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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Userbase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Userbase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Userbase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Userbase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Online shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_Mapping_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_Mapping_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Online Mapping Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_Mapping_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Online payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_gaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_gaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Online gaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_gaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Memes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_advertising_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_advertising_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internet advertising market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_advertising_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet in China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_der_Volksrepublik_China" title="Internet in der Volksrepublik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet in der Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Internet en la República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internet en la República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_en_Chine" title="Internet en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_na_China" title="Internet na China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internet na China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Интернет в Китайской Народной Республике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интернет в Китайской Народной Республике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27de_internet" title="Çin'de internet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'de internet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="中华人民共和国互联网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国互联网" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1444179#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Legislation Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>General Principles of the Civil Law</i></a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China"><i>Civil Code</i></a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law"><i>Marriage Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Contract Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Property Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Administrative Procedure Law</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission" title="Director of the National Supervisory Commission">Director</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management <i>(chengguan)</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="International communication centers">International communication centers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has been on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> intermittently since May 1989 and on a permanent basis since 20 April 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although with heavily <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">censored</a> access. In 2008, China became the country with the largest population on the Internet and, as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, has remained so.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> As of December 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 1.09 billion (77.5% of the country's total population) use <b>internet in China</b>. </p><p>China's first foray into the global cyberspace was an <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> (not TCP/IP based and thus technically not internet) sent on 20 September 1987 to the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a>, reading, "Across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>, towards the rest of the world" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">越过长城，走向世界</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">越過長城，走向世界</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuèguò chángchéng, zǒuxiàng shìjiè</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This later became a well-known phrase in China and as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, was displayed on the desktop login screen for <a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a> mail.<sup id="cite_ref-guar1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1994-2011.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/220px-P1994-2011.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/330px-P1994-2011.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/440px-P1994-2011.gif 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Internet penetration rates in China in the context of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, 1995–2012</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1995 to 2004, internet use in China was almost entirely in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> By 2003, less than 0.2% of rural people had used the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a> began the Connecting Every Village Project which promoted the use of telecommunications and internet in rural China. Beginning in late 2009, the program began building rural telecenters each of which had at least one telephone, computer, and internet connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> Approximately 90,000 rural telecenters were built by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> By 2011, 89% of administrative villages had internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3, 24">: 3, 24 </span></sup> </p><p>China replaced the U.S. in its global leadership in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth in 2011. By 2014, China hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential than the U.S., the historical leader in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth (China: 29% versus US: 13% of the global total).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China began implementing a National Broadband Strategy in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> The program aimed to increase the speed, quality, and adoption of broadband and 4G networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> As of 2018, 96% of administrative villages had fiber optic networks and 95% had 4G networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> </p><p>Wireless, especially internet access through a mobile phone, has developed rapidly. The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the number of computer internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 178">: 178 </span></sup> 500 million were accessing the internet via cell phones in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNIC33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNIC33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of dial-up users peaked in 2004 and since then has decreased sharply.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Generally statistics on the number of mobile internet users in China show a significant slump in the growth rate between 2008 and 2010, with a small peak in the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> promoted the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Plus" title="Internet Plus">Internet Plus</a> initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service industries with big data, cloud computing, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> The State Council provided support for Internet Plus through policy support in area including cross-border <a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">e-commerce</a> and rural e-commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> Various regulatory bodies promoted Internet Plus within their sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>In April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a> (NDRC) proposed that "satellite internet" should be a part of new national infrastructure. By the next month, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> had each proposed regional action plans to support the new <a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation" title="Satellite internet constellation">satellite internet constellation</a> project<sup id="cite_ref-cmn20200917_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmn20200917-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a goal to provide domestic China satellite internet to rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20210727_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20210727-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 2019, US (<a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sfn20191111_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn20191111-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and UK (<a href="/wiki/OneWeb_satellite_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb satellite constellation">OneWeb</a>, 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-cnn20200206_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20200206-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20200321_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20200321-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> private companies had begun fielding large internet satellite constellations with global coverage; however China does not intend to <a href="/wiki/Satellite_landing_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite landing rights">license</a> non-Chinese technical solutions for satellite broadband within the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">jurisdiction</a> of Chinese law.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc20200619_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc20200619-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important characteristic of the Chinese internet is that online access routes are owned by the Chinese government, and private enterprises and individuals can only rent bandwidth from the state.<sup id="cite_ref-dkh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dkh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four major national networks, namely <a href="/wiki/CSTNET" title="CSTNET">CSTNET</a>, <a href="/wiki/ChinaNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ChinaNet">ChinaNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/CERNET" title="CERNET">CERNET</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHINAGBN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHINAGBN (page does not exist)">CHINAGBN</a>, are the "backbone" of the mainland Chinese internet. Later dominant <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">telecom providers</a> also started to provide internet services. <a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a> control operate the <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">internet exchange points</a> through which incoming traffic must pass.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, China added seven new access points to the world's internet backbone, adding to the three points that connect through Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of at least 2023, the internet in China is characterized by uneven development, with the adoption rate and availability of the internet varying by region and population groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5–7">: 5–7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Userbase">Userbase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Userbase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg/220px-Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg/330px-Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg/440px-Chinesisches_Internetcafe_Lijiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet café</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a survey by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), China had 1.09 billion Internet users by the end of December 2023, a 1.9% increase over the year before and a penetration rate of 77.5%. The proportions of users accessing the Internet via mobile phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, TVs and tablet computers were 99.9%, 33.9%, 30.3%, 22.5% and 26.6%, respectively. 51.2% of internet users were male, while the remaining 48.8% were female.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English-language media in China often use the word <a href="/wiki/Netizen" title="Netizen">netizen</a> to refer to Chinese internet users in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of at least 2024, China has the largest number of internet users of any country.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup> Consistent with the trends of other large and relatively linguistically isolated countries, Chinese internet users tend to focus their internet use on content that is domestically relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 74–75">: 74–75 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, 20% of internet users around the world are Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> (CAC) is the primary agency for data regulation<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> and content regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It coordinates data regulation enforcement among relevant ministries, including the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a> (MIIT) and the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> (MPS) has the primary responsibility for preventing cyberattacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_priorities">Regulatory priorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulatory priorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, China amended its Criminal Law to create a low threshold for the prosecution of malicious cybercrimes and illegal data sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>Generally, China advocates for <a href="/wiki/Network_sovereignty" title="Network sovereignty">internet sovereignty</a> and tends to prioritize cybersecurity more than personal data protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> Chinese policymakers became increasingly concerned about the risk of cyberattacks following the <a href="/wiki/2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">2010s global surveillance disclosures</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, which demonstrated extensive <a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_China" title="American espionage in China">United States intelligence activities in China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> As part of its response, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> in 2014 formed the Cybersecurity and Information <a href="/wiki/Leading_Small_Group" title="Leading Small Group">Leading Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 129, 250">: 129, 250 </span></sup> </p><p>The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China">Cyber Security Law</a> was also part of China's response to increased risks of foreign surveillance and foreign data collection following the United States surveillance disclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 250">: 250 </span></sup> Among other provisions, the law has significant <a href="/wiki/Data_localization" title="Data localization">data localization</a> requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 250">: 250 </span></sup> It is a major pillar of the Chinese data regulatory environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020-2021 Xi Jinping administration reform spree</a>, the regulatory environment for internet companies was relatively lax because the government sought to encourage the development of the <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> The regulatory environment for tech companies subsequently became stricter and in 2021, two national data laws and a host of regulatory guidelines were promulgated, broadening the scope of government enforcement and increasing the penalties for personal data violations.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 122">: 122 </span></sup> After mid-2023, the government decreased its regulatory intervention in e-commerce and issued policies more supportive of the e-commerce sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Data_Security_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China">Data Security Law</a> classifies data into different categories and establishes corresponding levels of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> It imposes significant data localization requirements, in a response to the extraterritorial reach of the United States <a href="/wiki/CLOUD_Act" title="CLOUD Act">CLOUD Act</a> or similar foreign laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 250–251">: 250–251 </span></sup> </p><p>The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">Personal Information Protection Law</a> is China's first comprehensive law on personal data rights and is modeled after the European Union's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>In summer 2021, MIIT began a six-month long regulatory campaign to address a variety of consumer protection and unfair competition issues, including <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> concerns, in the consumer internet sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> It held meetings with executives from major Chinese tech companies and instructed them that their companies could no longer block external links to competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2022, the CAC issued measures and guidelines on security assessments for cross-border data transfers as part of an effort to institutionalize data transfer review mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 251">: 251 </span></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, the CAC and the MPS released draft regulations that propose a voluntary digital ID number for all internet users nationwide instead of the current requirement for a phone number or personal ID number.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations_regarding_minors">Regulations regarding minors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regulations regarding minors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of public outcry over parent-child online gaming conflicts, the government issued legislation in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> In 2002, the government passed legislation which forbid <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafes</a> from allowing minors.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> The Law on Protection of Minors was amended in 2006 to state that the family and the state should guide minors' online behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> These amendments place "indulgence in the Internet" on par with misbehaviors like smoking and vagrancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the government requested that to aid parents in monitoring what children were doing on the Internet, "Green Dam Youth Escort" software be pre-installed on personal computers sold in most parts of China (excluding <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special Administrative Regions</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 175–176">: 175–176 </span></sup> This resulted in public criticism on the basis of privacy concerns, and the government abandoned the effort after several months.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p><p>The state requires online games to set limits for minors' playing time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Kuo" title="Kaiser Kuo">Kaiser Kuo</a>, the internet in China is largely used for entertainment purposes, being referred to as the "entertainment superhighway". However, it also serves as the first public forum for Chinese citizens to freely exchange their ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most users go online to read news, to search for information, and to check their email. They also go to <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> or web forums, find music or videos, or download files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messaging">Messaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Messaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of at least 2023, the most used internet services in China are <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> and mobile messaging apps.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> In 2020, 99% of internet users in China used instant messaging, while 99.8% used mobile messaging apps.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, 93.5% of Chinese internet users have used <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All websites that operate in China with their own domain name must have an <a href="/wiki/ICP_license" title="ICP license">ICP license</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a>. Because the PRC government blocks many foreign websites, many homegrown copycats of foreign websites have appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_engines">Search engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Search engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:30%"> <caption>Top ten most popular search sites in China<br /><small>As of 17 September 2013 </small><br /><small>By Unique visitors aged 15+, excludes traffic from public computers such as internet cafes or mobile phones</small><br /><small>Source: comScore qSearch</small><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>China</th> <th>Share of searches (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a></td> <td>63.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>360</td> <td>18.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sogou" title="Sogou">Sogou</a></td> <td>10.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soso_(search_engine)" title="Soso (search engine)">Soso</a></td> <td>3.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></td> <td>2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a></td> <td>0.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a></td> <td>0.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Youdao" title="Youdao">Youdao</a></td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>other</td> <td>0.09 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> is the leading search engine in China, while most web portals also provide search opportunities like <a href="/wiki/Bing_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Search">Bing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogou" title="Sogou">Sogou</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Efforts to establish state-owned search engines in China have not succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Search engine ChinaSo.com, jointly managed by <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>, is active as of 2024 but has few users.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> State-run search engine Jike Search, the CEO of which was <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yaping" title="Deng Yaping">Deng Yaping</a>, failed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_communities">Online communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Online communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Chinese write fewer emails,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they enjoy other online communication tools. Users form their communities based on different interests. Bulletin boards on portals or elsewhere, chat rooms, instant messaging groups, blogs are very active, while photo-sharing and social networking sites are growing rapidly. Some Wikis such as the <a href="/wiki/Sogou_Baike" title="Sogou Baike">Sogou Baike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Baike" title="Baidu Baike">Baidu Baike</a> are "flourishing". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogs</a> (<i>weibo</i>) have since 2009 become one of the most widely used internet services in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 146">: 146 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is one of the most restricted countries in the world in terms of internet, but these constraints have directly contributed to the success of local Chinese social media sites.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_shopping">Online shopping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Online shopping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2013, China is the world's largest e-commerce market.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup> Its domestic e-commerce market was an estimated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$899 billion</span> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China accounted for 42.4% of worldwide retail e-commerce in that year, the most of any country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hu-20232_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hu-20232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 110">: 110 </span></sup>In 2019, online retail sales were 21% of China's total retail sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> As of late 2022, approximately 850 million Chinese individuals shop online and sectors related to e-commerce employ 69 million people in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> In 2023, nearly 50% of worldwide online sales took place from China.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>Some local governments have created e-commerce platforms in an effort to facilitate sales of local products.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">business-to-business</a> platform Yiwugo.com (created by the <a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a> city government and a state-owned enterprise), these platforms have not been commercially successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:Liu_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_Mapping_Services">Online Mapping Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Online Mapping Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has endeavored to offer a number of online mapping services and allows the dissemination of geographic information within the country. <a href="/wiki/Tencent_Maps" title="Tencent Maps">Tencent Maps</a> (腾讯地图), <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Maps" title="Baidu Maps">Baidu Maps</a> (百度地圖) and <a href="/wiki/Tianditu" title="Tianditu">Tianditu (天地圖)</a> are typical examples. Online mapping services can be understood as online cartography backed up by a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information system</a> (GIS). GIS was originally a tool for cartographers, geographers and other types of specialists to store, manage, present and analyze spatial data. In bringing GIS online, the Web has made these tools available to a much wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, with the advent of broadband, utilizing GIS has become much faster and easier. Increasingly, non-specialist members of the public can access, look up and make use of geographic information for their own purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tianditu" title="Tianditu">Tianditu</a> is China's first online mapping service. Literally World Map, <a href="/wiki/Tianditu" title="Tianditu">Tianditu</a> was launched in late October 2010. The Chinese government has repeatedly claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that this service is to offer comprehensive geographical data for Chinese users to learn more about the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_payment">Online payment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Online payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The method of directly paying by online banking is required to be able to make online banking payment after opening online banking and can realize <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payments_in_China" title="Mobile payments in China">online payment</a> of UnionPay, <a href="/wiki/WeChat_Pay" title="WeChat Pay">WeChat Pay</a>, online payment by credit card, and so on. </p><p>This payment method is directly paid from the bank card. The third-party payment itself integrates multiple payment methods, and the process is as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>1. Recharge the money in online banking to a third-party. </p><p>2. Pay by third-party deposit when the user pays. </p><p>3. The fee is charged for withdrawal. Third-party payment methods are diverse, including mobile payments and fixed-line payments. </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Alipay" title="Alipay">Alipay</a> overtook PayPal to become the world's largest mobile payment provider.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> As of January 2015, Alipay, owned by Alibaba Group has 600 million counts of users and has the largest user group among all online-payment providers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues to be China's largest online payment service as of at least 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> WeChat Pay remains a strong competitor to Alipay, with 37% of the Chinese mobile payment market as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p><p>By June 2020, there were 805 million users of mobile payment in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p><p>By June 2024, about 954 million individuals were actively using mobile payment in China.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_gaming">Online gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Online gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming in China</a></div> <p>As of 2022, China is the second largest market for online games after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the country has 668 million internet users playing online games and the industry was worth US$42 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 53.8% of gamers are male, 46.2% are female.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Ministry of Culture (MoC) and General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) along with several other agencies implemented the Online Game Anti-Addiction System which aimed to stop video game addiction in youth. This system restricted minors from playing more than 3 hours a day and required Identification (ID) checking in order to verify you are of age.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 2019, the Chinese government announced in November that gamers under the age of 18 would be banned from playing video games between the hours of 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. In addition, gamers under 18 would be restricted to 90 minutes of playing during the weekdays and 3 hours of playing during weekends and holidays as per new guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, the National Press and Publication Administration (NPPA) further restricted rules limiting playtime for under-18s to one hour per day from 8p.m. to 9 p.m. and only on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a> was proposed to the State Council by Premier Zhu Rongji in 1993. It is overseen by the Ministry of Public Security.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> As a massive surveillance and content control system, it was launched in November 2000, and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Great Firewall of China</a>. The governmental authorities not only block website content but also monitor the Internet access of individuals; such measures have attracted the nickname <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">The Great Firewall of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are some methods of circumventing the censorship by using proxy servers outside the firewall.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users may circumvent all of the censorship and monitoring of the Great Firewall if they have a secure <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a> connection method to a computer outside mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Chinese government declared unauthorized VPN services illegal, requiring VPN providers to obtain state approval.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although China restricts VPNs, they remain widely used by private individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:9222_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">State-owned enterprises</a> or state institutions also use VPNs for official work.<sup id="cite_ref-:9222_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> The Chinese government has authorized several official VPN providers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9222_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> Those who develop or sell their own VPNs potentially face years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-:9222_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p><p>Different methods are used to block certain websites or pages including <a href="/wiki/DNS_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS poisoning">DNS poisoning</a>, blocking access to <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IPs</a>, analyzing and <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">filtering URLs</a>, inspecting filter packets and resetting connections.<sup id="cite_ref-howto_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howto-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, motivated in part by its desire to prevent <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">color revolutions</a>, China banned Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-:Li_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Li-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It banned Google the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-:Li_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Li-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By blocking major international internet platforms such as Google, Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, the Great Firewall has contributed to the development of domestic alternatives including <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renren" title="Renren">Renren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a>, and Weibo.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memes">Memes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Memes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baidu_10_Mythical_Creatures" title="Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures">Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures</a>, initially a humorous <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>, became a popular and widespread <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ten hoaxes reportedly originated in response to increasing online censorship and have become an icon of Chinese internet users' resistance to it.<sup id="cite_ref-pun_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pun-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Press,_Publication,_Radio,_Film_and_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television">State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television</a> issued a directive on 30 March 2009 to highlight 31 categories of content prohibited online, including violence, pornography and content which may "incite ethnic discrimination or undermine social stability". Many Chinese internet users believe the instruction follows the official embarrassment over the "<a href="/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse" title="Grass Mud Horse">Grass Mud Horse</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/River_crab_(Internet_slang)" class="mw-redirect" title="River crab (Internet slang)">River Crab</a>". Industry observers believe that the move was designed to stop the spread of parodies or other comments on politically sensitive issues in the runup to the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">4 June Tiananmen Square protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parody_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parody-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_advertising_market">Internet advertising market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet advertising market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of China's online advertising market was RMB 3.3 billion in the third quarter 2008, up 19.1% compared with the previous quarter. <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidu.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Baidu.com">Baidu.com</a> Inc, <a href="/wiki/Sina_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Corp">Sina Corp</a> remain the Top 3 in terms of <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>. Keyword advertising market size reached RMB 1.46 billion, accounting for 43.8% of the total Internet advertising market with a quarter-on-quarter growth rate of 19.3%, while that of the online advertising site amounted to RMB 1.70 billion, accounting for 50.7% of the total, up 18.9% compared with the second quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-alibaba_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alibaba-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, Baidu has launched the <a href="/wiki/CPA_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="CPA platform">CPA platform</a>, and Sina Corp has launched an advertising scheme for intelligent investment. The moves indicate a market trend of effective advertising with low cost. Online advertisements of automobiles, real estate and finance will keep growing rapidly in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-alibaba_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alibaba-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Project" title="China Internet Project">China Internet Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_projects" title="Golden projects">Golden projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_flesh_search_engine" title="Human flesh search engine">Human flesh search engine</a> (HFSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena_in_China" title="List of Internet phenomena in China">List of Internet phenomena in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Internet_slang" title="Chinese Internet slang">List of Internet slang in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications industry in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite internet">Satellite internet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527120608/http://www.edu.cn/introduction_1378/20060323/t20060323_4285.shtml">"中国教育和科研计算机网CERNET"</a>. <i>Edu.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu.cn/introduction_1378/20060323/t20060323_4285.shtml">the original</a> on 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edu.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91CERNET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu.cn%2Fintroduction_1378%2F20060323%2Ft20060323_4285.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Daokui_Li" title="David Daokui Li">Li, David Daokui</a> (2024). <i>China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393292398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393292398"><bdi>978-0393292398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+World+View%3A+Demystifying+China+to+Prevent+Global+Conflict&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0393292398&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=David+Daokui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130101104447/http://big5.chinanews.com.cn:89/special/guoqing/60/2009/06-25/122.shtml">"中新網-共和國60週年大型專題策劃-中國接入網際網路"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.chinanews.com.cn:89/special/guoqing/60/2009/06-25/122.shtml">the original</a> on 1 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E7%B6%B2-%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B60%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E7%AD%96%E5%8A%83-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%8E%A5%E5%85%A5%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig5.chinanews.com.cn%3A89%2Fspecial%2Fguoqing%2F60%2F2009%2F06-25%2F122.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230406/http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2017/9/388707.shtm">中国E-mail：值而立之年却未老先衰</a>. 科技日报. 19 September 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guar1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guar1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEconomy2018" class="citation news cs1">Economy, Elizabeth C (28 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/29/the-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown">"The great firewall of China: Xi Jinping's internet shutdown"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010172129/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/29/the-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+great+firewall+of+China%3A+Xi+Jinping%27s+internet+shutdown&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Economy&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjun%2F29%2Fthe-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShi2023" class="citation book cs1">Shi, Song (2023). <i>China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781978834736" title="Special:BookSources/9781978834736"><bdi>9781978834736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Internet%3A+Using+New+Media+for+Development+and+Social+Change&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781978834736&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilbert2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hilbert, Martin (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp4w5rq">"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014"</a>. <i>Telecommunications Policy</i>. <b>40</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">567–</span>581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2016.01.006">10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604191331/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp4w5rq">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telecommunications+Policy&rft.atitle=The+bad+news+is+that+the+digital+access+divide+is+here+to+stay%3A+Domestically+installed+bandwidths+among+172+countries+for+1986%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E581&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.telpol.2016.01.006&rft.aulast=Hilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F2jp4w5rq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia". <i>China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace</i>. Mher Sahakyan. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201401/t20140116_43820.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNNIC&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC33%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnic.cn%2Fhlwfzyj%2Fhlwxzbg%2Fhlwtjbg%2F201401%2Ft20140116_43820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iresearchchina.com/views/3959.html">China Mobile Internet Market</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304061006/http://www.iresearchchina.com/views/3959.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, China Internet Network Information Center, iResearch. February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Zhang-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_11-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2024" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). <i>High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197682258" title="Special:BookSources/9780197682258"><bdi>9780197682258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Wire%3A+How+China+Regulates+Big+Tech+and+Governs+Its+Economy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197682258&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Angela+Huyue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmn20200917-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cmn20200917_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2020/09/17/chinese-commercial-rocket-startup-space-pioneer-secures-series-a">"Chinese Commercial Rocket Startup Space Pioneer Secures Series A"</a>. <i>China Money Network</i>. 17 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220061604/https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2020/09/17/chinese-commercial-rocket-startup-space-pioneer-secures-series-a">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Money+Network&rft.atitle=Chinese+Commercial+Rocket+Startup+Space+Pioneer+Secures+Series+A&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinamoneynetwork.com%2F2020%2F09%2F17%2Fchinese-commercial-rocket-startup-space-pioneer-secures-series-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20210727-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20210727_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Andrew (27 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch/">"Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding ahead of first launch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727183506/https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Chinese+rocket+company+Space+Pioneer+secures+major+funding+ahead+of+first+launch&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinese-rocket-company-space-pioneer-secures-major-funding-ahead-of-first-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn20191111-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfn20191111_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/11/successful-launch-continues-deployment-of-spacexs-starlink-network/">"Successful launch continues deployment of SpaceX's Starlink network"</a>. <i>Spaceflight Now</i>. 11 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160301/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/11/successful-launch-continues-deployment-of-spacexs-starlink-network/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=Successful+launch+continues+deployment+of+SpaceX%27s+Starlink+network&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fsuccessful-launch-continues-deployment-of-spacexs-starlink-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn20200206-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn20200206_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattles2020" class="citation web cs1">Wattles, Jackie (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/06/tech/oneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn/index.html">"The race for space-based broadband: OneWeb launches 34 more internet satellites"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828212454/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/06/tech/oneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+race+for+space-based+broadband%3A+OneWeb+launches+34+more+internet+satellites&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F02%2F06%2Ftech%2Foneweb-satellite-internet-launch-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20200321-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20200321_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2020" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Caleb (21 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/soyuz-launches-34-oneweb-satellites/">"Soyuz launches 34 OneWeb satellites"</a>. <i>spacenews.com</i>. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200322121542/https://spacenews.com/soyuz-launches-34-oneweb-satellites/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacenews.com&rft.atitle=Soyuz+launches+34+OneWeb+satellites&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsoyuz-launches-34-oneweb-satellites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc20200619-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc20200619_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918">"Elon Musk's company SpaceX applies to offer high-speed Internet service to Canadians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. 19 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117160154/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/spacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk%27s+company+SpaceX+applies+to+offer+high-speed+Internet+service+to+Canadians&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fspacex-high-speed-internet-1.5618918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dkh-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dkh_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold2012" class="citation journal cs1">Herold, David Kurt (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/article/view/6206/6040">"Escaping the World: A Chinese Perspective on Virtual Worlds"</a>. <i>Journal of Virtual Worlds Research</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4101%2Fjvwr.v5i2.6206">10.4101/jvwr.v5i2.6206</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F5785">10397/5785</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801025828/https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/index.php/jvwr/article/view/6206/6040">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virtual+Worlds+Research&rft.atitle=Escaping+the+World%3A+A+Chinese+Perspective+on+Virtual+Worlds&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F5785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4101%2Fjvwr.v5i2.6206&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=David+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.tdl.org%2Fjvwr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6206%2F6040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). <i>The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.miit.gov.cn&rft.atitle=7%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%B0%E5%A2%9E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BA%A7%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E9%AA%A8%E5%B9%B2%E7%9B%B4%E8%81%94%E7%82%B9%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%AB%A3%E5%B7%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miit.gov.cn%2Fn11293472%2Fn11293832%2Fn11293907%2Fn11368223%2F16402896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itworld.com/article/2868215/china-expands-internet-backbone-to-improve-speeds-reliability.html">"China expands Internet backbone to improve speeds, reliability"</a>. <i>ITworld</i>. 13 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208110239/http://www.itworld.com/article/2868215/china-expands-internet-backbone-to-improve-speeds-reliability.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITworld&rft.atitle=China+expands+Internet+backbone+to+improve+speeds%2C+reliability&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itworld.com%2Farticle%2F2868215%2Fchina-expands-internet-backbone-to-improve-speeds-reliability.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202405/P020240509518443205347.pdf">"The 53rd Statistical Report on China's Internet Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CNNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNIC">CNNIC</a>. March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711193443/https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202405/P020240509518443205347.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+53rd+Statistical+Report+on+China%27s+Internet+Development&rft.pub=CNNIC&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnic.com.cn%2FIDR%2FReportDownloads%2F202405%2FP020240509518443205347.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2012" class="citation news cs1">Fung, Brian (11 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/netizen-why-is-this-goofy-sounding-word-so-important-in-china/263245/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Netizen': Why Is This Goofy-Sounding Word So Important in China?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116002158/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/netizen-why-is-this-goofy-sounding-word-so-important-in-china/263245/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%27Netizen%27%3A+Why+Is+This+Goofy-Sounding+Word+So+Important+in+China%3F&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F10%2Fnetizen-why-is-this-goofy-sounding-word-so-important-in-china%2F263245%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavenza2013" class="citation news cs1">Schiavenza, Matt (25 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/enough-with-the-word-netizen/279969/">"Enough with the word 'Netizen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729043129/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/enough-with-the-word-netizen/279969/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Enough+with+the+word+%27Netizen%27&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Schiavenza&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fchina%2Farchive%2F2013%2F09%2Fenough-with-the-word-netizen%2F279969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Wang-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). <i>The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197757512" title="Special:BookSources/9780197757512"><bdi>9780197757512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+State+Persuasion%3A+China%27s+Strategic+Use+of+Media+in+Interstate+Disputes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197757512&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Frances+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Horsley2022" class="citation web cs1">P. Horsley, Jamie (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/">"Behind the Facade of China's Cyber Super-Regulator"</a>. <i>DigiChina</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909152619/https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/behind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigiChina&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Facade+of+China%27s+Cyber+Super-Regulator&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.aulast=P.+Horsley&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigichina.stanford.edu%2Fwork%2Fbehind-the-facade-of-chinas-cyber-super-regulator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Liu-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Liu_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2024" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Lizhi (2024). <i>From Click to Boom: The Political Economy of E-Commerce in China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691254104" title="Special:BookSources/9780691254104"><bdi>9780691254104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Click+to+Boom%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+E-Commerce+in+China&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780691254104&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Lizhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcottDing2024" class="citation news cs1">Olcott, Eleanor; Ding, Wenjie (31 July 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/63f2e491-e015-4cae-bb35-f4c447c595f1">"China data watchdog plans tighter control of internet users"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807192258/https://www.ft.com/content/63f2e491-e015-4cae-bb35-f4c447c595f1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+data+watchdog+plans+tighter+control+of+internet+users&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Ding%2C+Wenjie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F63f2e491-e015-4cae-bb35-f4c447c595f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bao-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bao_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2024" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Yichen (2024). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/152/behind-the-great-firewall-of-china.html">YouTube = Youku? Websites and Their Chinese Equivalents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412180903/http://www.fastcompany.com//magazine//152//behind-the-great-firewall-of-china.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Company (magazine)">Fast Company</a></i>. 20 January 2011. Retrieved on 5 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinainternetwatch.com/3809/china-search-engine-market-share-update-august-2013/">"Baidu Search Share Down While Qihoo 360 Up in August 2013"</a>. <i>Chinainternetwatch.com</i>. 17 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828025605/https://www.chinainternetwatch.com/3809/china-search-engine-market-share-update-august-2013/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinainternetwatch.com&rft.atitle=Baidu+Search+Share+Down+While+Qihoo+360+Up+in+August+2013&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinainternetwatch.com%2F3809%2Fchina-search-engine-market-share-update-august-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2013-07-05/14558511980.shtml">"谷歌中国搜索市场份额仅2%：排名滑落至第五"</a>. <i>Tech.sina.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517010041/http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2013-07-05/14558511980.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech.sina.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%BB%BD%E9%A2%9D%E4%BB%852%25%EF%BC%9A%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D%E6%BB%91%E8%90%BD%E8%87%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.sina.com.cn%2Fi%2F2013-07-05%2F14558511980.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinapower.csis.org/web-connectedness/">"How web-connected is China?"</a>. ChinaPowerCSIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926031804/https://chinapower.csis.org/web-connectedness/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+web-connected+is+China%3F&rft.pub=ChinaPowerCSIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinapower.csis.org%2Fweb-connectedness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2016" class="citation web cs1">Millward, Steven (18 August 2016). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016">"Asia's ecommerce spending to hit record $1 trillion this year – but most of that is China"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tech_in_Asia" title="Tech in Asia">Tech in Asia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819043228/https://www.techinasia.com/asia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Asia%27s+ecommerce+spending+to+hit+record+%241+trillion+this+year+%E2%80%93+but+most+of+that+is+China&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techinasia.com%2Fasia-ecommerce-spending-1-trillion-dollars-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu-20232-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hu-20232_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2023" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Richard (2023). <i>Reinventing the Chinese City</i>. 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(2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1620/1535">‘Many, Many Maps: Empowerment and Online Participatory Mapping’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123185000/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1620/1535">Archived</a> 23 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, First Monday 12 (2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Yu-Wen (2010) Drawing Borders Alters Our World. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.china.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%94%AF%E4%BB%98%E5%AE%9D%E9%92%B1%E5%8C%85%E6%B4%BB%E8%B7%83%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%B6%856%E4%BA%BF_%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.china.com.cn%2Flive%2F2015-02%2F27%2Fcontent_31531594.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:04_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Shuanglin (2022). <i>China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options</i>. 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(eds.). <i>Contemporary China: a New Superpower?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003350064-11">10.4324/9781003350064-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Control+and+Propaganda&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003350064-11&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebok&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howto-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howto_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2016" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/162092/htg-explains-how-the-great-firewall-of-china-works/">"How the "Great Firewall of China" Works to Censor China's Internet"</a>. <i>Howtogeek.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815131540/https://www.howtogeek.com/162092/htg-explains-how-the-great-firewall-of-china-works/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Howtogeek.com&rft.atitle=How+the+%22Great+Firewall+of+China%22+Works+to+Censor+China%27s+Internet&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F162092%2Fhtg-explains-how-the-great-firewall-of-china-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Li-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Li_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Li_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation book cs1">Li, Hongshan (2024). <i>Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fli--20704">10.7312/li--20704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231207058" title="Special:BookSources/9780231207058"><bdi>9780231207058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/li--20704">10.7312/li--20704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+on+the+Cultural+Front%3A+U.S.-China+Relations+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704&rft.isbn=9780231207058&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Hongshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hi.baidu.com/xueliang/blog/item/38d5f60379333d703812bb6f.html">【贴图】百度十大神兽_水能载舟亦能煮粥</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223004113/http://hi.baidu.com/xueliang/blog/item/38d5f60379333d703812bb6f.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hi.baidu.com. Retrieved on 16 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danwei.org/humor/baidu_baike_fake_entries.php">Hoax dictionary entries about legendary obscene beasts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212184001/http://www.danwei.org/humor/baidu_baike_fake_entries.php">Archived</a> 12 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Danwei.org. Retrieved on 16 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pun-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pun_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2009" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (11 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/world/asia/12beast.html?em">"A Dirty Pun Tweaks China's Online Censors"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005134536/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/world/asia/12beast.html?em">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Dirty+Pun+Tweaks+China%27s+Online+Censors&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F12beast.html%3Fem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bobbie Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/mar/13/china-grass-mud-horse">ETech: The truth about China and its filthy puns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510163632/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/mar/13/china-grass-mud-horse">Archived</a> 10 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 13 March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parody-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parody_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Wu2009" class="citation news cs1">Vivian Wu (3 April 2009). "Censors strike at internet content after parody hit". <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Censors+strike+at+internet+content+after+parody+hit&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.au=Vivian+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alibaba-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alibaba_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alibaba_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/business-in-china/100020927-1-china%2527s-internet-advertising-market-hits.html">China's Internet advertising market hits RMB 3.34 bln in Q3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707110626/http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/business-in-china/100020927-1-china%27s-internet-advertising-market-hits.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. News.alibaba.com. Retrieved on 16 April 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-banking" title="De-banking">De-banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallin%27s_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">banned parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications_in_China488" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_in_China" title="Template:Telecommunications in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_in_China" title="Template talk:Telecommunications in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_China488" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications industry</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China#History_of_telecommunications_services" title="Telecommunications in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERNET" title="CERNET">CERNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Next_Generation_Internet" title="China Next Generation Internet">China Next Generation Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Domain_Name_Consortium" title="Chinese Domain Name Consortium">Chinese Domain Name Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNGrid" title="CNGrid">CNGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICP_license" title="ICP license">ICP license</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websites_blocked_in_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Websites blocked in mainland China">List of websites blocked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Government agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Network_Information_Center" title="China Internet Network Information Center">China Internet Network Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_of_China" title="Category:Telecommunications companies of China">Telecom operators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="China Telecommunications Corporation">China Telecommunications Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunication_equipment_companies_of_China" title="Category:Telecommunication equipment companies of China">Equipment suppliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoi" title="Amoi">Amoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom_Group" title="Datang Telecom Group">Datang Telecom Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom_Technology" title="Datang Telecom Technology">Datang Telecom Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konka_Group" title="Konka Group">Konka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_Bird" title="Ningbo Bird">Ningbo Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_in_Asia407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_in_Asia407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internet in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Afghanistan" title="Internet in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Azerbaijan" title="Internet in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bahrain" title="Internet in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bangladesh" title="Internet in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_India" title="Internet in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Indonesia" title="Internet in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Israel" title="Internet in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Japan" title="Internet in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_North_Korea" title="Internet in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_South_Korea" title="Internet in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Laos" title="Internet in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Malaysia" title="Internet in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Myanmar" title="Internet in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Nepal" title="Internet in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan" title="Internet in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Qatar" title="Internet in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Singapore" title="Internet in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Tajikistan" title="Internet in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Thailand" title="Internet in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Turkey" title="Internet in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Vietnam" title="Internet in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen" title="Internet in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Christmas_Island" title="Internet in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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