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id="toc-European_arrival_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_explorers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_explorers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Spanish explorers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_explorers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 American exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlers_in_and_near_the_canyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlers_in_and_near_the_canyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Settlers in and near the canyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlers_in_and_near_the_canyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_protection:_National_Monument_and_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_protection:_National_Monument_and_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Federal protection: National Monument and Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_protection:_National_Monument_and_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Rim_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Rim_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 South Rim buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Rim_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Weather </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weather-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weather subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Air quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biology and ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biology and ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biology_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_zones_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_zones_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Life zones and communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_zones_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Sonoran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Sonoran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Lower Sonoran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Sonoran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Sonoran_and_Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Sonoran_and_Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Upper Sonoran and Transition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Sonoran_and_Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_and_Hudsonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_and_Hudsonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Canadian and Hudsonian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_and_Hudsonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Canyon_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Canyon_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Grand Canyon tourism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grand_Canyon_tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grand Canyon tourism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grand_Canyon_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Canyon_fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Canyon_fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Grand Canyon fatalities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grand_Canyon_fatalities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grand Canyon fatalities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grand_Canyon_fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mid-1800s_to_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1800s_to_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Mid-1800s to 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1800s_to_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1956_air_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956_air_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 1956 air disaster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956_air_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Over_the_Edge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over_the_Edge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Over the Edge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over_the_Edge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charlie_Haeger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charlie_Haeger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Charlie Haeger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charlie_Haeger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Grand Canyon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%81_%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="ታላቁ ገደል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታላቁ ገደል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रैन्ड कैन्यन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ग्रैन्ड कैन्यन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الأخدود العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأخدود العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cany%C3%B3n" title="Gran Canyón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Canyón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্ৰেণ্ড কেনিয়ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰেণ্ড কেনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gran Cañón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Cañón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Kanyon" title="Böyük Kanyon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Kanyon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্র্যান্ড ক্যানিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্র্যান্ড ক্যানিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Вялікі Каньён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікі Каньён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Вялікі Каньён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікі Каньён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रैंड कैनियन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रैंड कैनियन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гранд Каньон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гранд Каньон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanienn_Veur" title="Kanienn Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanienn Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Cany%C3%B3" title="Gran Canyó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Canyó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ގްރޭންޑް ކެންޔަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގްރޭންޑް ކެންޔަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_Ha%CA%BCazt%CA%BCi%CA%BC_Ts%C3%A9kooh" title="Bidááʼ Haʼaztʼiʼ Tsékooh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidááʼ Haʼaztʼiʼ Tsékooh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_kanjon" title="Suur kanjon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur kanjon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Γκραν Κάνιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκραν Κάνιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gran Cañón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Cañón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Kanjono" title="Granda Kanjono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Kanjono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroila_Handia" title="Arroila Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroila Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="گرند کنیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرند کنیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cainneon_M%C3%B3r" title="An Cainneon Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cainneon Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Can%C3%B3n" title="Gran Canón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Canón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%BD%E8%B0%B7" title="大峽谷 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="大峽谷" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%BA%90%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B8" title="그랜드 캐니언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그랜드 캐니언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B3" title="Մեծ կիրճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ կիրճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रैन्ड कैन्यन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रैन्ड कैन्यन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Ravinego" title="Granda Ravinego – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Ravinego" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стыр каньон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стыр каньон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miklaglj%C3%BAfur" title="Miklagljúfur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miklagljúfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גרנד קניון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרנד קניון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujomuu_s%C9%94s%C9%94%CA%8B" title="Kujomuu sɔsɔʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kujomuu sɔsɔʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಯನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಯನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დიდი კანიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი კანიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Үлкен Каньон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үлкен Каньон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canyon" title="Gran Canyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gran Canyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyona_Mezin" title="Kanyona Mezin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanyona Mezin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D2%A3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чоң Каньон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чоң Каньон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ກະລັງກັງຢົງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະລັງກັງຢົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_kanjons" title="Lielais kanjons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais kanjons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_kanjonas" title="Didysis kanjonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis kanjonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canion_Grande" title="Canion Grande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Canion Grande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Голем Кањон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голем Кањон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗ്രാൻഡ് കാന്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാൻഡ് കാന്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रँड कॅन्यन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रँड कॅन्यन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂရင်းကင်ညွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂရင်းကင်ညွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्रान्द क्यानन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्रान्द क्यानन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="グランド・キャニオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グランド・キャニオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canhon" title="Grand Canhon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand Canhon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katta_Kanyon" title="Katta Kanyon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katta Kanyon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗ੍ਰੈਂਡ ਕੈਨੀਓਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰੈਂਡ ਕੈਨੀਓਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Kianyan" title="Gran Kianyan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gran Kianyan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Kanion_Kolorado" title="Wielki Kanion Kolorado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Kanion Kolorado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Большой каньон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большой каньон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гранд-Каньон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гранд-Каньон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabakiay_diheb" title="tabakiay diheb – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tabakiay diheb" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granni_Canyon" title="Granni Canyon – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Granni Canyon" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_ka%C5%88on" title="Veľký kaňon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký kaňon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kanjon" title="Veliki kanjon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki kanjon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="گرەند کەنیۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرەند کەنیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Велики кањон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики кањон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kanjon" title="Veliki kanjon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki kanjon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மாபெரும் செங்குத்துப் பள்ளத்தாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாபெரும் செங்குத்துப் பள்ளத்தாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3it_tameqq%E1%B9%9Bant" title="Taɣit tameqqṛant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣit tameqqṛant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్రాండ్ కేనియన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రాండ్ కేనియన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="แกรนด์แคนยอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรนด์แคนยอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%93" title="ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎸᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎸᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Kanyon" title="Büyük Kanyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Kanyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Великий каньйон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий каньйон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گرینڈ کینین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرینڈ کینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_kanjon" title="Suur kanjon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suur kanjon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grand Canyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7" title="科罗拉多大峡谷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科罗拉多大峡谷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%BD%E8%B0%B7" title="大峽谷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大峽谷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyono_G%C4%B1rd" title="Kanyono Gırd – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kanyono Gırd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%BD%E8%B0%B7" title="大峽谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大峽谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118841#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Canyon&params=36.3_N_112.75_W_type:landmark_region:US-AZ_scale:300000">36°18′N 112°45′W / 36.3°N 112.75°W / 36.3; -112.75</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States. For other Grand Canyons, see <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grand Canyon (disambiguation)">Grand Canyon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Grand Canyon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon_River_Tree_(165872763).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg/288px-Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="288" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg/432px-Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg/576px-Canyon_River_Tree_%28165872763%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1315" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> flowing through the Grand Canyon in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Arizona_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Canyon is located in Arizona"><img alt="Grand Canyon is located in Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USA_Arizona_location_map.svg/272px-USA_Arizona_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USA_Arizona_location_map.svg/408px-USA_Arizona_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/USA_Arizona_location_map.svg/544px-USA_Arizona_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1099" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.129%;left:35.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Grand Canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Grand Canyon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Arizona</div>Show map of Arizona</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Canyon is located in the United States"><img alt="Grand Canyon is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/272px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/408px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/544px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.563%;left:21.035%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Grand Canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Grand Canyon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United States</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Canyon is located in North America"><img alt="Grand Canyon is located in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/272px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/408px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/North_America_laea_location_map.svg/544px-North_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="514" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.489%;left:37.555%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Grand Canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Grand Canyon</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within North America</div>Show map of North America</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 2,600 ft (800 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">277 mi (446 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">4 to 18 mi (6.4 to 29.0 km)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Age</th><td class="infobox-data">5–6 million years<a href="#cite_note-Karlstrom-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Canyon&params=36.3_N_112.75_W_type:landmark_region:US-AZ_scale:300000">36°18′N 112°45′W / 36.3°N 112.75°W / 36.3; -112.75</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rivers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Grand Canyon<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> is a steep-sided <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a> carved by the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and attains a depth of over a mile (6,093 feet or 1,857 meters).<a href="#cite_note-Kiver-7">[6]</a>: 902  The canyon and adjacent rim are contained within <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_National_Forest" title="Kaibab National Forest">Kaibab National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai Indian Reservation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Havasupai_Indian_Reservation" title="Havasupai Indian Reservation">Havasupai Indian Reservation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>. The surrounding area is contained within the <a href="/wiki/Baaj_Nwaavjo_I%27tah_Kukveni_%E2%80%93_Ancestral_Footprints_of_the_Grand_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was a major proponent of the preservation of the Grand Canyon area and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery. Nearly two billion years of Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their <a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">channels</a> through layer after layer of rock while the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> was <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplifted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-npsgeol-9">[8]</a> While some aspects about the history of incision of the canyon are debated by geologists,<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-carvingGC-10">[9]</a> several recent studies support the hypothesis that the Colorado River established its course through the area about 5 to 6 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karlstrom-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Since that time, the Colorado River has driven the down-cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs, simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon. For thousands of years, the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans, who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves. The <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Pueblo people</a> considered the Grand Canyon a holy site, and made <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to it.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> from Spain, who arrived in 1540.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg/220px-GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg/330px-GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg/440px-GrandCanyon.NASA.2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Image of the Grand Canyon and surrounding area taken from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG/170px-Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG/255px-Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG/340px-Grand_Canyon_from_air.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Canyon from an airplane, with the Colorado River visible</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandCanyon27June2017.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GrandCanyon27June2017.tif/lossless-page1-220px-GrandCanyon27June2017.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GrandCanyon27June2017.tif/lossless-page1-330px-GrandCanyon27June2017.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/GrandCanyon27June2017.tif/lossless-page1-440px-GrandCanyon27June2017.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canyon, Arizona, Nevada, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Powell" title="Lake Powell">Lake Powell</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a>, June 27, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> true-color satellite image. Scale 1:450,000.</figcaption></figure> The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> that exposes uplifted <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> strata,<a href="#cite_note-Ranney-15">[14]</a> and it is also one of the six distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province.<a href="#cite_note-Leydsman_McGinty-16">[15]</a> Even though it is not the deepest canyon in the world (<a href="/wiki/Kali_Gandaki_Gorge" title="Kali Gandaki Gorge">Kali Gandaki Gorge</a> in Nepal is much deeper<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a>), the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the thick sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the early geologic history of the North American continent.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a> Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward and created the Colorado Plateau. The higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a> that the Grand Canyon bisects is over one thousand feet (300 m) higher at the North Rim than at the South Rim. Almost all runoff from the North Rim (which also gets more rain and snow) flows toward the Grand Canyon, while much of the runoff on the plateau behind the South Rim flows away from the canyon (following the general tilt).<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a> The result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side.<a href="#cite_note-Kiver-7">[6]</a>: 406  Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation (averaging 8,000 feet or 2,400 meters above sea level).<a href="#cite_note-NPSnatsci-19">[18]</a> Heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months. Access to the North Rim via the primary route leading to the canyon (<a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_67" title="Arizona State Route 67">State Route 67</a>) is limited during the winter season due to road closures.<a href="#cite_note-off-season(jump-link)-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="Geology of the Grand Canyon area">Geology of the Grand Canyon area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg/310px-2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg/465px-2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg/620px-2021_Revised_NPS_Geologic_Stratigraphic_Column_of_the_Grand_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the placement, age and thickness of the rock units exposed in the Grand Canyon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCRockfall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GCRockfall.JPG/220px-GCRockfall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GCRockfall.JPG/330px-GCRockfall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/GCRockfall.JPG/440px-GCRockfall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Rockfalls in recent times, along with other <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass wasting</a>, have further widened the canyon</figcaption></figure> The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin, which has developed over the past 70 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> For more than 150 years, scientists have gathered data, proposed new ideas, and debated sometimes contentious theories about the geologic origins of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River. Formation of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River may involve a complex history in which multiple factors and geologic processes have interacted over time and in different locations.<a href="#cite_note-Ranney-15">[14]</a> In the most recent round of "old river" vs. "young river" controversy, researchers have challenged estimates that had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years. The research has aroused considerable controversy because it suggests a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a> In a 2008 study, Victor Polyak examined caves near the Grand Canyon and placed their origins about 17 million years ago. The study, which was published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> in 2008, used <a href="/wiki/Uranium-lead_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-lead dating">uranium-lead dating</a> to analyze <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon.<a href="#cite_note-UNM_Study-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR2008-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polyak-26">[25]</a> In another 2008 study, Rebecca Flowers reported on <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> (U-Th)/He <a href="/wiki/Thermochronology" title="Thermochronology">thermochronometry</a> results suggesting that parts of the Grand Canyon had reached a depth near to the modern depth around 20 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-29-Nov-2012-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flowers-28">[27]</a> In a subsequent study published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> in 2012, she suggested that the western part of the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Achenbach-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29-Nov-2012-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The emerging scientific consensus is that the canyon is made up of multiple segments which formed at different times and eventually connected to become the waterway now traversed by the Colorado River. Of the three central segments, the "Hurricane" was formed 50–70 million years ago, and the "Eastern Grand Canyon" was cut 15–25 million years ago. In contrast, the "Marble Canyon" and "Westernmost Grand Canyon" segments at the ends of the canyon were carved in the last five to six million years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the two-billion-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Schist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Schist">Vishnu Schist</a> at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 270-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Limestone" title="Kaibab Limestone">Kaibab Limestone</a> on the Rim. Within that there is a gap, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Unconformity" title="Great Unconformity">Great Unconformity</a>, between 1.75 billion and 1.25 billion years ago for which no deposits are present.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a> Then, between 1.25 billion and 730 million years ago, intermittent sediments began to form the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Supergroup" title="Grand Canyon Supergroup">Grand Canyon Supergroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formations</a> were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps as the seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America. Major exceptions include the Permian <a href="/wiki/Coconino_Sandstone" title="Coconino Sandstone">Coconino Sandstone</a>, which contains abundant geological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> sand dune deposition. Several parts of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area#Supai_Group" title="Geology of the Grand Canyon area">Supai Group</a> also were deposited in non-marine environments. The great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) can be attributed to 5,000–10,000 feet (1,500–3,000 m) of uplift of the Colorado Plateau, starting about 65 million years ago (during the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogeny</a>). This uplift has steepened the <a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">stream gradient</a> of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which in turn has increased their speed and thus their ability to cut through rock (see the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River#Elevation_summary" title="Colorado River">elevation summary</a> of the Colorado River for present conditions). Weather conditions during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice ages</a> also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system. The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper. The base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> opened and <a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">lowered the river's base level</a> (its lowest point). This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">terraced walls</a> of the canyon were created by <a href="/wiki/Differential_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential erosion">differential erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Between 100,000 and 3 million years ago, <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area#Volcanic_activity_in_the_western_canyon" title="Geology of the Grand Canyon area">volcanic</a> activity deposited ash and lava over the area, which at times completely obstructed the river. These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_(6687267983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg/170px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg/255px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg/340px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Ribbon_Falls_0913e_%286687267983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3686" data-file-height="5943" /></a><figcaption> Ribbon Falls, near the <a href="/wiki/North_Kaibab_Trail" title="North Kaibab Trail">North Kaibab Trail</a>, represents ground water reaching the surface</figcaption></figure> Groundwater flow in the Grand Canyon region is an active area of study. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> forms when rain soaks down into the earth and reaches the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>. The composition of the earth in a given area determines its <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a>, the ease with which water flows through it. Sand is more permeable than clay. Less permeable rock layers composed of clay can block the passage of water and are known as <a href="/wiki/Aquitard" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitard">aquitards</a>. More permeable areas of rock that hold and transport groundwater underground are known as <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a>. An area of water bounded by two aquitards is called a confined aquifer, while water below the surface and above an aquitard is called an unconfined aquifer.<a href="#cite_note-Wesoloski-35">[34]</a> The different geologic levels of the Grand Canyon have created two major aquifers where groundwater collects. The higher C-aquifer is an unconfined aquifer. It collects groundwater that seeps through the Kaibab and Toroweap Formations into the Coconino Sandstone. Below it, the Permian Hermit Formation and Supai Group provide a dense barrier. Groundwater from the C-acquifer can flow laterally, appearing as seeps along the canyon walls at the base of the Coconino Sandstone but can also descend vertically through fault zones to recharge the underlying confined R-aquifer. The R-aquifer, also known as the Red Wall Muav aquifer, is a <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> aquifer. It involves an area of substantial fracturing through the Redwall Limestone, Temple Butte Formation and Cambrian Muav Limestone of the Tonto Group. Five individual systems flow through the R-aquifer and compose the regional groundwater-flow system which drains into the Grand Canyon: Kaibab, Uinkaret-Kanab, Marble-Shinumo, Cataract, and Blue Spring.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-36">[35]</a> The flow of groundwater in the Grand Canyon region is influenced in multiple ways by <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">geologic faults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folds</a>. Discharge from the R-aquifer appears as springs and seeps in both the Grand Canyon and tributary canyons. Springs discharge to the Grand Canyon in areas of lower Paleozoic carbonates, and are associated with geologic faults and fractures. Fractures are believed to provide dominant pathways both for vertical circulation in the Paleozoic section, and for lateral collection and transport of water to springs deep in the canyons. The largest springs discharge from the R-aquifer. A smaller number of springs discharge at lower rates from the C-aquifer. Much of the water that could potentially recharge the aquifers is likely released as springs rather than reaching the aquifers.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-36">[35]</a> Studies of the chemical composition of groundwater at sites across the Grand Canyon region indicate that groundwater contains a fraction of modern water (post-1950), and that many springs have a mix of modern water and older groundwater. Estimated mean ages for South Rim groundwater range from 6 years old (San Francisco Peaks) to nearly 20,000 years old (Bar Four well, Blue Spring). Groundwater age in the South Rim groundwater system also correlates to longitude, with age increasing from east to west from Red Canyon to Boucher springs. Surprisingly, the Canyon Mine Observation well is more similar to Redwall-Muav aquifer wells (R-aquifer) than to the Coconino C-aquifer. This suggests the possibility of a hydrologic connection or similar recharge sources for that hydrologic position. Old groundwater from Havasupai well may have a similar source to the Havasu Spring upwelling from the Redwall-Muav aquifer. Sites with younger estimated mean ages tend to be associated with the unconfined Coconino aquifer. They may recharge quickly as a result of snowmelt, run-off and local precipitation. It is likely that the deeper confined R-aquifer relies primarily on snowmelt from the San Francisco Peaks to recharge.<a href="#cite_note-Solder-37">[36]</a> Other research has tried to relate groundwater flow paths to possible levels of risk for contamination and identify vulnerability regions for the underlying aquifers. Almost half of the Kaibab plateau's surface was associated with high to very high vulnerability of the unconfined Coconino aquifer (C-aquifer), while about a fifth of the Kaibab Plateau was estimated to be an area of high vulnerability for the Redwall-Muav aquifer (R-aquifer).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="History of the Grand Canyon area">History of the Grand Canyon area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nankoweap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/220px-Nankoweap.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/330px-Nankoweap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nankoweap.JPG/440px-Nankoweap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3564" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloan</a> granaries at Nankoweap Creek</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> were a Native American culture centered on the present-day <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> area of the United States. They were the first people known to live in the Grand Canyon area. The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as the Anasazi, although the term is not preferred by the modern <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Puebloan peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The word "Anasazi" is <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> for "enemy ancestors" or "alien ancestors".<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_Classification" title="Pecos Classification">Pecos Classification</a>, suggests their emergence was around 1200 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_Classification#Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Pecos Classification">Basketmaker II Era</a>. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers have believed that the Ancestral Puebloans are ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNCO-42">[41]</a> In addition to the Ancestral Puebloans, a number of distinct cultures have inhabited the Grand Canyon area. The <a href="/wiki/Cohonina" title="Cohonina">Cohonina</a> lived to the west of the Grand Canyon, between 500 and 1200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The Cohonina were ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Yuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman">Yuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a> peoples who inhabit the area today.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor1951-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a> were a cultural group occupying an area to the southeast of the Grand Canyon, between the <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt River</a>, between approximately 500 and 1425 CE. The Sinagua may have been ancestors of several <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> clans. By the time of the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, newer cultures had evolved. The Hualapai inhabit a 100-mile (160 km) stretch along the pine-clad southern side of the Grand Canyon. The Havasupai have been living in the area near Cataract Canyon since the beginning of the 13th century, occupying an area the size of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whiting-46">[45]</a> The Southern <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Paiutes</a> live in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and northern Arizona. The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, or Diné, live in a wide area stretching from the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peaks" title="San Francisco Peaks">San Francisco Peaks</a> eastwards towards the Four Corners. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests the Navajo descended from the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan language">Athabaskan</a> people near <a href="/wiki/Great_Slave_Lake" title="Great Slave Lake">Great Slave Lake</a>, Canada, who migrated after the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In the mythology of some <a href="/wiki/Hopi_Reservation#Third_Mesa" title="Hopi Reservation">Third Mesa</a> Hopi communities, the Grand Canyon was the location humankind arose out of the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology#Four_Worlds" title="Hopi mythology">Third World</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sipapu" title="Sipapu">sipapu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_arrival_and_settlement">European arrival and settlement</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_explorers">Spanish explorers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/220px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/330px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg/440px-La_conquista_del_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>La conquista del Colorado (2017), by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau" title="Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau">Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau</a>, depicts <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>'s 1540–1542 expedition. <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> can be seen overlooking the Grand Canyon.</figcaption></figure> In September 1540, under orders from the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a> to search for the fabled <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Cibola" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Cities of Cibola">Seven Cities of Cibola</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a>, along with Hopi guides and a small group of Spanish soldiers, traveled to the south rim of the Grand Canyon between Desert View and Moran Point. Pablo de Melgrossa, Juan Galeras, and a third soldier descended some one third of the way into the canyon until they were forced to return because of lack of water. In their report, they noted that some of the rocks in the canyon were "bigger than the great tower of Seville, <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a>".<a href="#cite_note-greatabyss-49">[48]</a> It is speculated that their Hopi guides likely knew routes to the canyon floor, but may have been reluctant to lead the Spanish to the river. No Europeans visited the canyon again for more than two hundred years. Fathers <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Atanasio_Dom%C3%ADnguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Atanasio Domínguez">Francisco Atanasio Domínguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_V%C3%A9lez_de_Escalante" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre Vélez de Escalante">Silvestre Vélez de Escalante</a> were two Spanish priests who, with a group of Spanish soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnguez%E2%80%93Escalante_expedition" title="Domínguez–Escalante expedition">explored southern Utah</a> and traveled along the north rim of the canyon in Glen and Marble Canyons in search of a route from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> to California in 1776. They eventually found a crossing, formerly known as the "Crossing of the Fathers", that today lies under <a href="/wiki/Lake_Powell" title="Lake Powell">Lake Powell</a>. Also in 1776, Fray Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary, spent a week near Havasupai unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans to Christianity. He described the canyon as "profound".<a href="#cite_note-greatabyss-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_exploration">American exploration</h4></div> James Ohio Pattie, along with a group of American trappers and mountain men, may have been the next European to reach the canyon, in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hamblin" title="Jacob Hamblin">Jacob Hamblin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> missionary, was sent by <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers, he reached the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Fathers" title="Crossing of the Fathers">Crossing of the Fathers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> crossed the location that would become <a href="/wiki/Lees_Ferry" title="Lees Ferry">Lees Ferry</a> on a raft in 1858<a href="#cite_note-Lee-53">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearce_Ferry,_Lake_Mead" title="Pearce Ferry, Lake Mead">Pearce Ferry</a> (later operated by, and named for, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Harrison Pearce</a>).<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> He also acted as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a>, before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon, serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO,_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK,_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif/lossy-page1-170px-GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif/lossy-page1-255px-GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif/lossy-page1-340px-GRAND_CANYON_OF_THE_COLORADO%2C_MOUTH_OF_PARIA_CREEK%2C_LOOKING_WEST_FROM_PLATUEAU_-_NARA_-_524227.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_(photographer)" title="William Bell (photographer)">William Bell</a>'s photograph of the Grand Canyon, taken in 1872 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Survey" title="Wheeler Survey">Wheeler expedition</a></figcaption></figure> In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fitzgerald_Beale" title="Edward Fitzgerald Beale">Edward Fitzgerald Beale</a> was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance,_Arizona" title="Fort Defiance, Arizona">Fort Defiance, Arizona</a> to the Colorado River. He led a small party of men in search of water on the <a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a> near the canyon's south rim. On September 19, near present-day National Canyon, they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as "a wonderful canyon; four thousand feet deep. Everybody in the party admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity."<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Also in 1857, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up-river navigation from the Gulf of California. On December 31, 1857, Ives embarked from the mouth of the Colorado in the <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">stern wheeler steamboat</a> <a href="/wiki/Explorer_(sternwheeler)" title="Explorer (sternwheeler)">Explorer</a>. His party reached the lower end of Black Canyon on March 8, 1858, then continued on by rowboat past the mouth of the Virgin River after the Explorer struck a rock.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Ives led his party east into the canyon – they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In his "Report Upon the Colorado River of the West" to the Senate in 1861 Ives states that "The marvellous story of <a href="/wiki/Garcia_Lopez_de_Cardenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcia Lopez de Cardenas">Cardinas</a>, that had formed for so long a time the only record concerning this rather mythical locality, was rather magnified than detracted from by the accounts of one or two trappers, who professed to have seen the cañon".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/170px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/255px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg/340px-%27Noon_Day_Rest_in_Marble_Canyon%27_from_the_second_Powell_Expedition_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Noon rest in <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a>, second Powell Expedition, 1872</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Herald" title="San Francisco Herald">San Francisco Herald</a>, in a series of articles run in 1853, Captain Joseph R. Walker in January 1851 with his nephew James T. Walker and six men, traveled up the Colorado River to a point where it joined the Virgin River and continued east into Arizona, traveling along the Grand Canyon and making short exploratory side trips along the way. Walker is reported to have said he wanted to visit the "Moqui" (Hopi) Indians. who he had met briefly before and found exceptionally interesting.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-60">[59]</a> In 1858, <a href="/wiki/John_Strong_Newberry" title="John Strong Newberry">John Strong Newberry</a> became probably the first geologist to visit the Grand Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In 1869, Major <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon in the first expedition down the canyon. Powell ordered a shipwright to build four reinforced Whitewall rowboats from Chicago and had them shipped west on the newly completed Continental railroad.<a href="#cite_note-Stojka-62">[61]</a> He hired nine men, including his brother Walter, and collected provisions for ten months. They set out from <a href="/wiki/Green_River,_Wyoming" title="Green River, Wyoming">Green River, Wyoming</a>, on May 24.<a href="#cite_note-Utah-63">[62]</a> On June 7, they lost one of their boats, 1/3 of their food, and other badly-needed supplies: as a result the team eventually had to subsist on starvation rations.<a href="#cite_note-Howland-64">[63]</a> Passing through (or portaging around) a series of dangerous rapids, the group passed down the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Colorado River tributary)">Green River</a>, reaching its <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the Colorado River, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, Utah</a>, on July 17. Continuing on down the Colorado River, the party encountered more rapids and falls.<a href="#cite_note-Ribokas-65">[64]</a> On August 28, 1869, faced with what some felt to be impassable rapids, three men left the expedition on foot in an attempt to reach a settlement 75 miles (121 km) away. Ironically, the remaining members went safely through the rapids on August 29, 1869, while Seneca Howland, Oramel Howland, and William H. Dunn were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-Howland-64">[63]</a> The area through which the three men traveled was marked by tensions between farming and hunting <a href="/wiki/Shivwits" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivwits">Shivwits</a> and incoming <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> settlers. Which group was responsible for killing the three men has been hotly debated.<a href="#cite_note-Waterman-66">[65]</a> Powell himself visited the area the following year, and was told (through a Mormon interpreter) that the Shivwits had mistakenly killed the men, believing them to be prospectors who had murdered an Indian woman. He chose to smoke a peace pipe with them.<a href="#cite_note-Howland-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Powell went on to become the first Director of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution (1879–1902) and the second Director of the US Geological Survey (1881–1894).<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> He was the first to use the term "Grand Canyon", in 1871; previously it had been called the "Big Canyon".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In 1889, Frank M. Brown wanted to build a railroad along the Colorado River to carry coal. He, his chief engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brewster_Stanton" title="Robert Brewster Stanton">Robert Brewster Stanton</a>, and 14 others started to explore the Grand Canyon in poorly designed cedar wood boats, with no life preservers. Brown drowned in an accident near <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a>: Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The Grand Canyon became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settlers_in_and_near_the_canyon">Settlers in and near the canyon</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_(4738929263).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg/220px-15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg/330px-15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg/440px-15742_Grand_Canyon_Historic_-_David_Rust_Tipoff_c._1910_%284738929263%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption> David Rust, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Miners: "Captain" <a href="/wiki/John_Hance" title="John Hance">John Hance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> William W. Bass,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Boucher" title="Louis Boucher">Louis Boucher</a> "The Hermit",<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth_Tanner" title="Seth Tanner">Seth Tanner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Charles Spencer,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> D.W. "James" Mooney<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li>Lees Ferry: <a href="/wiki/John_Doyle_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="John Doyle Lee">John Doyle Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Lee_French" title="Emma Lee French">Emma Lee French</a> (17th of John Lee's 19 wives),<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> James Simpson Emmett<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li> <li>Phantom Ranch: David Rust,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Colter" title="Mary Colter">Mary Colter</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grattan-82">[81]</a></li> <li>Grand Canyon Village: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Cameron" title="Ralph H. Cameron">Ralph H. Cameron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolb_Studio" title="Kolb Studio">Emery & Ellsworth Kolb</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolb-84">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_protection:_National_Monument_and_Park">Federal protection: National Monument and Park</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL,_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994,_HAER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg/220px-RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg/330px-RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg/440px-RAILWAY_STATION_AND_EL_TOVAR_HOTEL%2C_FACING_WNW_Grand_Canyon_Village._1994%2C_HAER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Railway Station and <a href="/wiki/El_Tovar_Hotel" title="El Tovar Hotel">El Tovar Hotel</a>, Facing WNW, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canyon Village">Grand Canyon Village</a>. 1994 photo, <a href="/wiki/HAER" class="mw-redirect" title="HAER">HAER</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park,_Fred_Harvey,_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_(NBY_20816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Canyon_National_Park%2C_Fred_Harvey%2C_The_Towering_Cliffs_above_Hermit_Camp_%28NBY_20816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company" title="Fred Harvey Company">Fred Harvey</a> postcard, The Towering Cliffs above <a href="/wiki/Hermit_Canyon" title="Hermit Canyon">Hermit Camp</a> </figcaption></figure> U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, Roosevelt established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28, 1906. Livestock grazing was reduced, but predators such as mountain lions, eagles, and wolves were eradicated. Roosevelt along with other members of his conservation group, the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> helped form the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Conservation_Association" title="National Parks Conservation Association">National Parks Association</a>, which in turn lobbied for the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> of 1906 which gave Roosevelt the power to create national monuments. Once the act was passed, Roosevelt immediately added adjacent <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">national forest</a> lands and redesignated the preserve a <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Monument">U.S. National Monument</a> on January 11, 1908.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Opponents such as land and mining claim holders blocked efforts to reclassify the monument as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park">U.S. National Park</a> for 11 years. Grand Canyon National Park was finally established as the 17th U.S. National Park by an Act of Congress signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> on February 26, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Tufts-43">[42]</a> The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges. These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a>, air tour overflight noise levels, water rights<a href="#cite_note-Denetclaw-86">[85]</a> and management disputes, and forest fire management. The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a> in 1963. Average flood levels dropped from 85,000 to 8,000 cubic ft/sec. In the absence of natural flooding, sandbars and beaches eroded and invasive species began to displace native species. Federal officials started releasing floods in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> beginning with 1996, 2004, and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 2018, the Department of Interior started experimenting with “adaptive management” of the Glen Canyon Dam, using a High-Flow Experiment (HFE) water release to shift volumes of sand and monitoring effects such as the dispersal of invasive <a href="/wiki/Tamarisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarisk">tamarisk</a> seeds.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> However, as of 2022, extreme drought has caused water levels in Lake Powell to drop so much that a planned release of water has been delayed, to ensure that the Glen Canyon Dam can continue to generate <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hager-89">[88]</a> Between 2003 and 2011, 2,215 mining claims had been requested that are adjacent to the canyon, including claims for uranium mines.<a href="#cite_note-Carus-90">[89]</a> Critics of uranium mining are concerned that uranium will leach into the aquifers feeding the Colorado River and contaminate the water supply for up to 18 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Carus-90">[89]</a> In 2009, U.S. Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> published a Notice of Intent to suspend approvals for new uranium mining in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Zinke-91">[90]</a> In 2012, Salazar established a 20-year moratorium (known as the "Northern Arizona Withdrawal") withdrawing 1 million acres (4,000 km2) from the permitting process for uranium and hardrock mining, stating "People from all over the country and around the world come to visit the Grand Canyon. Numerous American Indian tribes regard this magnificent icon as a sacred place and millions of people in the Colorado River Basin depend on the river for drinking water, irrigation, industrial and environmental use."<a href="#cite_note-Salazar-92">[91]</a> However, Salazar's 20-year moratorium on new mines still allows mines with previous authorization to operate.<a href="#cite_note-Salazar-92">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg/220px-Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg/330px-Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg/440px-Mather_Point_at_Grand_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>View of Grand Canyon from Mather Point</figcaption></figure> Multiple challenges have been brought into court both against the moratorium and against the operation of uranium mines in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-93">[92]</a> The federal government's 2012 moratorium was upheld by the U.S. District Court for Arizona in 2014, but appealed in November 2014 as <a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a> v. Jewell (No. 14-17350).<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals again upheld the moratorium in 2017, stating that the Secretary of the Interior held valid withdrawal authority.<a href="#cite_note-Zinke-91">[90]</a> Havasupai Tribe v. Provencio was also argued at multiple court levels based on multiple grounds. The Havasupai people and the Grand Canyon Trust sought to block the reopening of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyon_Plain_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinyon Plain Mine (page does not exist)">Pinyon Plain Mine</a> (formerly Canyon Uranium Mine). Activity at the mine had ceased in 1992, ten years prior to the moratorium on new development in 2012. Appellants challenged the U.S. Forest Service's consultation process for approving reopening of the mine. As of February 22, 2022, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the arguments in No. 20-16401, concluding that the Forest Service had not acted arbitrarily in making its decision.<a href="#cite_note-Crane-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grzincic-96">[95]</a> A study examining samples of groundwater from 180 spring sites and 26 wells in the Grand Canyon region has assessed the presence of uranium in groundwater from September 1, 1981, to October 7, 2020. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline assessment of groundwater conditions in the Grand Canyon region. At 95% of sites, maximum observed uranium concentrations were below the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>'s Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water, 30 μg/L. At 86% of sites, uranium concentrations were below the Canadian level for protection of freshwater aquatic life, 15 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-Tillman-97">[96]</a> On August 8, 2023, it was announced that U.S. President Joe Biden will designate Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument, a move aimed at conserving nearly 1 million acres of greater Grand Canyon landscape.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Rim_buildings">South Rim buildings</h2></div> There are several historic buildings located along the South Rim with most in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canyon Village">Grand Canyon Village</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg/170px-Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg/255px-Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg/340px-Yavapai_Observation_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Desert_View_Watchtower" title="Desert View Watchtower">Desert View Watchtower</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill_Cabin" title="Buckey O'Neill Cabin">Buckey O'Neill Cabin</a> was built during the 1890s by <a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill" title="Buckey O'Neill">William Owen "Buckey" O'Neill</a>. He built the cabin because of a copper deposit that was nearby. He had several occupations such as miner, judge, politician, author and tour guide. This cabin is the longest continually standing structure on the South Rim.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> It is currently used as a guest house; booking is required well in advance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolb_Studio" title="Kolb Studio">Kolb Studio</a> was built in 1904 by brothers Ellsworth and Emery Kolb. They were photographers who made a living by photographing visitors walking down the <a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Trail" title="Bright Angel Trail">Bright Angel Trail</a>. In 1911, the Kolb brothers filmed their journey down the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado Rivers</a>. Emery Kolb showed this movie regularly in his studio until 1976 when he died at the age of 95. Today the building serves as an art gallery and exhibit.<a href="#cite_note-Kolb-84">[83]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/El_Tovar_Hotel" title="El Tovar Hotel">El Tovar Hotel</a> was built in 1905 as a luxury hotel for the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway, on the South Rim near the railway's main line. It was designed by Charles Whittlesley, a staff architect for the railway. The hotel is reminiscent of a Swiss chalet or Norwegian villa, combined with local materials for a rustic appearance<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-100">[99]</a> sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic" title="National Park Service rustic">National Park Service rustic</a>."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glick-102">[101]</a> It consists of 4 stories, with a gift shop and restaurant located inside the hotel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_House" title="Hopi House">Hopi House</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Colter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Jane Colter">Mary Jane Colter</a> in 1905. It is based on structures that were built in an ancient Hopi settlement called Old <a href="/wiki/Oraibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oraibi">Oraibi</a>, located on the Third Mesa in eastern Arizona. It served as a residence for the Hopi Indians who sold arts and crafts to South Rim visitors.<a href="#cite_note-Grattan-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke-81">[80]</a></li> <li>Verkamp's Curios, which stands next to the Hopi House, was built by <a href="/wiki/John_Verkamp" title="John Verkamp">John Verkamp</a> in 1905. He sold arts and crafts as well as souvenirs. Until September 2008, it was run by his descendants;<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> in November 2008, the building reopened as a visitor center focusing on the history of the Grand Canyon Village community.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg/220px-Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg/330px-Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg/440px-Grandcanyon_railroad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>1923-built <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway_4960" title="Grand Canyon Railway 4960">No. 4960</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Depot" title="Grand Canyon Depot">Grand Canyon Depot</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Depot" title="Grand Canyon Depot">Grand Canyon Railway Depot</a> was completed in 1910 and contains 2 levels. Gordon Chappell, Regional Historian for the Park Service, claims that this depot building is one of only three log-cabin-style train stations currently standing, out of fourteen ever built in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The depot is the northern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway" title="Grand Canyon Railway">Grand Canyon Railway</a> which begins in <a href="/wiki/Williams,_Arizona" title="Williams, Arizona">Williams, Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Studio" title="Lookout Studio">Lookout Studio</a>, another Mary Colter design, was built in 1914. Photography, artwork, books, souvenirs, and rock and fossil specimens are sold here. A great view of Bright Angel Trail can be seen here.<a href="#cite_note-Grattan-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke-81">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_View_Watchtower" title="Desert View Watchtower">Desert View Watchtower</a>, one of Mary Colter's best-known works, was built in 1932. Situated at the far eastern end of the South Rim, 27 miles (43 km) from Grand Canyon Village, the tower stands 70 feet (21 m) tall. The top of the tower is 7,522 feet (2,293 m) above sea level, the highest point on the South Rim. It offers one of the few full views of the bottom of the canyon and the Colorado River. It was designed to mimic <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a> watchtowers, though, with four levels, it is significantly taller than historical towers.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grattan-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke-81">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Lodge" title="Bright Angel Lodge">Bright Angel Lodge</a> was built of logs and stone in 1935. Mary Colter designed the lodge and it was built by the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company" title="Fred Harvey Company">Fred Harvey Company</a>. Inside the lodge is a small museum honoring Fred Harvey (1835–1901), who played a major role in popularizing the Grand Canyon. In the History Room is a stone fireplace layered in the same sequence as those in the canyon.<a href="#cite_note-Grattan-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berke-81">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather">Weather</h2></div> Weather in the Grand Canyon varies according to elevation. The forested rims are high enough to receive winter snowfall, but along the Colorado River in the Inner Gorge, temperatures are similar to those found in Tucson and other low elevation desert locations in Arizona. Conditions in the Grand Canyon region are generally dry, but substantial <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> occurs twice annually, during seasonal pattern shifts in winter (when Pacific storms usually deliver widespread, moderate rain and high-elevation snow to the region from the west) and in late summer (due to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a>, which delivers waves of moisture from the southeast, causing dramatic, localized thunderstorms fueled by the heat of the day).<a href="#cite_note-gcweather-109">[108]</a> Average annual precipitation on the South Rim is less than 16 inches (41 cm), with 60 inches (150 cm) of snow; the higher North Rim usually receives 27 inches (69 cm) of moisture, with a typical snowfall of 144 inches (370 cm); and Phantom Ranch, far below the canyon's rims along the Colorado River at 2,500 feet (760 m) gets just 8 inches (200 mm) of rain, and snow is a rarity.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG/220px-GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG/330px-GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG/440px-GrandCanyonWinter2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canyon covered with snow</figcaption></figure> Temperatures vary wildly throughout the year, with summer highs within the Inner Gorge commonly exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) and winter minimum temperatures sometimes falling below zero degrees Fahrenheit (−18 °C) along the canyon's rims.<a href="#cite_note-gcweather-109">[108]</a> Visitors are often surprised by these potentially extreme conditions, and this, along with the high altitude of the canyon's rims, can lead to unpleasant side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. Weather conditions can greatly affect hiking and canyon exploration, and visitors should obtain accurate forecasts because of hazards posed by exposure to extreme temperatures, winter storms and late summer monsoons. While the park service posts weather information at gates and visitor centers, this is a rough approximation only, and should not be relied upon for trip planning. For accurate weather in the canyon, hikers should consult the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> weather radio or the official National Weather Service website.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The National Weather Service has had a cooperative station on the South Rim since 1903. The record high temperature on the South Rim was 105 °F (41 °C) on June 26, 1974, and the record low temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 1, 1919, February 1, 1985, and December 23, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg/330px-Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg/440px-Grand_Canyon_NP-Arizona-USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5171" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption>Smoke from prescribed fires on the South Rim, as seen from Yavapai Point, April 2007.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 1999<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon&action=edit">[update]</a> the Grand Canyon area had some of the cleanest air in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Project_MOHAVE_Final_Report-115">[114]</a>: p.5-2 <a href="#cite_note-IMPROVE_viewer-116">[115]</a> However, air quality in the area can be affected by air pollution from coal-fired power plants, mining, oil and gas, vehicles, and urban and industrial pollution from nearby states, California and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicla-119">[118]</a> Events such as forest fires and <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a> can have a considerable impact.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer-120">[119]</a> Differences in visibility tend to be seasonal: best during the winter and poorest during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-AQ2002-121">[120]</a> Winter cold fronts tend to carry clean, crisp air from the northwest, a less populated area. However they can also carry pollution from nearby mines and power plants. The average visibility during the winter is 160 miles, with the potential to reach 210 miles under ideal conditions. In the summer, prevailing winds from the southwest carry pollution from major urban and industrial centers, and visibility on average is only 100 miles. Within the canyon itself, smog can be trapped.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Air quality and visibility in the canyon are affected mainly by sulfates, soils, and organics. The sulfates largely result from urban emissions in southern California, borne on the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerly winds</a> throughout much of the year, and emissions from Arizona's copper smelter region, borne on southerly or southeasterly winds during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">monsoon</a>. Airborne soils originate with windy conditions and <a href="/wiki/Dust#Roads" title="Dust">road dust</a>. Organic particles result from vehicle emissions, long-range transport from urban areas, and forest fires, as well as from <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOCs</a> emitted by vegetation in the surrounding forests. Nitrates, carried in from urban areas, stationary sources, and vehicle emissions; as well as <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> from forest fires and vehicle emissions, also contribute to a lesser extent.<a href="#cite_note-IMPROVE_viewer-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-intro_vis-123">[122]</a>: 26, 49–51  A number of actions have been taken to preserve and further improve air quality and visibility at the canyon. In 1990, amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> established the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) to advise the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">US EPA</a> on strategies for protecting visual air quality on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>. The GCVTC released its final report in 1996 and initiated the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), a partnership of state, tribal and federal agencies to help coordinate the implementation of the commission's recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Best_Available_Retrofit_Technology" title="Best Available Retrofit Technology">Regional Haze Rule</a> established a goal of restoring visibility in national parks and wilderness areas (Class 1 areas), such as the Grand Canyon, to natural background levels by 2064. Subsequent revisions to the rule provide specific requirements for making reasonable progress toward that goal.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg/350px-Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg/525px-Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg/700px-Grand_Canyon_in_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Natural fog sometimes fills the canyon, during <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversions</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1990s, studies indicated that emissions of SO2, a sulfate precursor, from the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Generating_Station" title="Navajo Generating Station">Navajo Generating Station</a> affected visibility in the canyon, mainly in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-NGS_SO2_visibility_history-127">[126]</a>: p.C-2, C-6  As a result, scrubbers were added to the plant's three units in 1997 through 1999 to reduce SO2 emissions by 90% on an annual average.<a href="#cite_note-Reitze-128">[127]</a> Before and after observations showed a wintertime decrease of 33% for particulate sulfur (Sp), improving visibility.<a href="#cite_note-Green-129">[128]</a> The plant also installed low-NOx SOFA burners in 2009–2011, reducing emissions of NOx, a nitrate precursor, by 40%<a href="#cite_note-Hurlbut-130">[129]</a> The plant shut down completely in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Nicla-119">[118]</a> Emissions from the <a href="/wiki/Mohave_Power_Station" title="Mohave Power Station">Mohave Generating Station</a> to the west were similarly found to affect visibility in the canyon. The plant was required to have installed SO2 scrubbers, but was instead shut down in 2005, completely eliminating its emissions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Prescribed fires</a> are typically conducted in the spring and fall in the forests adjacent to the canyon to reduce the potential for severe forest fires and resulting smoke conditions. Although prescribed fires also affect air quality, the controlled conditions allow the use of management techniques to minimize their impact.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a>: p.86, 93  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png/220px-Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png/330px-Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png/440px-Grand_Canyon_high_climate.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canyon Climate Summary Chart (NPS)</figcaption></figure> Due to the increase of greenhouse gases, temperatures have steadily risen making recent years the warmest in the century-long record.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[133]</a> Temperatures have increased in Arizona by 2.1 degrees Fahrenheit since 1895.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> From 1916 to 2014, naturalized streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin decreased by 16.5%, in spite of a slight increase of +1.4% in annual precipitation over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Xiao-136">[135]</a> Increases in temperature correlate to increased evaporation, loss of reflective snow, and decreases in snowpack, reducing available water in the Colorado River by an estimated 9.3% per degree Celsius of warming.<a href="#cite_note-Childs-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milly-138">[137]</a> Over the last 30 years, the South Rim of the Grand Canyon has averaged 13.4 inches of rainfall per year, while the North Rim has averaged 24 inches.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The first dual distribution water system in the United States was built on the South Rim, treating and reclaiming wastewater for nonpotable reuse as early as 1926. Early on, water for human use was brought in by tankers, and pumped up from a spring deeper in the canyon.<a href="#cite_note-Okun-140">[139]</a> In the 1960s, the Transcanyon Pipeline was built to carry water from the North Rim down into the canyon and back up to the South Rim.<a href="#cite_note-Repanshek-141">[140]</a> Every day 500,000 gallons of water are pumped from underground springs on the North Rim through the pipeline to supply the more heavily developed South Rim with water.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-142">[141]</a> As water consumption continues to soar due to increasing visitation in the park, both the sustainability of the water supply and the condition of the pipeline are in question.<a href="#cite_note-Witze-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Sullivan-142">[141]</a> As of 2019, plans to replace the aging 16-mile aluminum pipeline were proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Repanshek-141">[140]</a> Another proposal, from the Bureau of Reclamation, recommended that the park drill a well into the Redwall-Muav aquifer to meet the increasing water consumption. However, the aquifer's recharge rate stands to decline over time due to decreases in precipitation and snowpack.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Some effects of over pumping aquifers include land subsidence, reduction in rivers and lakes, disrupted riparian systems, and poor water quality.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>'s "Climate Action Plan," goals were set to reduce greenhouse gases 30 percent below 2008 levels by 2020 and plan and implement measures that best allow the park to adapt to the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Strategies to accomplish these goals included: "reduce [greenhouse gases] emissions resulting from activities within and by the park, developing and implementing a plan to adapt to current and future impacts of climate change, increase climate change education and outreach, and monitor progress and identify areas for improvement".<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology_and_ecology">Biology and ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3></div> There are approximately 1,737 known species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, 167 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, 64 species of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, and 195 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> found in Grand Canyon National Park.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot (2,400 m) elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/220px--Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm/Grand_Canyon_Clouds_time_lapse_VP8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Grand Canyon Clouds time lapse VP8</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> influences the western sections of the canyon, <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> vegetation covers the eastern sections, and <a href="/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa" title="Pinus ponderosa">ponderosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon pine</a> forests grow on both rims.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> The canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the <a href="/wiki/Abert%27s_squirrel" title="Abert's squirrel">tassel-eared squirrel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon. North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg/220px-Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg/330px-Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg/440px-Bighorn_sheep_grand_canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn ram</a> perched on a cliff in the Grand Canyon</figcaption></figure> Of the 90 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a> species found along the Colorado River corridor, 18 are <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> and 22 are bats.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_zones_and_communities">Life zones and communities</h3></div> The Park contains several major ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-NPSnatsci-19">[18]</a> Its great biological diversity can be attributed to the presence of five of the seven <a href="/wiki/Life_zone" title="Life zone">life zones</a> and three of the four desert types in North America.<a href="#cite_note-NPSnatsci-19">[18]</a> The five life zones represented are the Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian.<a href="#cite_note-NPSnatsci-19">[18]</a> This is equivalent to traveling from Mexico to Canada. Differences in elevation and the resulting variations in climate are the major factors that form the various life zones and communities in and around the canyon. Grand Canyon National Park contains 129 vegetation communities, and the composition and distribution of plant species are influenced by climate, geomorphology and geology.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_Sonoran">Lower Sonoran</h4></div> The Lower Sonoran life zone spans from the Colorado River up to 3,500 feet (1,100 m). Along the Colorado River and its perennial tributaries, a riparian community exists.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salix_exigua" title="Salix exigua">Coyote willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluchea_sericea" title="Pluchea sericea">arrowweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baccharis_salicifolia" title="Baccharis salicifolia">seep-willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_glandulosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis glandulosa">western honey mesquite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegalia_greggii" title="Senegalia greggii">catclaw acacia</a>, and exotic <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">tamarisk</a> (saltcedar) are the predominant species.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Hanging gardens, seeps and springs often contain rare plants such as the white-flowering western <a href="/wiki/Cercis_occidentalis" title="Cercis occidentalis">redbud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epipactis_gigantea" title="Epipactis gigantea">stream orchid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flaveria_mcdougallii" title="Flaveria mcdougallii">Flaveria mcdougallii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Endangered fish in the river include the <a href="/wiki/Humpback_chub" title="Humpback chub">humpback chub</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Razorback_sucker" title="Razorback sucker">razorback sucker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSfish-148">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bighorn,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/170px-Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/255px-Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/340px-Bighorn%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn ewe</a> at the Grand Canyon, 2008</figcaption></figure> The three most common amphibians in these riparian communities are the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_tree_frog" title="Canyon tree frog">canyon tree frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-spotted_toad" title="Red-spotted toad">red-spotted toad</a>, and Woodhouse's <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_toad" title="Rocky Mountain toad">Rocky Mountain toad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSamphib-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopard_frog" title="Leopard frog">Leopard frogs</a> are very rare in the Colorado River corridor; they have undergone major declines and have not been seen in the Canyon in several years.<a href="#cite_note-NPSamphib-149">[148]</a> There are 33 crustacean species found in the Colorado River and its tributaries within Grand Canyon National Park. Of these 33, 16 are considered true zooplankton organisms.<a href="#cite_note-NPScrustaceans-150">[149]</a> Only 48 bird species regularly nest along the river, while others use the river as a migration corridor or as an overwintering habitat. The <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> is one species that uses the river corridor as a winter habitat.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbirds-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">River otters</a> may have disappeared from the park in the late 20th century, and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a> are extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Beavers</a> cut willows, cottonwoods, and shrubs for food, and can significantly affect the riparian vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Other rodents, such as <a href="/wiki/Antelope_squirrel" title="Antelope squirrel">antelope squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perognathinae" title="Perognathinae">pocket mice</a>, are mostly omnivorous, using many different vegetation types.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Grand Canyon bats typically roost in desert uplands but forage on the abundance of insects along the river and its tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> In addition to bats, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">ringtails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">spotted skunks</a> are the most numerous riparian predators and prey on invertebrates, rodents, and reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lions</a> are also present but are much rarer.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Ungulate species such as <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep" title="Desert bighorn sheep">desert bighorn sheep</a> frequent the river corridor. Since the removal of 500 <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">feral burros</a> in the early 1980s, bighorn sheep numbers have rebounded.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Mule deer are generally not permanent residents along the river but travel down from the rim when food and water resources there become scarce.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> The insect species commonly found in the river corridor and tributaries are <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">caddisflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">stoneflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">black flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbugs-152">[151]</a> Numerous species of spiders and several species of <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_bark_scorpion" title="Arizona bark scorpion">bark scorpion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadrurus_arizonensis" title="Hadrurus arizonensis">giant desert hairy scorpion</a>, inhabit the riparian zone.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbugs-152">[151]</a> Eleven aquatic and 26 terrestrial species of <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a> have been identified in and around Grand Canyon National Park.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmollusks-153">[152]</a> Of the aquatic species, two are <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalves</a> (clams) and nine are <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">gastropods</a> (snails).<a href="#cite_note-NPSmollusks-153">[152]</a> Twenty-six species of terrestrial gastropods have been identified, primarily <a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">land snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmollusks-153">[152]</a> There are approximately 41 reptile species in Grand Canyon National Park. Ten are considered common along the river corridor and include lizards and snakes.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> Lizard density tends to be highest along the stretch of land between the water's edge and the beginning of the upland desert community.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> The two largest lizards in the canyon are <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">gila monsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuckwalla" title="Chuckwalla">chuckwallas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> Many snake species, which are not directly dependent on surface water, may be found both within the inner gorge and the Colorado River corridor. Six <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a> species have been recorded in the park.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> Above the river corridor a desert scrub community, composed of North American desert flora, thrives. Typical warm desert species such as <a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">creosote bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_dumosa" title="Ambrosia dumosa">white bursage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encelia_farinosa" title="Encelia farinosa">brittlebush</a>, catclaw acacia, <a href="/wiki/Fouquieria_splendens" title="Fouquieria splendens">ocotillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthenium_incanum" title="Parthenium incanum">mariola</a>, western honey mesquite, <a href="/wiki/Atriplex_canescens" title="Atriplex canescens">four-winged saltbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">big sagebrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleogyne" title="Coleogyne">blackbrush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ericameria_nauseosa" title="Ericameria nauseosa">rubber rabbitbrush</a> grow in this community.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> The mammalian fauna in the woodland scrub community consists of 50 species, mostly rodents and bats.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Three of the five Park <a href="/wiki/Pack_rat" title="Pack rat">woodrat</a> species live in the desert scrub community.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Except for the <a href="/wiki/Western_banded_gecko" title="Western banded gecko">western banded gecko</a>, which seems to be distributed only near water along the Colorado River, all of the reptiles found near the river also appear in the uplands, but in lower densities.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gopherus" title="Gopherus">desert gopher tortoise</a>, a threatened species, inhabits the desert scrublands in the western end of the park.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> Some of the common insects found at elevations above 2,000 feet (610 m) are <a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">orange paper wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a>, black flies, <a href="/wiki/Tarantula_hawk" title="Tarantula hawk">tarantula hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentatomidae" title="Pentatomidae">stink bugs</a>, beetles, <a href="/wiki/Black_garden_ant" title="Black garden ant">black ants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">swallowtail butterflies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbugs-152">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solifugae" title="Solifugae">Solifugids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntsman_spider" title="Huntsman spider">wood spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argiope_aurantia" title="Argiope aurantia">garden spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latrodectus" title="Latrodectus">black widow spiders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantulas</a> can be found in the desert scrub and higher elevations.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbugs-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_Sonoran_and_Transition">Upper Sonoran and Transition</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg/220px-Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg/330px-Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg/440px-Californian_Condor_50_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a> in flight, photographed from <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Bridge" title="Navajo Bridge">Navajo Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a>, 2008. Wild condors are numbered to aid wildlife researchers. As of April 2009, there were 172 wild California condors known.</figcaption></figure> The Upper Sonoran Life Zone includes most of the inner canyon and South Rim at elevations from 3,500 to 7,000 feet (1,100 to 2,100 m).<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> This zone is generally dominated by blackbrush, <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a>, and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Elevations of 3,500 to 4,000 feet (1,100 to 1,200 m) are in the Mojave Desert Scrub community of the Upper Sonoran. This community is dominated by the four-winged saltbush and creosote bush; other important plants include <a href="/wiki/Agave_utahensis" title="Agave utahensis">Utah agave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salix_exigua" title="Salix exigua">narrowleaf mesquite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krameria" title="Krameria">ratany</a>, catclaw acacia, and various <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> Approximately 30 bird species breed primarily in the desert uplands and cliffs of the inner canyon.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbirds-151">[150]</a> Virtually all bird species present breed in other suitable habitats throughout the Sonoran and Mohave deserts.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbirds-151">[150]</a> The abundance of bats, swifts, and riparian birds provides ample food for <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrines</a>, and suitable <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">eyrie</a> sites are plentiful along the steep canyon walls. Also, several critically endangered <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condors</a> have made the eastern part of the Park their home, having been re-introduced to the Colorado Plateau on the Arizona Strip earlier.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbirds-151">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight,_Grand_Canyon_NP,_Arizona,_USA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png/220px-Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png/330px-Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png/440px-Buteo_jamaicensis_in_flight%2C_Grand_Canyon_NP%2C_Arizona%2C_USA.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Red-tailed Hawk flying at the south rim of Grand Canyon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png/220px-Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png/330px-Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png/440px-Elk_at_Grand_Canyon.png 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> searching for water at Grand Canyon National Park in 2018</figcaption></figure> The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">Porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_squirrel" title="Kaibab squirrel">tassel-eared Kaibab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abert%27s_squirrel" title="Abert's squirrel">Abert's squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, mule deer, and <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> are found at the park's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-NPSmammals-147">[146]</a> Above the desert scrub and up to 6,200 feet (1,900 m) is a pinyon pine forest and one seed juniper woodland.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Within this woodland one can find big sagebrush, <a href="/wiki/Gutierrezia" title="Gutierrezia">snakeweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Mormon tea</a>, Utah agave, banana and narrowleaf <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winterfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Winterfat">winterfat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dropseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropseed">dropseed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Needlegrass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Needlegrass (disambiguation)">needlegrass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> There are a variety of snakes and lizards here, but one species of reptile, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_short-horned_lizard" title="Greater short-horned lizard">mountain short-horned lizard</a>, is a particularly abundant inhabitant of the piñon-juniper and ponderosa pine forests.<a href="#cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">[153]</a> Ponderosa pine forests grow at elevations between 6,500 and 8,200 feet (2,000 and 2,500 m), on both North and South rims in the Transition life zone.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> The South Rim includes species such as gray fox, mule deer, bighorn sheep, <a href="/wiki/Rock_squirrel" title="Rock squirrel">rock squirrels</a>, pinyon pine, and <a href="/wiki/Utah_juniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah juniper">Utah juniper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> Additional species such as <a href="/wiki/Gambel_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambel oak">Gambel oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_locust" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico locust">New Mexico locust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_mahogany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain mahogany">mountain mahogany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry">elderberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creeping_mahonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeping mahonia">creeping mahonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a> have been identified in these forests.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tiger_salamander" title="Tiger salamander">Utah tiger salamander</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_spadefoot" title="Great Basin spadefoot">Great Basin spadefoot toad</a> are two amphibians that are common in the rim forests.<a href="#cite_note-NPSamphib-149">[148]</a> Of the approximately 90 bird species that breed in the coniferous forests, 51 are summer residents and at least 15 of these are known to be neotropical migrants.<a href="#cite_note-NPSbirds-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_and_Hudsonian">Canadian and Hudsonian</h4></div> Elevations of 8,200 to 9,000 feet (2,500 to 2,700 m) are in the Canadian Life Zone, which includes the North Rim and the <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> Spruce-fir forests characterized by <a href="/wiki/Picea_engelmannii" title="Picea engelmannii">Engelmann spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_spruce" title="Blue spruce">blue spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_concolor" title="Abies concolor">white fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rowan" title="Rowan">mountain ash</a>, along with several species of perennial grasses, <a href="/wiki/Groundsel" title="Groundsel">groundsels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">yarrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potentilla" title="Potentilla">cinquefoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">lupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">asters</a>, grow in this sub-alpine climate.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Mountain lions, Kaibab squirrels, and <a href="/wiki/American_goshawk" title="American goshawk">American goshawks</a> are found here.<a href="#cite_note-NPSanimals-146">[145]</a> Montane meadows and subalpine grassland communities of the Hudsonian life zone are rare and located only on the North Rim.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> Both are typified by many grass species. Some of these grasses include <a href="/wiki/Bouteloua_gracilis" title="Bouteloua gracilis">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouteloua_eriopoda" title="Bouteloua eriopoda">black grama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilaria_rigida" title="Hilaria rigida">big galleta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oryzopsis_hymenoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oryzopsis hymenoides">Indian ricegrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristida" title="Aristida">three-awns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> The wettest areas support sedges and <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPSplants-145">[144]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the South Rim"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg/800px-Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg/1200px-Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg/1600px-Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12082" data-file-height="3029" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg" title="File:Grand Canyon Panorama 2013.jpg"> </a></div>View from the South Rim</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Canyon_tourism">Grand Canyon tourism</h2></div> Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world's premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year. According to a survey conducted of visitors to the canyon between September 2003 through August 2004, 83% were from the United States: California (12%), Arizona (9%), Texas (5%), Florida (3%) and New York (4%) represented the top domestic visitors. Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3%), Canada (4%), Japan (2%), Germany (2%) and the Netherlands (1%).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The South Rim is open all year, weather permitting. The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg/390px-NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg/585px-NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg/780px-NPS_grand-canyon-regional-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canyon regional map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg/330px-Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg/440px-Grand_Canyon_rafting_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Rafters in the Grand Canyon pass one of the rapids of the (mud-)"colored" Colorado River</figcaption></figure> There are many viewing points on all sides of the canyon, with the most accessible locations inside <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a> Indian Reservation. About 90% of tourists visit the South Rim from <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_64" title="Arizona State Route 64">Arizona State Route 64</a>, which averages 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above sea level. The South Rim houses two visitor centers, a geological museum, art gallery/bookstore, and other attractions near <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village,_Arizona" title="Grand Canyon Village, Arizona">Grand Canyon Village</a>. Further east along the South Rim is the <a href="/wiki/Desert_View_Watchtower" title="Desert View Watchtower">Desert View Watchtower</a>. Grand Canyon National Park also has a visitor center in an easterly area known as the North Rim, via <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_67" title="Arizona State Route 67">Arizona State Route 67</a>; the center and the road are closed in winter months.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> On the Hualapai reservation, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canyon West">Grand Canyon West</a> is the third major area with tourist services, about 125 mi (201 km) driving from Las Vegas and about 250 miles (400 km) by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim.<a href="#cite_note-Skywalk-158">[157]</a> The tribe opened the glass-bottomed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Skywalk" title="Grand Canyon Skywalk">Grand Canyon Skywalk</a> in 2007, which has since attracted "thousands of visitors a year, most from Las Vegas".<a href="#cite_note-nyt14-159">[158]</a> Also at Grand Canyon West is <a href="/wiki/Guano_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Point">Guano Point</a>, which features a narrow peninsula surrounded on all sides by steep dropoffs. On the north side of the canyon to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument</a> has no paved roads and no visitor services. Rafting, hiking, running, and helicopter tours are also popular in the canyon area. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Ultra_Marathon" title="Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon">Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon</a> is a 78-mile (126 km) race over 24 hours. The floor of the valley is accessible by foot, muleback, or by boat or raft from upriver. Hiking down to the river and back up to the rim in one day is discouraged by park officials because of the distance, steep and rocky trails, change in elevation, and danger of <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a> from the much higher temperatures at the bottom. Rescues are required annually of unsuccessful rim-to-river-to-rim travelers. Nevertheless, hundreds of fit and experienced hikers complete the trip every year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Camping on the North and South rims is generally restricted to established campgrounds and reservations are highly recommended, especially at the busier South Rim. There is at large camping available along many parts of the North Rim managed by <a href="/wiki/Kaibab_National_Forest" title="Kaibab National Forest">Kaibab National Forest</a>. North Rim campsites are only open seasonally due to road closures from weather and winter snowpack. All overnight camping below the rim requires a backcountry permit from the Backcountry Office (BCO).<a href="#cite_note-backcountry-160">[159]</a> Each year Grand Canyon National Park receives approximately 30,000 requests for backcountry permits. The park issues 13,000 permits, and close to 40,000 people camp overnight.<a href="#cite_note-backcountry-160">[159]</a> The earliest a permit application is accepted is the first of the month, four months before the proposed start month. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/220px--Grand_canyon.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="366" data-mwtitle="Grand_canyon.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Grand_canyon.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/Grand_canyon.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/Grand_canyon.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/Grand_canyon.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/Grand_canyon.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Grand_canyon.ogv/Grand_canyon.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A 6-minute video of a flight over the Grand Canyon (<a href="/wiki/File:Grand_canyon.ogg" title="File:Grand canyon.ogg">view in high quality</a>)</figcaption></figure> Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can go skydiving, board helicopters and small airplanes in Boulder, Las Vegas, Phoenix and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park_Airport" title="Grand Canyon National Park Airport">Grand Canyon National Park Airport</a> (seven miles from the South Rim) for canyon flyovers. Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1,500 feet (460 m) of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984. However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries). In 2016, skydiving at the Grand Canyon become possible with the first Grand Canyon Skydiving operation opening up at the Grand Canyon National Park Airport, on the South Rim. In 2014, a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon's rim called the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Escalade" title="Grand Canyon Escalade">Grand Canyon Escalade</a>. On 420 acres (170 ha) there would be shops, an IMAX theater, hotels and an RV park. A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a "riverwalk" of "connected walkways, an eatery, a tramway station, a seating area and a wastewater package plant" would be situated. On October 31, 2017, the Navajo Nation Council voted against the project.<a href="#cite_note-escaladecancelled-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Canyon_fatalities">Grand Canyon fatalities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-1800s_to_2015">Mid-1800s to 2015</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg/220px-GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg/330px-GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg/440px-GrandCanyonRescueHelicopter1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Grand Canyon rescue helicopter, 1978</figcaption></figure> About 770 deaths have occurred between the mid-1800s and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Deathsactivetimes-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deathscitylab-164">[163]</a> Of the fatalities that occurred from 1869 to 2001, some were as follows: 53 resulted from falls; 65 were attributable to environmental causes, including heat stroke, cardiac arrest, dehydration, and hypothermia; 7 were caught in flash floods; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes (128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below); 25 died in freak errors and accidents, including lightning strikes and rock falls; and 23 were the victims of homicides.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1956_air_disaster">1956 air disaster</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision</a></div> In 1956, the Grand Canyon was the site of the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history at the time. On the morning of June 30, 1956, a <a href="/wiki/TWA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWA">TWA</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Super_Constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Super Constellation">Lockheed Super Constellation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7</a> departed Los Angeles International Airport within three minutes of one another on eastbound transcontinental flights. Approximately 90 minutes later, the two propeller-driven airliners collided above the canyon while both were flying in unmonitored airspace. The wreckage of both planes fell into the eastern portion of the canyon, on <a href="/wiki/Temple_Butte" title="Temple Butte">Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuar_Butte" title="Chuar Butte">Chuar Buttes</a>, near the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers. The disaster killed all 128 passengers and crew members aboard both planes. This accident led to the institution of high-altitude airways and direct radar observation of aircraft (known as <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">positive control</a>) by en route ground controllers. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_Ridge,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Kaibab Trail at Cedar Ridge. O'Neill Butte on the left."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/1000px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/1500px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/2000px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11060" data-file-height="2308" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_Ridge,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" title="File:Cedar Ridge, Grand Canyon.jpg"> </a></div>South Kaibab Trail at Cedar Ridge. <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_Butte" title="O'Neill Butte">O'Neill Butte</a> on the left.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over_the_Edge">Over the Edge</h3></div> In Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon, Thomas M. Myers, a journalist and author, documents every death in the Grand Canyon.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charlie_Haeger">Charlie Haeger</h3></div> On October 3, 2020, former <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Haeger" title="Charlie Haeger">Charlie Haeger</a> was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound on a canyon trail. He was under investigation for the murder of his ex-girlfriend which had taken place the day before in <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Bigger_Grand_Canyon" title="A Bigger Grand Canyon">A Bigger Grand Canyon</a>, 1998 painting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Canyon" title="Copper Canyon">Copper Canyon</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Suite" title="Grand Canyon Suite">Grand Canyon Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Ultra_Marathon" title="Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon">Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lake,_Arizona" title="Jacob Lake, Arizona">Jacob Lake, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_River_rapids_and_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colorado River rapids and features">List of Colorado River rapids and features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trails_in_Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park">List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_North_America_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Making North America (film)">Making North America (2015 PBS film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Creek_Gorge" title="Pine Creek Gorge">Pine Creek Gorge</a> – Gorge in northeastern Pennsylvania also known as the "Pennsylvania Grand Canyon"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> – A gigantic canyon on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, one of the largest in the Solar System</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdon_Gorge" title="Verdon Gorge">Verdon Gorge</a>, France</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a>: Öngtupqa,<a href="#cite_note-nameinHopi-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a>: Wi:kaʼi:la, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Bidááʼ Haʼaztʼiʼ Tsékooh,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute language">Southern Paiute language</a>: Paxa’uipi,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Spanish: Gran Cañón or Gran Cañón del Colorado </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Karlstrom-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karlstrom_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karlstrom_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarlstromLeeKelleyCrow2014" class="citation journal cs1">Karlstrom, Karl E.; Lee, John P.; Kelley, Shari A.; Crow, Ryan S.; et al. (2014). "Formation of the Grand Canyon 5 to 6 million years ago through integration of older palaeocanyons". Nature Geoscience. 7 (3): 239–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7..239K">2014NatGe...7..239K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2065">10.1038/ngeo2065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+Grand+Canyon+5+to+6+million+years+ago+through+integration+of+older+palaeocanyons&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2065&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7..239K&rft.aulast=Karlstrom&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Lee%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+Shari+A.&rft.au=Crow%2C+Ryan+S.&rft.au=Crossey%2C+Laura+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nameinHopi-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nameinHopi_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navajotimes.com/opinion/pueblos-join-forces-to-oppose-grand-canyon-escalade-project/">"Pueblos join forces to oppose Grand Canyon Escalade Project"</a>. Navajo Times. September 11, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601164359/http://navajotimes.com/opinion/pueblos-join-forces-to-oppose-grand-canyon-escalade-project/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pueblos+join+forces+to+oppose+Grand+Canyon+Escalade+Project&rft.pub=Navajo+Times&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnavajotimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fpueblos-join-forces-to-oppose-grand-canyon-escalade-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Linford, Laurence D. Navajo Places. History, Legend, Landscape. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City, UT: 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Wilson, Alan with Gene Dennison. Navajo Place Names. An observer's guide. Jeffrey Norton Publishers. Guilford, CT: 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Yanawant Paiute Places and Landscapes in the Arizona Strip: Volume Two of the Arizona Strip Landscapes and Place Name Study, Part 2, p. 69 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/para/yanawant-2.pdf">Link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129072521/http://npshistory.com/publications/para/yanawant-2.pdf">Archived</a> January 29, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiver-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiver_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiver_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiverHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (June 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0zDQWiFuvkC&pg=PA406">Geology of U.S. Parklands</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-33218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-33218-3"><bdi>978-0-471-33218-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623134709/https://books.google.com/books?id=S0zDQWiFuvkC&pg=PA406">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2022. 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Knowable Magazine. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-022619-1">10.1146/knowable-022619-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623131708/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2019/deeper-understanding-grand-canyon">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2022. 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University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cohoninacultureo0000mcgr_x1r5/page/1">1–7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cohonina+culture+of+northwestern+Arizona&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcohoninacultureo0000mcgr_x1r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiting-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Whiting_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting1985" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, A.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/havasupaihabitat0000whit">Havasupai Habitat</a>. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816508662" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816508662"><bdi>978-0816508662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Havasupai+Habitat&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0816508662&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhavasupaihabitat0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm">"Discovery of the Athabascan Origin of the Apache and Navajo Language"</a>. Watkins, Thayer – San Jose State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112211856/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Athabascan+Origin+of+the+Apache+and+Navajo+Language&rft.pub=Watkins%2C+Thayer+%E2%80%93+San+Jose+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fnavajo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourlanderHarmon1971" class="citation book cs1">Courlander, Harold; Harmon, Daniel (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgcUguU8ajwC&q=grand+canyon+hopi+fourth+world&pg=PA214">The Fourth World of the Hopis</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">UNM Press</a>. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826310118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826310118"><bdi>978-0826310118</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070249/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgcUguU8ajwC&q=grand+canyon+hopi+fourth+world&pg=PA214#v=snippet&q=grand%20canyon%20hopi%20fourth%20world&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+World+of+the+Hopis&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0826310118&rft.aulast=Courlander&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgcUguU8ajwC%26q%3Dgrand%2Bcanyon%2Bhopi%2Bfourth%2Bworld%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greatabyss-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greatabyss_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greatabyss_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegner1994" class="citation book cs1">Stegner, Page (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandcanyongreat00steg">Grand Canyon, The Great Abyss</a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandcanyongreat00steg/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062585646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062585646"><bdi>978-0062585646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon%2C+The+Great+Abyss&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0062585646&rft.aulast=Stegner&rft.aufirst=Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandcanyongreat00steg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeberKroeberEulerSchreoder1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kroeber, A. L.; Kroeber, Clifton B.; Euler, R. C.; Schreoder, A. H. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806">"The Route of James O. Pattie on the Colorado in 1826: A Reappraisal by A. L. Kroeber"</a>. Arizona and the West. 6 (2): 119–136. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806">40167806</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312153309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+and+the+West&rft.atitle=The+Route+of+James+O.+Pattie+on+the+Colorado+in+1826%3A+A+Reappraisal+by+A.+L.+Kroeber&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40167806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Kroeber%2C+Clifton+B.&rft.au=Euler%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Schreoder%2C+A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40167806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1923" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Joseph J. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243">"New light on Pattie and the southwestern fur trade"</a>. Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 26 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621211235/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=New+light+on+Pattie+and+the+southwestern+fur+trade&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXm5IAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers">"Canyon Club hosts presentation on Crossing of the Fathers"</a>. Lake Powell Chronicle. April 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528131426/https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lake+Powell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Canyon+Club+hosts+presentation+on+Crossing+of+the+Fathers&rft.date=2022-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flakepowellchronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fcanyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/">"Lee's Ferry Historic Site"</a>. The Page-Lake Powell Hub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519112210/https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Page-Lake+Powell+Hub&rft.atitle=Lee%27s+Ferry+Historic+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpagelakepowellhub.com%2Fhistoric-sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry">"Pearce Ferry"</a>. Western River Expeditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630184950/https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+River+Expeditions&rft.atitle=Pearce+Ferry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernriver.com%2Fgrand-canyon-river-trip%2Fmile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1929" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, May Humphreys (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22">Uncle Sam's camels; the journal of May Humphreys Stacey supplemented by the report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857–1858) edited by Lewis Burt Lesley</a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105045750/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Sam%27s+camels%3B+the+journal+of+May+Humphreys+Stacey+supplemented+by+the+report+of+Edward+Fitzgerald+Beale+%281857%E2%80%931858%29+edited+by+Lewis+Burt+Lesley&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=May+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x000664200%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D122%26skin%3D2021%26q1%3D%2522wonderful%2520canyon%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor1968" class="citation book cs1">Tabor, C C (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf">The Ives Expedition of 1858</a> (PDF). El Centro, Calif.: Imperial Irrigation District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826162102/https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ives+Expedition+of+1858&rft.place=El+Centro%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Imperial+Irrigation+District&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcawaterlibrary.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FThe-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014">"The Colorado Exploring Expedition (Ives Expedition) (1857–1858)"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Colorado+Exploring+Expedition+%28Ives+Expedition%29+%281857%E2%80%931858%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fauth_exp_fbr_EACE0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Michael F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/">"Rim to River and Inner Canyon Trails – Nature, Culture and History at the Grand Canyon"</a>. Grand Canyon History. Arizona State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904175809/https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+History&rft.atitle=Rim+to+River+and+Inner+Canyon+Trails+%E2%80%93+Nature%2C+Culture+and+History+at+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrcahistory.org%2Fsites%2Frim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves1861" class="citation book cs1">Ives, Joseph C. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21">Report Upon the Colorado River of the West</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+Upon+the+Colorado+River+of+the+West&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xIOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1985" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Bil (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui">Westering Man: The Life of Joseph Walker</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 236–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806119342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806119342"><bdi>978-0806119342</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213101950/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westering+Man%3A+The+Life+of+Joseph+Walker&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0806119342&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Bil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7BQjaTxHy8C%26q%3DMoqui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorley1984" class="citation book cs1">Chorley, Richard J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon">Geomorphology before Davis</a>. Methuen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070313/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geomorphology+before+Davis&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Chorley&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmEgAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1858%2C%2BJohn%2BStrong%2BNewberry%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bgeologist%2Bto%2Bvisit%2Bthe%2BGrand%2BCanyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stojka-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Stojka_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojka2015" class="citation web cs1">Stojka, Andre (October 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/">"Shipping a boat over land west in 1869"</a>. Listen2Read. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125439/https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Listen2Read&rft.atitle=Shipping+a+boat+over+land+west+in+1869&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Stojka&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flisten2read.com%2Fgetting-boat-west-1869%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utah-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Utah_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/">"Powell's 1869 Journey Down the Green and Colorado Rivers – Utah Geological Survey"</a>. Utah Geological Survey. August 29, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235653/https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utah+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Powell%27s+1869+Journey+Down+the+Green+and+Colorado+Rivers+%E2%80%93+Utah+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeology.utah.gov%2Fmap-pub%2Fsurvey-notes%2Fpowell-1869-river-journey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howland-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howland_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howland_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howland_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518015851/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html">"Oramel G. Howland (1833–1869) Seneca B. Howland (1843–1869) William Dunn (? – 1869)"</a>. American Experience. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Oramel+G.+Howland+%281833%E2%80%931869%29+Seneca+B.+Howland+%281843%E2%80%931869%29+William+Dunn+%28%3F+%E2%80%93+1869%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shoppbs.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fcanyon%2Fpeopleevents%2FpandeAMEX02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribokas-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Ribokas_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibokas" class="citation web cs1">Ribokas, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm">"The Powell Expedition"</a>. Grand Canyon Explorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308085605/http://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2022. 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Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jonathanwaterman.com&rft.atitle=Seeking+Hard+Desert+Truth&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjonathanwaterman.com%2Fmedia%2F2020%2F7%2Fjohnwesleypowell-expedition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/john-wesley-powell-undertakings/">"John Wesley Powell's Undertakings"</a>. American Experience. 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U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621200807/https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-wesley-powell">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=John+Wesley+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fstaff-profiles%2Fjohn-wesley-powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0">Grand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110153/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Etymonline.com </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106185414/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1508/sec4.htm">"Late Arrivals"</a>. 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National Geographic Visitor Center, Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170547/http://explorethecanyon.com/explore-learn/grand-canyon-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Visitor+Center%2C+Arizona&rft.atitle=Grand+Canyon+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorethecanyon.com%2Fexplore-learn%2Fgrand-canyon-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillingsleySpamer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Billingsley, George; Spamer, Earle (January 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36778125">"Quest for the pillar of gold : The mines and miners of the Grand Canyon"</a>. Grand Canyon Association (Monograph No. 10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213102118/https://www.academia.edu/36778125">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+Association+%28Monograph+No.+10%29&rft.atitle=Quest+for+the+pillar+of+gold+%3A+The+mines+and+miners+of+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.aulast=Billingsley&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Spamer%2C+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36778125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/nau/ahs_bass.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0">"William Wallace Bass Collection"</a>. Arizona Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152555/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/nau/ahs_bass.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=William+Wallace+Bass+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azarchivesonline.org%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dead%2Fnau%2Fahs_bass.xml%26doc.view%3Dprint%3Bchunk.id%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew2016" class="citation news cs1">Drew, Dr Daryl (February 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cowboycountrymagazine.com/2016/02/louis-boucher-canadian-guide-of-the-grand-canyon/">"Louis Boucher: Canadian Guide of the Grand Canyon | Canadian Cowboy Country Magazine"</a>. Cowboy Country Magazine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524161316/https://cowboycountrymagazine.com/2016/02/louis-boucher-canadian-guide-of-the-grand-canyon/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cowboy+Country+Magazine.com&rft.atitle=Louis+Boucher%3A+Canadian+Guide+of+the+Grand+Canyon+%7C+Canadian+Cowboy+Country+Magazine&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Dr+Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcowboycountrymagazine.com%2F2016%2F02%2Flouis-boucher-canadian-guide-of-the-grand-canyon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allhikers.com/History/Seth-Tanner.htm">"Seth Tanner"</a>. All Hikers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152605/http://www.allhikers.com/History/Seth-Tanner.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Hikers&rft.atitle=Seth+Tanner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allhikers.com%2FHistory%2FSeth-Tanner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/mna/MNA_MS023_Spencer.xml;query=ms-023;brand=default">"Charles Spencer collection, 1910–1920 Spencer (Charles) collection"</a>. Arizona Archives Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419232526/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/mna/MNA_MS023_Spencer.xml;query=ms-023;brand=default">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2022. 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Cronkite News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070251/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2015/09/24/arizona-uranium-mines-grand-canyon/72741520/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Arizona+continues+to+push+for+new+uranium+mines+near+Grand+Canyon&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.au=Curtis+Spicer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona%2F2015%2F09%2F24%2Farizona-uranium-mines-grand-canyon%2F72741520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Crane_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2022" class="citation news cs1">Crane, Steve (February 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/02/22/uranium-mine-near-grand-canyon-permitted-by-court-despite-mining-ban/">"Uranium mine near Grand Canyon permitted by court, despite mining ban"</a>. Cronkite News – Arizona PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034747/https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/02/22/uranium-mine-near-grand-canyon-permitted-by-court-despite-mining-ban/">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cronkite+News+%E2%80%93+Arizona+PBS&rft.atitle=Uranium+mine+near+Grand+Canyon+permitted+by+court%2C+despite+mining+ban&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcronkitenews.azpbs.org%2F2022%2F02%2F22%2Furanium-mine-near-grand-canyon-permitted-by-court-despite-mining-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grzincic-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Grzincic_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzincic2022" class="citation news cs1">Grzincic, Barbara (February 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/court-greenlights-uranium-mine-national-forest-2022-02-23/">"Court greenlights uranium mine in national forest"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630175655/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/court-greenlights-uranium-mine-national-forest-2022-02-23/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Court+greenlights+uranium+mine+in+national+forest&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Grzincic&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Flegal%2Flitigation%2Fcourt-greenlights-uranium-mine-national-forest-2022-02-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tillman-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Tillman_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillmanBeisnerAndersonUnema2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tillman, Fred D.; Beisner, Kimberly R.; Anderson, Jessica R.; Unema, Joel A. (November 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595346">"An assessment of uranium in groundwater in the Grand Canyon region"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 22157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1122157T">2021NatSR..1122157T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01621-8">10.1038/s41598-021-01621-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595346">8595346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34785687">34785687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+uranium+in+groundwater+in+the+Grand+Canyon+region&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22157&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8595346%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1122157T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34785687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01621-8&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Fred+D.&rft.au=Beisner%2C+Kimberly+R.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jessica+R.&rft.au=Unema%2C+Joel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8595346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/joe-biden-national-monument-grand-canyon/index.html">"Biden designates new national monument surrounding the Grand Canyon, blocking mining | CNN Politics"</a>. CNN. August 8, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230809233955/https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/joe-biden-national-monument-grand-canyon/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Biden+designates+new+national+monument+surrounding+the+Grand+Canyon%2C+blocking+mining+%7C+CNN+Politics&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F08%2F08%2Fpolitics%2Fjoe-biden-national-monument-grand-canyon%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreWitt2018" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Randy; Witt, Kara Felicia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngldDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">The Grand Canyon: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610698405" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610698405"><bdi>978-1610698405</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708160128/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngldDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. 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Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0365027799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0365027799"><bdi>978-0365027799</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113052001/http://npshistory.com/publications/architecture-in-the-parks.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2017. 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National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702160444/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/rusticarch/introduction.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=National+Park+Service%3A+Rustic+Architecture+1916%E2%80%931942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Frusticarch%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glick-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Glick_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick2015" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Marshall (2015). National Park Service Rustic: Historic Architecture of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Park+Service+Rustic%3A+Historic+Architecture+of+California&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampoulos2004" class="citation book cs1">Stampoulos, Linda L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--zBCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Visiting the Grand Canyon: Views of Early Tourism</a>. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439649886" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439649886"><bdi>978-1439649886</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708162724/https://books.google.com/books?id=--zBCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. 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November 25, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213103124/https://www.williamsnews.com/news/2008/nov/25/verkamps-building-reopens-with-exhibits-on-commun/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+News&rft.atitle=Verkamp%27s+building+reopens+with+exhibits+on+community&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamsnews.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fnov%2F25%2Fverkamps-building-reopens-with-exhibits-on-commun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell1985" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Gordon (1985). Statements on Architectural and Historical Significance. 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Grand Canyon National Park Trips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703184217/https://www.mygrandcanyonpark.com/things-to-do/guided-tours/grand-canyon-railway-train/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2022. 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May 4, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708165251/https://www.canyontours.com/guides/history-of-the-grand-canyon-railway/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canyon+Tours&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Grand+Canyon+Railway&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canyontours.com%2Fguides%2Fhistory-of-the-grand-canyon-railway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceviews.com/parks/watchtower.html">"Grand Canyon Desert View Watchtower"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210175238/http://scienceviews.com/parks/watchtower.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+Desert+View+Watchtower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceviews.com%2Fparks%2Fwatchtower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gcweather-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gcweather_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gcweather_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005051849/http://www.grand.canyon.national-park.com/weather.htm">"Grand Canyon National Park Weather"</a>. April 27, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grand.canyon.national-park.com/weather.htm">the original</a> on October 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park+Weather&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grand.canyon.national-park.com%2Fweather.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/fgz/">"Flagstaff Weather Forecast Office"</a>. National Weather Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102172250/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/fgz/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flagstaff+Weather+Forecast+Office&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrh.noaa.gov%2Ffgz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3591">"Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary"</a>. Western Regional Climate Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902033052/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3591">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park+Climate+Summary&rft.pub=Western+Regional+Climate+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrcc.dri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FcliMAIN.pl%3Faz3591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3595">"Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary"</a>. Western Regional Climate Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902033151/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3595">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park+Climate+Summary&rft.pub=Western+Regional+Climate+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrcc.dri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FcliMAIN.pl%3Faz3595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3596">"Grand Canyon National Park Climate Summary"</a>. Western Regional Climate Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726054625/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?az3596">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park+Climate+Summary&rft.pub=Western+Regional+Climate+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrcc.dri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FcliMAIN.pl%3Faz3596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/parknews/upload/3.08.07%20Grand%20Canyon%202007%20Prescribed%20Fire%20Plans.pdf">"Grand Canyon News Release – Fire Managers Prepare to Implement Several Prescribed Fires"</a> (PDF). March 8, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529105618/http://www.nps.gov/grca/parknews/upload/3.08.07%20Grand%20Canyon%202007%20Prescribed%20Fire%20Plans.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+News+Release+%E2%80%93+Fire+Managers+Prepare+to+Implement+Several+Prescribed+Fires&rft.date=2007-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fparknews%2Fupload%2F3.08.07%2520Grand%2520Canyon%25202007%2520Prescribed%2520Fire%2520Plans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_MOHAVE_Final_Report-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Project_MOHAVE_Final_Report_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060919062308/http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/IMPROVE/Studies/MOHAVE/Reports/FinalReport/mosec05.pdf">"Project MOHAVE (Measurement of Haze and Visual Effects) Final Report"</a> (PDF). Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). March 19, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Studies/MOHAVE/Reports/FinalReport/mosec05.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 19, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+MOHAVE+%28Measurement+of+Haze+and+Visual+Effects%29+Final+Report&rft.pub=Interagency+Monitoring+of+Protected+Visual+Environments+%28IMPROVE%29&rft.date=1999-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvista.cira.colostate.edu%2Fimprove%2FStudies%2FMOHAVE%2FReports%2FFinalReport%2Fmosec05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMPROVE_viewer-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMPROVE_viewer_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMPROVE_viewer_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801171200/http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/Graphic_Viewer/seasonal.htm">"US Annual Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of PM2.5, Light Extinction and Contributions of Major Aerosol Types, 1996 – 1998"</a>. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Data/Graphic_Viewer/seasonal.htm">the original</a> on August 1, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Annual+Spatial+and+Seasonal+Patterns+of+PM2.5%2C+Light+Extinction+and+Contributions+of+Major+Aerosol+Types%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+1998&rft.pub=Interagency+Monitoring+of+Protected+Visual+Environments+%28IMPROVE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvista.cira.colostate.edu%2Fimprove%2FData%2FGraphic_Viewer%2Fseasonal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> Note: Air quality as represented by <a href="/wiki/PM-2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM-2.5">PM-2.5</a> is shown by clicking the canyon's location on the map and selecting 'Fine Mass' from dropdown box above the map. Visibility is shown by selecting 'Deciview' from the dropdown box. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/airquality.htm">"Air Quality at Grand Canyon National"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204856/https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/airquality.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Air+Quality+at+Grand+Canyon+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fairquality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/airprofiles-grca.htm">"Park Air Profiles – Grand Canyon National Park"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204857/https://www.nps.gov/articles/airprofiles-grca.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Park+Air+Profiles+%E2%80%93+Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fairprofiles-grca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicla-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicla_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicla_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicla2019" class="citation news cs1">Nicla, Andrew (October 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/10/16/closure-navajo-generating-station-clear-air-over-grand-canyon/1710330001/">"Will power plant's closure help clear the air, restore the view of Grand Canyon?"</a>. The Arizona Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702180737/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/10/16/closure-navajo-generating-station-clear-air-over-grand-canyon/1710330001/">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Will+power+plant%27s+closure+help+clear+the+air%2C+restore+the+view+of+Grand+Canyon%3F&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.aulast=Nicla&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona-environment%2F2019%2F10%2F16%2Fclosure-navajo-generating-station-clear-air-over-grand-canyon%2F1710330001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewerMoore2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, Patricia; Moore, Tom (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3155/1047-3289.59.9.1070">"Source Contributions to Visibility Impairment in the Southeastern and Western United States"</a>. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 59 (9): 1070–1081. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAWMA..59.1070B">2009JAWMA..59.1070B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3155%2F1047-3289.59.9.1070">10.3155/1047-3289.59.9.1070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-2247">1096-2247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19785274">19785274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42362472">42362472</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204856/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3155/1047-3289.59.9.1070">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Air+%26+Waste+Management+Association&rft.atitle=Source+Contributions+to+Visibility+Impairment+in+the+Southeastern+and+Western+United+States&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1070-%3C%2Fspan%3E1081&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42362472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JAWMA..59.1070B&rft.issn=1096-2247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3155%2F1047-3289.59.9.1070&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19785274&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Moore%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.3155%2F1047-3289.59.9.1070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AQ2002-121"><a href="#cite_ref-AQ2002_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/air-quality/aqnps-2002.pdf">Air Quality in the National Parks</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Lakewood, Colorado: National Park Service Air Resources Division. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050611/http://npshistory.com/publications/air-quality/aqnps-2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Quality+in+the+National+Parks&rft.place=Lakewood%2C+Colorado&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Park+Service+Air+Resources+Division&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fair-quality%2Faqnps-2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/brochures/grca/breathtaking-views.pdf">"Grand Canyon Breathtaking views"</a> (PDF). National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624204910/http://npshistory.com/brochures/grca/breathtaking-views.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Grand+Canyon+Breathtaking+views&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fbrochures%2Fgrca%2Fbreathtaking-views.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro_vis-123"><a href="#cite_ref-intro_vis_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_C._Malm,_Air_Resources_Division,_National_Park_Service1999" class="citation web cs1">William C. Malm, Air Resources Division, National Park Service (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211100049/http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Education/intro_to_visibility.pdf">"Introduction to Visibility"</a> (PDF). Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/Education/intro_to_visibility.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 11, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Visibility&rft.pub=Cooperative+Institute+for+Research+in+the+Atmosphere+%28CIRA%29%2C+Colorado+State+University&rft.date=1999-05&rft.au=William+C.+Malm%2C+Air+Resources+Division%2C+National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvista.cira.colostate.edu%2Fimprove%2FEducation%2Fintro_to_visibility.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrapair.org/WRAP/reports/GCVTCFinal.PDF">"Recommendations for Improving Western Vistas, Report of the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission to the United States Environmental Protection Agency"</a> (PDF). Western Regional Air Partnership. June 10, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517110032/http://www.wrapair.org/WRAP/reports/GCVTCFinal.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Improving+Western+Vistas%2C+Report+of+the+Grand+Canyon+Visibility+Transport+Commission+to+the+United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.pub=Western+Regional+Air+Partnership&rft.date=1996-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrapair.org%2FWRAP%2Freports%2FGCVTCFinal.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrapair2.org/">"Western Regional Air Partnership"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501112240/http://www.wrapair2.org/">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2012. 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Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 55 (11): 1675–1682. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JAWMA..55.1675G">2005JAWMA..55.1675G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10473289.2005.10464759">10.1080/10473289.2005.10464759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-2247">1096-2247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16350365">16350365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31615461">31615461</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070250/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464759">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. 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Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Crustaceans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101022%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fnaturescience%2Fcrustaceans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSbirds-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbirds_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbirds_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbirds_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbirds_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbirds_151-4">e</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/birds.htm">"Birds"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Birds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fnaturescience%2Fbirds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSbugs-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbugs_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbugs_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbugs_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSbugs_152-3">d</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022/http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/insects.htm">"Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Insects%2C+Spiders%2C+Centipedes%2C+Millipedes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101022%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fnaturescience%2Finsects.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSmollusks-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSmollusks_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSmollusks_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSmollusks_153-2">c</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022/http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/mollusks.htm">"Mollusks"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Mollusks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20101022%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fnaturescience%2Fmollusks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSreptiles-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSreptiles_154-6">g</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/disclaimer.htm">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/reptiles.htm">"Reptiles"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Reptiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fnaturescience%2Freptiles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon">"Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism"</a> (PDF). Northern Arizona University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon">the original</a> (PDF) on September 28, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary+of+Grand+Canyon+Tourism&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nau.edu%2Fhrm%2Fahrrc%2Freports%2FG_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf%23search%3Dgrandcanyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/hours.htm">"Operating Hours & Seasons – Grand Canyon National Park"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303012942/http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/hours.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operating+Hours+%26+Seasons+%E2%80%93+Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fhours.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/upload/GRCAmap2.pdf">"Grand Canyon Area Map"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123050441/https://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/upload/GRCAmap2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+Area+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fupload%2FGRCAmap2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skywalk-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Skywalk_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/skywalk.htm">"Skywalk"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308141115/http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/skywalk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Skywalk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fskywalk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt14-159"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt14_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Nagourney2014" class="citation news cs1">Adam Nagourney (December 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/us/where-2-rivers-meet-visions-for-grand-canyon-clash.html?_r=1">"Where 2 Rivers Meet, Visions for Grand Canyon Clash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403071156/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/us/where-2-rivers-meet-visions-for-grand-canyon-clash.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+2+Rivers+Meet%2C+Visions+for+Grand+Canyon+Clash&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.au=Adam+Nagourney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F04%2Fus%2Fwhere-2-rivers-meet-visions-for-grand-canyon-clash.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-backcountry-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-backcountry_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-backcountry_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/backcountry-permit.htm">"Backcountry Permit"</a>. Grand Canyon National Park. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218060402/http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/backcountry-permit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Canyon+National+Park&rft.atitle=Backcountry+Permit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fgrca%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fbackcountry-permit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Moorman, Robert W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vtol.org/E3EF4A00-B7F8-11E4-A5170050568D0042">Noise in the Parks</a>" <a href="/wiki/AHS_International" class="mw-redirect" title="AHS International">AHS International</a>, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vtol.org/news/ahs-updates-helicopter-noise-library">Source</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220023533/http://vtol.org/news/ahs-updates-helicopter-noise-library">Archived</a> February 20, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-escaladecancelled-162"><a href="#cite_ref-escaladecancelled_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/navajo-nation-votes-down-controversial-hotel-tram-project-grand-canyon-n816666">"Navajo Nation Votes Down Controversial Hotel and Tram Project at Grand Canyon"</a>. NBC News. November 1, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425001032/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/navajo-nation-votes-down-controversial-hotel-tram-project-grand-canyon-n816666">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Navajo+Nation+Votes+Down+Controversial+Hotel+and+Tram+Project+at+Grand+Canyon&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fnavajo-nation-votes-down-controversial-hotel-tram-project-grand-canyon-n816666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deathsactivetimes-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Deathsactivetimes_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Active_Times2016" class="citation web cs1">The Active Times (August 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theactivetimes.com/travel/national-parks/how-many-people-die-grand-canyon-and-it-becoming-too-dangerous">"How Many People Die in the Grand Canyon and is it Becoming Too Dangerous?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219044507/http://www.theactivetimes.com/travel/national-parks/how-many-people-die-grand-canyon-and-it-becoming-too-dangerous">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many+People+Die+in+the+Grand+Canyon+and+is+it+Becoming+Too+Dangerous%3F&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.au=The+Active+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theactivetimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fnational-parks%2Fhow-many-people-die-grand-canyon-and-it-becoming-too-dangerous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deathscitylab-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Deathscitylab_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitylab2015" class="citation news cs1">Citylab (May 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/05/mapping-the-grand-canyons-gruesome-legacy-of-death/394040/">"This Grim Map Shows How People Have Died at the Grand Canyon"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820010819/https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/05/mapping-the-grand-canyons-gruesome-legacy-of-death/394040/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=This+Grim+Map+Shows+How+People+Have+Died+at+the+Grand+Canyon&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.au=Citylab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citylab.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2F05%2Fmapping-the-grand-canyons-gruesome-legacy-of-death%2F394040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiglieriMyers2001" class="citation book cs1">Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon. Puma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970097316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0970097316"><bdi>978-0970097316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+Edge%3A+Death+in+Grand+Canyon&rft.pub=Puma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0970097316&rft.aulast=Ghiglieri&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiglieri2001" class="citation book cs1">Ghiglieri, Michael Patrick (2001). Over the edge : death in Grand Canyon : gripping accounts of all known fatal mishaps in the most famous of the world's seven natural wonders. Flagstaff, AZ: Puma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970097316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0970097316"><bdi>978-0970097316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+edge+%3A+death+in+Grand+Canyon+%3A+gripping+accounts+of+all+known+fatal+mishaps+in+the+most+famous+of+the+world%27s+seven+natural+wonders&rft.place=Flagstaff%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Puma+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0970097316&rft.aulast=Ghiglieri&rft.aufirst=Michael+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckley2020" class="citation web cs1">Ackley, Madeline (October 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2020/10/03/scottsdale-man-suspected-killing-ex-girlfriends-escaped-police/3608639001/">"Former MLB player suspected of killing ex-girlfriend found dead of self-inflicted gunshot wound"</a>. Arizona Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070255/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2020/10/03/scottsdale-man-suspected-killing-ex-girlfriends-escaped-police/3608639001/">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via azcentral.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Former+MLB+player+suspected+of+killing+ex-girlfriend+found+dead+of+self-inflicted+gunshot+wound&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft.aulast=Ackley&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fscottsdale%2F2020%2F10%2F03%2Fscottsdale-man-suspected-killing-ex-girlfriends-escaped-police%2F3608639001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Canyon" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Grand Canyon at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Grand Canyon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="c:Grand Canyon">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Grand Canyon">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="q:Grand Canyon">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona/The_Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Arizona/The Grand Canyon">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Grand Canyon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Grand Canyon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon" class="extiw" title="voy:Grand Canyon">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830173528/http://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm">images</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 30, 2010) from the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/">Grand Canyon National Park Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hikearizona.com/map.php?QX=4101">Grand Canyon Backcountry Use Areas – Map</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/183377">Grand Canyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> History <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandcanyonbiblio.org/">Grand Canyon Bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117082424/http://www.grandcanyonbiblio.org/">Archived</a> January 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – bibliography of the Grand Canyon. 37,462 items produced between 1540 and the present.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobspixels.com/kaibab.org/misc/gc_hist.htm">Grand Canyon Explorer: History timeline</a> from 10,000 years ago to 1994.</li></ul> Travel and sites <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grandcanyoncvb.org/">Grand Canyon Chamber & Visitor's Bureau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/05/31/travel/31hours.html?em">36 Hours at the Grand Canyon</a> by The New York Times, May 31, 2009</li></ul> Multimedia <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm">NPS Photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825014319/http://landsat.usgs.gov/images/gallery/56_M.jpg">Grand Canyon 3-D perspective</a>  – view looking southwesterly, showing North Rim and Canyon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/intl/sg/maps/streetview/#grand-canyon">Grand Canyon – Street View – Google Maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canyon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Suspension_Bridge" title="Black Suspension Bridge">Black Suspension Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Canyon_Dam" title="Bridge Canyon Dam">Bridge Canyon Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Escalade" title="Grand Canyon Escalade">Grand Canyon Escalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Skywalk" title="Grand Canyon Skywalk">Grand Canyon Skywalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Village,_Arizona" title="Grand Canyon Village, Arizona">Grand Canyon Village, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolb_Studio" title="Kolb Studio">Kolb Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon_Dam" title="Marble Canyon Dam">Marble Canyon Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maswik_Lodge" title="Maswik Lodge">Maswik Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Ranch" title="Phantom Ranch">Phantom Ranch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="Geology of the Grand Canyon area">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_phillipsiana" title="Agave phillipsiana">Agave phillipsiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Temple" title="Apollo Temple">Apollo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Cave_mine" title="Bat Cave mine">Bat Cave mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardenas_Basalt" title="Cardenas Basalt">Cardenas Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dox_Formation" title="Dox Formation">Dox Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericameria_arizonica" title="Ericameria arizonica">Ericameria arizonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Sandstone" title="Esplanade Sandstone">Esplanade Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Caverns" title="Grand Canyon Caverns">Grand Canyon Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Forest_Reserve" title="Grand Canyon Forest Reserve">Grand Canyon Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Supergroup" title="Grand Canyon Supergroup">Grand Canyon Supergroup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuar_Group" title="Chuar Group">Chuar Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankoweap_Formation" title="Nankoweap Formation">Nankoweap Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtymile_Formation" title="Sixtymile Formation">Sixtymile Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkar_Group" title="Unkar Group">Unkar Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Formation" title="Bass Formation">Bass Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinumo_Quartzite" title="Shinumo Quartzite">Shinumo Quartzite</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase" title="Grand Staircase">Grand Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Castle" title="Freya Castle">Freya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakatai_Shale" title="Hakatai Shale">Hakatai Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit_Formation" title="Hermit Formation">Hermit Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite_Dam" title="Hyaloclastite Dam">Hyaloclastite Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Temple" title="Isis Temple">Isis Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Plateau" title="Kanab Plateau">Kanab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Butte" title="Newton Butte">Newton Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochoa_Point" title="Ochoa Point">Ochoa Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Dam_(Arizona)" title="Prospect Dam (Arizona)">Prospect Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwall_Limestone" title="Redwall Limestone">Redwall Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Graben" title="Tanner Graben">Tanner Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Butte" title="Temple Butte">Temple Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Group" title="Tonto Group">Tonto Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Shale" title="Bright Angel Shale">Bright Angel Shale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroweap_Fault" title="Toroweap Fault">Toroweap Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uinkaret_volcanic_field" title="Uinkaret volcanic field">Uinkaret volcanic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasey%27s_Paradise" title="Vasey's Paradise">Vasey's Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Temple" title="Venus Temple">Venus Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Temple_(Grand_Canyon)" title="Vishnu Temple (Grand Canyon)">Vishnu Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan%27s_Throne" title="Vulcan's Throne">Vulcan's Throne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Creek_(Arizona)" title="Deer Creek (Arizona)">Deer Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasu_Creek" title="Havasu Creek">Havasu Creek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havasu_Falls" title="Havasu Falls">Havasu Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Creek" title="Kanab Creek">Kanab Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Angel_Creek" title="Bright Angel Creek">Bright Angel Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Butchart" title="Harvey Butchart">Harvey Butchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fletcher" title="Colin Fletcher">Colin Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton_Grua" title="Kenton Grua">Kenton Grua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hance" title="John Hance">John Hance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grand_Canyon_area" title="History of the Grand Canyon area">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Geographic_Expedition_of_1869" title="Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869">Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Airlines_Flight_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6">Grand Canyon Airlines Flight 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Backcountry_Camping" title="Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping">Grand Canyon Backcountry Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trails_in_Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park">List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park">National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Conservancy" title="Grand Canyon Conservancy">Grand Canyon Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Suite" title="Grand Canyon Suite">Grand Canyon Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Wonderland" title="Desert Wonderland">Desert Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_(1958_film)" title="Grand Canyon (1958 film)">Grand Canyon (1958 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bigger_Grand_Canyon" title="A Bigger Grand Canyon">A Bigger Grand Canyon</a> (1998 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_(book)" title="Grand Canyon (book)">Grand Canyon (2017 children's book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Walked_Through_Time" title="The Man Who Walked Through Time">The Man Who Walked Through Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon:_The_Hidden_Secrets" title="Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets">Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon:_A_Different_View" title="Grand Canyon: A Different View">Grand Canyon: A Different View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Escalade" title="Grand Canyon Escalade">Grand Canyon Escalade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arizona" title="Template:Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arizona" title="Template talk:Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona" title="Outline of Arizona">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Arizona" title="Agriculture in Arizona">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Arizona" title="Government of Arizona">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Arizona" title="Constitution of Arizona">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Arizona-related_articles" title="Index of Arizona-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Congressional Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Arizona" title="List of museums in Arizona">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arizona" title="Music of Arizona">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Arizona" title="List of people from Arizona">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_state_symbols" title="List of Arizona state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Arizona" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Arizona">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona" title="Transportation in Arizona">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Arizona" title="Abortion in Arizona">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Arizona" title="Climate change in Arizona">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Arizona">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Arizona" title="Crime in Arizona">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Arizona" title="Economy of Arizona">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Arizona">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Arizona" title="Gun laws in Arizona">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Arizona">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Arizona">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Arizona">Homelessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Arizona" title="List of regions of Arizona">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Strip" title="Arizona Strip">Arizona Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Plateau" title="Mogollon Plateau">Mogollon Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Arizona" title="North Central Arizona">North Central Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Arizona">Northeast Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona" title="Northern Arizona">Northern Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek_Canyon" title="Oak Creek Canyon">Oak Creek Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safford_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Safford micropolitan area">Safford area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_volcanic_field" title="San Francisco volcanic field">San Francisco Volcanic Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Arizona" title="Southern Arizona">Southern Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Arizona" title="Traditional Arizona">Traditional Arizona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_transition_zone" title="Arizona transition zone">Transition zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Valley" title="Verde Valley">Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="White Mountains (Arizona)">White Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arizona" title="List of counties in Arizona">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_County,_Arizona" title="Apache County, Arizona">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona" title="Cochise County, Arizona">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_County,_Arizona" title="Coconino County, Arizona">Coconino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_County,_Arizona" title="Gila County, Arizona">Gila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_Arizona" title="Graham County, Arizona">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlee_County,_Arizona" title="Greenlee County, Arizona">Greenlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_County,_Arizona" title="La Paz County, Arizona">La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_County,_Arizona" title="Mohave County, Arizona">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_County,_Arizona" title="Navajo County, Arizona">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona" title="Pima County, Arizona">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona" title="Santa Cruz County, Arizona">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Yuma County, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arizona">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande,_Arizona" title="Casa Grande, Arizona">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company">Aztec Land & Cattle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War" title="Hualapai War">Hualapai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pah-Ute_County,_Arizona_Territory" title="Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory">Pah-Ute County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitgreaves_Expedition" title="Sitgreaves Expedition">Sitgreaves Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Arizona" title="Territorial evolution of Arizona">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Arizona_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Arizona history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mesa,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tucson,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colorado_River_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colorado_River_system" title="Template:Colorado River system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colorado_River_system" title="Template talk:Colorado River system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado_River_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado River system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colorado_River_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> system</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Topockgorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/100px-Topockgorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/150px-Topockgorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Topockgorge.jpg/200px-Topockgorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/100px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/150px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg/200px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="2917" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/100px-Colorado_River05.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/150px-Colorado_River05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_River05.jpg/200px-Colorado_River05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="1648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_Avi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/100px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/150px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Colorado_River_Avi.JPG/200px-Colorado_River_Avi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/100px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/150px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/HooverDamFrontWater.jpg/200px-HooverDamFrontWater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="758" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canyons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byers_Canyon" title="Byers Canyon">Byers Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Canyon" title="Gore Canyon">Gore Canyon</a></li> <li>Red Gorge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Canyon" title="Glenwood Canyon">Glenwood Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beque_Canyon" title="De Beque Canyon">De Beque Canyon</a></li> <li>Horsethief Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Canyon" title="Ruby Canyon">Ruby Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwater_Canyon" title="Westwater Canyon">Westwater Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_Canyon" title="Cataract Canyon">Cataract Canyon</a></li> <li>Narrow Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon" title="Glen Canyon">Glen Canyon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Canyon" title="Marble Canyon">Marble Canyon</a></li> <li>Granite Gorge</li> <li>Middle Granite Gorge</li> <li>Lower Granite Gorge</li></ul></li> <li>Grand Wash Canyon</li> <li>Iceberg Canyon</li> <li>Virgin Canyon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_(Colorado_River)" title="Boulder Canyon (Colorado River)">Boulder Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Colorado" title="Black Canyon of the Colorado">Black Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Canyon" title="Pyramid Canyon">Pyramid Canyon</a></li> <li>Mohave Canyon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Course of the Colorado River">River course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River Basin">Colorado River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Colorado)" title="Grand Lake (Colorado)">Grand Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_(Arizona)" title="Horseshoe Bend (Arizona)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_Valley" title="Mohave Valley">Mohave Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Valley" title="Parker Valley">Parker Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Valley" title="Palo Verde Valley">Palo Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_River" title="Alamo River">Alamo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="New River (Mexico–United States)">New River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Island_(Baja_California)" title="Montague Island (Baja California)">Montague Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California/Sea of Cortez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Colorado_River" title="List of tributaries of the Colorado River">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_River_(Colorado)" title="Blue River (Colorado)">Blue River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Devil_River" title="Dirty Devil River">Dirty Devil River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_River" title="Dolores River">Dolores River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_River" title="Escalante River">Escalante River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_River_(Colorado)" title="Fraser River (Colorado)">Fraser River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Colorado River tributary)">Green River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnison_River" title="Gunnison River">Gunnison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanab_Creek" title="Kanab Creek">Kanab Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paria_River" title="Paria River">Paria River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Fork_River" title="Roaring Fork River">Roaring Fork River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="San Juan River (Colorado River tributary)">San Juan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_River_(Tapeats_Creek_tributary)" title="Thunder River (Tapeats Creek tributary)">Thunder River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tapeats_Creek" title="Tapeats Creek">Tapeats Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_River" title="Virgin River">Virgin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Wash" title="Las Vegas Wash">Las Vegas Wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Fork_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="Williams Fork (Colorado River tributary)">Williams Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_River" title="Hardy River">Río Hardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_in_the_Colorado_River_system" title="List of dams in the Colorado River system">Mainstem dams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Mountain_Dam" title="Shadow Mountain Dam">Shadow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granby_Dam" title="Granby Dam">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windy_Gap_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windy Gap Dam (page does not exist)">Windy Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Diversion_Dam" title="Grand Valley Diversion Dam">Grand Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Price-Stubb_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Price-Stubb Dam (page does not exist)">Price-Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Dam" title="Davis Dam">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Dam" title="Parker Dam">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Headgate_Rock_Dam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Headgate Rock Dam (page does not exist)">Headgate Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Dam" title="Palo Verde Dam">Palo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Dam" title="Imperial Dam">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Diversion_Dam" title="Laguna Diversion Dam">Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Dam" title="Morelos Dam">Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major reservoirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_Reservoir" title="Fontenelle Reservoir">Fontenelle Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Gorge_Reservoir" title="Flaming Gorge Reservoir">Flaming Gorge Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mesa_Reservoir" title="Blue Mesa Reservoir">Blue Mesa Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Lake" title="Navajo Lake">Navajo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Powell" title="Lake Powell">Lake Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead" title="Lake Mead">Lake Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohave" title="Lake Mohave">Lake Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu" title="Lake Havasu">Lake Havasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reservoir" title="Imperial Reservoir">Imperial Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Lake" title="Theodore Roosevelt Lake">Theodore Roosevelt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Lake" title="San Carlos Lake">San Carlos Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aqueducts and canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ditch" title="Grand Ditch">Grand Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Aqueduct" title="Colorado River Aqueduct">Colorado River Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Aqueduct" title="San Diego Aqueduct">San Diego Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Canal" title="Alamo Canal">Alamo Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Canal" title="Coachella Canal">Coachella Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Canyon Project">Boulder Canyon Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado%E2%80%93Big_Thompson_Project" title="Colorado–Big Thompson Project">Colorado–Big Thompson Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Storage_Project" title="Colorado River Storage Project">Colorado River Storage Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_AVA" title="Grand Valley AVA">Grand Valley AVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Project" title="Yuma Project">Yuma Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Horse_Point_State_Park" title="Dead Horse Point State Park">Dead Horse Point State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Glen Canyon National Recreation Area">Glen Canyon National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead_National_Recreation_Area" title="Lake Mead National Recreation Area">Lake Mead National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._California" title="Arizona v. California">Arizona v. California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Board_of_California" title="Colorado River Board of California">Colorado River Board of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dominy" title="Floyd Dominy">Floyd Dominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee's Ferry">Lee's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_District_of_Southern_California" title="Metropolitan Water District of Southern California">Metropolitan Water District of Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colorado_River_rapids_and_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Colorado River rapids and features">Rapids and features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mulholland" title="William Mulholland">William Mulholland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodrow_Wilson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Template:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Template talk:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodrow_Wilson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodrow Wilson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodrow_Wilson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">28th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of governors of New Jersey">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">Governor of New Jersey</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li>13th <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Princeton_University" title="List of presidents of Princeton University">President of Princeton University</a> (1902–1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1913 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1917 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">Roosevelt desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Woodrow Wilson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination">Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Woodrow Wilson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates#Laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1919 Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1913 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1914 State of the Union Address">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1915 State of the Union Address">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1916 State of the Union Address">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1917 State of the Union Address">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1918 State of the Union Address">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1920 State of the Union Address">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding">Harding transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilsonianism" title="Wilsonianism">Wilsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Appropriations_Act_of_1916" title="Army Appropriations Act of 1916">Army Appropriations Act of 1916</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Defense" title="Council of National Defense">Council of National Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li>1917–1918; <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_campaigns_in_World_War_I" title="United States campaigns in World War I">campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I#United_States" title="Home front during World War I">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Committee on Public Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Minute_Men" title="Four Minute Men">Four Minute Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Measure_Act_of_1918" title="Wartime Measure Act of 1918">Wartime Measure Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li>1919–1920; <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_speech" title="Pueblo speech">Pueblo speech</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> <ul><li>1919; <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)#Woodrow_Wilson" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_race" title="Woodrow Wilson and race">Federal racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> <ul><li>1913; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Labor_Act" title="Newlands Labor Act">Newlands Labor Act</a> <ul><li>1913; <a href="/wiki/National_Mediation_Board" title="National Mediation Board">Board of Mediation and Conciliation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raker_Act" title="Raker Act">Raker Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">Revenue Act of 1913</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">Federal income tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act" title="Rivers and Harbors Act">Rivers and Harbors Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1913" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="River and Harbors Act of 1914">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1915" title="River and Harbors Act of 1915">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_and_Harbors_Act_of_1916" title="River and Harbors Act of 1916">1916</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabath_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabath Act">Sabath Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Futures_Act" title="Cotton Futures Act">Cotton Futures Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_Service_Act" title="Cutter Service Act">Cutter Service Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lever_Act_of_1914" title="Smith–Lever Act of 1914">Smith–Lever Act of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Risk_Insurance_Act" title="War Risk Insurance Act">War Risk Insurance Act</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_Inspection_Act" title="Locomotive Inspection Act">Locomotive Inspection Act</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy_Permits_Act" title="Occupancy Permits Act">Occupancy Permits Act</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Act" title="Adamson Act">Adamson Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Disposal_Act_of_1916" title="Brush Disposal Act of 1916">Brush Disposal Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Futures_Act_of_1916" title="Cotton Futures Act of 1916">Cotton Futures Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aid_Road_Act_of_1916" title="Federal Aid Road Act of 1916">Federal Aid Road Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employees%27_Compensation_Act" title="Federal Employees' Compensation Act">Federal Employees' Compensation Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Loan_Act" title="Federal Farm Loan Act">Federal Farm Loan Act</a> <ul><li>1916; <a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_System" title="Farm Credit System">Farm Credit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Loan Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraudulent_Advertising_Act_of_1916" title="Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916">Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keating%E2%80%93Owen_Act" title="Keating–Owen Act">Keating–Owen Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Organic_Act" title="National Park Service Organic Act">National Park Service Organic Act</a> <ul><li>1916; <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">Revenue Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Post_Roads_Act_of_1916" title="Rural Post Roads Act of 1916">Rural Post Roads Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_District_Act_of_1916_(Smith_Act)" title="Irrigation District Act of 1916 (Smith Act)">Smith Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Grain_Standards_Act_of_1916" title="United States Grain Standards Act of 1916">United States Grain Standards Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Act_of_1916" title="Warehouse Act of 1916">Warehouse Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Game_Refuges_Act_of_1916" title="Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916">Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1917" title="Flood Control Act of 1917">Flood Control Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Hughes_Act" title="Smith–Hughes Act">Smith–Hughes Act</a> <ul><li>1917; <a href="/wiki/U.S._Federal_Board_for_Vocational_Education" title="U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education">U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Railroad_Administration" title="United States Railroad Administration">United States Railroad Administration</a> <ul><li>1917; <a href="/wiki/USRA_standard" title="USRA standard">USRA standard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">War Revenue Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">Revenue Act of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park Act of 1919</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Price_Guarantee_Act" title="Wheat Price Guarantee Act">Wheat Price Guarantee Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esch%E2%80%93Cummins_Act" title="Esch–Cummins Act">Esch–Cummins Act</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Labor_Board" title="Railroad Labor Board">Railroad Labor Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a> <ul><li>1920; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">Federal Power Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Merchant Marine Act of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Leasing_Act_of_1920" title="Mineral Leasing Act of 1920">Mineral Leasing Act of 1920</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Presidential_Library" title="Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library">Birthplace and Presidential Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seeley_G._Mudd_Manuscript_Library" title="Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library">papers and manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Boyhood_Home" title="Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home">Boyhood home in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Boyhood_Home_(Columbia,_South_Carolina)" title="Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home (Columbia, South Carolina)">Boyhood home in South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Princeton_University#Woodrow_Wilson" title="History of Princeton University">Princeton University president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlakenden" title="Harlakenden">Summer White House (Harlakenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Lawn_(New_Jersey)" title="Shadow Lawn (New Jersey)">Shadow Lawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Woodrow Wilson House (Washington, D.C.)">Woodrow Wilson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral#Burials" title="Washington National Cathedral">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congressional Government (1900)</li> <li>When a Man Comes to Himself (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">The New Freedom (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_History_of_Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral History of Woodrow Wilson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1910_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election">1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy (<a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of memorials to Woodrow Wilson">memorials</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Awards" title="Woodrow Wilson Awards">Woodrow Wilson Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Foundation" title="Woodrow Wilson Foundation">Woodrow Wilson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" title="Princeton School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_High_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Woodrow Wilson High School (disambiguation)">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Woodrow Wilson Junior College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Woodrow_Wilson_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of Woodrow Wilson (Austin, Texas)">Woodrow Wilson</a> (Austin statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Square" title="Wilson Square">Wilson Square</a> (Warsaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Monument" title="Woodrow Wilson Monument">Woodrow Wilson Monument</a> (Prague)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Bridge" title="Woodrow Wilson Bridge">Woodrow Wilson Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_National_Fellowship_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation">Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-thousand-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill">United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(1944_film)" title="Wilson (1944 film)">Wilson</a> (1944 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)">Profiles in Courage</a> (1965 series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_the_Birth_of_the_American_Century" title="Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century">Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century</a> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_(book)" title="Wilson (book)">Wilson</a> (2013 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Axson Wilson</a> (wife, 1885–1914, death)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Bolling Wilson</a> (wife, 1915–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a> (daughter, acting first lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Woodrow_Wilson_Sayre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre">Jessie Wilson Sayre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Wilson_McAdoo" title="Eleanor Wilson McAdoo">Eleanor Wilson McAdoo</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bowes_Sayre_Jr." title="Francis Bowes Sayre Jr.">Francis Sayre Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ruggles_Wilson" title="Joseph Ruggles Wilson">Joseph Ruggles Wilson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(journalist)" title="James Wilson (journalist)">James Wilson</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Woodrow_Bones" title="Helen Woodrow Bones">Helen Woodrow Bones</a> (cousin, secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William McAdoo</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_and_race" title="Woodrow Wilson and race">Woodrow Wilson and race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">← William Howard Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. 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