CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Complex interdependence - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"290ec583-17e7-4712-b0f4-dc3daaaf5ef7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Complex_interdependence","wgTitle":"Complex interdependence","wgCurRevisionId":1226118593,"wgRevisionId":1226118593,"wgArticleId":9082483,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","International relations theory"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Complex_interdependence","wgRelevantArticleId":9082483,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2916942","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/1200px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/800px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/640px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Complex interdependence - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_interdependence"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_interdependence"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Complex_interdependence rootpage-Complex_interdependence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Complex+interdependence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Complex+interdependence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Complex+interdependence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Complex+interdependence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History of the term</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_term-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the term subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Multiple channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absence_of_Hierarchy_among_Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_of_Hierarchy_among_Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Absence of Hierarchy among Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_of_Hierarchy_among_Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_Role_of_Military_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_Role_of_Military_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Minor Role of Military Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_Role_of_Military_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Economy_of_Complex_Interdependence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Economy_of_Complex_Interdependence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political Economy of Complex Interdependence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_Economy_of_Complex_Interdependence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political Economy of Complex Interdependence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_Economy_of_Complex_Interdependence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_Coercion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Coercion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Economic Coercion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Coercion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponized_Interdependence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponized_Interdependence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Weaponized Interdependence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponized_Interdependence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Complex interdependence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84)" title="الاعتماد المتبادل (الدول) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاعتماد المتبادل (الدول)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependencia_compleja" title="Interdependencia compleja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interdependencia compleja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA" title="תלות גומלין מורכבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלות גומלין מורכבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="相互依存論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相互依存論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_kompleksowej_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82zale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci" title="Teoria kompleksowej współzależności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teoria kompleksowej współzależności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2916942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Complex_interdependence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Complex_interdependence" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Complex_interdependence" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&oldid=1226118593" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Complex_interdependence&id=1226118593&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComplex_interdependence"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FComplex_interdependence"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Complex_interdependence&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2916942" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in international relations</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_the_world_(2009_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/520px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="520" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/780px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg/1040px-Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>World Map</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Institutional_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional liberalism">Institutional liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberalism (international relations)">Neoliberalism (international relations)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism (international relations)</a></div><p><b>Complex interdependence</b> in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">international political economy</a> is a concept put forth by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept entails that relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex. These increasingly complex webs of economic interdependence undermine state power and elevate the influence of transnational non-state actors.<sup id="cite_ref-:95_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These complex relationships can be explored through both the liberal and realism lenses and can later explain the debate of power from complex interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "complex interdependence" was claimed by Raymond Leslie Buell in 1925 to describe the new ordering among economies, cultures, and races.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very concept was popularized through the work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Cooper" title="Richard N. Cooper">Richard N. Cooper</a> (1968). With the analytical construct of complex interdependence in their critique of <a href="/wiki/Political_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political realism">political realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> explore how international politics forever changed due to the emerging complex interactions and interdependence among states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theorists recognized that the various and complex transnational connections and interdependencies between states and societies increased, while Military force and power balancing are decreasing but remain essential. In coining the interdependence concept, Keohane and Nye also notably differentiated between <a href="/wiki/Interdependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdependence">interdependence</a> and dependence in analyzing the role of power in politics and the relations between international actors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the analysis, complex interdependence is characterized by three characteristics, involving </p> <ol><li>The use of multiple channels of action between societies in interstate, transgovernmental, and transnational relations,</li> <li>The absence of a hierarchy of issues with changing agendas and linkages between issues prioritized, and</li> <li>The objective of bringing about a decline in military force and coercive <a href="/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power in international relations">power in international relations</a>.</li></ol> <p>Thus, Keohane and Nye argue that the decline of military force as a policy tool and the increase in economic and <i>other forms of interdependence</i> should increase the probability of <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> among states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theorists' work surfaced in the 1970s to become a significant challenge to political realist theory in international politics. It became foundational to current theorists that it be categorized as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">liberalism (international relations)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">liberal institutionalism</a>. Traditional critiques of liberalism often define alongside critiques of political realism. They both ignore the social nature of relations between states and the social fabric of international society. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal economics">neoliberal economics</a>, debates, and the need to clarify international relations theory, Keohane has most recently described himself as merely an <i>institutionalist.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory's purpose is to develop <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> perspectives in contemporary <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal, neoliberal, and liberal institutional theories continue to influence international politics and have become closely intertwined with political realism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_channels">Multiple channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multiple channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Multiple channels</i> that are present in complex interdependence are "connect societies, including informal ties between governmental elites as well as formal foreign office arrangements." The second type is "informal ties among nongovernmental elites where contact usually happens either face-to-face or through <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>. The last type is "<a href="/wiki/Transnational_organization" title="Transnational organization">Transnational organization</a>," including organizations such as multinational banks or corporations. A more straightforward way of thinking of these concepts is by condensing them by calling them interstate, transgovernmental and transnational relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these channels can be a way of communication for states and are a considerable part of complex interdependence. </p> <dl><dd>a. Interstate relations are thought to be "normal channels" by realists. It is also known as "horizontal dimensions of federalism."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>b. Transgovernmental relations "applies when we relax the realist assumption that states act coherently as units."<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crane Liberals believe that states can work together in order to enhance interdependence.</dd> <dd>c. Transnational relations "applies when we relax the assumption that states are the only units."<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This take is more of the liberal perspective evident throughout international relations because of institutions' beliefs.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence_of_Hierarchy_among_Issues">Absence of Hierarchy among Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Absence of Hierarchy among Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign affairs issues are becoming increasingly crucial regarding complex interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries' policies are all interconnected, even if they are merely domestic.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the policies may appear to address one countries' issues, any laws may have regional and global implications. These implications have encouraged consulting agreements among countries through liberal institutions like the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and the European Community.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> allows for <a href="/wiki/International_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Politics">International Politics</a> to align favorably with domestic issues and laws determined by developed, pluralistic domestic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_Role_of_Military_Force">Minor Role of Military Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minor Role of Military Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Force has always been emphasized in international politics based upon the idea that (1) states compete for power, and that (2) survival is a state's chief goal under anarchy (<a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">security dilemma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, military power and the role it has played has diminished for a few reasons. The first reason is because a state's fear of being attacked has declined (especially among industrialized, liberal states), because of the current lack of incentive among other countries to invade, as well as mutually beneficial relationships and cooperation (due to complex interdependence).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 20th century goals such as environmental and economic welfare, force is ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second reason is that we now see force used more as a deterrent (for example, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goals that do relate to a state's security will most likely not use force to be achieved, and if used, could have steep consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, as well as the domestic opposition that follows, are added reasons why states are hesitant to use force.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One concern that stems from the diminishing role of military force is that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> may be used more frequently, since most states are less likely to commit troops overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of force, according to the author, will depend upon how much a state is affected by actions transpiring elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if effects on that state are little, the chances of that state using force are also little. It will also depend on whether or not the issue is one of life or death.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the realist theory would prevail and the state could very well end up taking forceful action.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author concludes that in each situation, we must decide which is more applicable, complex interdependence or realism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism">Liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberal perspective</a> encourages the use of institutions, like the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, to encourage cooperation for similar goals. Liberalism theory expands to include neoliberalism and liberal institutionalism. <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberalism (international relations)">Neoliberals</a> believe that these institutions provide states with absolute gains from complex interdependence while neglecting the idea of power. Cooperation may be achieved through complex relationships among states, limited to the liberal lens. Such cooperation leads to a peaceful world order among states to provide peace from shared cooperation as long as there are mutual gains.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic gains through trade and foreign investments negate any power struggles among states, addressed by liberal theorists.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extending the complex interdependence, especially economically, works to better stabilize peace among states.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting outside the complex relationships in means of isolating domestic economies or wars would, in turn, destabilize peace among states, disrupting world order.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the concept of weaponized interdependence (see section below), liberal scholars Keohane and Nye suggest that network asymmetries will decrease over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also believe that the global network gives way to cybersecurity benefits because of mutual drawbacks, as they focus on <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism (economic theory)</a> and collaborative gains.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman argue that emerging asymmetrical nodes in the network conceal those collaborative links, as states take advantage of the nodes to fulfill their own self-interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came to the conclusion that liberal ideas about a globalized network do not correspond with the examples we have seen of states weaponizing interdependence (for example, SWIFT).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism">Realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complex interdependence has been labeled "the opposite of realism".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea often pushes back against <a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">classical realist</a> logic, such as the interdependent relationship between <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada and the United States</a>. Neither country feels threatened by each other, given their relationship of shared values and goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realist</a> logic would state that the vying of power would have both states always competing for security, but under complex interdependence logic, this is not the case. Keohane and Nye see complex interdependence as often a more accurate representation of reality than classical realism but claim that most situations fall in between the two ideal portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">classical realism</a> are separate from complex interdependence but are considered relevant in appropriate situations. Complex interdependence does not apply universally. In third world states where states are trying to maximize their strengths and thus gain power, realism and neorealism remain prominent. Complex interdependence remains prevalent on the other side of the world, where nations are looking to create economic gains and push the conflict to the side. Though Keohane and Nye see complex interdependence as often more realistic than <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>, they recognize that realism remains relevant in many current situations. </p><p>It is understood that traditional theories cannot explain global regime change when it relates to complex interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cannot use a realist perspective when explaining a situation born of complex interdependence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_Economy_of_Complex_Interdependence">Political Economy of Complex Interdependence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political Economy of Complex Interdependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complex relationships promoted in complex interdependence can be observed in the <a href="/wiki/International_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="International Political Economy">International Political Economy</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a> matures, the political economies of the world grow interdependent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perspective assumes that the global system is complex, that states' behavior in this system is rational, that global relationships continue to grow in relevance, and that the system of international political economy is not closed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of this complexity surmises in the uncertain environment of international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States that partake in this system hold economic connections with other economies, promoting interdependence between participating states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Coercion">Economic Coercion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic Coercion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of complex interdependence has created dependency among states, as the liberal theorists described. Yet, the realist take on power can be displayed through the economic imbalance experienced among states to inflict their influence through complex interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an example would include how <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> could use loans to fund a new port in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, knowing that Sri Lanka could not pay due to increasing debt. Later, China collected it for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the complex relationships and needs of other states, states may use their own systematical advantage over the states that rely on them more. </p><p>Such complex interdependence can be seen as a negative and a positive among states. Often, states may use such relationships for the greater good of themselves or, at times, the greater good of the other. Economic Coercion through complex interdependence can allow the states to ensure a better world order for all states involved and humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeff D. Colgan discusses the example of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> reform emerging from economic ties. He considers how China's economic dependency on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> creates fertile ground to instill climate change policies using a "climate change club" of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any member not in this club would be subject to tariffs from member states, including China, if they don't join.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States must then decide whether removing economic ties is valuable for them or if maintaining economic relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is of more significant value for all based on the complex interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a move displays the ideas of realists in the complex interactions among states.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponized_Interdependence">Weaponized Interdependence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weaponized Interdependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> has shaped the global network in such a way that almost all states depend on it due to its interconnectedness. Farrell and Newman believe that because of this interconnectedness, and because states often compete for power, interdependence can be weaponized in order to gather valuable information, or to deny a state network access for strategic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also argue that this complex interdependence creates power asymmetries in the global network.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based upon <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a>, where networks are composed of nodes and ties (connections).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Keohane and Nye, they believe that networks are the opposite of fragmented, and they instead produce lasting power inequality, where exchanges only go through a few chief nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more connections a node has, the more influence it will have in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because newer nodes will likely attach to more influential nodes, we end up seeing an unequal distribution as the networks grow, generating a “rich-get-richer effect”, leading to certain nodes becoming more utilized and central than others.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most chief nodes are focused on advanced industrial economies (for example, the U.S).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of a state to weaponize interdependence is dependent upon its institutions, the size of its economy, and how much autonomy the state has from that interconnectedness (whether or not it has asymmetrical interdependence).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asymmetrical interdependence allows that state to leverage network structure strategically without feeling the consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They can do this through (1) the <a href="/wiki/Choke_point" title="Choke point">chokepoint</a> and/or (2) the <a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">panopticon</a> effect (the two forms of weaponized interdependence).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, panopticon means that states have information they can use to their advantage in order to predict their opponent's actions, sway negotiations, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chokepoint means that a state is able to limit or prohibit use of a node (often a high degree node), so that another state(s)/private actor(s) cannot go through it.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only states with the legal or physical jurisdiction over that node can utilize this form of weaponization.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also need strong, centralized legal and regulatory institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can create tensions between states that have the ability to weaponize information, versus states that cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So even though the United States has both the legal and physical jurisdiction over chief nodes, its domestic institutions and norms limit certain actions it can take (for example, it cannot cut states out of the network).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication">SWIFT</a>, a U.S dominated network system, vital to the global payment system, is just one example of Farrell and Newman's theory in work. We see the chokepoint effect when the U.S (and European officials) locked <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> out of the global payment system because they felt it was assisting the regime and a contributor to its financial strength.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the panopticon effect was the U.S' use of SWIFT, shortly after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, in order to gain information about international terrorism, its networks, and its financing.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial criticism from the EU and the public, they later approved of the U.S’ actions and only required that the U.S share the information it gained.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_14-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, just as the theory suggests, because SWIFT was a chief node in the global network system, certain states were able to weaponize it for strategic reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeohaneNye2000" class="citation journal cs1">Keohane, Robert O.; Nye, Joseph S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149673">"Globalization: What's New? What's Not? (And So What?)"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i> (118): 104–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149673">10.2307/1149673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7228">0015-7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149673">1149673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158794393">158794393</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814222448/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149673">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Globalization%3A+What%27s+New%3F+What%27s+Not%3F+%28And+So+What%3F%29&rft.issue=118&rft.pages=104-119&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0015-7228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158794393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149673%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149673&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Nye%2C+Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohaneNye1973" class="citation journal cs1">Keohane, Robert O.; Nye, Joseph S. (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396337308441409">"Power and interdependence"</a>. <i>Survival</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 158–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396337308441409">10.1080/00396337308441409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6338">0039-6338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival&rft.atitle=Power+and+interdependence&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=158-165&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00396337308441409&rft.issn=0039-6338&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Nye%2C+Joseph+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00396337308441409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:95-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:95_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Benjamin J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H79WVDwMzCEC"><i>International Political Economy: An Intellectual History</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13569-4"><bdi>978-0-691-13569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Political+Economy%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13569-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH79WVDwMzCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatley2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oatley, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119846553">"Toward a political economy of complex interdependence"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 957–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066119846553">10.1177/1354066119846553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150467735">150467735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Toward+a+political+economy+of+complex+interdependence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=957-978&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150467735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066119846553&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1354066119846553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrellNewman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham L. (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00351">"Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 42–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00351">10.1162/isec_a_00351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198952367">198952367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Weaponized+Interdependence%3A+How+Global+Economic+Networks+Shape+State+Coercion&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-79&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198952367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00351&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Newman%2C+Abraham+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fisec_a_00351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell1925" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Raymond Leslie (1925). <i>International Relations</i>. H. Holt and Company. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneAmawi1997" class="citation book cs1">Crane, GT; Amawi, A (1997). <i>Introduction In: The theoretical evolution of international political economy: a reader</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+In%3A+The+theoretical+evolution+of+international+political+economy%3A+a+reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=GT&rft.au=Amawi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohaneNye2011" class="citation book cs1">Keohane, Robert O.&; Nye, Joseph S. (2011). <i>Power and Interdependence revisited</i>. Longman Classics in Political Science. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Interdependence+revisited&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Longman+Classics+in+Political+Science&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.%26&rft.au=Nye%2C+Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane2002" class="citation cs2">Keohane, Robert O (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203218174_chapter_11">"Governance in a partially globalized world"</a>, <i>Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World</i>, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 245–271, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203218174_chapter_11">10.4324/9780203218174_chapter_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-29474-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-29474-1"><bdi>978-0-203-29474-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514094658/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203218174/power-governance-partially-globalized-world-robert-keohane">archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Power+and+Governance+in+a+Partially+Globalized+World&rft.atitle=Governance+in+a+partially+globalized+world&rft.pages=245-271&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203218174_chapter_11&rft.isbn=978-0-203-29474-1&rft.aulast=Keohane&rft.aufirst=Robert+O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203218174_chapter_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane" class="citation web cs1">Crane, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824144729/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205082912.pdf">"The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205082912.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theoretical+Evolution+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsonhighered.com%2Fassets%2Fhip%2Fus%2Fhip_us_pearsonhighered%2Fsamplechapter%2F0205082912.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetxger" class="citation web cs1">Metxger, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/constitutional-governance/files/Congress-Article-IV-and-Interstate-Relations.pdf">"Congress, Article IV, and Interstate Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard Law Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416151451/http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/constitutional-governance/files/Congress-Article-IV-and-Interstate-Relations.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congress%2C+Article+IV%2C+and+Interstate+Relations&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.aulast=Metxger&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.law.columbia.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmicrosites%2Fconstitutional-governance%2Ffiles%2FCongress-Article-IV-and-Interstate-Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeohane,_Robert_O._(Robert_Owen),_1941-1989" class="citation book cs1">Keohane, Robert O. (Robert Owen), 1941- (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18135283"><i>Power and interdependence</i></a>. Nye, Joseph S. (2nd ed.). Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-39891-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-673-39891-9"><bdi>0-673-39891-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18135283">18135283</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514094721/https://search.worldcat.org/title/18135283">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+interdependence&rft.place=Glenview%2C+Ill.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scott%2C+Foresman&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18135283&rft.isbn=0-673-39891-9&rft.au=Keohane%2C+Robert+O.+%28Robert+Owen%29%2C+1941-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F18135283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraddon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Braddon, Derek (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2012-2-page-299.htm">"The Role of Economic Interdependence in the Origins and Resolution of Conflict"</a>. <i>Revue d'économie politique</i>. <b>122</b> (2): 299–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fredp.218.0299">10.3917/redp.218.0299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208072424/https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2012-2-page-299.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-06</span></span> – via Cairn.Info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%A9conomie+politique&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Economic+Interdependence+in+the+Origins+and+Resolution+of+Conflict&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-319&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fredp.218.0299&rft.aulast=Braddon&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-d-economie-politique-2012-2-page-299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_14-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell_&_Newman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell & Newman, Henry & Abraham Newman (Summer 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730804/pdf">"Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 42–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00351">10.1162/isec_a_00351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198952367">198952367</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706165525/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730804/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Weaponized+Interdependence%3A+How+Global+Economic+Networks+Shape+State+Coercion&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-79&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198952367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farrell+%26+Newman&rft.aufirst=Henry+%26+Abraham+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F730804%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatley2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oatley, Thomas (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066119846553">"Toward a political economy of complex interdependence"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 957–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066119846553">10.1177/1354066119846553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150467735">150467735</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509024116/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066119846553">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Toward+a+political+economy+of+complex+interdependence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=957-978&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150467735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066119846553&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066119846553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-Habib2018" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria (2018-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html">"How China Got Sri Lanka to Cough Up a Port (Published 2018)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016135624/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+China+Got+Sri+Lanka+to+Cough+Up+a+Port+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-sri-lanka-port.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Colgan, Jeff D. (September 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-09-14/climate-case-against-decoupling">"The Climate Case Against Decoupling Severing U.S.-Chinese Links Would Make It Impossible to Save the Environment"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814215508/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-09-14/climate-case-against-decoupling">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Climate+Case+Against+Decoupling+Severing+U.S.-Chinese+Links+Would+Make+It+Impossible+to+Save+the+Environment&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=Jeff+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Funited-states%2F2020-09-14%2Fclimate-case-against-decoupling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+interdependence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamim, James (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.12440.40966">"The GDPR and DMA Mitigating Vulnerabilities to Weaponized Interdependence in the EU"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514094721/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380345294_The_GDPR_and_DMA_Mitigating_Vulnerabilities_to_Weaponized_Interdependence_in_the_EU?channel=doi&linkId=663684ac06ea3d0b7427ef07&showFulltext=true">Archived</a> 2024-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12440.40966" class="extiw" title="doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12440.40966">10.13140/RG.2.2.12440.40966</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Keohane, R.O., & Nye, J.S. (1987). Power and Interdependence Revisited. <i>International Organization</i>, 41(4), pp. 725–753.</li> <li>Keohane, R.O., & Nye, J.S. (1998). Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, 77(5), p. 81.</li> <li>Gillian E. Metxger. "Congress, Article IV, and Interstate Relations." Harvard Law Review Vol. 120:1468 Web.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negarchy" title="Negarchy">Negarchy</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&oldid=1226118593">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&oldid=1226118593</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations_theory" title="Category:International relations theory">International relations theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 May 2024, at 17:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_interdependence&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qqs7t","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.261","walltime":"0.328","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1639,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41123,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":504,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":79943,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 270.502 1 -total"," 61.37% 165.995 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.45% 95.883 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 21.82% 59.019 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.63% 34.164 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.70% 18.119 1 Template:See_also"," 6.65% 17.982 5 Template:Cite_book"," 5.73% 15.490 3 Template:Main_other"," 5.09% 13.756 1 Template:SDcat"," 2.77% 7.480 2 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.139","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5134235,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nbpzk","timestamp":"20241122143125","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Complex interdependence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complex_interdependence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2916942","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2916942","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-24T01:57:42Z","dateModified":"2024-05-28T17:18:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/36\/Flag_map_of_the_world_%282009_version%29.svg","headline":"concept in international relations"}</script> </body> </html>