432/http://picbreeder.com/tol.php">Archived</a> 2016-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210200039/http://phylogram.org/">Miyamoto and Goodman's Phylogram of Eutherian Mammals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylogenetic_tree&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An overview of different methods of tree visualization is available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2011" class="citation journal cs1">Page, R. D. M. (2011). "Space, time, form: Viewing the Tree of Life". <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 113–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2011.12.002">10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209094">22209094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Space%2C+time%2C+form%3A+Viewing+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-120&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2011.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22209094&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=R.+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onezoom.org/life">OneZoom: Tree of Life – all living species as intuitive and zoomable fractal explorer (responsive design)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlife.org/tree">Discover Life</a> An interactive tree based on the U.S. National Science Foundation's Assembling the Tree of Life Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114093618/http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html">PhyloCode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011109204837/http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/trees/trees.html">A Multiple Alignment of 139 Myosin Sequences and a Phylogenetic Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree">Tree of Life Web Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trex.uqam.ca">Phylogenetic inferring on the T-REX server</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">NCBI's Taxonomy Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525220921/http://ete.cgenomics.org/">ETE: A Python Environment for Tree Exploration</a> This is a programming library to analyze, manipulate and visualize phylogenetic trees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/11/24">Ref.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/sTOL">A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFangOatesPethicaGreenwood2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fang, H.; Oates, M. E.; Pethica, R. B.; Greenwood, J. M.; Sardar, A. J.; Rackham, O. J. L.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Stamatakis, A.; De Lima Morais, D. A.; Gough, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6504836">"A daily-updated tree of (sequenced) life as a reference for genome research"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>3</b>: 2015. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E2015F">2013NatSR...3E2015F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02015">10.1038/srep02015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6504836">6504836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23778980">23778980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+daily-updated+tree+of+%28sequenced%29+life+as+a+reference+for+genome+research&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=2015&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6504836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23778980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep02015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3E2015F&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Oates%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Pethica%2C+R.+B.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Sardar%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Rackham%2C+O.+J.+L.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+P.+C.+J.&rft.au=Stamatakis%2C+A.&rft.au=De+Lima+Morais%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Gough%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6504836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylogenetic+tree" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phylogenetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phylogenetics" title="Template:Phylogenetics"><abbr title="View this 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title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenesis" title="Phylogenesis">Phylogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phylogenetic tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_network" title="Phylogenetic network">Phylogenetic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">Long branch attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">Grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">Lineage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">Ghost lineage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_population" title="Ghost population">Ghost population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inference methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">Maximum parsimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" title="Phylogenetic reconciliation">Phylogenetic reconciliation</a></li> <li>Probabilistic methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum likelihood">Maximum likelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Bayesian inference in phylogeny">Bayesian inference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" title="Distance matrices in phylogeny">Distance-matrix methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor-joining" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor-joining">Neighbor-joining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" title="Least squares inference in phylogeny">Least squares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" title="Three-taxon analysis">Three-taxon analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">Phylogenetic comparative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" title="Phylogenetic signal">Phylogenetic signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" title="List of phylogenetics software">Phylogenetics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenomics" title="Phylogenomics">Phylogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogeography" title="Phylogeography">Phylogeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">Primitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">Plesiomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">Symplesiomorphy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Derived <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Apomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">Synapomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">Autapomorphy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomenclature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">Sister group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">Basal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertree" title="Supertree">Supertree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a> (5th century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a> (4th century BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_soup" title="Primordial soup">Primordial soup</a> (19th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Prebiotic synthesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment">Miller–Urey experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide-based_prebiotic_chemistry" title="Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry">Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios" title="Alternative abiogenesis scenarios">Alternative abiogenesis scenarios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GADV-protein_world_hypothesis" title="GADV-protein world hypothesis">GADV-protein world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Cairns-Smith#Clay_hypothesis" title="Graham Cairns-Smith">Clay hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_hypothesis" title="Iron–sulfur world hypothesis">Iron–sulfur world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_sandwich" title="Primordial sandwich">Primordial sandwich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world" class="mw-redirect" title="PAH world">PAH world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide-RNA_world" 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