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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economic policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debt_trap_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_trap_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Debt trap allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_trap_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Recent initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China–United_States_trade_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China–United_States_trade_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 China–United States trade war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China–United_States_trade_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RCEP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RCEP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 RCEP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RCEP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_treaties_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_treaties_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 International treaties and organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_treaties_and_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International treaties and organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_treaties_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 International treaties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diplomatic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_by_region_and_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_by_region_and_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relations by region and country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_by_region_and_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations by region and country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_by_region_and_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Diplomatic history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Economic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Military relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5.1 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5.2 Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5.3 Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5.4 Somalia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5.5 Tanzania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Latin America and the Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua_and_Barbuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.1 Antigua and Barbuda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.2 Barbados </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.3 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.4 El Salvador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.5 Honduras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1.6 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Arab World </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.1 Medieval Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.2 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.4 China-Arab States Cooperation Forum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Joint_Communiqué" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Joint_Communiqué"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1.5 The Joint Communiqué </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Joint_Communiqué-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 West Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2.1 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2.2 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4.2 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4.3 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5.1 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5.3 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5.4 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.6 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.7 Cambodia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.8 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.9 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.10 Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.11 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.12 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.13 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.14 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.4 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.5 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.2 Fiji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federated_States_of_Micronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.3 Federated States of Micronesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federated_States_of_Micronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.4 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.5 Papua New Guinea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.6 Samoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.7 Tonga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanuatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanuatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.8 Vanuatu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanuatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_without_diplomatic_relations_with_the_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_without_diplomatic_relations_with_the_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_without_diplomatic_relations_with_the_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Foreign relations of China</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علاقات الصين الخارجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاقات الصين الخارجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Знешняя палітыка Кітайскай Народнай Рэспублікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Знешняя палітыка Кітайскай Народнай Рэспублікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahrani%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_vztahy_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Zahraniční vztahy Číny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zahraniční vztahy Číny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Fenpolitik_der_Volksrepublik_China" title="Außenpolitik der Volksrepublik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Außenpolitik der Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_internacionales_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Relaciones internacionales de la República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones internacionales de la República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="روابط خارجی چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط خارجی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" title="Politique étrangère de la république populaire de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique étrangère de la république populaire de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%EC%99%B8_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="중화인민공화국의 대외 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국의 대외 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինաստանի արտաքին քաղաքականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի արտաքին քաղաքականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="चीन के वैदेशिक सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन के वैदेशिक सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יחסי החוץ של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי החוץ של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთის საგარეო ურთიერთობები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის საგარეო ურთიერთობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="中華人民共和国の国際関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華人民共和国の国際関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د چین بهرنۍ اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چین بهرنۍ اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_exteriores_da_China" title="Relações exteriores da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações exteriores da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C8%9Biile_externe_ale_Chinei" title="Relațiile externe ale Chinei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relațiile externe ale Chinei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%A0" title="Внешняя политика КНР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Внешняя политика КНР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABniet_e_jashtme_t%C3%AB_Kin%C3%ABs" title="Marrëdhëniet e jashtme të Kinës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marrëdhëniet e jashtme të Kinës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kansantasavallan_ulkopolitiikka" title="Kiinan kansantasavallan ulkopolitiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kansantasavallan ulkopolitiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27in_d%C4%B1%C5%9F_ili%C5%9Fkileri" title="Çin'in dış ilişkileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'in dış ilişkileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="چین کے خارجہ تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین کے خارجہ تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_ngo%E1%BA%A1i_giao_c%E1%BB%A7a_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Quan hệ ngoại giao của Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ ngoại giao của Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the foreign relations of the People's Republic of China. For the foreign relations of the Republic of China, see <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations of Taiwan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Talk:Foreign relations of China">talk page</a>. (October 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg/250px-Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg/375px-Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg/500px-Diplomatic_relations_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Official diplomatic relations between world states and China <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  People's Republic of China (PRC)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Republic of China (ROC)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States that have diplomatic relations with the PRC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States that have diplomatic relations with the ROC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  States that have diplomatic relations with neither</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRC_relations_commencement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PRC_relations_commencement.svg/250px-PRC_relations_commencement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PRC_relations_commencement.svg/375px-PRC_relations_commencement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PRC_relations_commencement.svg/500px-PRC_relations_commencement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Countries of the world indicating decade diplomatic relations commenced with the People's Republic of China: 1949/1950s (dark red), 1960s (red), 1970s (orange), 1980s (beige), 1990s/2000s (yellow) and 2010s/2020s (green). Countries not recognized by or not recognizing the PRC are in grey.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China">Legislation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China">General Principles of the Civil Law</a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China">Civil Code</a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Contract Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China">Property Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China">Administrative Procedure Law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission" title="Director of the National Supervisory Commission">Director</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management (chengguan)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="International communication centers">International communication centers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), has full diplomatic relations with 180 out of the other 192 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations member states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit">[update]</a>, China has had the most <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic missions</a> of any state.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> China officially claims it "unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The fundamental goals of this policy are to preserve China's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for China's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">reform and opening up</a> and modernization of construction, and to maintain <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a> and propel common development."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> An example of a foreign policy decision guided by "sovereignty and territorial integrity" is not engaging in <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with any country that recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a>, which the PRC does not recognise as a <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan#Position_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(PRC)" title="Political status of Taiwan">separate nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> China is a member of many international organizations, holding key positions such as a permanent membership on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. In the early 1970s, the PRC replaced the ROC as the recognised government of "China" in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> following <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">Resolution 2758</a>. As a nuclear power, China signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> in the United Nations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For history before 1800, see <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_imperial_China" title="Foreign relations of imperial China">Foreign relations of imperial China</a>. For history since 1800, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">History of foreign relations of China</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG/220px-Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG/330px-Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG/440px-Air_China_B-2047_China-France_PEK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> in China-France 50 years anniversary livery</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></div> Since <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)#Reform_and_opening_up" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">the start of the period of Reform and Opening Up</a> in 1978, China has sought a higher profile in the UN through its permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> and other multilateral organizations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> China traditionally operates separate tracks of government-to-government and party-to-party relations, the latter for example via the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/International_Liaison_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Liaison Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ong-2023-8">[8]</a>: 137  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_neighbors">Asian neighbors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asian neighbors">edit</a>]</div> China's relations with its Asian neighbors became more stable during the last decades of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It has cultivated a more cooperative relationship with members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN), and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Regional Forum</a>. In 1997, the ASEAN member nations and China, South Korea and Japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Plus_Three" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Plus Three">ASEAN Plus Three</a> meetings.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2005, the "ASEAN Plus Three" countries together with India, Australia and New Zealand held the inaugural <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Relations have improved with Vietnam since the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts</a> although maritime disputes remain.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial dispute</a> with its Southeast Asian neighbors over islands in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> remains unresolved, as does another dispute in the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a> with Japan. For the countries involved, these conflicts have had a negative impact on China's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The 2023 edition of China's "standard map" unveiled by its Ministry of Natural Resources on 28 August 2023, met with objections from its Asian neighbors the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, and India, all of which are involved in <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial disputes</a> with China.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">Relations with India</a> have fluctuated greatly over the years. After years of competition, general distrust between the two, and several border conflicts, relations in the 21st century between the world's two most populous states stabilized, only for relations to suffer a massive hit in the late 2010s due to multiple border standoffs that resulted in deaths on both sides. While both countries have doubled their economic trade in the past few years, and China became India's largest trading partner in 2010, there is increasing unease in India regarding the perceived Chinese advantage in their trade relationship. The two countries are planning to host joint naval exercises. The dispute over <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> (formerly a part of the Indian territory of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tibet">South Tibet</a> (China) or <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> (India) is not settled and plagues Sino-Indian relations. While New Delhi has raised objections to Chinese military-aid to arch-rival <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, Beijing similarly objects to India's growing military collaboration with Japan, Australia and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Relations between the two countries have deteriorated over the past decade, especially after <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a> along the border in the <a href="/wiki/Galwan_River" title="Galwan River">Galwan Valley</a> involving Indian and Chinese military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_territorial_disputes">International territorial disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International territorial disputes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China">Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China</a></div> China has had border or maritime disputes with several countries, including with Vietnam in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a> and with Japan. Beijing has resolved many of these disputes. Notably on 21 July 2008, Russia finally resolved the last remaining border dispute along the 4300 km border between the two countries by ceding a small amount of territory to China.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Territorial disputes with other countries below:<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a> <ul><li>The PRC claims the de jure administration of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan Province</a>, as well as mainland-nearby islands of <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a>, currently controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>10 features in the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a> (Korean: Amnok) river are in dispute with North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Border dispute with India; India claims control of <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>, which China seized during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> of 1962, while China claims most of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> (called <a href="/wiki/South_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tibet">South Tibet</a> by China).<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_border" title="Bhutan–China border">Bhutan-China border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>China claims the administration of <a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku Islands</a> (Diaoyutai Islands), currently held by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>South China Sea Issue (《Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea》 was signed by the People's Republic of China and the 10 ASEAN countries (10+1) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 4 November 2002) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> administered and occupied by the People's Republic, but claimed by Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Involved in a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> over <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal" title="Scarborough Shoal">Scarborough Shoal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Involved in a <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">complex dispute over the Spratly Islands</a> with Malaysia, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Vietnam, Taiwan, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li> <li>The maritime area in South China Sea, which China claimed sovereignty on area surrounding shoals and islands in the Sea, as well as historical right over the area in <a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">nine-dash line</a>, while countries like the United States and Japan consider the maritime area as <a href="/wiki/International_water" class="mw-redirect" title="International water">international water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a> disputes with North Korea in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in the Yellow and <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Seas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the East China Sea (<a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea_EEZ_disputes" title="East China Sea EEZ disputes">East China Sea EEZ disputes</a>); Vietnam, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></li></ul> Territorial disputes listed above as between the PRC and ROC ("Taiwan") stems from the question of which government is the legitimate government of China. The Republic of China which views itself as the successor state of the Qing Dynasty did not renounce any territory which fell under de facto control of other states (i.e. Mongolia), but has largely been a non-participant in enforcing these claims. The People's Republic of China which inherited the claims has settled a number of such disputes with Mongolia and Russia via bilateral treaties, not recognized by the Republic of China. In this respect, the territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring countries may be considered a subset of those between the ROC and said countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bloomberg News reports that these disputes are undermining China's attempts to charm its neighbors away from American influence.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> China has come to rely more on military power to resolve these disputes. China has made double digit percentage increases in its military budget for many years, though as a percentage of its fast growing GDP falling from 1.4% in 2006 to 1.3% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This may lead to a China causing its own encirclement by nations that are ever more firmly aligned against an increasingly well armed and dominant China.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> As of 2013 this has caused even the Philippines to invite back onto their soil not just the Americans, but also the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/220px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/330px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg/440px-20041120-1_bushchinamtg-1-515h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> of China and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> meet while attending an <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a> summit in Santiago de Chile, 2004.</figcaption></figure> In March 2024, it was revealed that Japan and the European Union are set to engage in discussions regarding cooperation on advanced materials for next-generation chips and batteries, aiming to decrease their dependence on China. EU Commissioner for Innovation and Research, Iliana Ivanova, highlighted the potential mutual benefits of establishing a dialogue framework.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></div> At a national meeting on diplomatic work in August 2004, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) general secretary Hu Jintao reiterated that China will continue its "independent foreign policy of peaceful development," stressing the need for a peaceful and stable international environment, especially among China's neighbors, that will foster "mutually beneficial cooperation" and "common development." This policy line had varied little in intent since the People's Republic was established in 1949, but the rhetoric has varied in its stridency to reflect periods of domestic political upheaval. In 2007, Foreign Affairs Ministry spokesman <a href="/wiki/Qin_Gang" title="Qin Gang">Qin Gang</a> made an eight-point statement explaining the diplomatic philosophy of China in response to U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney's earlier remarks on China's military spending and China's anti-satellite test in January 2007 posing a global threat.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_(2019-06-05)_57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Xi_Jinping_%282019-06-05%29_57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Chinese leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">two pandas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Zoo" title="Moscow Zoo">Moscow Zoo</a> at a ceremony with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 5 June 2019</figcaption></figure>In 2011, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jiechi" title="Yang Jiechi">Yang Jiechi</a> outlined plans for an "integrated approach" that would serve China's economic development.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2016, during the 6th Plenum of <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, Party General Secretary Xi Jinping has presented efforts for greater transparency in the decision-making process in local governance, which also represent his effort in establishing a positive image of China's Communist Party overseas.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At their annual meeting on 13 June 2021, country leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> (G7) criticized China for a series of abuses. The G7 nations—the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Canada and Japan—had been hesitant about acting separately. Pressured by US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, they unanimously agreed on a sharp criticism, followed by a similar strong unanimous attack by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members the next day. The criticisms focused on the mistreatment of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> minority, the systematic destruction of democracy in Hong Kong, repeated military threats against Taiwan, unfair trade practices, and lack of transparency regarding the origins of COVID-19. China has rejected all criticism of what it considers to be strictly internal policy matters. On the other hand, the constellation of critics is essential to the Chinese economy in terms of jobs, investments and purchases of its huge quantity of exports.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> China's early success in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic facilitated its <a href="/wiki/Mask_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask diplomacy">mask diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-36">[36]</a> Chinese ownership of much of the global medical supply chain enhanced its ability to send doctors and medical equipment to suffering countries.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-36">[36]</a> China soon followed its mask diplomacy with <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy" title="Vaccine diplomacy">vaccine diplomacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-36">[36]</a> China's infection rates were sufficiently low that it could send vaccines abroad without domestic objections.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-36">[36]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a> writes that "[j]ust by showing up and helping plug the colossal gaps in the global supply, China gained ground."<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2023-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap diplomacy</a></div> China increased its standing as a responsible global actor during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2020-37">[37]</a> When Western countries were nearing financial disaster, China created credit for spending on infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2020-37">[37]</a> This both helped stabilize the global economy and it also provided an opportunity for China to retool its own infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2020-37">[37]</a> The Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Seventeenth National Congress</a> in 2007 made the negotiation of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> a priority and was further emphasized following a 2015 <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> opinion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[38]</a>: 153  The pace of China's free trade agreement negotiations has accelerated since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[38]</a>: 153  China has invested in many infrastructure projects around Eurasia and Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Myanmar_pipelines" title="Sino-Myanmar pipelines">Sino-Myanmar pipelines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dali%E2%80%93Ruili_railway" title="Dali–Ruili railway">railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">an economic corridor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_Port" title="Gwadar Port">a port</a> in Pakistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_trap_allegations">Debt trap allegations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debt trap allegations">edit</a>]</div> China financed <a href="/wiki/Hambantota_International_Port" title="Hambantota International Port">Hambantota International Port</a> in Sri Lanka, which drew allegations of <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">debt-trap diplomacy</a> when Sri Lanka defaulted on its loans and China took control of the port for 99 years.<a href="#cite_note-bloomb-39">[39]</a> Some western analysts have suggested China's debt-trap diplomacy may hide hegemonic intentions and challenges to states' sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A 2022 study from Johns Hopkins University's <a href="/wiki/China_Africa_Research_Initiative" title="China Africa Research Initiative">China Africa Research Initiative</a> found that contrary to popular narratives regarding Hambantota port, there were no Chinese debt-to-equity swaps, no asset seizures, and no "hidden debt."<a href="#cite_note-CARI-2022-41">[41]</a> It concluded that "the popular narrative of Sri Lanka getting caught in a Chinese debt-trap has been debunked on many occasions."<a href="#cite_note-CARI-2022-41">[41]</a> Numerous other academics have also argued that the notion of a Chinese "debt-trap" is false, and have called the allegation a "meme" based on anxiety about China's rise,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> a function of China-US rivalries rather than reality,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and that such allegations of "neo-colonialism" are false or misrepresentations.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As of 2021, China had not seized the Sri Lankan port or any other asset from another country.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_initiatives">Recent initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recent initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_of_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative">List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One-belt-one-road.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Asia, showing the OBOR initiative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/310px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/465px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/620px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Members of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   The six Belt and Road corridors</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">Maritime silk road</a></div> China in red, Members of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> in orange, the six corridors in black China Britain Business Council: One Belt One Road<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> As the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> in the United States opened a trade and tariff war with China in 2017, China's response has been to set up its own multinational trading arrangements. In late March 2019, Xi Jinping moved forward with major trading deals with France and Italy. French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> and Xi Jinping signed a series of large-scale trade agreements that covers many sectors over a period of years. The centerpiece was a €30 billion purchase of airplanes from Airbus. The new trade agreement also covered French exports of chicken, a French-built offshore wind farm in China, and a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, as well as co-financing between <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>. Other plans include billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories, as well as new ship building.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The same week Xi Jinping signed an infrastructure plan with Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a>. Italy became the first European power to join the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As of fall 2023, Italy has started the process to exit the Belt and Road Initiative by not renewing the five-year Belt and Road Initiative Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[49]</a> of 2019 at the end of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> With anticipated Italy's notice not to renew, the MOU will officially end in March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[49]</a> Eighty percent of the 193-member United Nations have participated in the Belt and Road Initiative, and the developed Western countries have largely stayed away.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China–United_States_trade_war">China–United States trade war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China–United States trade war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></div> The world's two largest economies have engaged in an escalating <a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">trade war</a> through increasing <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and other measures since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Lawrence J. Lau argues that a major cause is the growing battle China and the U.S. for global economic and technological dominance. He argues, "It is also a reflection of the rise of populism, isolationism, nationalism and protectionism almost everywhere in the world, including in the US."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RCEP">RCEP</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: RCEP">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></div>The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade agreement between the Asia-Pacific nations of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. The agreement covers approximately 30% of the global population and 30% of the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2022, RCEP became the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">trade bloc</a> (in economic terms) and continues to be the world's largest as of at least early 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:03-55">[55]</a>: 148  The 2017 decision by United States President Donald Trump to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> strengthened the appeal of the RCEP.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2020-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_treaties_and_organizations">International treaties and organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International treaties and organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_treaties">International treaties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International treaties">edit</a>]</div> China has signed numerous international conventions and treaties.<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a> Treaties signed on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China before 1949</a> are applicable only to the Republic of China on Taiwan. Conventions signed by Beijing include: Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Convention; <a href="/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" title="Biological Weapons Convention">Biological Weapons Convention</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>; Conventional Weapons Convention; <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Early_Notification_of_a_Nuclear_Accident" title="Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident">Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident</a>; Inhumane Weapons Convention; Nuclear Dumping Convention (London Convention); <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Nuclear_Safety" title="Convention on Nuclear Safety">Nuclear Safety Convention</a>; <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Physical_Protection_of_Nuclear_Material" title="Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material">Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material</a>; Rights of the Child and on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography Convention (signed Optional Protocol); and Status of Refugees Convention (and the 1967 Protocol).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> China also is a party to the following international environmental conventions: <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Environmental_Protection_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic-Environmental Protocol</a>, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, and Whaling.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <dl><dt>Membership in international organizations<a href="#cite_note-ciaworldfactbook-21">[21]</a></dt></dl> China holds a permanent seat and veto power on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. Prior to 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> based on the island of Taiwan held China's UN seat. On 25 October 1971, the People's Republic of China took control of the seat with the passing of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN General Assembly Resolution 2758</a> by a vote of 76 to 35 with 17 abstentions, with support coming from several <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and a notable opponent being the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> China plays a leadership role in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organization</a>, a multilateral security group which aims to reduce the "three evils" of terrorism, separatism, and extremism.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> China was active in the <a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a> in an effort to end North Korea's nuclear program in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> China hoped to play a lead role in developing the Six-Party Talks into a lasting multilateral security mechanism for northeast Asia, but ultimately the talks failed.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> China's efforts in the unsuccessful tasks nonetheless raised its international standing.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As of at least 2024, China has positive relationships with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-63">[63]</a>: 166  <dl><dt>Membership in UN system organizations</dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> and Security Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UN Industrial Development Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UN Institute for Training and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">UN Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UN Truce Supervision Organization</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane,_Australia_(Agencia_Brasil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg/240px-BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg/360px-BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg/480px-BRICS_heads_of_state_and_government_hold_hands_ahead_of_the_2014_G-20_summit_in_Brisbane%2C_Australia_%28Agencia_Brasil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> leaders at the <a href="/wiki/2014_G20_Brisbane_summit" title="2014 G20 Brisbane summit">G-20 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia, 15 November 2014</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Other memberships</dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a> (observer)<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-63">[63]</a>: 168 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (dialogue partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Science_and_Technology_for_Sustainable_Development_in_the_South" title="Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South">Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-63">[63]</a>: 168 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Macao" title="Forum Macao">Forum Macao</a><a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 63 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of 20">Group of 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a> (dialogue partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">International Criminal Police Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Potato_Center" title="International Potato Center">International Potato Center</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like-Minded_Megadiverse_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries">Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[38]</a>: 83 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (observer)<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 80 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangger_Committee" title="Zangger Committee">Zangger Committee</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_relations">Diplomatic relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diplomatic relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China</a></div> List of countries which the People's Republic of China maintains diplomatic relations with: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>2 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>3 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td>4 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>5 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>6 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td>6 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>7 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> <td>16 October 1949<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td>23 November 1949<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>17 January 1950<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>18 January 1950<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1 April 1950<a href="#cite_note-MFA-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>13 April 1950<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>9 May 1950<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>11 May 1950<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>8 June 1950<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td>14 September 1950<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>28 October 1950<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>21 May 1951<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>17 June 1954<a href="#cite_note-britain-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>5 October 1954<a href="#cite_note-norway-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>2 January 1955<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>20 January 1955<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>1 August 1955<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>30 May 1956<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>1 August 1956<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td>24 September 1956<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>7 February 1957<a href="#cite_note-MFA-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td>19 July 1958<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>25 August 1958<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>1 November 1958<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td>20 December 1958<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>4 February 1959<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>14 October 1959<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>5 July 1960<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>28 September 1960<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>25 October 1960<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>14 December 1960<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>25 April 1961<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>9 December 1961<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>18 October 1962<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>14 December 1963<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </td> <td>21 December 1963<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td>10 January 1964<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>27 January 1964<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>22 February 1964<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td>29 September 1964<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td>29 October 1964<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>12 November 1964<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>19 July 1965<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>13 October 1970<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td>15 October 1970<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>6 November 1970<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>24 November 1970<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>15 December 1970<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>10 February 1971<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td>22 March 1971<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>26 March 1971<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>28 May 1971<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>29 July 1971<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>4 August 1971<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>16 August 1971<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>25 October 1971<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td>2 November 1971<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>9 November 1971<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td>12 November 1971<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>7 December 1971<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td>14 December 1971<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td>14 December 1971<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td>31 January 1972<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>14 February 1972<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>16 February 1972<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>73 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>15 April 1972<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>74 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>18 May 1972<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>5 June 1972<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>76 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td> <td>27 June 1972<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>77 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>19 September 1972<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>29 September 1972<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>79 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>11 October 1972<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td>14 October 1972<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>81 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>6 November 1972<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>82 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>16 November 1972<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>83 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td> <td>21 November 1972<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>84 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>24 November 1972<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>85 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td>28 November 1972<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>86 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>21 December 1972<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>87 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>22 December 1972<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>9 March 1973<a href="#cite_note-:45-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>89 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>15 September 1973<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> </td> <td>15 March 1974<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>91 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td>20 April 1974<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>92 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td>31 May 1974<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>93 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td> <td>20 June 1974<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>94 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>28 June 1974<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>95 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>20 July 1974<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>96 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>15 August 1974<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>97 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td>14 December 1974<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>98 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td>6 January 1975<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>99 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>9 June 1975<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>25 June 1975<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>1 July 1975<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> </td> <td>12 July 1975<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>103 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>4 October 1975<a href="#cite_note-MFA-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>104 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </td> <td>5 November 1975<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>105 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> </td> <td>6 November 1975<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>106 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </td> <td>13 November 1975<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </td> <td>25 April 1976<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>17 May 1976<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </td> <td>30 June 1976<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>12 October 1976<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td>17 February 1977<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>112 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>7 April 1977<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>113 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> </td> <td>30 May 1977<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>114 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td>25 May 1978<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>115 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td>9 August 1978<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>116 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1 January 1979<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td>8 January 1979<a href="#cite_note-Mfacdt-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>118 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>2 February 1979<a href="#cite_note-:11-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>119 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>22 June 1979<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td>2 January 1980<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>121 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>7 February 1980<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>122 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>18 April 1980<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>123 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </td> <td>25 June 1980<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>124 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </td> <td>26 March 1982<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>125 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td>1 January 1983<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>126 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>12 January 1983<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>127 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>2 March 1983<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>128 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> </td> <td>30 April 1983<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>129 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>1 November 1984<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>130 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>9 July 1985<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>131 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </td> <td>1 October 1985<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>132 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>7 December 1985<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>133 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td>3 February 1988<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>134 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td>9 July 1988<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">State of Palestine</a> </td> <td>20 November 1988<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>135 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>18 April 1989<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>136 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> </td> <td>11 September 1989<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>137 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td>22 March 1990<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>138 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td>21 July 1990<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>139 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>3 October 1990<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>140 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td>18 June 1991<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>11 September 1991<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>142 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>12 September 1991<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>143 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td>14 September 1991<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>144 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td>30 September 1991<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>145 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td>2 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>146 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>3 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>147 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>4 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>148 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td>4 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>149 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td>5 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>150 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td>6 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>151 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td>20 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>152 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>25 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>153 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td>30 January 1992<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>154 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td>2 April 1992<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>155 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td>6 April 1992<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>156 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td>12 May 1992<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>157 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td>13 May 1992<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>158 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>9 June 1992<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>159 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>24 August 1992<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td>1 January 1993<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>161 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td>14 July 1993<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>162 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td>12 October 1993<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>163 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td>29 June 1994<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>164 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td>16 January 1995<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>165 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>3 April 1995<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>166 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </td> <td>23 May 1997<a href="#cite_note-UNDL-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </td> <td>25 July 1997<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#D3D3D3"> <td>— </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (suspended) </td> <td>8 September 1997<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>167 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>1 January 1998<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>168 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> </td> <td>2 November 1998<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>169 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> </td> <td>20 May 2002<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>170 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> </td> <td>21 July 2002<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>171 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> </td> <td>23 March 2004<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>172 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td>6 July 2006<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>173 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> </td> <td>1 June 2007<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>— </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> </td> <td>12 December 2007<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>174 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td>28 December 2007<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>175 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td>9 July 2011<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>176 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td>12 June 2017<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>177 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td>1 May 2018<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>178 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>21 August 2018<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>179 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </td> <td>28 September 2019<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>180 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>26 March 2023<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_by_region_and_country">Relations by region and country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations by region and country">edit</a>]</div> Generally, the political and <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">sociological concept of face</a> has a significant role in Chinese diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-:102-242">[242]</a>: 123  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">Africa–China relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union"><img alt="African Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> China has diplomatic relations with 53 of the 54 countries which are generally recognized in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 22  It has embassies in each of these 53 African countries, and each of those likewise have embassies in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 22  China does not maintain relations with <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, which recognizes Taiwan instead of the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 22  China also does not recognize <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, a disputed territory which is claimed and administered by <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 22  Following the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Chinese interests evolved into more pragmatic pursuits such as trade, investment, and energy.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a> (FOCAC) is the primary multi-lateral coordination mechanism between African countries and China.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022b-244">[244]</a> Chinese foreign aid is a significant area of interaction within FOCAC.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022c-245">[245]</a> Through FOCAC, China provides aid in the forms of debt forgiveness, aid grants, concessional loans, and interest-free loans.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022c-245">[245]</a> In addition to the mechanism of FOCAC, China engages with subregional multilateral groups in Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC).<a href="#cite_note-Shinn-2023-64">[64]</a>: 11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomatic_history">Diplomatic history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diplomatic history">edit</a>]</div> Early modern bilateral relations were mainly affected by the Cold War and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. The establishment of modern Sino-African relations dates back to the late 1950s when China signed the first official bilateral trade agreement with Algeria, Egypt, Guinea, Somalia, Morocco and Sudan. Zhou Enlai made a ten-country tour to Africa between December 1963 and January 1964. Zhou Enlai visited Ghana and established close relations with <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, a leader who strived for a united Africa.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Relations at that time were often reflective of Chinese foreign policy in general: China "began to cultivate ties and offer[...] economic, technical and military support to African countries and liberation movements in an effort to encourage <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">wars of national liberation</a> and revolution as part of an international united front against both superpower".<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In 1965 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Bella">Ben Bella</a> was overthrown in Algeria, with a result that the Soviets gained influence in North Africa and the Middle East. Kwame Nkrumah, the most prominent leader of sub-Saharan Africa, was deposed while on a trip to China in early 1966. The new rulers shifted Ghana to the West's side of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> China originally had close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, but as China's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> worsened and the ANC moved closer to the Soviet Union, China shifted away from the ANC towards the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan-Africanist Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, Beijing's interest centered on building ideological solidarity. China adopted several principles, among them supporting the independence of African countries while investing in infrastructure projects. The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> established good relations with the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War era. When Somalia sought to create a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, with the aid of the Soviet Union, Somalia took <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> in three months, but the Soviet Union shifted its support from Somalia to Ethiopia, and Ethiopia retook the Ogaden region. This angered <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>, and expelled all Soviet advisors and citizens from Somalia, but Somalia maintained good relations with China, which <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">segregated</a> with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Soviet Communism</a>. China and <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> shared a common goal in Central Africa, namely doing everything in their power to halt Soviet gains in the area. Accordingly, both Zaire and China covertly funneled aid to the <a href="/wiki/FNLA" class="mw-redirect" title="FNLA">FNLA</a> (and later, <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a>) in order to prevent the <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a>, who were supported and augmented by <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, from coming to power. During the Cold War, a few smaller nations also entered in alliances with China, such as <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> under <a href="/wiki/Michel_Micombero" title="Michel Micombero">Michel Micombero</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a> has been a key political issue for the People's Republic of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (PRC). In 1971, the support of African nations was crucial in the PRC joining the United Nations (UN), taking over the seat of the ROC on Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> However, while many African countries such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> have stressed their support to the PRC's one-China policy, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> maintains relations with <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> For the quest of a permanent <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> seat for Africa, Nigeria, the most populous African country, relies on Chinese support while Egypt looks to U.S. backing.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> In its relations with African countries, China has shown a willingness to grant diplomatic audiences at the highest levels to even delegations from the smaller African countries.<a href="#cite_note-:102-242">[242]</a>: 107  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_economic_relations" title="Africa–China economic relations">Africa–China economic relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/220px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/330px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/440px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></figcaption></figure> In 1980, the total Sino-African trade volume was US$1 billion. By 1999, it had reached US$6.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> By 2005, the total Sino-African trade had reached US$39.7 billion before it jumped to US$55 billion in 2006, making China the second largest trading partner of Africa after the U.S., which had trade worth US$91 billion with African nations. China also passed the traditional African economic partner and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Africa" title="French colonial empire">former colonial power</a> France, which had trade worth US$47 billion.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-254">[254]</a> In 2010, trade between Africa and China was worth US$114 billion and in 2011, US$166.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-allafrica-255">[255]</a> In the first 10 months of 2012 it was US$163.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-allafrica-255">[255]</a> There are an estimated 800 Chinese corporations doing business in Africa, most of which are private companies investing in the infrastructure, energy and banking sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FT-256">[256]</a> Unconditional and low-rate credit lines (rates at 1.5% over 15 years to 20 years)<a href="#cite_note-MondeDiplo-257">[257]</a> have taken the place of the more restricted and conditional Western loans.<a href="#cite_note-FT-256">[256]</a> Since 2000, more than US$10 billion in debt owed by African nations to China has been canceled.<a href="#cite_note-MondeDiplo-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_relations">Military relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military relations">edit</a>]</div> Military cooperation goes back to the Cold War period when China was keen to help <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa#Timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">African liberation movements</a>. Apart from some traditional allies such as <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, China also had military ties with <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned countries</a> such as Egypt. Military equipment worth $142 million was sold to African countries between 1955 and 1977.<a href="#cite_note-MondeDiplo-257">[257]</a> Two decades after the collapse of the Soviet Union, military relations are now[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] based on business interests rather than ideology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2004, China deployed around 1,500 soldiers under the UN umbrella, dispatched between <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MondeDiplo-257">[257]</a> China is also present via its <a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">military attachés</a>; as of 2007, it has 14 attachés in 14 different African countries while there are 18 African countries who maintain their attachés in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Apart from peacemaking, China provides military training and equipment to a few countries, though this does not require military forces to be deployed.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Africa is a host of three Chinese cultural centers. The first overseas Chinese center was opened in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Two other followed in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a>, which focuses on the promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a>, has 20 centers distributed around 13 African countries.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Historically, little is known about early African immigration to China, although there is no doubt and much consensus that the human species was originally from Africa. Due to recent developments in relations,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] have been relocating for better opportunities. Places dubbed 'Little Africa' and 'Chocolate city' are increasingly receiving new immigrants, mostly Nigerians. Most of the African immigrants are concentrated in the area of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> with an estimated number of 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> It is estimated that there are around 10,000 illegal African immigrants in China and police crackdowns have intensified since early 2009.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In contrast, early modern Chinese immigration to the African continent is slightly better documented. In 1724, a few Chinese convicts were brought as laborers to South Africa from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (modern-day Indonesia) by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a>. In the early 19th century, another wave of immigrants came to South Africa as workers brought by the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> to work in agriculture, infrastructure building and mining.<a href="#cite_note-migration-264">[264]</a> In recent years, there has been an increasing presence of <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Africa" title="Chinatowns in Africa">Chinese in Africa</a>. Estimates vary by source though <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>, China's official news agency, states that there are no less than 750,000 Chinese nationals working or living in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-migration-264">[264]</a> The number of Chinese illegal immigrants remains unknown. Due to the low prices of Chinese-made weaponry and military equipment, an increasing number of African countries shifted their source of supply from traditional providers such as Russia to China.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> However, the selling of arms to some states accused by Western countries of war crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, have prompted criticism in the West.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The Zimbabwean example is relevant. Relations between China and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s regime in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> have also been the focus of criticism by a few Western countries. China was accused of supplying Zimbabwe with jet fighters, vehicles and other military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> China declared in 2007 that it was dropping all kinds of assistance and limiting assistance to <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In July 2008, the Chinese diplomacy asked Mugabe "to behave" though critics see that as a way for China to protect its own interests in the country should there be a regime change.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Chinese role in Africa has sparked much criticism, including accusations of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> and racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> As a response to such criticism, China issued the Nine Principles to Encourage and Standardise Enterprises' Overseas Investment, a charter and guide of conduct to Chinese companies operating abroad.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Other criticism include the flooding of the African markets with low-cost Chinese-made products, thus harming the growth and the survival of local industries and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Egypt">Egypt</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">China–Egypt relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sudan">Sudan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">China–Sudan relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">China–Ethiopia relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Somalia">Somalia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Somalia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">China–Somalia relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">China–Tanzania relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Latin America and the Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_(14524505490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg/220px-Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg/330px-Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg/440px-Plen%C3%A1rio_do_Congresso_%2814524505490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4063" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> delivered a speech at the National Congress of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 16 July 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg/220px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg/330px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg/440px-Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_y_Xi_Jinping_en_Argentina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina Fernández">Cristina Fernández</a> and Xi Jinping in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, 18 July 2014</figcaption></figure> Recent years have seen Beijing's growing economic and political influence in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the Caribbean. During a visit to Brazil, Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and Cuba in November 2004, Chinese leader Hu Jintao announced US$100 billion worth of investment over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> For instance, Cuba is turning to Chinese companies rather than Western ones to modernize its crippled transportation system at a cost of more than US$1 billion, continuing a trend of favoring the fellow communist country that has made Beijing as Cuba's second-largest trading partner after <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> In addition, China is expanding its military-to-military contacts in the region. China is training increasing numbers of Latin American and Caribbean region military personnel, mainly due to a three-year-old <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="United States and the International Criminal Court">U.S. law</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> that has led to a sharp decline in U.S.-run training programs for the region.<a href="#cite_note-NationNews-278">[278]</a> In its relations with Latin American countries, China has shown a willingness to grant diplomatic audiences at the highest levels to even delegations from the smaller Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-:102-242">[242]</a>: 107  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–China relations">Caribbean–China relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> regional relations with China are mostly based on <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investments</a> which have increased significantly since the 1990s. For many Caribbean nations the increasing ties with China have been used as a way to decrease long time over-dependence on the United States. Additionally, China's policy in the region was the utilization of "<a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">dollar diplomacy</a>" or the attempts to switch many nations from recognizing Taiwan as an independent nation instead to the recognition of the "One China" policy in exchange for Chinese investment. More recently, during various visits by several Chinese diplomats to the Caribbean region a deal was signed for China to help establish the Confucius Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> These agreements are part of the basis of teaching <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> language courses at the regional University.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> China has also expanded several levels of cooperation with the Caribbean region. China and the Government of the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Republic of Trinidad and Tobago</a> were said to have formed an agreement where <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> from Trinidad and Tobago would be exported to China during its construction boom in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> In exchange, China has led several construction projects in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean region via Chinese owned construction companies. Trinidad and Tobago have also mooted the idea of starting direct shipments of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid natural gas">liquid natural gas</a> direct from Trinidad and Tobago to China, to fuel the latter's growing need for resources to fuel their economy.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Several capital-works or infrastructural projects across the Caribbean region have also been financed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Antigua_and_Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Antigua and Barbuda">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Both countries have established diplomatic relations.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Barbados">Barbados</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Barbados">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados–China relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Diplomatic relations between <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and the People's Republic of China were <a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#1970s_2" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">established on</a> 30 May 1977.<a href="#cite_note-CEIB-287">[287]</a> China began providing Barbados with diplomatic aide with the construction of the Sir <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Sobers_Gymnasium" title="Garfield Sobers Gymnasium">Garfield Sobers Gymnasium</a> (1986), and other projects such as: construction assistance for the Sir <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford_Centre" title="Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre">Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre</a> (1994), and renovating <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>'s Cheapside Market building (2005). In 2005, China exported US$19.19 million worth of goods, while importing only $211,000 from Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-CEIB-287">[287]</a> The current Chinese Ambassador to Barbados is Xu Hong,<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> who heads the embassy in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Barbados" title="Christ Church, Barbados">Christ Church</a>, Barbados. Hong replaced the former Ambassador Wei Qiang<a href="#cite_note-FMPRC-289">[289]</a> in 2012. The current Barbadian Ambassador to Beijing, China is the country's former Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford" title="Lloyd Erskine Sandiford">Lloyd Erskine Sandiford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BAIC-290">[290]</a> In 2004 Barbados obtained Approved Destination Status by the government in China.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Barbados and China are members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>, the Barbadian prime minister visited the Chinese Embassy to personally sign the book of condolence to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildey_Gymnasium,_Barbados.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg/150px-Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg/225px-Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg/300px-Wildey_Gymnasium%2C_Barbados.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Wildey Gymnasium in Barbados which was built in 1992 with assistance of the P.R.C.</figcaption></figure> Over the years a number of building projects have been carried out with Chinese government assistance these include: The Garfield Sobers Gymnasium,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> two adjustments on the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre, a Home Vegetable Growing Experimental Center, embroidery, grass weaving and feather handicraft. A consideration was also giving according to the Prime Minister of Barbados, David Thompson for China to assist with the opening of a new cruise ship facility in Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> Chinese Premier Wen said that China would like to join hands with Barbados in deepening cooperation in the areas of trade, tourism, architecture, and cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> China's export volume to Barbados in 1999 reached US$2,035,000, while imports from Barbados were at US$13,000.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Both nations have additionally signed bilateral agreements including a <a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">Double taxation agreement</a> and a Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments treaty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Chinese government remains one of the main stakeholders in the Barbados-based Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), which lends to the various territories throughout the Caribbean region.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cuba">Cuba</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">China–Cuba relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> China-Cuban relations are based on trade, credits, and investments which have increased significantly since the 1990s. China is Cuba's second largest trading partner after Venezuela. At a ceremonial trade gathering in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in early 2006, China's ambassador to Cuba said "Our government has a firm position to develop trade co-operation between our countries. The policy, the orientation, has been determined. What's left is the work to complete our plans."<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Bilateral trade between China and Cuba in 2005 totaled US$777 million, of which US$560 million were Chinese exports to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> China is sending a growing amount of durable goods to Cuba. Chinese goods have become the primary tools both in the planned revitalization of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Cuban transport</a> infrastructure and in the "Energy Revolution" of 2006 to provide electricity to the Cuban populace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a>, the Chinese state <a href="/wiki/Oil_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil company">oil company</a>, has an agreement with state-owned <a href="/wiki/Cupet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupet">Cupet</a> (Cuba Petroleum) to develop oil resources. As of mid-2008, SINOPEC had done some seismic testing for oil resources on the island of Cuba, but no drilling.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy-11June2008-307">[307]</a> The company also has a contract for joint production in one of Cuba's offshore areas of high potential yield, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Pinar del Río">Pinar del Río</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> but had done no off-shore drilling as of mid-2008.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy-11June2008-307">[307]</a> In November 2005, <a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> Great Wall Drilling Co., Ltd. and CUPET held a ceremony for the signing of two drilling service contracts.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Great Wall Drilling has provided <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a> for oil exploration on Cuba's north coast.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: El Salvador">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China-El_Salvador_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-El Salvador relations">China-El Salvador relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Honduras">Honduras</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Honduras">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China-Honduras_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Honduras relations">China-Honduras relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">China–Venezuela relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Once the UN issue was resolved, relations with the United States began to thaw. In 1972, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">visited China</a>. China backed away from support of North Vietnam in the Vietnam War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Foreign_relations_of_China#Dubious" title="Talk:Foreign relations of China">discuss</a>] In late 1978, China became concerned over Vietnam's efforts to establish open control over <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. In response to the Soviet-backed Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, China fought an inconclusive border war with Vietnam (February–March 1979).<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Formal diplomatic relations were established with the U.S. in 1979, and the two nations have experienced more than a quarter century of antagonistic relations over such issues as Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currency_intervention" title="Currency intervention">currency intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">securities fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Generally speaking, China's relations with Central and South Asia have resulted in steadily increasing interdependence and a modestly improved regional integration.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_World">Arab World</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Arab World">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Sino-Arab relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png/300px-China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png/450px-China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png/600px-China%E2%80%99s_Critical_Sea_Lines_of_Communication.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>China's Critical <a href="/wiki/Sea_lines_of_communication" title="Sea lines of communication">Sea lines of communication</a>. In 2004, over 80 percent of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> imports transited the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, with less than 2 percent transiting the <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok Strait</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sino-Arab relations have extended historically back to the first <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, with important trade routes, and good diplomatic relations. Following the age of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a>, the Sino-Arab relations were halted for several centuries, until both gained independence in the 19th and 20th century. Modern relations are evolving into a new era, with the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" title="China–Arab States Cooperation Forum">China-Arab States Cooperation Forum</a> (CASCF) as the major multi-lateral cooperation mechanism between China and the Arab League states.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> On 10 March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran announced that they had agreed to normalize their relations in a deal brokered by China.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Medieval_Era">Medieval Era</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Medieval Era">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, when relations with Arabs were first established, the Chinese called Arabs "Dàshí" (大食).<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> In modern Chinese, Dashi means Great Food. The modern term for Arab is "Ālābó" (阿拉伯).<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The Arab Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Uthman Ibn Affan</a> (r. 644–656) sent an embassy to the Tang court at Chang'an.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Although the Tang Dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">fought at Talas</a>, on 11 June 758, an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uyghurs in order to pay tribute.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> The Caliphate was called "Dàshíguó" (大食國).<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> An Arab envoy presented horses and a girdle to the Chinese in 713, but he refused to pay homage to the Emperor, said, he said "In my country we only bow to God never to a Prince". The first thing the court was going to do was to murder the envoy, however, a minister intervened, saying "a difference in the court etiquette of foreign countries ought not to be considered a crime." A second Arab envoy performed the required rituals and paid homage to the Emperor in 726 A.D. He was gifted with a "purple robe and a girdle".<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> There was a controversy between the Arab ambassadors and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> ambassadors over who should go first into the Chinese court, they were then guided by the Master of Ceremonies into two different entrances. Three Da shi ambassadors arrived at the Tang court in 198 A.D. A war which was raging between the Arabs and Tibetans from 785 to 804 benefited the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> According to Professor Samy S. Swayd, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> missionaries made their <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawah</a> in China during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Al-Aziz Billah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trade">Trade</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> In Islamic times Muslims from Arabia traded with China.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> For instance, China imported frankincense from southern Arabia via <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="20th_century">20th century</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> had established relations with Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in the 1930s. The Chinese government sponsored students like <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingzhai" title="Wang Jingzhai">Wang Jingzhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ma_Jian" title="Muhammad Ma Jian">Muhammad Ma Jian</a> to go the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> to study. Pilgrims also made the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> from China.<a href="#cite_note-Masumi-329">[329]</a> Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Masumi-329">[329]</a> The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after King <a href="/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt" title="Fuad I of Egypt">Fuad I of Egypt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> Ma Songting.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> In 1939 <a href="/wiki/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Yusuf Alptekin">Isa Yusuf Alptekin</a> and Ma Fuliang were sent by the Kuomintang to the Middle eastern countries such as Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to gain support during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> cut off the diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and established the new tie with the People's Republic of China in 1956. By the 1990s all Arab states had finished to recognize the People's Republic of China as the legitimate state of China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The relations between China and the Arab League as an organization, officially started in 1956, yet it was in 1993, when the Arab League opened its first Office in China, when former Secretary general Essmat Abdel Megeed went to an official Visit to Beijing, in 1996, the Chinese leader Jiang Zemin visited the Arab League headquarters during his visit in Cairo, to become the first Chinese leader to have an official visit for the Arab League.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> China has continued to pay greater attention to the Middle East since the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Atature-2023-333">[333]</a>: 40  With China, Middle Eastern countries benefit from a potential investment source and long-term buyer of oil and gas without the political complications that come with dealing with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Atature-2023-333">[333]</a>: 40  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum">China-Arab States Cooperation Forum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: China-Arab States Cooperation Forum">edit</a>]</div> The core political norms that China advocates within CASCF are its <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a>: mutual respect for territory and sovereignty, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022-334">[334]</a> These principles are a conservative interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian norms</a> of state sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022-334">[334]</a> The most prominent political issue advocated through CASCF is a Middle East peace process aimed at resolving the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab-Israeli conflict</a> (including the territorial disputes that Lebanon and Syria each have with Israel).<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022a-335">[335]</a> Other issues which have emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, and issues in Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Sudan, and Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2022a-335">[335]</a> In recent years, CASCF documents have noted Arab states' support for China's approach in Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> In the opening ceremony of the Forum in 2004, Chinese foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaoxing" title="Li Zhaoxing">Li Zhaoxing</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> is an important force in the international arena, and that China and Arab countries enjoy a time-honored friendship, remarking "Similar histories, common objectives and wide-ranging shared interests have enabled the two sides to strengthen cooperation," he said. "No matter how the international situation changes, China has always been the sincere friend of the Arab world."<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> The Sino-Arab Cooperation Forum was formally established during China's paramount leader Hu Jintao's visit to the League's headquarters in January 2004. Hu noted at the time that the formation of the forum was a continuation of the traditional friendship between China and the Arab world and an important move to promote bilateral ties under new circumstances.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Li stated that "the establishment of the forum would be conducive to expanding mutually beneficial cooperation in a variety of areas."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "The PRC has submitted four proposals. First, maintaining mutual respect, equitable treatment and sincere cooperation on the political front. Second, promoting economic and trade ties through cooperation in investment, trade, contracted projects, labor service, energy, transportation, telecommunications, agriculture, environmental protection and information. Third, expanding cultural exchanges. Finally, conducting personnel training," he said. Arab foreign ministers attending the meeting agreed that the formal inauguration of the forum was a significant event in the history of Arab ties with China. They submitted a variety of proposals on promoting Sino-Arab friendship and cooperation. At the conclusion of the meeting, Li and Arab League Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Amr_Moussa" title="Amr Moussa">Amr Moussa</a> signed a declaration and an action plan for the forum. Li arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on Sunday evening for a three-day visit to Egypt, the last leg of a <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> tour that has taken him to Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Joint_Communiqué">The Joint Communiqué</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: The Joint Communiqué">edit</a>]</div> One of the major Joint Projects involves the Environment, the AL and PRC signed the Executive Program of the Joint Communiqué between the Environmental Cooperation for 2008–2009[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The League of Arab States and the Government of People's Republic of China signed the Joint Communiqué on Environmental Cooperation (referred to as the Joint Communiqué) on 1 June 2006. The Joint Communiqué is an important instrument that aims to deepen the regional environmental partnership between the two parties. Since the signing of the Joint Communiqué, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Ministry of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection</a> have co-organized two environmental protection training courses in June 2006 and June 2007 respectively, in China.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> This treaty was signed by Arab Ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Benhelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Benhelli (page does not exist)">Ahmed Benhelli</a> Under secretary general Am Moussa's Approval, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Qinghua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Qinghua (page does not exist)">Xu Qinghua</a> Director General Department for International Cooperation, Ministry of Environmental Protection.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: West Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iran">Iran</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China–Iran relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Central Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">China–Tajikistan relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">China–Turkmenistan relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">China–Uzbekistan relations</a></div> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Central Asian countries inherited the border disagreements with China, which had themselves been inherited from czarist Russia and the Qing dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> In the years after the independence of the Central Asian countries, China negotiated bilaterally to resolve its borders with them individually.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse-2016-341">[341]</a> Ultimately, China obtained territory significantly less than it had originally claimed.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse-2016-341">[341]</a> Resolution of these disputes on territorial terms generally favorable to the Central Asian countries created goodwill for China, avoided conflict, and also resulted in recognition that the czarist era borders were imposed unjustly on China.<a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse-2016-341">[341]</a> Access to energy and natural resources are important priorities for China in its Central Asian relations.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred-2023-342">[342]</a>: 215  China is one of the main energy partners of the Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-Pron-2023-343">[343]</a>: 94  Chinese oil companies have invested into Kazakh oil fields,<a href="#cite_note-Alfred-2023-342">[342]</a>: 215  China and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> have constructed an <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93China_oil_pipeline" title="Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline">oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to China</a> and are planning to construct a natural gas pipeline. In <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, China has invested in hydroelectric projects.<a href="#cite_note-Pron-2023-343">[343]</a>: 94  China also seeks to improve land connections with Eurasia through its relations with the Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred-2023-342">[342]</a>: 215  <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> has called China's efforts to build trade links that extend through Central Asia to the Middle East a New <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> In addition to bolstering trade ties, Beijing has contributed aid and funding to the region's countries. The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, of which China is a founding member, is also becoming increasingly important in Central Asian security and politics. Many observers believe that beyond fostering good-neighborly relations, China is also concerned with securing its borders as it emerges as a world power.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorist_attacks_of_11_September&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrorist attacks of 11 September (page does not exist)">terrorist attacks of 11 September</a> changed China's view of Central Asia, causing China to pay increasing attention to potential concerns of terrorism, separatism, and extremism arising from the region.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> One of China's main interests in Central Asia therefore is stability in Xinjiang, which shares a border with three Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-Alfred-2023-342">[342]</a>: 215  The Central Asian countries cooperate with China in suppressing support for separatist groups like the <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party" title="Turkistan Islamic Party">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-347">[347]</a>: 116  Following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan by the United States</a> and the increased involvement of Russia in the region, China's foreign policy makers began to view the Central Asia as both an area for cooperation and competition between major powers.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_plus_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China plus Central Asia (page does not exist)">China plus Central Asia</a> (also depicted as China + Central Asia; C+C5) is a meeting of the Foreign Ministers' of China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. It was started in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> In 2023, Xi Jinping and leaders of the five Central Asian countries held the <a href="/wiki/China-Central_Asia_Summit" title="China-Central Asia Summit">China-Central Asia Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, and the summit resulted in 54 agreements, 19 new cooperation mechanisms and platforms, and nine multilateral documents.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> As of 2022, the general trend is that China and the other East Asian countries have increased their ties with each other, especially in economic matters and in conducting joint military exercises.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-352">[352]</a>: 173–175  Trade with China comprised 39% of all East Asia regional trade as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:Ma&Kang-352">[352]</a>: 171  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japan">Japan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Japanese_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Japanese relations">Sino–Japanese relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino-Japanese relations">History of Sino-Japanese relations</a></div> Having fought two wars against Japan (<a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">1894–95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">1937–45</a>), China's long-standing concern about the level of Japan's military strength surfaces periodically, and criticism of Japan's refusal to present a full version of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">atrocities of World War II in its textbooks</a> is a perennial issue. The relationship between China and Japan has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">wartime</a> past to the satisfaction of China. <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a> comments made by prominent Japanese officials and some Japanese history textbooks regarding the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> have been a focus of particular controversy. Sino-Japanese relations warmed considerably after <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> in September 2006, and a joint historical study conducted by China and Japan released a report in 2010 which pointed toward a new consensus on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_ac-353">[353]</a> However, in the early 2010s, relations cooled once more, with Japan accusing China of withholding its reserves of valuable <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: North Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">China–North Korea relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Korean_relations" title="History of Sino-Korean relations">History of Sino-Korean relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_-_China_friendship_(5578914865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/240px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/360px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/480px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The close China-DPRK relationship is celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/Arirang_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang Festival">Mass Games</a> in Pyongyang, 2010</figcaption></figure>China had long been a close ally of North Korea but also found a valuable trading partner in South Korea and eventually took a role in the early 2000s as a proponent of "<a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">six-party talks</a>" (North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Japan, the U.S., and China) to resolve tensions on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>. China was instrumental at brokering talks with North Korea over its nuclear program, and in 2003, there was a concerted effort by China to improve relations with the ASEAN countries and form a common East Asian market. These foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as <a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a>. On 15 November 2005, Hu Jintao visited Seoul and spoke of the importance of both countries' contributions for regional peace and cooperation in economic development. Hu's critics say that his government was overly aggressive in asserting its new power, overestimated its reach, and raised the ire of the United States and its allies who are close in proximity to China, such as India, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-econo-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">China–South Korea relations</a></div> Diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> were formally established on 24 August 1992.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s the PRC recognized only North Korea while South Korea in turn recognized only the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> in Taiwan. South Korea was the last Asian country to establish relations with the People's Republic of China. In recent years, China and South Korea have endeavored to boost their strategic and cooperative partnership in numerous sectors, as well as promoting high level relationship. Trade, tourism and multiculturalism, in specific, have been the most important factors of strengthening two neighbouring countries cooperative partnership.<a href="#cite_note-Jung-2020-357">[357]</a> While the dispute of <a href="/wiki/THAAD" class="mw-redirect" title="THAAD">THAAD</a> had initiated conflicts between the two countries in various sectors, at the end of October 2017, the two countries ended the 1-year-long diplomatic dispute and have been working swiftly to get their relationship back on track since, strengthening exchanges and cooperation between each other, creating harmony of interests, and agreed to resume exchanges and cooperation in all areas. All economic and cultural bans from China towards South Korea were also lifted as a result, with political and security cooperation, businesses and cultural exchanges between the two countries getting back to healthy state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Upon resumption of relationship, China and South Korea have been organizing presidential and governmental visits, working together on the Korean Peninsula, assisting with the development of other countries, and cooperating in numerous areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> China's current trade volume with all <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> nations reaches close to $187.554 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> Beijing runs trade surpluses with many partners, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Fast on the heels of the U.S. offer of nuclear power plants to India, Chinese Authorities have helped Pakistan establish nuclear power plants of its own to meet its nuclear needs, which officially consist primarily of energy requirements, although, as per certain perspectives, this could be used for Pakistani and Chinese military, quite possibly defence, purposes. China also lends to and invests in South Asian nations with low-cost financial capital, to help their development sector, especially with the current economically struggling countries of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh–China relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Early relations with the People's Republic of China were cold due to China's veto at the United Nations Security Council to block Bangladesh's accession to the United Nations. Lately however China has made efforts to improve relations with many of its neighbors. Trade with China reached a record level in 2006 of $3.2 billion under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Trade_Agreement" title="Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement">Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement</a> (AFTA). The trade balance between the two countries are in China's favour. China has also officially agreed to helping Bangladesh on developing their nuclear power plant. Bangladesh has also signed the Apsco convention with six other nations to form a pact with China on space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="India_2">India</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India#China" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India § China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a> in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries surpassed US$60 billion by 2010 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, 1967 <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a> and continuing boundary disputes over <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from China. However, in June 1999, during the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil</a> crisis, then-External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a> visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between China and India were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to India of the 17th <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> in January 2000 with delicacy and tact.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$36 billion in 2007, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> The increasing economic reliance between China and India has also brought the two nations closer politically, with both China and India eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha round</a> in 2008<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> to regional free trade agreement.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> Similar to <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">Indo-US nuclear deal</a>, China and India have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India. Both the countries are the largest investors in Africa<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> and have competed for control over its large natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> China and India agreed to take bilateral trade up to US$100 billion on a recent visit by Wen Jiabao to India.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> Bilateral relations between the two became strained due to the <a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">2017 Doklam standoff</a> and then later by the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a>. Relations were further strained by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations of Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Pakistan and China have enjoyed strong relations, which encompass military, economic and diplomatic ties, since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-auto-372">[372]</a> UK scholar Nasser Amin considers the Sino-Pak entente to be a special kind of relationship in the post-war global system, since there are no natural ties or affinities of culture, religion or ideology that have existed between Islamabad and Beijing; rather, the close relationship appears to substantiate a fundamental premise of the <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neo-Realist school of IR thought</a>: namely, that states join in alliance with other states on the basis of power considerations, in this case a shared hostility to India.<a href="#cite_note-auto-372">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a> (CPEC) is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-374">[374]</a> CPEC is intended to rapidly modernize Pakistani infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiani-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcclatchydc-377">[377]</a> The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khunjerab_Pass" title="Khunjerab Pass">Khunjerab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> More recently, China has signed several free trade agreements with Pakistan as well as several bilateral trade agreements such as the Early Harvest Agreement and the establishment of a duty-free export zone (<a href="/wiki/Sust" title="Sust">Sust</a> Dry Port) in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>. China continues to invest heavily into Pakistan, and is providing assistance in the development of <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_Port" title="Gwadar Port">Gwadar Port</a> – the country's 3rd most major port,<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> timber transhipments from Mozambique, as well as improving infrastructure and the development of a pipeline from the said port towards China's western regions.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> Trade and goodwill between Pakistan and China are relatively strong due to the bordered Muslims area of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, who used Pakistan as a transit to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca/Makkah</a> for pilgrimage. <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a> students often go to China to study while Chinese workers come to Pakistan to work on infrastructure projects. Pakistan ceded a portion of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the 1960s. They also share the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Highway" title="Karakoram Highway">Karakoram Highway</a>, one of the highest paved roads in the world. Pakistani and Chinese authorities collaborated on everything from nuclear and space technology where help was provided by China to Pakistan, to cruise missile and naval technology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">China–Sri Lanka relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a></div> China's geopolitical ambitions focus on Southeast Asia, where Beijing is intent upon establishing a preeminent <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. China has pursued this ambition with a diplomatic campaign designed to bind the region to China – politically, economically, and militarily.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> China's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">transformation</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">major economic power</a> in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">bamboo network</a>, a network of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<a href="#cite_note-FT2-382">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weidenbaum-383">[383]</a> Historically, China's relations with the region has been uneasy, due to the country's involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)">second</a> communist insurgencies in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a> in Indonesia. As a result, previously friendly relations with Indonesia under the <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> government broke off in 1967, and were not restored until 1990, while diplomatic relations with Malaysia were not established until 1974 and in 2015 Malaysia reached a status of comprehensive strategic partnership with China. China's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> and other border conflicts; this war caused long-lasting animosity within Vietnam against China.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> Relations between the two states were only normalized in 1991 as Vietnam's closest ally, the Soviet Union, collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> Today, Vietnam and China have a healthy trade relationship, though tensions persist over the countries' boundaries in the South China Sea, among other disputes. Despite China's support of the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, which lasted long after its deposition, China enjoys a harmonious relationship with Cambodia. This relationship includes strong military and economic ties, with Cambodia defending China on the global stage; Cambodia's government has weak popular support, opening it to coercion by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> China's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is good, and the latter is one of only three countries that can enjoy visa-free entry to the country, starting 17 April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> China is the largest trading partner of nearly all the Southeast Asian countries and one of the region's main sources of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-388">[388]</a>: 40  Over the course of 2008 to 2009, China became the largest trading partner of ASEAN.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-388">[388]</a>: 40  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cambodia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia–China relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">China–Indonesia relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">China–Malaysia relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">China–Myanmar relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">China–Philippines relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">China–Singapore relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">China–Thailand relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">China–Vietnam relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></div> Relations with Europe, both Eastern and Western, were generally friendly in the early 21st century, with close political and trade relations with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> nations being a major thrust of China's foreign policy in the 2000s. China's relationship with the Central and Eastern European Countries was generally limited during the Cold War period due to the Sino-Soviet Split and the Warsaw Pact membership of these countries.<a href="#cite_note-:13-347">[347]</a>: 138  Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, these countries distanced themselves from their communist pasts and oriented towards the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-:13-347">[347]</a>: 138  China's interest in Central and Eastern Europe has grown since most of those countries joined the European Union in 2004 because of the Chinese view that partnering with those countries would help Chinese economic integration with Europe more broadly.<a href="#cite_note-Arezina-2023-389">[389]</a>: 160  After the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> caused capital investment by traditional European economic powers, China established a significant presence in Central European and Eastern European markets.<a href="#cite_note-Arezina-2023-389">[389]</a>: 160  Cooperation further increased following the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_between_China_and_Central_and_Eastern_European_Countries" title="Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries">16+1 mechanism</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:13-347">[347]</a>: 138  Generally, China's foreign relations are weaker in Central and Eastern Europe than other developing regions.<a href="#cite_note-:13-347">[347]</a>: 139  In the late 2010s, Europe took a more cautioned approach towards China, referring to the country as a "systemic rival" beginning in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_Investment" title="Comprehensive Agreement on Investment">Comprehensive Agreement on Investment</a>, an investment agreement first proposed in 2013 and completed in 2020, was halted before its ratification after the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced plans in 2021 to reduce dependence on China in strategic areas of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> The European Union has been China's most reliable partner with regard to clean energy and addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2023-394">[394]</a>: 52  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">China–France relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">China–Italy relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> In March 2019, during Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s visit to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> on China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</a> with Italy. Additionally, with this memorandum, Italy became the only G7 country to join the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_relations_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Russian relations since 1991">Sino-Russian relations since 1991</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> The end of the long-held animosity between <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and Beijing was marked by the visit to China by Soviet <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in 1989. After the 1991 demise of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, China's relations with Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union became more amicable as the conflicting ideologies of the two vast nations no longer stood in the way. A new round of bilateral agreements was signed during reciprocal head of state visits. As in the early 1950s with the Soviet Union, Russia has again become an important source of <a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">military technology</a> for China, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. Friendly relations with Russia have been an important advantage for China, offsetting its often uneasy relations with the U.S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">China–Ukraine relations</a></div> As part of the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> recognized the PRC in October 1949.<a href="#cite_note-China-2009-396">[396]</a> After <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">Ukraine gained independence</a> from the Soviet Union in 1991, the two countries built formal diplomatic relations in 1992,<a href="#cite_note-China-2009-396">[396]</a> and declared a strategic partnership in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Institut_Montaigne-2022-397">[397]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, China abstained in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2623" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623">related UN Security Council votes</a> condemning Russia.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> The Ukrainian embassy issued a statement in Chinese condemning Russia on <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Weibo</a>, which drew over 300 million views in a day.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> Chinese company <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a> has published anti-war videos from Chinese in Ukraine and Ukrainians in China.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> However, Beijing's failure to criticise Russia increased local hostility towards stranded Chinese in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhanshu" title="Li Zhanshu">Li Zhanshu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">third highest-ranking member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, told a group of Russian legislators that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> "understands and supports Russia...on the situation in Ukraine".<a href="#cite_note-Ramzy-2022-405">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">China–United Kingdom relations</a></div> China established <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom</a> on 17 June 1954. The United Kingdom was the first major Western country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-britain-86">[86]</a> <ul><li>China maintains an <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_London" title="Embassy of China, London">embassy</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-britain-86">[86]</a></li> <li>The United Kingdom is accredited to China through its <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing">embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and consulate generals in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></li></ul> The UK governed the territories of <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, from 1841 to 1941 and 1945 to 1997, as well as <a href="/wiki/British_Weihaiwei" title="British Weihaiwei">Weihaiwei</a> from 1898 to 1930. Both countries share common membership of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UNSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. Bilaterally the two countries have the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Sino-Pacific relations</a></div> China maintains diplomatic relations with ten countries in Oceania: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> whilst Taiwan has diplomatic relations with the other four. The Pacific is an area of intense and continuous diplomatic competition between the PRC and the ROC, with several countries (<a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, Vanuatu) having switched diplomatic support from one to the other at least once. Both the PRC and the ROC provide development aid to their respective allies. the PRC also wants to establish a preeminent sphere of influence in the Pacific Islands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policy">Policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Policy">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, China announced it intended to enhance its diplomatic ties with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, and increase the economic aid package it provided to that organisation. At the same time, Chinese delegate Zhou Whenzhong added: "[T]he PIF should refrain from any exchanges of an official nature or dialogue partnership of any form with Taiwan".<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> In 2006, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> announced that China would increase its economic cooperation with Pacific Island States. The PRC would provide more economic aid, abolish tariffs for exports from the Pacific's least developed countries, annul the debt of those countries, distribute free anti-<a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> medicines, and provide training for two thousand Pacific Islander government officials and technical staff.<a href="#cite_note-chinadaily.com.cn-408">[408]</a> Also in 2006, Wen became the first Chinese premier to visit the Pacific islands, which the Taipei Times described as "a longtime diplomatic battleground for China and Taiwan". Similarly, according to <a href="/wiki/Ron_Crocombe" title="Ron Crocombe">Ron Crocombe</a>, Professor of Pacific Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>, "There have been more Pacific Islands minister visits to China than to any other country".<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua</a>, the Chinese official press agency, stated that Pacific Islands Forum member countries had "spoke[n] highly of the generous assistance China has provided to the region over the past many years and expressed the hope for a further enhanced cooperation with China".<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> In December 2007, Dr John Lee—Visiting Fellow at the Sydney-based <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Independent_Studies" title="Centre for Independent Studies">Centre for Independent Studies</a>—opined in a column for <a href="/wiki/Islands_Business" title="Islands Business">Islands Business</a>: <dl><dd>"Why is China so interested in the Pacific? After all, despite the differences in size, population, wealth, and influence between China and islands in the region, the Chinese have literally rolled out the red carpet for Pacific leaders. Meetings between Chinese and Pacific leaders are not perfunctory 'meet and greets' in the bland boardrooms of hotels. They are often elaborate state functions with all the bells and whistles that state meetings can offer. [...] In a word, the Chinese want 'influence'. China sends more diplomats around the world than any other country. [...] In terms of the Pacific, there is a more disturbing game being played out, namely the 'chequebook diplomacy', that is taking place between China and Taiwan in their competition for diplomatic recognition at the expense of the other. Taiwan matters profoundly to China—and it is largely why China is interested in the Pacific."<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></dd></dl> That same month, John Henderson of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> stated that, in his view, many Pacific Islanders are worried "that their livelihood is being taken away by Chinese traders coming in, often getting in buying political privileges, playing a role in rigging elections". Henderson suggested that the <a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%27alofa_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nuku'alofa riots">2006 anti-Chinese riots in Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Assistance_Mission_to_Solomon_Islands#Riots_following_2006_general_election" title="Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> could be repeated in countries such as Fiji and Vanuatu. He added that this might lead the PRC to increase its role in the region further, in order to protect ethnic Chinese Pacific Islanders.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> A spokesman for the Chinese embassy in Fiji, Hu Lihua, responded by stating: "China does not pose a military threat to any other country. China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion."<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> A representative of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji's Chinese community</a> similarly rejected the idea that there might be anti-Chinese riots in Fiji, and added: "The Chinese in Fiji have an excellent relationship with locals and we contribute toward the economy. We have been successful in understanding local customs. Many of us have learnt the language and have assimilated."<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> The final report of the April 2008 <a href="/wiki/Australia_2020_Summit" title="Australia 2020 Summit">Australia 2020 Summit</a> addressed China's influence in the Pacific in the following terms: <dl><dd>"It was noted that so far China did not seem interested in exporting <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism with Chinese Characteristics">its political values</a>. Its interaction with the region was economically focused or motivated by rivalry winth Taiwan.</dd> <dd>Noting China's growing military power and its emerging role as a major aid donor in the region, participants agreed that while China's visibility had increased rapidly there remained uncertainty over what it was seeking to achieve, especially in the long term. Securing energy supplies was one obvious goal. One strand of thought that had emerged was that the Chinese themselves were not entirely clear about their aims in the region."<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></dd></dl> In June 2008, a report from the <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute_for_International_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowy Institute for International Policy">Lowy Institute</a> stated that China's aid policy towards the Pacific was almost certainly aimed solely at encouraging Pacific countries not to grant diplomatic recognition to Taiwan, and that there was no sign of the PRC attempting to increase its military influence or its access to the region's natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reports that, according to the institute's findings, "China's chequebook diplomacy in the South Pacific and secrecy over its aid programme to small island nations is having a destabilising impact on the region", due to "concerns that dollar diplomacy was influencing local politics."<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> A spokesman of the Chinese Foreign Ministry responded: "This assistance is on the basis of mutual benefit. It must help the local economy to develop and promote people's livelihoods. China would never interfere in these countries' internal affairs."<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> In June 2009, parliamentary delegations from four Pacific Island countries were jointly received by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a>. The delegation comprised Isaac Figir, Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia">Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia</a>, Tu'ilakepa, Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Legislative Assembly of Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manu_Korovulavula" title="Manu Korovulavula">Manu Korovulavula</a>, head of the Public Accounting Commission of Fiji, and Billy Talagi, head of the Legislative Committee of <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">dependent territory of New Zealand</a>).<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a> The delegation also met Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, who spoke of increased "economic and trade cooperation"; Xinhua reported that the Pacific Island legislators "expressed appreciation for China's assistance" and "reiterated their countries' adherence to the one-China policy".<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> In August and September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> began an unprecedented "goodwill visit" to its Pacific allies, touring Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Tonga, New Zealand and Australia. Its aim, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> during the ships' four-day stop in Tonga, was "enhancing friendship and strengthening military cooperation".<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> In April 2011, the Lowy Institute issued a new report noting that China, in its approach to the Pacific, had been "shifting from grant aid to soft loans", which were "leading to increasing problems of indebtedness" and "making Pacific governments vulnerable to political pressure from Beijing". The report suggested that countries may struggle to repay the loans within the set timeframe, and that "outstanding loans may well tie Pacific countries to Beijing", in a context of diplomatic competition with Taipei. The report also noted, however, that some loans "are destined for projects that will create economic growth; growth that will create jobs, reduce poverty and help make repayments".<a href="#cite_note-FEATURE:_China_in_the_Pacific-424">[424]</a> In May 2011, addressing the University of the South Pacific in <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, PRC Ambassador to Fiji Han Zhiqiang stated that Sino-Pacific cooperation had resulted in "plenty of substantial outcomes and benefits for the people in this region". He indicated that the volume of trade between the PRC and Pacific Island countries had increased by about 50% between 2009 and 2010, reaching <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a> 2.46 billion. The value of PRC exports to the region that year was €1.74 billion (up by 42% from 2009), whilst the value of its imports from the Pacific Islands was €730 million, up almost 100%. PRC investments in the Pacific Islands in 2010 -primarily to Samoa, the Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea and Fiji- had reached almost €72 million.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> In April 2012 China continued to widen its diplomatic influence with loans and aid with the region.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> In late May 2022, Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> announced that China was pursuing a regional Pacific–wide agreement known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=China-Pacific_Island_Countries_Common_Development_Vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Pacific Island Countries Common Development Vision (page does not exist)">China-Pacific Island Countries Common Development Vision</a> with ten Pacific Islands states. This multilateral agreement would cover various issues including law enforcement cooperation and training, communications infrastructure, cybersecurity, climate change, healthcare, and a proposed China-Pacific Islands Free Trade Area. In response, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="President of the Federated States of Micronesia">President of the Federated States of Micronesia</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Panuelo" title="David Panuelo">David Panuelo</a> opposed the proposed agreement, claiming it would create a new "Cold War" between China and the West. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Australian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> also vowed to increase Australian investment and developmental assistance to the Pacific Islands.<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> Though China and the Pacific Islands states did not reach a consensus on the proposed multilateral agreement, Beijing succeeded in signing several bilateral agreements with Pacific states including separate security and civil aviation agreements with the Solomon Islands, ten bilateral agreements with the Solomon Islands, and an agreement to build a police fingerprint laboratory in Fiji.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Australia">Australia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia–China relations</a></div> As an emerging and developing economy, China is a very important trading partner and destination for Australian <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a> export for the growth of Australian economy. The two countries are currently strengthening their economic relations. The 2007 election of <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> as Prime Minister of Australia has been seen as favourable to Sino-Australian relations, notably in view of the fact that he is the first Australian Prime Minister to speak fluent Mandarin, and that closer engagement with Asia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd#Foreign_affairs" title="Kevin Rudd">"Three Pillars" of his foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> In 2004, Rudd, who at the time was Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, had delivered a speech in Beijing entitled "Australia and China: A Strong and Stable Partnership for the 21st Century".<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> In February 2008, Australia reportedly "chastised Taiwan for its renewed push for independence" and "reiterated its support for a one-China policy".<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> In April, however, Rudd addressed Chinese students at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-news.com.au_1111116026176-433">[433]</a> and, speaking in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, referred to "significant human rights problems in Tibet".<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> Rudd also raised the issue in talks with Chinese <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> Wen Jiabao, in a context of "simmering diplomatic tension" according to <a href="/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (New Zealand)">TV3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> In August 2008, Rudd met Wen once more, and expressed his concerns on "questions of human rights, of religious freedom, of Tibet, of internet freedom".<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated issues and tensions between the countries, especially after Australia called for an international, independent inquiry into the origins of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-reut_Aust-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-reut_Aust2-439">[439]</a> The subsequent changes that China made to its trade policies have been interpreted as political retaliation and economic <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> against Australia.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-japa_Miti-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-broo_Grea-443">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fiji">Fiji</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Fiji">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">China–Fiji relations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> was the first Pacific Island country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-444">[444]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a> countries, Fiji was, in 2010, the second largest importer of PRC exports, after Papua New Guinea, and had a trade deficit of <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>127m in its trade relations with China.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_trade_with_China-445">[445]</a> Fiji's foreign policy under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Laisenia_Qarase" title="Laisenia Qarase">Laisenia Qarase</a> was to "look north" – i.e., strengthen the country's relations with Asia in general and China in particular. Following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">2006 military coup in Fiji</a>, China contrasted itself from Western countries which largely condemned the overthrow of Qarase's government. Post-coup prime minister <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama" title="Frank Bainimarama">Frank Bainimarama</a> continued Qarase's "look north" policy. In July 2007, Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chaudhry" title="Mahendra Chaudhry">Mahendra Chaudhry</a> responded to the contrast between Western criticism and Chinese support for Bainimarama's government: <dl><dd>"Fiji has friends in China, it has friends in <a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Fiji–South Korea relations">Korea</a>, it has friends in [...] other Asian countries. We're no longer relying on <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="Australia–Fiji relations">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Fiji–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a>. And in any event, the <a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">United States</a> was not doing much for Fiji anyway."<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></dd></dl> In 2007, a China/Fiji Trade and Economic Commission was set up to enhance economic relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> A May 2008 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a> stated that "China's aid to Fiji has skyrocketed since the coup in December 2006", from €650,000 to over €100,000,000. The author of the article commented: "Just as Australia and other Western donors are trying to squeeze [Fiji's] rebel Government, China has dramatically stepped up its aid, effectively dissipating any pressure Western donors might have been generating."<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Federated_States_of_Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Federated States of Micronesia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> opened an embassy in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">China–New Zealand relations</a></div> Diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> were first established in 1972. the PRC diplomatic representative to New Zealand, Zhang Limin, is also accredited to New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated territories</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and, since 2008, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. The People's Republic of China in December 2007 became the first country to establish official diplomatic relations with Niue,<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> and provides economic aid to the Cook Islands.<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_41933-451">[451]</a> In September 2007, New Zealand reaffirmed its adherence to the "One China" policy.<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> In April 2008, New Zealand became the first <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> to sign a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreement with the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a> On 29 September 2008, New Zealand's delegate in United Nations openly praised the improving relations between the two governments of Beijing and Taipei.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> In July 2009, Niuean <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Niue">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Toke_Talagi" title="Toke Talagi">Toke Talagi</a> stated that, if development aid were not forthcoming from New Zealand, he would request aid from China instead.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_10583605-455">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Papua New Guinea">edit</a>]</div> Diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> were established in 1976, soon after Papua New Guinea became independent.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> Papua New Guinea is one of China's biggest trade partners in Oceania. Papua New Guinea exports far more to China than does any other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> country, and imports three times more from China than does any other such country. It is also one of the few countries in the region to maintain a trade surplus in its relations with China; its surplus reached a record high of <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>427m in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_trade_with_China-445">[445]</a> In 1999, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bill_Skate" title="Bill Skate">Bill Skate</a> recognised Taiwan. Skate lost power less than a week later, and Papua New Guinea's diplomatic recognition reverted to China.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> In 2003, Chinese embassy in <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> published a statement of concern in reaction to comments in the Papua New Guinea press questioning the justification for PNG's relations with the People's Republic. The embassy statement insisted that relations between the two countries were mutually beneficial, reasserted Chinese claims to Taiwan, and concluded: "It is our sincere hope that the local [PNG] media will report on China and its relations with PNG in a just and objective way, so as to further enhance the mutual understanding and friendship between the peoples of our two countries."<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> In July 2003, PNG Governor General Sir <a href="/wiki/Silas_Atopare" title="Silas Atopare">Silas Atopare</a> visited China, re-affirmed his country's adherence to the One China policy, and, according to a statement published by Chinese embassy, "thank[ed] the government and the people of China for their commitment in providing aid to PNG's development".<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a> In 2005, relations cooled somewhat when Papua New Guinea, along with Fiji, supported Taiwan's wish to join the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-archives.pireport.org-460">[460]</a> It was announced that members of the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">Papua New Guinea Defence Force</a> would receive training provided by China. Traditionally, military training aid in Papua New Guinea had been provided by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>, namely, <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="Australia–Papua New Guinea relations">Australia</a>, New Zealand and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_39839-461">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Samoa">Samoa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Samoa">edit</a>]</div> The diplomatic relations between China and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> were established in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-english.cri.cn-462">[462]</a> In the late 1980s, China began sending doctors to the Samoan National Hospital, and sent over a hundred over the following two decades.<a href="#cite_note-english.cri.cn-462">[462]</a> Samoa significantly increased its volume of imports from China in the late 2000s, while also increasing its exports to that country. In 2010, Samoa reached a record trade deficit in its relations with China, at <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>70m.<a href="#cite_note-Pacific_trade_with_China-445">[445]</a> In 2007, China provided Samoa with an x-ray machine and several volunteer doctors.<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_35612-463">[463]</a> In 2008, China donated over €1,360,000 to Samoa to fund its education policies.<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_37542-464">[464]</a> In March 2008, following unrest in Tibet, the speaker of the Samoan <a href="/wiki/Fono" class="mw-redirect" title="Fono">Fono</a> (legislative assembly), Tolofuaivalelei Falemoe Leiataua, stated that foreign leaders should not interfere with China as it deals with "internal affairs", and that they should not meet the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a> In June 2008, Samoa announced it would be opening diplomatic missions in China and Japan – the country's first diplomatic offices in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> In September, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement indicating that China and Samoa have always "conducted fruitful cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, agriculture, sports, culture, education and health, as well as international affairs", and that China intended to "make more tangible efforts to support Samoa's economic and social development".<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> In 2010, the Chinese government-funded China-Samoa Agricultural Demonstration Farm was established in Nu'u with an aim "to train the Samoan farmers on voluntary basis through Chinese agricultural planting techniques". About 500 Samoan farmers received training from Chinese agricultural experts.<a href="#cite_note-english.cri.cn-462">[462]</a> In 2011, 57 Samoan students were studying in China on a Chinese government sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-english.cri.cn-462">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tonga">Tonga</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Tonga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">China–Tonga relations</a></div> Relations with <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> were first established in 1998. In 2000, noble <a href="/wiki/Siale%CA%BBataongo_Tu%CA%BBivakan%C5%8D" title="Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō">Tuʻivakano</a> of Nukunuku (later to become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Prime Minister of Tonga">Prime Minister</a>) banned all Chinese stores from his Nukunuku District. This followed alleged complaints from other shopkeepers regarding competition from local Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> In 2001, Tonga and China decided to strengthen their "military relations".<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> In 2008, China provided Tonga with military supplies worth over €340,000.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> In 2006, rioters caused severe damage to shops owned by Chinese-Tongans in <a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radioaustralia.net.au-472">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> In April 2008, Tongan King <a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_V" title="George Tupou V">George Tupou V</a> visited China, reaffirmed his country's adherence to the "One China" policy, and, according to the Chinese State news agency <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>, "supported the measures adopted to handle <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">the incident</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> King Tupou V also met Chinese Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a> to "enhance exchange and cooperation between the two militaries". Xinhua stated that China and Tonga have "fruitful cooperation in politics, economy, trade, agriculture and education, and kept a sound coordination in regional and international affairs".<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> In early 2010, Chinese aid to Tonga included assistance in the reconstruction of Nuku'alofa's central business district; "an agricultural project in <a href="/wiki/Vaini" title="Vaini">Vaini</a>"; health clinics set up in <a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a> and Vaini; the provision of seven Chinese doctors for a two-year period; and an allocation of €2.2 million "for social and economic development", including "soft loans and interest free loans to the Tonga Government".<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_52337-476">[476]</a> In April 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute_for_International_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowy Institute for International Policy">Lowy Institute</a> reported that, of all Pacific countries, Tonga was carrying the highest burden of debt from Chinese loans, amounting to 32% of Tonga's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> warned Tonga was "facing debt distress", a "very high possibility that Tonga [would] be unable to service its debts in the future".<a href="#cite_note-FEATURE:_China_in_the_Pacific-424">[424]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Vanuatu">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">China–Vanuatu relations</a></div> In 2006, Vanuatu signed an economic cooperation agreement with China, whereby the latter was to assist Vanuatu's economic development, and remove tariffs on imports from Vanuatu. China also added Vanuatu to its list of approved tourism destinations for Chinese tourists. Ni-Vanuatu trade minister James Bule said his country had also requested China's assistance "in supplying machines so we can establish a plant in Vanuatu to produce bio fuel".<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> By contrast, Opposition leader Serge Vohor has said China is exerting too much influence on the ni-Vanuatu government's policy.<a href="#cite_note-vanuatudaily.com-478">[478]</a> In May 2009, Vanuatu appointed its first ever ambassador to China, former Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Willie_Jimmy" title="Willie Jimmy">Willie Jimmy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> Jimmy "call[ed] [...] for China to have a foot firmly planted in the Pacific through <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>", which -the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Daily_Post" title="Vanuatu Daily Post">Vanuatu Daily Post</a> remarked- "no doubt caused ruffled feathers among other foreign diplomatic partners".<a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a> In July 2010, Chinese Ambassador Cheng Shuping announced that China would fund a number of projects in Vanuatu, "including the National Convention Centre and the expansion of Prime Minister's Offices", as well as "the design and reconstruction of the Francophone Wing of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> Emalus Campus".<a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_without_diplomatic_relations_with_the_PRC">Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC">edit</a>]</div> China recognizes all 193 UN member states, the Holy See and Palestine as sovereign states. However, it does not have diplomatic relations with 11 UN member states, nor with the Holy See. These sovereign entities recognize the Republic of China as the sole legitimate Chinese state. The following countries do not recognize the People's Republic of China. 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td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Previous relations with the PRC </th> <th>Duration of previous relations with the PRC </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>1987–1989 </td> <td>Diplomatic relations with the PRC were established on 2 February 1987 and severed on 23 October 1989. Belize terminated the recognition of the PRC and then recognized the ROC on 11 October 1989. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>In 1996, the Bureau of Commercial Development of the PRC in the Republic of Haiti and Bureau of Commercial Development of the Republic of Haiti in the PRC were established in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> and Beijing as the assignment between two countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>1990–1998 </td> <td>Diplomatic relations with the PRC were established on 16 November 1990 and severed on 11 December 1998. Marshall Islands recognized the ROC on 20 November 1998. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>1997–2007 </td> <td>The relations with the ROC were first established in 1984 and severed in 1997. Diplomatic relations with the PRC were established on 1 September 1997 and severed on 5 May 2007. Saint Lucia resumed diplomatic ties with the ROC on 30 April 2007. </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>N/A<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a> </td> <td>Since the establishment of the PRC, Catholicism has been permitted to operate only under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Religious_Affairs" title="State Administration for Religious Affairs">SARA</a>. All worship must legally be conducted through state-approved churches belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Patriotic_Catholic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association">CPA</a>, which does not accept the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Bishop of Rome">Primacy of the Bishop of Rome</a>. The Holy See was banished from China following the incident around the death of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Riva_(pilot)" title="Antonio Riva (pilot)">Antonio Riva</a> in 1951. In 2016, negotiation of diplomatic relations between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the PRC started. See <a href="/wiki/China-Holy_See_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Holy See relations">China-Holy See relations</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Russian_relations" title="History of Sino-Russian relations">History of Sino-Russian relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_relations_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Russian relations since 1991">Sino-Russian relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">List of diplomatic missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">List of diplomatic missions of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">Ten Major Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="China foreign aid">China foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Macau" title="Foreign relations of Macau">Foreign relations of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_of_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative">List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_ranking">"Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Global+Diplomacy+Index+%E2%80%93+Country+Rank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountry_ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/hpwjzc/t1119842.shtml">"Independent Foreign Policy of Peace"</a>. fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fmprc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Independent+Foreign+Policy+of+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fmfa_eng%2Fwjdt_665385%2Fhpwjzc%2Ft1119842.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223001208/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/">"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/">the original</a> on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Feng%2Fwjdt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation news cs1">Williams, David (8 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2008/01/080108_chinataiwan.shtml">"China-Taiwan tussle in Bim politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2008/01/080108_chinataiwan.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2010. <q>Beijing and Taipei often trade insults over which is using "dollar diplomacy" in the form of offers of aid or cheap loans to curry influence around the world. The 'One-China' policy ensures that nations cannot have official relations with both China and Taiwan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China-Taiwan+tussle+in+Bim+politics&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2008%2F01%2F080108_chinataiwan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinvalle2007" class="citation news cs1">Ninvalle, Pete (27 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/04/070427_chinaconstruct.shtml">"China halts St. Lucia work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915123240/http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/04/070427_chinaconstruct.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+halts+St.+Lucia+work&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.aulast=Ninvalle&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2007%2F04%2F070427_chinaconstruct.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErikson2010" class="citation news cs1">Erikson, Daniel (8 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stluciastar.com/content/archives/10022">"China in the Caribbean: The New Big Brother"</a>. Star Publishing Company. Retrieved 13 July 2010. <q>China's overall strategy for the Caribbean has been driven by a desire to ensure the security of Chinese offshore financial holdings, woo countries with infrastructure projects and investment deals to ensure support for China in multilateral organizations, and promote the crucial "One China" policy to isolate Taiwan on the world stage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+in+the+Caribbean%3A+The+New+Big+Brother&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.aulast=Erikson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstluciastar.com%2Fcontent%2Farchives%2F10022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2020" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Kristine (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/04/15/its-not-just-the-who-how-china-is-moving-on-the-whole-un-189029">"It's Not Just the WHO: How China Is Moving on the Whole U.N."</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=It%27s+Not+Just+the+WHO%3A+How+China+Is+Moving+on+the+Whole+U.N.&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F04%2F15%2Fits-not-just-the-who-how-china-is-moving-on-the-whole-un-189029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ong-2023-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Ong-2023_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2023" class="citation book cs1">Ong, Andrew (2023). 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American Consulate General. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Background%2C+Issues+1004%E2%80%931008&rft.pub=American+Consulate+General&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRn6iWW3GrYC%26dq%3DJoint%2BCommunique%2Bon%2BEstablishment%2Bof%2BDiplomatic%2BRelations%2BBetween%2BPeople%2527s%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BChina%2Band%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BUpper%2BVolta%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183519.htm">"Political relations People's Republic of China and Guinea-Bissau"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+relations+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+Guinea-Bissau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Ffocac%2F183519.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183529.htm">"Gabon – china.org.cn"</a>. china.org.cn. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.gov.my/data/dataset/30411e5d-8c25-47fb-940e-0d51149afe20/resource/fc684f56-c8bb-4f65-ab65-8eb5e68c9b5d/download/01-tarikh-penubuhan-hubungan-diplomatik-malaysia.xlsx">the original</a> on 13 November 2021. 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Ross">Ross, Robert S.</a> (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2020.1852737">"China-Vietnamese Relations in the Era of Rising China: Power, Resistance, and Maritime Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China" title="Journal of Contemporary China">Journal of Contemporary China</a>. 30 (130): 613–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1852737">10.1080/10670564.2020.1852737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564">1067-0564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230609101">230609101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=China-Vietnamese+Relations+in+the+Era+of+Rising+China%3A+Power%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Maritime+Conflict&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=130&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230609101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1852737&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1852737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Sung Chull (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1013251119500073">"China and Its Neighbors: Asymmetrical Economies and Vulnerability to Coercion"</a>. Issues & Studies. 55 (4): 1950007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1013251119500073">10.1142/S1013251119500073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-2511">1013-2511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214499088">214499088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+%26+Studies&rft.atitle=China+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+Asymmetrical+Economies+and+Vulnerability+to+Coercion&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1950007&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214499088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1013-2511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1013251119500073&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Sung+Chull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1142%2FS1013251119500073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/98649/7343316.html">"China-Singapore visa-free agreement to take effect in April"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010063152/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/98649/7343316.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> People's Daily, 7 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-:Han-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_388-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2024" class="citation book cs1">Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0"><bdi>978-0-19-769659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ripple+Effect%3A+China%27s+Complex+Presence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-769659-0&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Enze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arezina-2023-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arezina-2023_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arezina-2023_389-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArezina2023" class="citation book cs1">Arezina, Sanja (2023). "China's Relations with Central and Eastern European Countries in a Multipolar World Order 2.0". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Relations+with+Central+and+Eastern+European+Countries+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Arezina&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_der_Burchard2019" class="citation web cs1">von der Burchard, Hans (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-slams-china-as-systemic-rival-as-trade-tension-rises/">"EU slams China as 'systemic rival' as trade tension rises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002112737/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-slams-china-as-systemic-rival-as-trade-tension-rises//">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=EU+slams+China+as+%27systemic+rival%27+as+trade+tension+rises&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=von+der+Burchard&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Feu-slams-china-as-systemic-rival-as-trade-tension-rises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230035155/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/brussels-officially-labels-china-a-systemic-rival/">"Brussels officially labels China a 'systemic rival'"</a>. New Europe. 13 March 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neweurope.eu/article/brussels-officially-labels-china-a-systemic-rival/">the original</a> on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=Brussels+officially+labels+China+a+%27systemic+rival%27&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neweurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fbrussels-officially-labels-china-a-systemic-rival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_2541">"EU and China reach agreement in principle on investment"</a>. European Commission. 30 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113054629/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2541">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021. <q>The EU and China have today concluded in principle the negotiations for a Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI). This deal follows a call between Chinese President Xi Jinping and European Commission President von der Leyen, European Council President Charles Michel and German Chancellor Angela Merkel on behalf of the Presidency of the EU Council, as well as French President Emmanuel Macron.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+and+China+reach+agreement+in+principle+on+investment&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2FIP_20_2541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieboldBlenkinsop2021" class="citation news cs1">Siebold, Sabine; Blenkinsop, Philip (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/eu-executive-slows-push-china-investment-deal-2021-05-05/">"EU puts up guard to Chinese firms, cools on trade deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+puts+up+guard+to+Chinese+firms%2C+cools+on+trade+deal&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Siebold&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Blenkinsop%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Feu-executive-slows-push-china-investment-deal-2021-05-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-2023-394"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2023_394-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+the+Climate%3A+Learning+from+International+Partnerships+in+China%27s+Clean+Energy+Sector&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54482-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Joanna+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/china-belt-and-road-italy-trade/">"Italy's decision on China's Belt and Road Initiative and beyond"</a>. 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+decision+on+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+and+beyond&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fchina-belt-and-road-italy-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China-2009-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China-2009_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-China-2009_396-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-343479.html">China, Ukraine agree to enhance cooperation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030155622/http://unian.net/eng/news/news-343479.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> (28 October 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-Institut_Montaigne-2022-397"><a href="#cite_ref-Institut_Montaigne-2022_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/china-ukraine-partnership-surviving-deteriorating-strategic-environment">"The China-Ukraine Partnership: Surviving a Deteriorating Strategic Environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_Montaigne" title="Institut Montaigne">Institut Montaigne</a>. 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302044103/https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/china-ukraine-partnership-surviving-deteriorating-strategic-environment">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. 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Why did these 35 countries abstain from voting?]. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Television" title="Phoenix Television">Phoenix Television</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705133920/https://i.ifeng.com/c/8E5esEzsqyL">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%81%94%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B4%E8%B4%A3%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF+%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%BF%9935%E4%B8%AA%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%8A%95%E4%BA%86%E5%BC%83%E6%9D%83%E7%A5%A8%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=Phoenix+Television&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft.au=%E7%89%9B%E5%BC%B9%E7%90%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fc%2F8E5esEzsqyL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsPamuk2022" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Michelle; Pamuk, Humeyra (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-vetoes-un-security-action-ukraine-china-abstains-2022-02-25/">"Russia vetoes U.N. Security action on Ukraine as China abstains"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324064829/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-vetoes-un-security-action-ukraine-china-abstains-2022-02-25/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+vetoes+U.N.+Security+action+on+Ukraine+as+China+abstains&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+Humeyra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Frussia-vetoes-un-security-action-ukraine-china-abstains-2022-02-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Ni2022" class="citation web cs1">Vincent Ni (22 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/22/ukraine-crisis-poses-dilemma-for-china-but-also-opportunity">"Ukraine crisis poses dilemma for China but also opportunity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302193058/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/22/ukraine-crisis-poses-dilemma-for-china-but-also-opportunity">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+crisis+poses+dilemma+for+China+but+also+opportunity&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.au=Vincent+Ni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F22%2Fukraine-crisis-poses-dilemma-for-china-but-also-opportunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/v/video/VC0A51VMK.html">"乌克兰华人接到噩耗痛哭：好朋友为国牺牲，同学弟弟奔赴战场"</a> [Ukrainian Chinese cried bitterly after receiving the bad news: good friends sacrificed for the country, classmates and younger brothers rushed to the battlefield]. <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetEase&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%8E%A5%E5%88%B0%E5%99%A9%E8%80%97%E7%97%9B%E5%93%AD%EF%BC%9A%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%8B%E5%8F%8B%E4%B8%BA%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%BA%E7%89%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%9F%E5%BC%9F%E5%A5%94%E8%B5%B4%E6%88%98%E5%9C%BA&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fv%2Fvideo%2FVC0A51VMK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/v/video/VC0A51RTB.html">"西安生活7年的乌克兰留学生发声引热议：俄没资格为乌做决定"</a> [A Ukrainian student who has lived in Xi'an for 7 years speaks out: Russia is not qualified to make decisions for Ukraine]. <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetEase&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB7%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%91%E5%A3%B0%E5%BC%95%E7%83%AD%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%84%E6%B2%A1%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BA%E4%B9%8C%E5%81%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fv%2Fvideo%2FVC0A51RTB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille2022" class="citation news cs1">Hille, Kathrin (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/af0dbe39-e31a-4db0-8ea9-6e0cb842f7b4">"Chinese people stranded in Kyiv become target of Ukrainian anger"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302003554/https://www.ft.com/content/af0dbe39-e31a-4db0-8ea9-6e0cb842f7b4">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+people+stranded+in+Kyiv+become+target+of+Ukrainian+anger&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Faf0dbe39-e31a-4db0-8ea9-6e0cb842f7b4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_16877818">"中国网友不当言论引起乌克兰"排华浪潮"？我驻乌大使馆"跑路"？警惕流言，擦亮双眼！_政务_澎湃新闻"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paper_(newspaper)" title="The Paper (newspaper)">The Paper</a>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Paper&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91%E5%8F%8B%E4%B8%8D%E5%BD%93%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%22%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%8E%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE%22%EF%BC%9F%E6%88%91%E9%A9%BB%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86%22%E8%B7%91%E8%B7%AF%22%EF%BC%9F%E8%AD%A6%E6%83%95%E6%B5%81%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%93%A6%E4%BA%AE%E5%8F%8C%E7%9C%BC%EF%BC%81_%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1_%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%83%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_16877818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramzy-2022-405"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramzy-2022_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzy2022" class="citation news cs1">Ramzy, Austin (11 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/11/world/russia-says-that-a-senior-chinese-official-expressed-support-for-the-invasion-of-ukraine.html">"Russia says that a senior Chinese official expressed support for the invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+says+that+a+senior+Chinese+official+expressed+support+for+the+invasion+of+Ukraine.&rft.date=2022-09-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F09%2F11%2Fworld%2Frussia-says-that-a-senior-chinese-official-expressed-support-for-the-invasion-of-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-beijing">"British Embassy Beijing"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229180906/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-beijing">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=British+Embassy+Beijing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fworld%2Forganisations%2Fbritish-embassy-beijing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46835.htm">"China announces initiatives to expand ties with PIF member countries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190012/http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46835.htm">Archived</a> 19 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PRC embassy in Papua New Guinea, 24 November 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-chinadaily.com.cn-408"><a href="#cite_ref-chinadaily.com.cn_408-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-04/05/content_560910.htm">"China offers aid package to Pacific Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006175713/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-04/05/content_560910.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, China Daily, 5 April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/04/03/2003300678">"Chinese Premier Wen to visit the Pacific Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912133356/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/04/03/2003300678">Archived</a> 12 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Taipei Times, 3 April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/19/content_6909470.htm">"China, Pacific islands countries ties important"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013083733/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/19/content_6909470.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 19 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=17755/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl">"What do the Chinese really want?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222025019/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D17755/overideSkinName%3DissueArticle-full.tpl">Archived</a> 22 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dr John Lee, Islands Business, December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv3.co.nz/News/NationalNews/Pacficpoliticsexpertwarnsmoreriotspossible/tabid/184/articleID/41611/cat/64/Default.aspx">"Pacific politics expert warns more riots possible"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045628/https://www.threenow.co.nz/tv/threefans/home.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV3_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 New Zealand">TV3</a> (New Zealand), 13 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=76796">"China says it is for peace and not power politics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512194925/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=76796">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fiji Times, 18 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=77086">"Chinese say they are at home"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512222538/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=77086">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fiji Times, 22 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia2020.gov.au/final_report/index.cfm">Australia 2020 final report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620120848/http://www.australia2020.gov.au/final_report/index.cfm">Archived</a> 20 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.363, Australian government website </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200806/s2270720.htm?tab=pacific">"Report questions China aid to Pacific"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905105935/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200806/s2270720.htm?tab=pacific">Archived</a> 5 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC Radio Australia, 11 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSSYD18440">"China's aid diplomacy destabilises Pacific – report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203113308/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSSYD18440">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters, 11 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSPEK335715">"China rejects charge of aid diplomacy in Pacific"</a>, Reuters, 12 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com:80/english/2008-06/12/content_8356107.htm">"No political pre-conditions attached in China's aid to Pacific island countries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205517/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/12/content_8356107.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 12 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/17/content_11557797.htm">"China vows to enhance parliamentary exchanges with Pacific island nations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102112037/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/17/content_11557797.htm">Archived</a> 2 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 17 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.cri.cn/720/2009/06/12/261s193970.htm">"Prochaine visite en Chine de délégations parlementaires du Pacifique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220083741/http://french.cri.cn/720/2009/06/12/261s193970.htm">Archived</a> 20 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio Chine Internationale, 12 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11553009.htm">"Chinese premier urges more economic cooperation with Pacific island countries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102112043/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11553009.htm">Archived</a> 2 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 16 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7128492.html">"Chinese Navy ships makes first visit to Tonga"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112622/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7128492.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, People's Daily, 3 September 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-FEATURE:_China_in_the_Pacific-424">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FEATURE:_China_in_the_Pacific_424-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FEATURE:_China_in_the_Pacific_424-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/stories/201104/3182042.htm">"FEATURE: China in the Pacific"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317204017/http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/stories/201104/3182042.htm">Archived</a> 17 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC Radio Australia, 4 April 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/05/c_13859143.htm">"China-Pacific island countries' ties of cooperation boom in many areas: Chinese ambassador"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107185239/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/05/c_13859143.htm">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 5 May 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved 23 December 2020. <q>economic coercion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+expectations%3A+The+unraveling+of+the+Australia-China+relationship&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fgreat-expectations-the-unraveling-of-the-australia-china-relationship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-444"><a href="#cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_444-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/09/content_10787984.htm">"Chinese vice president meets Fiji leaders on cooperative partnership"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190938/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/09/content_10787984.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 9 February 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pacific_trade_with_China-445">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pacific_trade_with_China_445-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacific_trade_with_China_445-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacific_trade_with_China_445-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/business/10150-pacific-trade-with-china">"Pacific trade with China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331150616/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/business/10150-pacific-trade-with-china">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Solomon Star, 17 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niufm.com/?t=3&View=FullStory&newsID=2162">"Chaudhry breaks silence to slag New Zealand"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512152832/http://www.niufm.com/?t=3&View=FullStory&newsID=2162">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NiuFM, 9 July 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/09/03/03fijilive9.html">"China/Fiji meeting, a success"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627214845/http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/09/03/03fijilive9.html">Archived</a> 27 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FijiLive, 3 September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson,_Fergus2008" class="citation news cs1">Hanson, Fergus (9 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/dont-ignore-the-big-new-player-in-fiji/2008/05/08/1210131163040.html?page=fullpage">"Don't ignore the big new player in Fiji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026031511/http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/dont-ignore-the-big-new-player-in-fiji/2008/05/08/1210131163040.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Don%27t+ignore+the+big+new+player+in+Fiji&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fdont-ignore-the-big-new-player-in-fiji%2F2008%2F05%2F08%2F1210131163040.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr051007.htm">"FSM Government opens embassy in China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125035819/http://www.fsmgov.org/press/pr051007.htm">Archived</a> 25 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">FSM</a> government website, 10 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/18/content_10215471.htm">"China's first ambassador to Niue presents credential to Niue PM"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116105311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/18/content_10215471.htm">Archived</a> 16 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 18 October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_41933-451"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_41933_451-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41933">"Cook Islands to receive more aid from China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 10 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307215524/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41933">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Cook+Islands+to+receive+more+aid+from+China&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D41933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/25/content_6791476.htm">"China, New Zealand vow to advance bilateral ties"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013130352/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/25/content_6791476.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 25 September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/07/business/7tradefw.php">"China and New Zealand sign free trade deal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212164653/http://iht.com/articles/2008/04/07/business/7tradefw.php">Archived</a> 12 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Herald Tribune, 7 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/63/generaldebate/newzealand.shtml">"UN General Assembly – 63rd Session General Debate – New Zealand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022618/http://www.un.org/en/ga/63/generaldebate/newzealand.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+General+Assembly+%E2%80%93+63rd+Session+General+Debate+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2F63%2Fgeneraldebate%2Fnewzealand.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_10583605-455"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_10583605_455-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevett,_Claire2009" class="citation news cs1">Trevett, Claire (10 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10583605">"PM faces blunt threat from Niue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020231557/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10583605">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=PM+faces+blunt+threat+from+Niue&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.au=Trevett%2C+Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10583605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangPatman2013" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Xiaoming; Patman, Robert G. (20 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm6krAh2LS0C&dq=china+make+Diplomatic+relations+with+Papua+New+Guinea+in+1976%2C&pg=PA126">China and the International System: Becoming a World Power</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75639-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75639-9"><bdi>978-1-136-75639-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+International+System%3A+Becoming+a+World+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75639-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Patman%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJm6krAh2LS0C%26dq%3Dchina%2Bmake%2BDiplomatic%2Brelations%2Bwith%2BPapua%2BNew%2BGuinea%2Bin%2B1976%252C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/05/14/2003411855">"Spending money where it matters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919125656/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2008/05/14/2003411855">Archived</a> 19 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bruce Jacobs, Taipei Times, 14 May 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46834.htm">"Press Release of the Embassy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143746/http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46834.htm">Archived</a> 10 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PRC embassy in Papua New Guinea, 7 August 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46833.htm">"PNG Governor General Visits China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143753/http://pg.china-embassy.org/eng/zbgx/t46833.htm">Archived</a> 10 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PRC embassy in Papua New Guinea, 28 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.pireport.org-460"><a href="#cite_ref-archives.pireport.org_460-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2006/August/tcp-fiji.htm">"Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events 2005"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216145246/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2006/August/tcp-fiji.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alumita L Durutalo, <a href="/wiki/The_Contemporary_Pacific" title="The Contemporary Pacific">The Contemporary Pacific</a>, vol. 18, n°2, autumn 2006, pp.396–399 </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_39839-461"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_39839_461-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=39839">"Concern in PNG at defence training links with China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 19 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223170519/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=39839">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Concern+in+PNG+at+defence+training+links+with+China&rft.date=2008-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D39839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.cri.cn-462">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english.cri.cn_462-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.cri.cn_462-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.cri.cn_462-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.cri.cn_462-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/04/10/2021s631192.htm">"Chinese Ambassador Describes China-Samoa Ties as Friendly Partnership"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020104633/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/04/10/2021s631192.htm">Archived</a> 20 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 4 April 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_35612-463"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_35612_463-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=35612">"Samoa national hospital to get Chinese funded x-ray machine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 8 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213172837/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=35612">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=Samoa+national+hospital+to+get+Chinese+funded+x-ray+machine&rft.date=2007-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D35612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_37542-464"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_37542_464-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37542">"China to give Samoa more money for education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 20 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213172846/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37542">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=China+to+give+Samoa+more+money+for+education&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D37542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-03/27/content_6568524.htm">"World leaders voice support for China's handling of riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009054653/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-03/27/content_6568524.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 27 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samoaobserver.ws/">"Samoa backs China's handling of Tibet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117152536/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/">Archived</a> 17 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Samoa Observer, 27 March 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/23/content_8423639.htm">"Samoa to establish diplomatic offices in China, Japan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051535/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/23/content_8423639.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 23 June 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t513637.htm">"President Hu Jintao Meets with Samoan Prime Minister"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214194642/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t513637.htm">Archived</a> 14 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 September 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/news/briefs/20000819.htm">"No More Chinese!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630094452/http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/news/briefs/20000819.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tongatapu.net </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200105/15/eng20010515_70060.html">"China, Tonga Vow to Further Military Ties"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609041409/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200105/15/eng20010515_70060.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, People's Daily, 15 May 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> "Chinese Government Donates Military Supplies to TDS", Tonga Now, 9 January 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-radioaustralia.net.au-472"><a href="#cite_ref-radioaustralia.net.au_472-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/infocus/s1842245.htm">"The Pacific Proxy: China vs Taiwan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104024039/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/infocus/s1842245.htm">Archived</a> 4 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Graeme Dobell, ABC Radio Australia, 7 February 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200611/17/eng20061117_322437.html">"Chinese stores looted in Tonga riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512170138/http://english.people.com.cn/200611/17/eng20061117_322437.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, People's Daily, 17 November 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/10/content_7954657.htm">"Tonga supports China's stance on Taiwan, Tibet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014071057/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/10/content_7954657.htm">Archived</a> 14 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 10 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/15/content_7981846.htm">"Chinese Defense Minister meets Tongan King"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016060355/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/15/content_7981846.htm">Archived</a> 16 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Xinhua, 15 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZI_52337-476"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZI_52337_476-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=52337">"China to send doctors to Tonga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. 8 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609192423/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=52337">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand+International&rft.atitle=China+to+send+doctors+to+Tonga&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzi.com%2Fpages%2Fnews.php%3Fop%3Dread%26id%3D52337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143746/http://vanuatudaily.com/news/currentweek.php?misc=search&subaction=showfull&id=1144793205&archive=&cnshow=news&ucat=1&start_from=&">"Vanuatu looks to China for markets"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Vanuatu Daily, 11 April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-vanuatudaily.com-478"><a href="#cite_ref-vanuatudaily.com_478-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143743/http://vanuatudaily.com/news/currentweek.php?misc=search&subaction=showfull&id=1142202701&archive=&cnshow=news&ucat=1&start_from=&">"Chinese influence corrupting government: opposition leader"</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Vanuatu Daily, 12 March 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.vu/index.php?news=4668">"Minister confirms appointment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623114911/http://www.dailypost.vu/index.php?news=4668">Archived</a> 23 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Daily_Post" title="Vanuatu Daily Post">Vanuatu Daily Post</a>, 22 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.vu/index.php?news=4834">"Chinese Club donate Vt1.4m supplies to landslide victims"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623135002/http://www.dailypost.vu/index.php?news=4834">Archived</a> 23 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vanuatu Daily Post, 23 June 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.vu/ArticleArchives/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/6722/categoryId/3/China-commits-to-fund-Vanuatu-projects.aspx">"China commits to fund Vanuatu projects"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Vanuatu Daily Post, 23 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> Pasha L. Hsieh, "Rethinking non-recognition: Taiwan's new pivot to ASEAN and the one-China policy." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 33.2 (2020): 204–228 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4911&context=sol_research">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> has no diplomatic relations with the PRC. In 1950, the ambassador of Holy See moved to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Foreign relations of China <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Foreign+relations+of+China">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Foreign+relations+of+China&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Alden, Christopher. China Returns to Africa: A Superpower and a Continent Embrace (2008)</li> <li>Amin, Nasser. "The dynamics of the Sino-Pakistani strategic partnership from its formation in the 1960s to the present" Journal of Contemporary Development & Management Studies 7 (2019): 51–66 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716130610/https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53">Archived</a> 16 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations (Routledge, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Cohen, Warren I. America's Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Americas-Response-China-Sino-American-Relations/dp/0231150776/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Doshi, Rush. The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order (Oxford UP, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57102">online review</a></li> <li>Fenby, Jonathan. The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power 1850 to the Present (3rd ed. 2019) popular history.</li> <li>Ferdinand, Peter. "Westward ho—the China dream and 'one belt, one road': Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping." International Affairs 92.4 (2016): 941–957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-pdf/92/4/941/9235232/inta12660.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Fogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua A. Fogel">Fogel, Joshua</a>. Articulating the Sino-sphere: Sino-Japanese relations in space and time (2009)</li> <li>Fravel, M. Taylor. Active Defense: China's Military Strategy since 1949 (Princeton University Press, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/to/ir11-12">online reviews</a></li> <li>Garver, John W. China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic (2nd ed. 2018) comprehensive scholarly history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Chinas-Quest-History-Relations-Republic/dp/0190884355/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Garver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century' (2001), post 1950</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Weixing (2019). "Xi Jinping's 'Major Country Diplomacy': The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformation". Journal of Contemporary China. 28 (115): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1497904">10.1080/10670564.2018.1497904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158345991">158345991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+%27Major+Country+Diplomacy%27%3A+The+Role+of+Leadership+in+Foreign+Policy+Transformation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1497904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158345991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Weixing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForeign+relations+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lampton, David M. Following the Leader: Ruling China, from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping (U of California Press, 2014).</li> <li>Lanuzo, Steve L. "The Impact of Political Liberalization on Sino Myanmar Cooperation" (Naval Postgraduate School, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059977.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045608/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1059977.pdf">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Liu, Guoli, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yEuDwAAQBAJ">Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition</a>. (Transaction, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-30752-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-30752-2">0-202-30752-2</a></li> <li>Lu, Ning. The dynamics of foreign-policy decisionmaking in China (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Meijer, Hugo. Awakening to China’s Rise: European Foreign and Security Policies toward the People’s Republic of China (Oxford University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/to/RE93">online review of this book</a></li> <li>Quested, Rosemary K.I. Sino-Russian relations: a short history (Routledge, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315018898">online</a></li> <li>Ryan, Keegan D. "The Extent of Chinese Influence in Latin America" (Naval Postgraduate School, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1069724.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714184138/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1069724.pdf">Archived</a> 14 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Sutter, Robert G. Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Policy (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Dictionaries-Diplomacy-Relations/dp/0810868601/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Sutter, Robert G. Foreign Relations of the PRC: The Legacies and Constraints of China's International Politics Since 1949 (Rowman & Littlefield; 2013) 355 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-PRC-Constraints-International/dp/1442220163/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Swaine, Michael D. "Chinese views of foreign policy in the 19th party congress." China Leadership Monitor 55 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-ms-final.pdf">online</a> re 2017 Congress</li> <li>Westad, Odd Arne. Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 (Basic Books; 2012) 515 pages; comprehensive scholarly history</li> <li>Woo, Hunje. "Increased Chinese Economic Influence and its Impact on the Changing Security Environment on the Korean Peninsula" (Naval Postgraduate School, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1069836.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628011237/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1069836.pdf">Archived</a> 28 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Yahuda, Michael. End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy After Mao (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign relations of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Korean_relations" title="History of Sino-Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Korean_relations" title="History of Sino-Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese sanctions">Chinese sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China" title="Economic inequality in China">Economic inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_China" title="Unemployment in China">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China" title="Freedom of the press in China">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China" title="Mass incidents in China">”Mass incidents”</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_relations_of_Asia416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Asia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_relations_of_Asia416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Foreign relations of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan" title="Foreign relations of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bahrain" title="Foreign relations of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan" title="Foreign relations of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brunei" title="Foreign relations of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cambodia" title="Foreign relations of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Jordan" title="Foreign relations of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kuwait" title="Foreign relations of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Maldives" title="Foreign relations of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Oman" title="Foreign relations of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar" title="Foreign relations of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tajikistan" title="Foreign relations of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Timor-Leste" title="Foreign relations of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkmenistan" title="Foreign relations of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Uzbekistan" title="Foreign relations of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign relations of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&oldid=1275839715">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_China&oldid=1275839715</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Category:Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of 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