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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxon_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anglo-Saxon England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Norman Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Conquest of Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tudor period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudor_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_Interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_Interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Civil War and Interregnum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_Glorious_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_Glorious_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Restoration and Glorious Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_Glorious_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Union with Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Territorial divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cited works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Engeland" title="Koninkryk van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_England" title="Königreich England – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich England" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%90%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Англиа Аҳра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Англиа Аҳра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مملكة إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_d%27Anglaterra" title="Reino d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_d%27Inglaterra" title="Reinu d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İngiltərə krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="اینگیلیس شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ইংল্যান্ড রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ড রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-l%C3%A2n_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Eng-lân Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-lân Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Англія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Англія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Bro-Saoz" title="Rouantelezh Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Anglaterra" title="Regne d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Англи короллĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Англи короллĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Anglické království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglické království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Lloegr" title="Teyrnas Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_England" title="Kongeriget England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_England" title="Königreich England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa_kuningriik" title="Inglismaa kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Inglaterra" title="Reino de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Anglio" title="Reĝlando Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterrako_Erresuma" title="Ingalaterrako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterrako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پادشاهی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Angleterre" title="Royaume d'Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Keninkryk Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_Shasana" title="Ríocht Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_Hostyn" title="Reeriaght Hostyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght Hostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Inglaterra" title="Reino de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="잉글랜드 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անգլիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इंग्लैण्ड राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Engleska" title="Kraljevina Engleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Inggris" title="Kerajaan Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_England" title="Konungsríkið England – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_d%27Inghilterra" title="Regno d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ინგლისის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Англия Патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Англия Патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%B2m_Anglet%C3%A8" title="Wayòm Angletè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wayòm Angletè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_%C3%8Englistan%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Înglistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Înglistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Angliae" title="Regnum Angliae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Angliae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijas_Karaliste" title="Anglijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Anglijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angol_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Angol Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angol Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Англија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="ინგლისიშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინგლისიშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مملكة انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_beraja_England" title="Kerajaan beraja England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan beraja England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Английн Вант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Английн Вант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Engeland" title="Koninkrijk Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuninkriek_Engelaand" title="Keuninkriek Engelaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keuninkriek Engelaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イングランド王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_England" title="Kongeriket England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_England" title="Kongeriket England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongeriket England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕਿੰਗਡਮ ਆਫ਼ ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿੰਗਡਮ ਆਫ਼ ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="انگلستان بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگلستان بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Anglii" title="Królestwo Anglii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Anglii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Inglaterra" title="Reino da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Angliei" title="Regatul Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англицке кральовство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Англицке кральовство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Англия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Ingland" title="Kinrick o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Anglis%C3%AB" title="Mbretëria e Anglisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Anglisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA" title="انگلينڊ جي بادشاهت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگلينڊ جي بادشاهت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Anglické kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglické kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Anglija" title="Kraljevina Anglija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Anglija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شانشینی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Краљевство Енглеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевство Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Engleska" title="Kraljevina Engleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_kuningaskunta" title="Englannin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_England" title="Kungariket England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Inglatera" title="Kaharian ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இங்கிலாந்து இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்து இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Подшоҳии Ингилистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии Ингилистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İngiltere Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Королівство Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مملکت انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the country that forms part of the modern-day United Kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of England</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Englalonde Rīce</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>)</span><br /><span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">Realme d'Engleterre</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>)</span><br /><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Kingdom of Engelond</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">886/927–1707<br />(1649–1660: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/125px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/188px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/250px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/125px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/188px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/250px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag</a> (from <span class="nowrap">the 16th century)</span></li><li>Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Banner of England">Royal Banner</a> (from the 12th century)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Arms (from the 12th century) of England"><img alt="Royal Arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/90px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/135px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/180px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms</a> <span class="nowrap">(from the 12th century)</span></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /> "God and my right"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">(from the 15th century)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Kingdom, 1558–1707 (green)"><img alt="Location of the Kingdom, 1558–1707 (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg/220px-Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg/330px-Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg/440px-Location_map_of_England_in_1700.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="367" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of the Kingdom, 1558–1707 (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png" class="mw-file-description" title="English overseas possessions in 1700"><img alt="English overseas possessions in 1700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png/325px-English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png/488px-English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png/650px-English_overseas_possessions_in_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">English overseas possessions in 1700</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> (until 1066)</li><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (1066–1707)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <span class="nowrap">(until 1066;</span> <span class="nowrap">after the 13th century)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman French">Anglo-Norman French</a> <span class="nowrap">(1066 – 14th century)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> <span class="nowrap">(until the 12th century)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church</a> <span class="nowrap">(until 1534; 1553–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <span class="nowrap">(1534–1553; 1558–1707)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a> <span class="nowrap">(until 1066)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">Feudal</a> hereditary monarchy <span class="nowrap">(1066–1295)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</a> semi-constitutional monarchy <span class="nowrap">(1295–1649; 1660–1707)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 927–939 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1702–1707 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Adoption of the title <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">886</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unification of the Angles, Saxons and Danes </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 927</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1066</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 1169 – May 1177</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1215</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1295</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Incorporation of Wales</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1535–1542</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1603</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1688</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_England" title="Category:History of England">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of <span class="fn org label">England</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND,_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES,_and_other_PROVINCES,_CITIES,_MARKET_TOWNS,_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)"><img alt="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/225px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/300px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="5500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#English_unification_.2810th_century.29" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">English unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Norman_England" title="History of England">Norman period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Social history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England#History" title="Economy of England">History of the economy of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England#Political_history" title="Politics of England">History of the politics of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_England" title="List of wars involving England">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="England riots (disambiguation)">Riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">By county</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">City of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buckinghamshire" title="History of Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derbyshire" title="History of Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dorset" title="History of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="History of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Herefordshire" title="History of Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leicestershire" title="History of Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincolnshire" title="History of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottinghamshire" title="History of Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rutland" title="History of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shropshire" title="History of Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somerset" title="History of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Staffordshire" title="History of Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suffolk" title="History of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Warwickshire" title="History of Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Midlands" title="History of the West Midlands">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wiltshire" title="History of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcestershire" title="History of Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">By city or town</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bournemouth" title="History of Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brighton" title="History of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chester" title="History of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christchurch,_Dorset" title="History of Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colchester" title="History of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Coventry" title="History of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dover" title="History of Dover">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Folkestone" title="History of Folkestone">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leeds" title="History of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liverpool" title="History of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maidstone" title="History of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Margate" title="History of Margate">Margate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes" title="History of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham" title="History of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxford" title="History of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plymouth" title="History of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poole" title="History of Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth" title="History of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="History of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shrewsbury" title="History of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torquay" title="History of Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wetherby" title="History of Wetherby">Wetherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcester" title="History of Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worthing" title="History of Worthing">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">York</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_England" title="Template:History of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_England" title="Template talk:History of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of England</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from the early tenth century, when it was unified from various <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>, until 1 May 1707, when it united with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, which would later become the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. The Kingdom of England was among the most powerful states in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> periods. </p><p>Beginning in the year 886<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199823-24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199823-24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> reoccupied <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> from the Danish <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and after this event he declared himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Anglo-Saxons">King of the Anglo-Saxons</a>, until his death in 899. During the course of the early tenth century, the various <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms were united by Alfred's descendants <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (reigned 899–924) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (reigned 924–939) to form the Kingdom of the English. In 927, Æthelstan conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a>, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 1016, the kingdom became part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> between England, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> quickly established itself as England's largest and principal commercial centre.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Histories of the Kingdom of England from the Norman Conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties: <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman/Angevin</a> 1066–1216, <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Plantagenet</a> 1216–1485, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> 1485–1603 and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a> 1603–1707 (interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> of 1649–1660). All English monarchs after 1066 ultimately descend from the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, and the distinction of the Plantagenets is conventional—beginning with <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin kings</a> became "more English in nature"; the houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a> are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> via <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> via <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>. </p><p>The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Wales">conquest of Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown. Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a>. From the 1340s, <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">English claims to the French throne</a> were held in pretense, but after the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> in 1455, the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent, except for <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Calais" title="Pale of Calais">Calais</a>. After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> ruled during the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper, achieving the full union of England and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> oversaw the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (reigned 1558–1603) the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>, meanwhile establishing England as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> and laying the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> via <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>. </p><p>The accession of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> in 1603 resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart dynasty">Stuart dynasty</a> ruling the kingdoms of England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Under the Stuarts, England plunged into <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament. This concept became legally established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, the parliaments, and therefore Kingdoms, of both England and Scotland were mutually abolished. Their assets and estates united 'for ever, into the Kingdom by the name of Great Britain', forming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of England">Name of England</a></div> <p>The Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Engle</i></span> or the <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Angelcynn</i></span>, originally names of the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>. They called their land <i>Engla land</i>, meaning "land of the English", by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelweard_(historian)" title="Æthelweard (historian)">Æthelweard</a> Latinized <i>Anglia</i>, from an original <i><a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Anglia vetus</a></i>, the purported homeland of the Angles (called <i>Angulus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Engla land</i> became <i>England</i> by <a href="/wiki/Haplology" title="Haplology">haplology</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period (<i>Engle-land</i>, <i>Engelond</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Latin</a> name was <i>Anglia</i> or <i>Anglorum terra</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> one <i>Engleterre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard title for monarchs from <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> until <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Anglorum</i></span> ("King of the English"). <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a>, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". During the <a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman period</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Anglorum</i></span></i> remained standard, with occasional use of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Anglie</i></span></i> ("King of England"). From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regina Anglie</i></span></i>. In 1604 <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) <i>King of Great Britain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_England">Anglo-Saxon England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">History of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg/220px-Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg/330px-Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg/440px-Britain_peoples_circa_600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Southern Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing England's division into multiple <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy#List_of_Anglo-Saxon_kingdoms" title="Heptarchy">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viking_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking invasions">Viking invasions</a> of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general. The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014534-536_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014534-536-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as <a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High_king" title="High king">high king</a> over the other kings. The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful, absorbing the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">kings of Wessex</a> increasingly dominated the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert of Wessex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a>, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 886, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> says that "all of the English people (<i>all Angelcyn</i>) not <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">subject to the Danes</a> submitted themselves to King Alfred."<sup id="cite_ref-aschron_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aschron-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asser added that "Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">city of London</a> splendidly ... and made it habitable once more."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfred's restoration entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly deserted Roman walled city, building <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">quays</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>, and laying a new city street plan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> in 954, completing the unification of England. At about this time, <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>, a portion of the northern half of Northumbria (<a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>), was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at <a href="/wiki/Eamont" class="mw-redirect" title="Eamont">Eamont</a> in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014534-536_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014534-536-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title "King of the English" or <i>Rex Anglorum</i> in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan in <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_A" title="Æthelstan A">one of his charters</a> in 928. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> was "King of the English". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_1014_1035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cnut_1014_1035.jpg/220px-Cnut_1014_1035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cnut_1014_1035.jpg/330px-Cnut_1014_1035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cnut_1014_1035.jpg/440px-Cnut_1014_1035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The dominions of <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1014–1035)</figcaption></figure> <p>England has remained in political unity ever since. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1016), a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_I_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweyn I of Denmark">Sweyn I of Denmark</a>, culminating after a quarter-century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013. But Sweyn died on 2 February 1014, and Æþelræd was restored to the throne. In 1015, Sweyn's son <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (commonly known as Canute) launched a new invasion. The ensuing war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and Æþelræd's successor, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, to divide England between them, but Edmund's death on 30 November of that year left England united under Danish rule. This continued for 26 years until the death of <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> in June 1042. He was the son of Canute and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a> (the widow of Æthelred the Unready) and had no heirs of his own; he was succeeded by his half-brother, Æþelræd's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_Conquest">Norman Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Norman Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></div> <p>The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066. His brother-in-law was crowned <a href="/wiki/Harold_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold II of England">King Harold</a>, but his cousin <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, Duke of Normandy, immediately claimed the throne for himself. William launched an invasion of England and landed in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> on 28 September 1066. Harold and his army were in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> following their victory against the Norwegians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a> (25 September 1066) when the news reached him. He decided to set out without delay and confront the Norman army in Sussex so marched southwards at once, despite the army not being properly rested following the battle with the Norwegians. The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> (14 October 1066), in which the English army, or <i><a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">Fyrd</a></i>, was defeated, Harold and his two brothers were slain, and William emerged as victor. William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition. He was not, however, planning to absorb the Kingdom into the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. As a mere duke, William owed allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I of France</a>, whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference. He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas1964204–205_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1964204–205-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">England in the High Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Conquest of Wales by Edward I</a></div> <p>In 1092, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> led an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria. In doing so, he annexed what is now the county of <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> to England. In 1124, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> ceded what is now southeast Scotland (called <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, in return for the King of Scotland's loyalty. This final cession established what would become the traditional <a href="/wiki/England-Scotland_border" class="mw-redirect" title="England-Scotland border">borders</a> of England which have remained largely unchanged since then (except for occasional and temporary changes). This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a>. Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. This arrangement was later finalized in 1237 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York" title="Treaty of York">Treaty of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsay190882–83_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsay190882–83-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_(Magna_Carta)_by_English_School.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png/220px-King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png/330px-King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png/440px-King_John_signing_the_Great_Charter_%28Magna_Carta%29_by_English_School.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>King John signs <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Runnymede" title="Runnymede">Runnymede</a> in 1215, surrounded by his baronage. Illustration from <i>Cassell's History of England</i>, 1902.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> took place during the late 12th century, when <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the Kingdom of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the Papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> was made up of several kingdoms, with a <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King</a> claiming lordship over most of the other kings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> came into <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">personal union</a> with the Kingdom of England upon the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, who had married <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Duchess_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine">Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine</a>. The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy remained in personal union until <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John Lackland</a>, Henry II's son and fourth-generation descendant of William I, lost the continental possessions of the Duchy to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1204</a> and decisively after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a> in 1214. A few remnants of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, remained in John's possession, together with most of the Duchy of Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2009103_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2009103-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_Wales">Conquest of Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until the Norman Conquest of England, Wales had remained for the most part independent of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon kingdoms">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>, although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Bretwalda" title="Bretwalda">Bretwalda</a>. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a>, however, some Norman lords began to attack Wales. They conquered and ruled parts of it, acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence. Over many years these "<a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a>" conquered more and more of Wales, against considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes, who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, and so effectively conquered Wales, in 1282. He created the title <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> for his heir, the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, in 1301. Edward I's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression considerable, as the magnificent Welsh <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon</a> attest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1997206_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1997206-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">England in the Late Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump (15th century)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Agincourt,_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_St._Alban%27s_Chronicle_by_Thomas_Walsingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption>Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> was the first English king to have a <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claim to the throne of France</a>. His pursuit of the claim resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a> against five kings of France of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetian House of Valois">Capetian House of Valois</a>. Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war, often involving <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian <a href="/wiki/Pero_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Pero Niño">Pero Niño</a>. Though the English won numerous victories, they were unable to overcome the numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder weapons. England was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a> in 1450 and finally at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a> in 1453, retaining only a single town in France, <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward1978260_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward1978260-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hundred Years' War an <a href="/wiki/English_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="English identity">English identity</a> began to develop in place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> subjects. This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French, whose kings and other leaders (notably the charismatic <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMock2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailssymbolsofdefeati0000mockpage145_145]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMock2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailssymbolsofdefeati0000mockpage145_145]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> (1455–1487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> (whose heraldic symbol was the red rose) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> (whose symbol was the white rose), each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III. The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster, married to the eldest daughter of the House of York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudor_period">Tudor period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tudor period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></div> <p>Wales retained a separate legal and administrative system, which had been established by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> in the late 13th century. The country was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a>, who gave feudal allegiance to the crown, and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>. Under the Tudor monarchy, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> replaced the laws of Wales with those of England (under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542</a>). Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England, and henceforth was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_(Armada_Portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Elizabeth I made to commemorate the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> (1588), depicted in the background. Elizabeth's international power is symbolised by the hand resting on the globe.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1530s, Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Catholic Church within the kingdom, replacing the pope as head of his own English Church and seizing the Catholic Church's lands, thereby facilitating the creation of a variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time. This had the effect of aligning England with Scotland, which also gradually adopted a Protestant religion, whereas the most important continental powers, France and Spain, remained Roman Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977185_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Tudor conquest" (or <i>reconquest</i>) of Ireland' took place under the Tudor dynasty. Following a <a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare#Kildare_rebellion_(1534–1535)" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare">failed rebellion</a> against the crown by <a href="/wiki/Silken_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Silken Thomas">Silken Thomas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kildare" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Kildare">Earl of Kildare</a>, in the 1530s, Henry VIII was declared <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">1542</a> by statute of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country during the previous two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom, was lost in 1558, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>. Their successor, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. She also began to build up the kingdom's naval strength, on the foundations Henry VIII had laid down. By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>, which had sought to invade England to halt English support for the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch rebels</a> and to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></div> <p>The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603. <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, the kingdoms remained separate and independent states: a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War_and_Interregnum">Civil War and Interregnum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil War and Interregnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">English Interregnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="English Protectorate">English Protectorate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/220px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/330px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/440px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption><i>Cromwell at Dunbar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> united the whole of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> by force and created the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy, and were cast down by Parliament in 1645 and 1688. In the first instance, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>'s introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament led to the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1641–45), in which the king was defeated, and to the abolition of the monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">Interregnum</a> of 1649–1660.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> in January 1649, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> passed an <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Act_declaring_England_to_be_a_Commonwealth" class="extiw" title="s:Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth">act declaring England to be a Commonwealth</a> on 19 May 1649. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and so the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new body, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State (England)">Council of State</a> becoming the executive. However the Army remained the dominant institution in the new republic and the most prominent general was <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. The Commonwealth fought <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">wars in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Scotland</a> which were subdued and placed under Commonwealth military occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullSeed1998100_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullSeed1998100-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, relations with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had deteriorated. Despite initial English support during the Dutch War of Independence against the Spanish, tensions arose as the Dutch Republic emerged as England's principal commercial and naval rival. By the mid-17th century, it had become the foremost trading nation. In response the English, alarmed by their waning competitiveness, implemented stricter trading policies to curb Dutch dominance. The <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a> which followed, however, failed to resolve the commercial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer200739–40_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer200739–40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1989a207–213_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1989a207–213-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1653 Cromwell and the other <i><a href="/wiki/Grandee_(New_Model_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandee (New Model Army)">Grandees</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>, frustrated with the members of the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> who would not pass legislation to dissolve the Rump and to allow a new more representative parliament to be elected, stopped the Rump's session and declared the Rump dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobisonFritze1996147_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobisonFritze1996147-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly (<a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">Barebone's Parliament</a>), the Grandees in the Army, through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a>. Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector_(Protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Protector (Protectorate)">Lord Protector</a> (an office to be held for the life of the incumbent) and there were to be triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months. Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector. The <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a> was replaced by a second constitution (the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">Humble Petition and Advice</a>) under which the Lord Protector could nominate his successor. Cromwell nominated his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a> who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaunt1996204_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaunt1996204-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restoration_and_Glorious_Revolution">Restoration and Glorious Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Restoration and Glorious Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration (England)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam,_may_24_1660_(Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier,_1665).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg/220px-The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg/330px-The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg/440px-The_arrival_of_King_Charles_II_of_England_in_Rotterdam%2C_may_24_1660_%28Lieve_Pietersz._Verschuier%2C_1665%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Charles sailed from his exile in the Netherlands to his restoration in England in May 1660. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Lieve_Verschuier" title="Lieve Verschuier">Lieve Verschuier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule. He resigned his title and retired into obscurity. The Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state. But this restoration of Commonwealth rule, similar to that before the Protectorate, proved to be unstable, and the exiled claimant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restored</a> to the throne in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200547_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200547-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1665 the unresolved commercial issues with the Dutch led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, which culminated in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway" title="Raid on the Medway">Raid on the Medway</a> and forced the humiliated Charles in to an <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">unfavourable peace treaty</a>. The treaty eliminated a number of long-standing issues, and in the long-term made it possible for the two countries to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>. In the short-term however, Charles' desire to avenge this setback led to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1672. Despite attaining French support this time, Dutch naval successes made Parliament unwilling to support Charles' war effort any further, and he was again forced to make peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer200759–60_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer200759–60-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> to reintroduce Roman Catholicism—a century after its suppression by the Tudors—led to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, in which he was exiled by the Dutch prince <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>. William and his wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> were subsequently crowned by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroost2005219_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005219-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William reoriented England's foreign policy to support the Dutch Republic in its wars against Louis XIV of France.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1989b37-38_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1989b37-38-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_with_Scotland">Union with Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Union with Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Scottish case, the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put in place through the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Act_1705" title="Alien Act 1705">Alien Act 1705</a>. The English were more anxious about the royal succession. The death of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> to the thrones of England and Scotland, but her only surviving child had died in 1700, and the English <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> had given the succession to the English crown to the Protestant <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>. Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By 1704, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> was in crisis, with the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Security_1704" title="Act of Security 1704">Act of Security</a> allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch, which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1992311_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1992311-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> was agreed on 22 July 1706, and following the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union of 1707</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707. The Acts of Union created a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> and provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Acts would "cease and become void".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>, London. At this point England ceased to exist as a separate political entity, and since then has had no national <a href="/wiki/Government_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of England">government</a>. The laws of England were unaffected, with the legal jurisdiction continuing to be that of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, while Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts. This continued after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">1801 union</a> between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, forming the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. In 1922 the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">renamed</a> the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">History of the English monarchy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_divisions">Territorial divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Territorial divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_earldoms" title="List of earldoms">List of earldoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">County palatine</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_county_histories" title="English county histories">English county histories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">counties of England</a> were established for administration by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, in most cases based on earlier <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>. They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative counties</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the partly self-governing <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">boroughs</a> that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives – originally <a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">sheriffs</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">lord-lieutenants</a> – and their subordinate <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties were used initially for the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">administration of justice</a>, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackwood_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackwood-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">palatine</a> status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop. The last such, the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a>, did not lose this special status until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman Conquest, some counties were formed considerably later, up to the 16th century. Because of their differing origins the counties <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_England_by_area_in_1831" title="List of counties of England by area in 1831">varied considerably in size</a>. The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535-1542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542">Laws in Wales acts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vob_census_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vob_census-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government; for local defence; and for justice, through <a href="/wiki/Assize_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Assize courts">assize courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-winchester_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winchester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of the <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">feudal barons</a> to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of <i><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></i>. Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete (but not extinct) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, as confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Tenures_Abolition_Act_1660" title="Tenures Abolition Act 1660">Tenures Abolition Act 1660</a> passed under the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> which took away knight-service and other legal rights. Tenure by <a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">knight-service</a> was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a> (<i>i.e.</i>, in exchange for monetary rents). The English <i>Fitzwalter Case</i> in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, were not to be revived, nor any right of succession based on them.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> in 1284 followed the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "<a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>" as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Marcher Lords</a> were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a>, administered from <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a>, was initially established by <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a> to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales in 1472.<sup id="cite_ref-EnglishLaw_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnglishLaw-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time the Council of Wales was created in 1472, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a> was set up for the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">northern counties</a> of England. After falling into disuse, it was re-established in 1537 and abolished in 1641. A very short-lived <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_West" title="Council of the West">Council of the West</a> also existed for the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> between 1537 and 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Anglo-Saxon period, the <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">geld</a> or property tax was first levied in response to Danish invasions but later became a regular tax. The majority of the king's income derived from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">royal demesne</a> and the annual "<a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">farm</a>" from each shire (the fixed sum paid by sheriffs for the privilege of administering and profiting from royal lands). Kings also made income from judicial fines and regulation of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201629–30_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201629–30-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People owed the king service in the form of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Trinoda_necessitas" title="Trinoda necessitas">trinoda necessitas</a></i></span>—<a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a> service, <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a> building, and bridge building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolliffe196152_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe196152-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Conquest of 1066, the Normans continued collecting the geld regularly. They also introduced new sources of revenue based on concepts of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">feudalism</a>. The king was entitled to collect a <a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">feudal aid</a> when his eldest son was knighted, his eldest daughter married, or if the king needed to pay his own ransom. The heir to a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> was also required to pay the king a <a href="/wiki/Feudal_relief" title="Feudal relief">feudal relief</a> before he could take possession of his inheritance. The king was also entitled to his vassals military service, but vassals could pay <a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">scutage</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201690_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201690-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)</a></div> <p>In the Anglo-Saxon period, England had no standing army. The king and magnates retained professional household troops (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">housecarl</a>), and all free men were obligated to perform military service in the <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a>. In addition, holders of <a href="/wiki/Bookland_(law)" title="Bookland (law)">bookland</a> were obligated to provide a certain number of men based on the number of <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a> they owned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201631_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201631-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Norman Conquest, the king's household troops remained central to any royal army. The Anglo-Saxon fyrd also remained in use. But the Normans also introduced a new feudal element to the English military. The king's <a href="/wiki/Tenants-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants-in-chief">tenants-in-chief</a> (his <a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">feudal barons</a>) were obligated to provide mounted knights for service in the royal army or to garrison <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Castles in Great Britain and Ireland">royal castles</a>. The total number of knights owed was called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">servitium debitum</i></span> (Latin: "service owed"), and historian Richard Huscroft estimates this number was around 5,000. In reality, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">servitium debitum</i></span> was greater than any king would actually need in wartime. Its main purpose was for assessing how much scutage the king was owed. Scutage was used to pay for <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>, which were an important part of any Norman army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201697_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201697-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom</a> – British royal regalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a> – Territories ruled by Kingdom of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council of England</a> – Body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a> is <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred in one belly, to love one another as no more two but one estate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1963250-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms">"The Royal Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>. 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Coat+of+Arms&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcoats-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey201141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey201141_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2011">Carey 2011</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199823-24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199823-24_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1998">Keynes 1998</a>, p. 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkGpFhiPtIEC&dq=History%20of%20London&pg=PA363"><i>London, 800–1216: The Shaping of a City</i></a>, "<i>...rivalry between City and government, between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster.</i>", accessed November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">Acts of Union 1707</a>", UK Parliament, accessed 27 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf">"Making the Act of Union 1707"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scottish Parliament</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Parliament&rft.atitle=Making+the+Act+of+Union+1707&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fvli%2FvisitingHolyrood%2Funion_exhibition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Harris, <i>Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature</i>, Studies in Medieval History and Culture, Routledge, 2004, 139f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat, (1888), <i> A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Anglia " (par L. Favre, 1883–1887), dans du Cange, et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA"><i>Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206100228/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA">Archived</a> 6 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, éd. augm., Niort : L. 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Translations available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Anglo/">Berkeley Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325211939/http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Anglo/">Archived</a> 25 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/etext/657">Project Gutenberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aschron-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aschron_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/657/657.txt">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701234404/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/657/657.txt">Archived</a> 1 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project. Note: This electronic edition is a collation of material from nine diverse extant versions of the Chronicle. It contains primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asser's <i>Life of King Alfred</i>, ch. 83, trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, <i>Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources</i> (Penguin Classics) (1984), pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Vince" title="Alan Vince">Vince, Alan</a>, <i>Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation</i>, The Archaeology of London series (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1914114_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1914">Giles 1914</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas1964204–205-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas1964204–205_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas1964">Douglas 1964</a>, p. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsay190882–83-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsay190882–83_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsay1908">Ramsay 1908</a>, p. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Elva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152">"The Irish Church, Its Reform and the English Invasion review"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Church%2C+Its+Reform+and+the+English+Invasion+review&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Elva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fthe-irish-church-its-reform-and-the-english-invasion-review-1.3164152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1973" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Francis John (1973). <i>Irish Kings and High Kings</i>. London. pp. 40–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Kings+and+High+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=40-47&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Francis+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2009103-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2009103_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2009">Turner 2009</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson (1966), chapter 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1997206-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich1997206_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestwich1997">Prestwich 1997</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeward1978260-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeward1978260_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeward1978">Seward 1978</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMock2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailssymbolsofdefeati0000mockpage145_145]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMock2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailssymbolsofdefeati0000mockpage145_145]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMock2011">Mock 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/145">145</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams197325_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1973">Williams 1973</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993124_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1993">Williams 1993</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977185-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977185_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan1822" class="citation book cs1">Grattan, Henry (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdU9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA114">"Regency: Feb. 11, 1789"</a>. <i>The Speeches of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan in the Irish, and in the Imperial Parliament</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>The act of Henry VIII., commonly called the act of annexation, proves and ascertains what the member's arguments would deny, the existence, properties, and prerogatives of the Irish crown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regency%3A+Feb.+11%2C+1789&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+the+Right+Honourable+Henry+Grattan+in+the+Irish%2C+and+in+the+Imperial+Parliament&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+and+Brown&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Grattan&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdU9AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Daniel_McVey" class="citation web cs1">John Daniel McVey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uotc.scran.ac.uk">"The Union of The Crowns 1603 – 2003"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+May+1707+%E2%80%93+the+Union+comes+into+effect&rft.pub=UK+Parliament+website&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Factofunion%2F08_union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishstory.com/2012/09/18/the-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview/">"The Irish War of Independence – A Brief Overview – The Irish Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901001503/https://www.theirishstory.com/2012/09/18/the-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War+of+Independence+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+Overview+%E2%80%93+The+Irish+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2012%2F09%2F18%2Fthe-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/type_page.jsp?unit_type=ANC_CNTY">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416220749/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/type_page.jsp?unit_type=ANC_CNTY">Archived</a> 16 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Type details for ancient county. Retrieved 19 October 2006.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungs1979" class="citation book cs1">Youngs, Frederic A Jr. (1979). <i>Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a>. pp. xii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-67-0"><bdi>978-0-901050-67-0</bdi></a>. <q><i>Ancient County</i>: Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period. They were derived either from Anglo-Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century, or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms. The number of 'shires' (the Anglo-Saxon term) or 'counties' (Norman term) varied in the medieval period, particularly in the north of England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Local+Administrative+Units+of+England%2C+Vol.I%3A+Southern+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xii-xiii&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-901050-67-0&rft.aulast=Youngs&rft.aufirst=Frederic+A+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2007" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, J. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0glBHiU9oAC&pg=PA2">"Local government before 1832"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0glBHiU9oAC"><i>Explaining Local Government: Local Government in Britain Since 1800</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6706-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6706-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6706-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Local+government+before+1832&rft.btitle=Explaining+Local+Government%3A+Local+Government+in+Britain+Since+1800&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6706-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0glBHiU9oAC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hackwood-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hackwood_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackwood1920" class="citation book cs1">Hackwood, Frederick William (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/storyofshirebein00hackuoft/storyofshirebein00hackuoft_bw.pdf"><i>The Story of the Shire, being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Heath Cranton Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Shire%2C+being+the+Lore%2C+History+and+Evolution+of+English+County+Institutions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heath+Cranton+Limited&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Hackwood&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fstoryofshirebein00hackuoft%2Fstoryofshirebein00hackuoft_bw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1994" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Tony (1994). <i>Local Government in Britain</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harmondsworth" title="Harmondsworth">Harmondsworth</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017663-6"><bdi>978-0-14-017663-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Government+in+Britain&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017663-6&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4 c 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vob_census-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vob_census_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cen_Guide&c_id=19&show=ALL">Vision of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416194539/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/chap_page.jsp?t_id=Cen_Guide&c_id=19&show=ALL">Archived</a> 16 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Census Geographies. Retrieved 19 October 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winchester-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winchester_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1990" class="citation book cs1">Winchester, Angus J L (1990). <i>Discovering Parish Boundaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shire_Books" title="Shire Books">Shire Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0060-6"><bdi>978-0-7478-0060-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Parish+Boundaries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0060-6&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Angus+J+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Complete_Peerage_Ed_1_Vol_3.djvu/375">"The Complete Peerage, Edition 1, Volume 3, page 375"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+Edition+1%2C+Volume+3%2C+page+375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3AThe_Complete_Peerage_Ed_1_Vol_3.djvu%2F375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishLaw-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishLaw_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Searle Holdsworth, "A History of English Law", Little, Brown, and Company, 1912, p. 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYouings1960" class="citation journal cs1">Youings, Joyce A. (1960). "The Council of the West". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>10</b>: 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678773">10.2307/3678773</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678773">3678773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+the+West&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3678773&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3678773%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Youings&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201629–30-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201629–30_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe196152-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolliffe196152_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJolliffe1961">Jolliffe 1961</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201690-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201690_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201631-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201631_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201697-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201697_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_works">Cited works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cited works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullSeed1998" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Stephen; Seed, Mike (1998). <i>Bloody Preston: The Battle of Preston, 1648</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-041-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-041-6"><bdi>1-85936-041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Preston%3A+The+Battle+of+Preston%2C+1648&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85936-041-6&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Seed%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Carey" title="Hilary Carey">Carey, Hilary M.</a> (2011) [2010]. <i>God's Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c. 1801–1908</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49409-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49409-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49409-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Empire%3A+Religion+and+Colonialism+in+the+British+World%2C+c.+1801%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49409-0&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Hilary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">Douglas, David C.</a> (1964). <i>William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399137">399137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror%3A+The+Norman+Impact+Upon+England&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399137&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, Geoffrey R.</a> (1977). <i>Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558</i>. Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5952-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-5952-9"><bdi>0-7131-5952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Reformation%3A+England%2C+1509%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7131-5952-9&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt1996" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, Peter (1996). <i>Oliver Cromwell</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18356-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18356-6"><bdi>0-631-18356-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oliver+Cromwell&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-18356-6&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles1914" class="citation cs1">Giles, J.A. (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Giles)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_(Giles)"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> </a></span>. London: G. Bell and Sonson. p. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Giles)#114"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_(Giles)#114">114 </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+Sonson&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (2005). <i>Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713991918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713991918"><bdi>978-0713991918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration%3ACharles+II+and+His+Kingdoms+1660%E2%80%931685&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0713991918&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNYCwAAQBAJ"><i>Ruling England, 1042–1217</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138786554" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138786554"><bdi>978-1138786554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+England%2C+1042%E2%80%931217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138786554&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKNYCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1989a" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1989a). <i>Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740</i> (E-book ed.). Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191591822" title="Special:BookSources/9780191591822"><bdi>9780191591822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Primacy+in+World+Trade%2C+1585-1740&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780191591822&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1989b" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1989b). <i>The Dutch Republic and the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688/89 in England</i>. Greenwich: Trustees National Maritime Museum. pp. 31–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0948065033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0948065033"><bdi>978-0948065033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+the+%27Glorious+Revolution%27+of+1688%2F89+in+England&rft.place=Greenwich&rft.pages=31-44&rft.pub=Trustees+National+Maritime+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0948065033&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolliffe1961" class="citation book cs1">Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi0000joll"><i>The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+Medieval+England+from+the+English+Settlement+to+1485&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Adams+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jolliffe&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalhi0000joll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1998" class="citation cs1">Keynes, Simon (1998). "Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A.S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). <i>Kings, currency, and alliances: history and coinage of southern England in the ninth century</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8511-5598-2"><bdi>978-0-8511-5598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+and+the+Mercians&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+currency%2C+and+alliances%3A+history+and+coinage+of+southern+England+in+the+ninth+century&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=1-46&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8511-5598-2&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keynes, Simon (2014) [1st edition 1999]. "Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c. 450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 521–538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-5632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4706-5632-7"><bdi>978-0-4706-5632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I%3A+Rulers+of+the+English%2C+c.+450%E2%80%931066&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=521-538&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-4706-5632-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1992" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync/page/311"><i>Scotland: A New History</i></a>. Pimlico. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync/page/311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-9893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-9893-0"><bdi>0-7126-9893-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-9893-0&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotlandnewhisto0000lync%2Fpage%2F311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMock2011" class="citation book cs1">Mock, Steven (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock"><i>Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107013360" title="Special:BookSources/9781107013360"><bdi>9781107013360</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097164619">1097164619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Defeat+in+the+Construction+of+National+Identity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097164619&rft.isbn=9781107013360&rft.aulast=Mock&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolsofdefeati0000mock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="nelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Lynn H. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/nelson/index.html"><i>The Normans in South Wales, 1070–1171</i></a>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+in+South+Wales%2C+1070%E2%80%931171&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ku.edu%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fnelson%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, M. A.J. (2007). <i>Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control since the Sixteenth Century</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674041912" title="Special:BookSources/9780674041912"><bdi>9780674041912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+at+Sea%3A+Naval+Command+and+Control+since+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780674041912&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=M.+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich1997" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, Michael (1997). <i>Edward I</i>. English Monarchs (Revised Second ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-7209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-7209-9"><bdi>978-0-3000-7209-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL704063M">704063M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+I&rft.series=English+Monarchs&rft.edition=Revised+Second&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL704063M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-7209-9&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1908" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, James Hill (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJwgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA82">"Henry III, A.D. 1237–1241"</a>. <i>The Dawn of the Constitution or The Reigns of Henry III and Edward I (A.D. 1216 – 1307)</i>. The Scholar's History of England: Volume IV. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+III%2C+A.D.+1237%E2%80%931241&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+the+Constitution+or+The+Reigns+of+Henry+III+and+Edward+I+%28A.D.+1216+%E2%80%93+1307%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Scholar%27s+History+of+England%3A+Volume+IV&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=James+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJwgAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobisonFritze1996" class="citation book cs1">Robison, William; Fritze, Ronald H. (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313283918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313283918"><bdi>978-0313283918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Stuart+England%2C+1603%E2%80%931689&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313283918&rft.aulast=Robison&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Fritze%2C+Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1978" class="citation book cs1">Seward, Desmond (1978). <i>The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453</i>. New York: Atheneum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+The+English+in+France%2C+1337%E2%80%931453&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroost2005" class="citation book cs1">Troost, Wout (2005). <i>William III, The Stadholder-king: A Political Biography</i>. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5"><bdi>0-7546-5071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III%2C+The+Stadholder-king%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-5071-5&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2009" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph V. (2009). <i>King John: England's Evil King?</i>. Stroud, UK: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4850-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-4850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John%3A+England%27s+Evil+King%3F&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4850-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glanmor_Williams" title="Glanmor Williams">Williams, Glanmor</a> (1993). <i>Renewal and reformation : Wales, c.1415–1642</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192852779" title="Special:BookSources/0192852779"><bdi>0192852779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewal+and+reformation+%3A+Wales%2C+c.1415%E2%80%931642&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0192852779&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanmor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1973" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1973). <i>The Life and Times of Henry VII</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76517-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76517-2"><bdi>978-0-297-76517-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Henry+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76517-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Harris_Willson" title="David Harris Willson">Willson, David Harris</a> (1963) [1956], <i>King James VI & I</i>, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2246-0572-4"><bdi>978-0-2246-0572-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+James+VI+%26+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-2246-0572-4&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=David+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Robert</a> (2002). <i>England under the Norman and Angevin kings: 1075–1225</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+the+Norman+and+Angevin+kings%3A+1075%E2%80%931225&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Black" title="J. B. Black">Black, J.B.</a> (1936). <i>The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Elizabeth%2C+1558%E2%80%931603&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Borman" title="Tracy Borman">Borman, Tracy</a> (2015). <i>Thomas Cromwell: The Untold Story of Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cromwell%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Henry+VIII%27s+Most+Faithful+Servant&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Borman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, G. R.</a> (1955). <i>England under the Tudors</i>. Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Steven G. (2014). <i>Ireland in the age of the Tudors, 1447–1603: English expansion and the end of Gaelic rule</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+age+of+the+Tudors%2C+1447%E2%80%931603%3A+English+expansion+and+the+end+of+Gaelic+rule&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2013). <i>The Tudors: a very short introduction</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudors%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._L._Harriss" title="G. L. Harriss">Harriss, G.L.</a> (2005). <i>Shaping the nation: England 1360–1461</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+the+nation%3A+England+1360%E2%80%931461&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._Jacob" title="E. F. Jacob">Jacob, E.F.</a> (1961). <i>The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485</i>. Oxford History of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifteenth+Century%2C+1399%E2%80%931485&rft.pub=Oxford+History+of+England&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=E.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jenkins_(writer)" title="Elizabeth Jenkins (writer)">Jenkins, Elizabeth</a> (1964). <i>Elizabeth the Great</i>. Time Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+the+Great&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. Gwynfor (1989). <i>Wales and the Tudor state: government, religious change and the social order, 1534–1603</i>. University of Wales Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Tudor+state%3A+government%2C+religious+change+and+the+social+order%2C+1534%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+Gwynfor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2013" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Carole (2013). <i>The heart and stomach of a king: Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heart+and+stomach+of+a+king%3A+Elizabeth+I+and+the+politics+of+sex+and+power&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Loades" class="mw-redirect" title="David Michael Loades">Loades, David Michael</a> (1999). <i>Politics and nation: England 1450–1660</i>. Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+nation%3A+England+1450%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Loades" class="mw-redirect" title="David Michael Loades">Loades, David Michael</a> (1997). <i>Power in Tudor England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Tudor+England&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey" class="citation book cs1">McCaffrey, Wallace. <i>Elizabeth I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKisack1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/May_McKisack" title="May McKisack">McKisack, May</a> (1959). <i>The Fourteenth Century, 1307–1399</i>. Oxford History of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourteenth+Century%2C+1307%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Oxford+History+of+England&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=McKisack&rft.aufirst=May&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeale1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.E._Neale" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Neale">Neale, J.E.</a> (1957). <i>Queen Elizabeth I: a biography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I%3A+a+biography&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penn" title="Thomas Penn">Penn, Thomas</a> (2012). <i>Winter king: Henry VII and the dawn of Tudor England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winter+king%3A+Henry+VII+and+the+dawn+of+Tudor+England&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowicke1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Powicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Powicke">Powicke, Maurice</a> (1962). <i>The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307</i>. Oxford History of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteenth+Century%2C+1216%E2%80%931307&rft.pub=Oxford+History+of+England&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1985" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jasper G. (1985). <i>Henry VIII</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonBisson2016" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, F. David Roberts; Bisson, Douglas (2016). <i>A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England%2C+Volume+1%3A+Prehistory+to+1714&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=F.+David+Roberts&rft.au=Bisson%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, John A.F. (2014). <i>The Transformation of Medieval England 1370–1529</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Medieval+England+1370%E2%80%931529&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=John+A.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penry_Williams" title="Penry Williams">Williams, Penry</a> (1995). <i>The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Tudors%3A+England%2C+1547%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Penry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a><br />c. 519–886</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Kingdom of England </b><br />886 – 1649 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">English Interregnum</a><br />1649–1660</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">English Interregnum</a><br />1649–1660</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Kingdom of England </b><br />1660–1707 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><br />1707–1800</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> 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