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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Laurence BonJour</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1943</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_coherentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic coherentism">Epistemic coherentism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>a priori</i> justification</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Laurence BonJour</b> (born August 31, 1943) is an <a href="/wiki/American_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="American philosopher">American philosopher</a> and Emeritus of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He received his bachelor's degrees in Philosophy and Political Science from <a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester College</a> and his doctorate in 1969 from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> with a dissertation directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>. Before moving to UW he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BonJour specializes in <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_empiricism" class="mw-redirect" title="British empiricism">British empiricism</a>, but is best known for his contributions to epistemology. Initially defending <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">coherentism</a> in his anti-foundationalist critique <i>The Structure of Empirical Knowledge</i> (1985), BonJour subsequently moved to defend <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Cartesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalism</a> in later work such as 1998's <i>In Defense of Pure Reason</i>. The latter book is a sustained defense of <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> justification, strongly criticizing empiricists and pragmatists who dismiss it (such as <a href="/wiki/W._V._O._Quine" class="mw-redirect" title="W. V. O. Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>). </p><p>In 1980, in his essay <i>Externalist theories of empirical knowledge</i>, Bonjour criticized the <a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">reliabilism</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a>, proposing <a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">internalist</a> approach to epistemic truth and knowledge justification.<sup id="cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formulated the examples of a <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyant</a> and her reliable forecasts about the presence of the U.S. president in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To set the problematic of this essay, Bonjour said that foundationalism, the most common form of internalism, requires the concept of a basic belief to solve the <a href="/wiki/Regress_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress problem">regress problem</a> in epistemology: he wrote that this central concept is itself by no means unproblematic.<sup id="cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Structure of Empirical Knowledge</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. xiii, 258.</li> <li><i>In Defense of Pure Reason</i> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. xiv, 232.</li> <li><i>Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses</i> (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. viii, 283.</li> <li><i>Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues</i> (jointly with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a>). (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), pp. vii, 240.</li> <li><i>Philosophical Problems: An Annotated Anthology</i> (jointly edited with Ann Baker) (New York: Longman, 2005), pp. xvi, 876.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>"Sellars on Truth and Picturing"</i>, International Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 13 (1973), pp. 243–65.</li> <li><i>"Rescher's Idealistic Pragmatism"</i>, The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 29 (1976), pp. 702–26.</li> <li><i>"Determinism, Libertarianism, and Agent Causation"</i>, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, vol. 14 (1976), pp. 145–56.</li> <li><i>"The Coherence Theory of Empirical Knowledge"</i>, Philosophical Studies, vol. 30 (1976), pp. 281–312; reprinted in Paul Moser (ed.) Empirical Knowledge (Rowman & Littlefield, 1986), in Louis Pojman (ed.), The Theory of Knowledge (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1993), and in Michael Goodman and Robert A. Snyder (eds.) Contemporary Readings in Epistemology (Prentice-Hall, 1993).</li> <li><i>"Can Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?"</i> American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 15 (1978), pp. 1–13; reprinted in Paul Moser (ed.), Empirical Knowledge (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1986) and in Louis Pojman (ed.), The Theory of Knowledge (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1993).</li> <li><i>"Rescher's Philosophical System"</i>, in E. Sosa (ed.), The Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher (Dordrecht, the Netherlands: D. Reidel, 1979), pp. 157–72.</li> <li><i>"Externalist Theories of Empirical Knowledge"</i>, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, vol. 5 (1980), pp. 53–73.</li> <li><i>"Reply to Christlieb"</i>, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, vol. 24 (1986), pp. 415–29.</li> <li><i>"A Reconsideration of the Problem of Induction"</i>, Philosophical Topics, vol. 14 (1986), pp. 93–124.</li> <li><i>"Nozick, Externalism, and Skepticism"</i>, in S. Luper-Foy (ed.), The Possibility of Knowledge: Nozick and His Critics (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987), pp. 297–313.</li> <li><i>"Reply to Steup"</i>, Philosophical Studies, vol.</li> <li><i>"Reply to Moser"</i>, Analysis, vol. 48 (1988), pp. 164–65.</li> <li><i>"Replies and Clarifications"</i>, in J. W. Bender (ed.), The Current State of the Coherence Theory: Essays on the Epistemic Theories of Keith Lehrer and Laurence BonJour (Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer, 1989), pp. 276–92.</li> <li><i>"Reply to Solomon"</i>, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.</li> <li><i>"Is Thought a Symbolic Process?"</i> Synthese, vol. 89 (1991), pp. 331–52.</li> <li><i>"A Rationalist Manifesto"</i>, Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992), pp. 53–88.</li> <li><i>"Fumerton on Coherence Theories"</i>, Journal of Philosophical Research, vol. 19 (1994), pp. 104–108.</li> <li><i>"Against Naturalized Epistemology"</i>, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, vol. 19 (1994), pp. 283–300.</li> <li><i>"Sosa on Knowledge, Justification, and 'Aptness'"</i>, Philosophical Studies, vol. 78 (1995), pp. 207–220.</li> <li><i>"Toward a Moderate Rationalism"</i>, Philosophical Topics, vol. 23 (1995), pp. 47–78.</li> <li><i>"Plantinga on Knowledge and Proper Function"</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kvanvig" title="Jonathan Kvanvig">Jonathan Kvanvig</a> (ed.), Warrant in Contemporary Epistemology ( Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), pp. 47–71.</li> <li><i>"Haack on Justification and Experience"</i>, Synthese.</li> <li><i>"The Dialectic of Foundationalism and Coherentism"</i>, in the Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, ed. John Greco and Ernest Sosa, Blackwell.</li> <li><i>"Toward a Defense of Empirical Foundationalism"</i>, in Michael DePaul (ed.), Resurrecting Old-Fashioned Foundationalism (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000). With a reply to criticisms by John Pollock and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a>.</li> <li><i>"Foundationalism and the External World"</i>, in James Tomberlin (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 13 (2000).</li> <li>Critical study of Evan Fales, A Defense of the Given, Nous.</li> <li><i>"The Indispensability of Internalism"</i>, Philosophical Topics.</li> <li><i>"Internalism and Externalism"</i>, in the Oxford Handbook of Epistemology, ed. Paul Moser.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/bonjour/Unpublished%20articles/UBCPAPER.html">Analytic Philosophy and the Nature of Thought</a> (Unpublished)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523171924/http://faculty.washington.edu/bonjour/Unpublished%20articles/MARTIAN.html">What is it Like to be a Human (Instead of a Bat)?</a> (Unpublished)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedia_and_dictionary_articles">Encyclopedia and dictionary articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encyclopedia and dictionary articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>"Externalism/Internalism"</i> and <i>"Problems of Induction"</i>, in E. Sosa & J. Dancy (eds.), A Companion To Epistemology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).</li> <li><i>"A Priori/A Posteriori"</i>, <i>"Coherence Theory of Truth"</i> and <i>"Broad, Charlie Dunbar"</i> in The Cambridge Dictionary Of Philosophy, ed. Robert Audi, Cambridge University Press, 1995.</li> <li><i>"Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge"</i>, in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</li> <li><i>"Epistemological Problems of Perception"</i>, in the on-line Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviews">Reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Of Gilbert Harman, Thought, Philosophical Review, vol. 84 (1975), pp. 256–58.</li> <li>Of R. M. Dworkin (ed.), Philosophy of Law; and Kenneth Kipnis (ed.), Philosophical Issues in Law, Teaching Philosophy, vol. 2 (1977–78), pp. 325–28.</li> <li>Of James Cornman, Skepticism, Justification, and Explanation, Philosophical Review, vol. 91 (1982), pp. 612–15.</li> <li>Of D. J. O'Connor and Brian Carr, Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, Teaching Philosophy, vol. 7 (1984), pp. 64–66.</li> <li>Of Paul Ziff, Epistemic Analysis, Canadian Philosophical Reviews</li> <li>Of Lorraine Code, Epistemic Responsibility, Philosophical Review.</li> <li>Of Alan Goldman, Empirical Knowledge, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.</li> <li>Of Robert Fogelin, Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification, Times Literary Supplement.</li> <li>Of Michael DePaul and William Ramsey (eds.), Rethinking Intuition, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.</li> <li>Of Paul Boghossian and Christopher Peacocke (eds.), New Essays on the A Priori, forthcoming in Mind.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_BonJour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-coherence/">Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernecker2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernecker, Sven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bg8uhTI2hkC&pg=PA139"><i>Reading Epistemology: Selected Texts with Interactive Commentary</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2763-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2763-5"><bdi>1-4051-2763-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Epistemology%3A+Selected+Texts+with+Interactive+Commentary&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-2763-5&rft.aulast=Bernecker&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bg8uhTI2hkC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+BonJour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phil.washington.edu/people/laurence-bonjour">"Laurence BonJour | Department of Philosophy | University of Washington"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laurence+BonJour+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+Philosophy+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphil.washington.edu%2Fpeople%2Flaurence-bonjour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+BonJour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Adams2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Adams" title="Fred Adams">Fred Adams</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/ADATTO-3">"Tracking theory of knowledge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Veritas – Revista de Filosofia da Pucrs</i>. <b>50</b> (4): 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15448%2F1984-6746.2005.4.1813">10.15448/1984-6746.2005.4.1813</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601204844/https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/veritas/article/view/1813">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2020.</cite><span 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1807971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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